Conclusions
The use of molecular epidemiological tools is increasing in Africa. Its application is still hampered by the limited investment by governmental authorities in laboratory facilities and the lack of adequately trained human resources.
Synthesis of the available historical and contemporary livestock-related M. bovis molecular data indicates that the popular belief that this pathogen was first introduced onto the African continent during the European colonial period is wrong. It is more likely that a small but unique set of genotypes representing an M. bovis population native to Africa was present on the continent before that time. The geographical clustering of molecular markers in former European colonial territories supports the notion that the dominant genotypes were introduced onto the continent following the cattle population bottleneck caused by rinderpest during and toward the end of the nineteenth century.We acknowledge that this synthesis only represents a “coarse” molecular epidemiological analysis of the epidemiology of M. bovis in Africa. It is hoped that a more “granular” picture will be brought to light in the near future by being able to incorporate next-generation, high-throughput data.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to all contributors to this chapter, especially Dr. Paul Bessel, at the Roslin Institute, who did the Global Information Systems (GIS) and mapping of population data used in this chapter.
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