Index

Note: Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations/photos; tables are noted with t.

AAA. See Acetoacetic acid

A band, sarcomeres and, 183, 184 Abaxial, 9f

Abdominal aorta, 406, 407

Abdominal cavity, 9 Abdominopelvic cavity, 9

Abducens cranial nerve (VI), 252, 257f

Abduction, 200, 201f

ABO blood group, 385

Abomasum, 502

Abscess, 444

Absorption, digestive tract and, 484

Accessory cranial nerve (XI), 254

Accessory organs, of digestive system, 483, 515-519, 526

Accessory sex glands, 574, 575 Accommodation, in eye, 307, 318-319

A cells, acid-secreting, 476, 476 Acetabular bones, 163

Acetabular fossa, 164

Acetabulum, 163

Acetate, 38

Acetic acid, 507

Acetic fatty acid, 14f

Acetoacetic acid, ketosis and, 74

Acetylcholine, 221, 231-232, 236f, 237f, 397, 479

autonomic nervous system and, 287f

cardiac reflexes and, 290 nociceptors and, 271 skeletal muscle contraction and, 185, 186

Acetylcholinesterase, 186, 232 (box)

Acetyl-CoA

for fatty acid synthesis, 77 metabolism, overview of, 79

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, 551

Acetyl coenzyme A, 65

Acetyl CoenzymeA carboxylase, 74

ACh.

AChE. See Acetylcholinesterase

Achilles tendon, 165

Acidic FGF, 367

Acidophils, 338

Acidosis, 402, 475, 476

Acid-secreting A-type cells, 476,

476

Acinar cells, pancreatic, 515

Acini cells, 515

Acoustic meatus, external, 313

Acquired immunity, types of, 449

Acquired reflexes, 277

Acromegaly, 333, 586

Acromion, 156

Acrosome, 568, 569

ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Actin, 25, 36,100, 112, 385 in cardiac muscle, 387 heart contraction and, 393 myofibrils and, 182 in smooth muscle, 196

Actinins, 184

Action potentials, 186,187,

189

cardiac conduction system and,

391 in cardiac muscle fibers, 392 generation of, 226-227, 227, 238-239

propagation of, 227-229, 228,

239 conduction velocity, 228-229 through heart, 391, 392 smooth muscle and, 197, 198 summary of, 228

Actions, of muscles, 200-201 Activation energy, significance of,

47

Active transport, 52-53 secondary, 53

Active zone, 219-220, 282 "Adam's apple," 420

Addison's disease, 359 Adduction, 200, 201f

Adenine, 41, 42, 55, 233 Adenohypophysis, 337

Adenosine, 233, 236f, 288 autonomic nervous system and,

287f

Adenosine diphosphate, 20 Adenosine monophosphate, 41, 82 Adenosine triphosphate, 20, 41, 57,

82, 236f, 288, 466 autonomic nervous system and,

287f

glycolysis and, 61-64 hydrolysis of, contraction of skeletal muscle and, 188 muscle metabolism and, 192, 193,

194

nociceptors and, 271

Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals, Second Edition.

Adenosine triphosphate (continued) primary active transport and, 52 production of, 60-61

heart contraction and, 393 in muscle, 193

summary, from beta-oxidation of 16-carbon oleic acid, 70f

summary, from Krebs cycle and electron transport chain reactions, 67f

structure of, 61

Adenylate cyclase, olfaction and,

298

Adenylyl cyclase, 325

ADH. See Antidiuretic hormone Adhering junctions, 99-100 Adipocytes, 89,106

changes in volume of, from ewes between late pregnancy and mid-lactation, 72f

Adipose tissue

high magnification, 108 leptin and, 369, 370 low-power, 107 osmium-stained, 108

metabolism of, 74 paraffin, high magnification, 108 from region of mammary gland,

108

signaling, 74 types of, 106

Adluminal compartment, 576 ADP. See Adenosine diphosphate Adrenal cortex, 357

areas of, 358 zones of, 357

Adrenal cortical activity, neuroendocrine control of, 359

Adrenal gland, 357, 357-360 Adrenal medulla, pathways to, 285 Adrenal steroid biosynthesis, 359 Adrenergic effects, on blood vessels, 288

Adrenergic fibers, 286, 295 Adrenocorticotropic hormone, 130, 338, 351-352

adrenal cortex and, 358 glucocorticoids and, 359 parturition and, 573

Adrenocorticotropin, anterior pituitary gland and, 338f

Aerobic mechanism, muscle metabolism and, 193

Aerobic respiration, 20

Afferent (or sensory) division, of peripheral nervous system, 216, 266

Afferent (or sensory) neurons, 220 Affinity, 51

Afterload, 396

Agonists, 200, 236, 286, 333

Agouti, 131f, 137

Agouti signaling protein, 131

Agranulocytes, 111, 377, 378f, 408 avian, 383

lymphocytes, 381

monocytes, 381

AL See Artificial insemination

Air sacs, 431, 439

Airway obstruction, in short-nosed dogs, 425

Airway receptors, 430

Airway resistance, 424

Albino, 131f, 137

Albumin, 578, 579

colloid osmotic pressure and, 400

Alcohol, urination and, 469 (box)

Aldolase, 62

Aldosterone, 40, 357, 358, 471, 481 blood pressure regulation and, 402

Aldosteroneammonia, urinary excretion of, and pH control, 476

Alimentary tract, 483

Allantoic cavity, 570

Allantoic sac, 570

Allantois, 570

Alpha-adrenergic receptors, 286 Alpha-amylase, 38 Alpha-bromoergocryptine (CB154), basal prolactin concentration and, 542

Alpha-dextrinase, 511

Alpha helix formation, 36

Alpha-ketoglutarate acid, 78

Alpha-ketoglutaric acid, 79

Alpha-Iactalbumin, 540, 543, 551, 5336

effect of lactogenic hormones on secretion of, 543

Alveolar cell differentiation, lactogenesis and, 538-540

Alveolar drawing, 91

Alveolar ducts, 421

Alveolar fluid, surface tension of,

424

Alveolar macrophages, 434, 444

Alveolar (or acinar) glands, 102,

102

Alveolar sacs, 421 respiratory membrane and, 423

Alveolar structures

postpartum, 539

prepartum, 539

Alveolar ventilation rate, 425

Alveoli, 421,422,436

Alveoli walls, 422

Amacrine cells, 310, 311

Amiloride, 301

Amino acid nitrogen metabolism, 79

Amino acids, 34, 55, 233-234, 393,

475

absorption of, in small intestine, 514

characteristics of, common, 35f essential, 35

Krebs cycle and, 35, 78 structure of, 34 transporters of, 34

Aminohippuric acid, 472

Aminopeptidase, 511

Ammonia

nitrogen excretion and, 477, 477 urinary excretion of, and pH control, 476

Ammonotelic species, 79, 477 Amnion, 570

Amniotic fluid, 573

Amniotic sac, 570

AMP.

AMPA receptors, 231

Amphiarthrotic joints, 168

Amphicytes, 222

Amphiregulin, 366, 369

Amphoteric molecules, 475

Ampulla, 313

of ductus deferens, 575, 575

Amygdala, 248

Amygdaloid body (nucleus), 248

Amylase, pancreatic, 515

Anabolic steroids, 351 (box)

Anabolism, 58

Anaerobic mechanism, muscle metabolism and, 193-194

Anaerobic respiration, 58, 61 Anagen, 129, 137

Anal canal, 519

Anal glands, 127

Anaphase, 32, 33

Anastomoses, 399

Anatomy

body cavities and membranes, 9-10

body planes, 8-9, 10 defined, 3 developmental, 4 directional and positional terms,

8

macroscopic, 3-4

microscopic, 3, 4 nomenclature for, 8-10

surface, 4

systemic, 4

Anchoring junctions, 99, 100

Anconeus muscle, of leg, 206f

Androgens, 357, 574

Anemia, 377

Angiotensin I, 402

Angiotensin II, 358, 402, 403, 471

Angular movements, of synovial joints, 170f

Annexin 1, 75 (box)

Annular folds, bovine, 562 ANP. See Atrial natriuretic peptide Antagonists, 200, 201 f, 236, 333 Antebrachiocarpaljoint, 160,172 Anterior median fissure, 259 Anterior nucleus, of thalamus, 249 Anterior pituitary, 337 follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and, 563, 564

hormones of, 338f, 343-344 hypothalamus and, 339

Anterior semicircular canals, 313 Antibodies, 455

avian vs. mammalian systems, 453-454

primary and secondary responses,

452

specific antibody structure and function,

450- 451

B cell selection and antibody secretion, 451

cell-mediated immunity,

451- 453

structure and function of, 450—451 Antibody secretion, B cell selection and, 451

Anticlinal vertebra, 156

Antidiuretic hormone, 50, 469, 481 blood pressure regulation and, 402

secretion of, 343 Antigen-presenting cells, 54, 442 tissue and cell defense and, 454f

Antigens, 451

Antigen stimulation, of B cells, 451 Antiport carriers, 51, 52

Antiport transports, 55 Antisense strand, 81 Antithrombin, 385

Antral follicles, 565

Aorta, 398

ascending, 406 divisions within, 406

Aortic arch, 406, 406

Aortic bodies, 429

Aortic valves, 389

AP.

APCs. See Antigen-presenting cells

Apneustic area, 429 Apneustic center, 252

Apocrine glands, 126, 137 Apocrine secretion, 101,101 Aponeuroses, 181

Apoptosis, 23, 369, 454 of mammary epithelial cells, 551 mechanism for, 267, 267

Apparent digestible energy, 59, 59

Appendicular skeleton, 156-166, 176 pelvic limbs, 163-166

thoracic limbs, 156-158, 160-163 Appendix, 519 Appositional growth, 109

of cartilage, 151 Aquaporins (AQPs), 51, 51 (box) Aqueduct of Sylvius, 245 Aqueous humor, 306 Arachidonic acid, 40, 41 Arachnoid granulations, 260 Arachnoid mater, 259, 260 Arachnoid villi, 245 Arbor vitae (tree of life), 253 Arcuate arteries, 461, 462 Aristotle, 530 Arrector pili, 128 ART. See Assisted reproductive technologies

Arterial blood pressure, sympathetic nervous system and, 290 Arteries, 398, 413

coronary, 390

pulmonary, 404 Arterioles, 398, 413 Artery wall, section of, 93 Arthrodia joint, 170 Arthrology, 167 Articular cartilage, 169 Artificial insemination, 558, 568, 581-582

Artificial insemination cooperatives, 581

Arytenoid cartilages, 420 Ascending aorta, 406 Ascending loop of Henle, 462 Ascending reticular activating system, 254

Asimov, G. J., 344, 540 ASP. See Agouti signaling protein Aspartate, 233

Aspergillus fumigatus, 434 (box) Aspirin, 385

gastric bleeding and, 383 (box) Assisted reproductive technologies, 581

Association fibers, 246 Association neurons (or interneurons), 220, 221 Aster formation, 33 Asternal ribs, 156 Astrocytes, 117,119, 221 Asymmetric carbon, 38 Atherosclerosis, diabetes and, 362 Atlanto-axial joint, 170, 171 Atlanto-Occipital joint, 156, 166, 171

Atlas, 156, 157 Atoms, 5, 5

chemically reactive and inert,examples of, 44, 44

ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate ATPase pumps, 43, 44 action of, 53 features of three major classes of, 466f

kidney function and, 466 Atria, 387

Atrial natriuretic factor, 363f Atrial natriuretic peptide, 362, 403, 471

blood pressure regulation and, 402-403

Atrial systole, in cardiac cycle, 395 Atrioventricular (AV) valves, 388 Atropine, 236

Auditory ossicles, 313 Auditory reflex, 258f Auditory sensory system, 268f Auditory tubes, 420 Auditory-vestibular cranial nerve (VIII), 257f

Auerbach's plexus, 283 Auricles

heart, 387 outer ear, 313

Auscultation, 394

Autonomic nervous system, 216, 216, 265, 281-290 anatomy of, 284-286 parasympathetic division, 285-286, 294

sympathetic division, 284-285, 294

central nervous system control of, 288-290, 295

cardiovascular reflexes, 290 gastrointestinal reflexes, 290 glandular reflexes, 290 ocular reflexes, 290 urogenital reflexes, 290 visceral reflexes, 290 digestive tract and, 487 divisions of, 283-284, 294

parasympathetic division, 283-284, 294

sympathetic division, 283, 294 heart rate regulation and, 396-397 hypothalamus and, 281, 288, 289 neural integration of, 283 organization of, 282 overlap of somatic and autonomic functions, 282-283 overview of, 281-282 parasympathetic and sympathetic effects on, 289f peripheral nerves within, 266 pharmacology of, 287f physiology of, 286, 288-289, 294-295

adrenergic fibers, 286 cholinergic fibers, 286

Autonomic nervous system (continued) interactions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, 288 neurotransmitters and receptors, 286

other neurotransmitters, 286, 288 smooth muscle innervated by, 197 stomach and, 497

Autoregulation of blood pressure, physical and chemical factors, 403-404

Autorhythmic fibers, 391 Avian immunology, mammalian systems immunology vs., 453-454

Avian lung, cross-current gas exchange in, 433

Avian nitrogen excretion, 479

Avian pulmonary system, pathway of gas flow through, 432

Avian reproductive systems female, 579-580 male, 580-581

Avian respiration air sacs, 431, 439 anatomy of avian respiratory system, 430-431, 439 avian ventilation and gas exchange, 431—132, 440 prehatching respiration in birds, 433

Avians

feathers of, 135-136 red blood cells in, 377 stomach of, 507, 507

Avian salt glands, 479

Avian skeleton, 166-167

AVR.

Axial, 9f

Axial skeleton, 152-156, 175 cranium, 153 skull, 152-153 species differences, 153-154 thorax, 156 vertebral column, 154-156

Axis, 157

Axon collateral, 218

Axoneme, 25

Axon hillock, 117, 217, 218

Axon length, neuron classification based on, 220

Axons, 117, 217, 218 diameter of, conduction velocity and, 228

Axon terminal, 218

Axoplasm, 218

Bacterial attack, inflammatory response and, 444

Bacteroides fragilis, 521

Bacteroides IhetaiotaomicroH, 520 BAD. See Brachycephalic airway disease

Balance

hearing and, 314-316, 320-321

physiology of, 314-316 Ball-and-socket joint, 170 BAOS. See Brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome Barbicels, 135

Barbs, 135

Baroreceptor reflex, blood pressure maintenance and, 402

Baroreceptors, 269, 270

heart rate and, 396 Barriers, cell junctions and, 99 BAS. See Brachycephalic airway syndrome

Basal energy needs, determining,

60

Basal ganglion, 247, 248

Basal lamina, 91

Basal metabolic rate, 60

Basal metabolism, thyroid hormones and, 352

Basement membrane, 11-12, 36, 89,

98

Basophils, 111, 112, 338, 377, 378f, 381, 383

tissue and cell defense and, 454f BBB. See Blood-brain barrier B cells, 442, 446

antigen stimulation of, 451 base-secreting, 476-477, 477 maturation of, developmental stages of, 454

selection of, antibody secretion and, 451

tissue and cell defense and, 454f BCS. See Body condition score Beef cattle, anabolic steroids used in, 351 (box)

Bernard, Claude, 5, 281 Beta-adrenergic agonists, tissue composition in meat animals and, 351 (box)

Beta-adrenergic receptors, 286 Beta-defensin 2, 124

Beta-hydroxybutyric acid, 74, 76, 77 Beta-oxidation

overview of, 70-71

of 16-carbon oleic acid, summary of ATP production from, 70f Beta-pleated regions, of protein, 36 BF. See Bursa of Fabricius bGH. See Bovine GH

BHBA. See Beta-hydroxybutyric acid Biaxialjoint, 170

Bicarbonate buffer system Bicarbonate buffer system of blood, pH maintenance and, 473-477

Bicarbonate ions, carbon dioxide transport and, 428

Bicep reflex, in diagnostics, 282 Biceps brachii, 157, 205f

Bicornuate uterus, 560

Bicuspid valves, 387

Bile, 516

composition and function of, 517-518

secretion of, 517

Bile ducts, 517

of horse, 509

Bile salts, 40,517,518

absorption of, in small intestine, 514

liver and synthesis of, 519

Bile secretion, regulation of, 518 Bilirubin, 379,518

Binding proteins

ovarian development and,

365

study of, 364

Binocular vision, 308

Bioassays, 333

Biochemical pathways

example of, 58

"real life" and, 69 (box)

Biogenic amines, 231

Biotechnology, 334

Bipeds, 8

Bipennate fascicle arrangement,

199

Bipolar cells, 310

Bipolar neurons, 220

Birds

accommodating mechanisms in, 307

changes in thoracic skeleton during respiration in, 431 egestion in, 499-500 egg-laying fatigue in, 148 esophagus in, 496

formed elements and blood cells in, 383,409

heterophils, 383

thrombocytes, 383

heterophil/lymphocyte ratio in, 383 (box)

intestinal motility in, 511

muscles involved in respiration in, 432f

pneumatic bones in, 4 prehatching respiration in, 433 reproduction in, 578-581 respiratory system in, 430 skeleton of, 166-167 urinary physiology and function in, 478-479

Birth defects, 573

folic acid and, 242 (box)

Bitter taste, 299, 300, 300,

317

Bladder, 460

transitional epithelium, 98-99,

99

urogenital reflexes and, 290 Blastocoele, 570 Blastocyst, 569, 570 Blastocyst cell division, 570 Blastomere, 570 Bleb, 53, 54

Blephorospasm, 186 Blind spot, 305 Blood, 111,375

components of, 376 formed elements in, 377 summary of, 378f

functions of, 375-376, 407

immunity and, 376, 407 pathways of, through heart, 389 physical characteristics of, 376-377, 407-408

regulation and, 376, 407 supply of, to lungs, 389 transport of, 376, 407 transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in, 429

Blood-brain barrier, 221, 261, 264, 398

Blood cell numbers, in various species, 379f

Blood cells, 377-383

formation of, 381-383, 382, 408 erythrocyte formation, 382 leukocyte formation, 382 platelet formation, 382 formed elements and, in birds, 383

heterophils, 383 thrombocytes, 383

types of, 377, 379-381 agranulocytes, 381 erythrocytes, 377, 379 granulocytes, 380-381 platelets, 381 Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, 261

Blood clotting, 384-385, 409 cascade, 384 clot retraction and repair, 385 common pathway, 384 extrinsic pathway, 384 factors limiting clot growth and formation, 385 fibrinolysis, 385 intrinsic pathway, 384 positive feedback system and, 8 vitamin K and, 384

Blood doping, 377 (box) Blood flow

factors related to, 400-401

through liver lobule, 518 Blood groups, 385, 409-410 Blood levels of urea nitrogen, 472

Blood-milk barrier, 99

Blood plasma, 12, 377

Blood pressure, 398, 400-401,

414

diastolic, 401 hypothalamus and, 288 renal control of, 403, 404 renal regulation: long-term control

of, 464

renin and, 471

systolic, 401

throughout circulatory system,

401

urinary system and, 459, 480 Blood pressure maintenance,

401- 404, 414-415

autoregulation of chemical factors, 403—404 physical factors, 403

baroreceptor reflex, 402 chemical regulation: short-term

control, 402—403 antidiuretic hormone, 402 atrial natriuretic peptide,

402- 403

endothelial-derived factors, 403 epinephrine and norepinephrine,

402

inflammatory chemicals, 403 renin-angiostnsin-aldos terone system, 402

chemoreceptor reflex, 402

neural regulation, 402

renal regulation: long-term control direct renal mechanism, 403 indirect renal mechanism, 403

Blood smear, 16, 111

Blood supply

to kidneys, 462

to liver, 517

to lungs, 422-423, 436 Blood-testis barrier, 577

Blood vessel lumen, 401

Blood vessels, 375

adrenergic effects on, 288 anastomoses, 399

arteries, 398

arterioles, 398

capillaries, 398 capillary exchange, 399-400 connective tissue and, 181

length of, 401

portal systems and, 399

section through, 93

structure and function of, 397-399, 413

veins, 399

venules, 399

venus blood flow, 399

walls of, 397, 397

Blood viscosity, 401

B lymphocytes, 382

Body

stomach, 497

vertebral, 155

Body cavities and membranes, 9-10

Body condition score, 71

Body growth, somatotropin and,

344

Body planes, 8-9, 9f, 10

Body temperature, hypothalamus and, 288

Body wall, muscles of, 207f-208f Body weight, milk yield and, 549 Bohr effect, 428, 428

Bolus, 298,496

Bone cells, types of, 142

Bone deposition, nutrients necessary for, 148

Bone development, 144-145, 174 endochondral ossification, 144-145 Intramembranous ossification, 144

Bone markings, 148-149, 149, 149f,

175

Bone remodeling, 146

fracture repair, 147

Bone resorption, 146

Bone(s)

cancellous or spongy, 140, 143 chemical composition of, 143, 174

classification of, 139-140, 174 compact, 140,141-143 compact, low power, 110 growth of, 145-146, 174-175 hematopoietic tissue in, 143-144 heterotopic, 144 homeostatic imbalances on, 146-147, 148, 175

mechanical stress on, 147-148,

148

medullary, 148 microscopic anatomy of, 141-143 periosteal, 145

pneumatic, 4 remodeling and repair of, 146-147 of skull, 153f types of, 140 woven, 143

Bone structure

gross anatomy of, 140, 174 microscopic anatomy of, 141-143, 174

Bony collar, 145

Bony pelvis, 163 "Book stomach," 502

Botox, 186

Botulinum toxin, 186

Bovine epididymis, pseudostratified epithelium, 99

Bovine estrous cycle, secretion of major reproductive hormones during, 567

Bovine growth hormone, 29, 344 Bovine insulin RIA data, example, 335f

Bovine mammary tissue lactating, light and transmission electron microscopic images, 20

loose connective, 104

Bovine mammary tissue slices, data rates for acetate and glucose use for energy production and for fatty acid synthesis by, before and after calving, 69f

Bovine reproductive tract, female, histology of, 558

Bovines

average age or time for selected reproductive attributes in, 564f

developing fetus and associated membranes in, 572 epididymis in, body region of, 577

female reproductive tract, gross anatomy of, 560

femur of, 164

follicular development in, 566 humerus of, 160

lactating mammary tissue, 20

loose connective mammary tissue from, 104

oocyte development in, stages of,

571

posterior vaginal epithelium of,

559

proliferation and cell growth, mammary epithelial cells, 29

radius and ulna of, 161

scapula of, 159

section of uterus during follicular phase of estrus cycle, 559

tail of sperm cell, 26

tibia and fibula of, 165 tissue from anterior vagina, 95 vagina and cervix in, 561 various bones in, 149

Bovine somatotropin

debate over commercial use of, in dairy cows, 550-551

effect in lactating cows, on milk production and energy metabolism, 60, 60f galactopoiesis and, 536, 550-551 Bovine vagina, anterior, tissue from, 95

"Bowlegged," 162 Bowman's capsule, 91, 462, 464

filtrate formation and, 464 Bowman's glands, 298 Boyle's law, 423 BP.

Brachium Conjrmctivum, 252 Brachium pontis, 252 Brachycephalic airway disease, 425 Brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome, 425

Brachycephalic airway syndrome, 425

Bradykinin, nociceptors and, 271 Brahman cows, puberty in, 564 Brain, 241

cerebral cortex, 246 cerebral hemispheres, 243-245 cerebral white matter, 247-248 basal ganglion, 247 limbic system, 247-248 cranial nerves and, 257, 257-258, 257f

Cytoarchitecture of goat brain surface, 244

diencephalon, 249 epithalamus, 251 functional areas

reticular activating system, 254 sleep and, 254-257 hypothalamus, 249-251 lobes of, 244, 244-245 medulla oblangata, 253-254 mesencephalon, 251-252 metencephalon, 252-253 motor areas of, 247 organization of, 243-245, 261-262

sensory areas of, 247 thalamus, 249 ventricles of, 245, 262

Brain stem, 243

Brain vesicles, 243, 243

BrdU. See Bromodeoxyuridine Breast carcinomas, HER2, Neu receptors and, 366 Breathing, 423

Breeding capacity, epididymal tail reserves and, 577

Brine curing, 136

British thermal emits, 58 Brodmann, Korbinian, 246 Bromodeoxyuridine, 29, 93, 94 Bronchi, 420-421,435 in birds, 430-431

Bronchial arteries, 422

Bronchial tree, 421

canine, 421 Bronchioles, 421 Broodiness, 578

Broody chickens, 578

Brown adipose tissue, 72, 106,

107

Brown mutation, 131f, 137 Bruce Effect, 340 Brunner's glands, 511 Brush border, 94, 94, 509 Brush-border enzymes, 512f intestinal juices and, 511, 525 bST. See Bovine somatotropin BTUs. See British thermal units Buccinator muscles, of head and neck, 202f

Buffy coat, 376 Bulbourethral glands, 574, 575 Bulk flow, 413

capillary exchange and, 400 Bull, 568

gross anatomy of dissected reproductive tract of, 575

gross anatomy of testis and corresponding histological appearance of testicular parenchymal tissue, 575 Bulldog, skull of, 154 BUN. See Blood levels of urea

nitrogen Bundle of His, 391 Bunion, 170 Bursae, 169-170 Bursa of Fabricius, 453-454 Butyrate, 38, 76 Butyric acid, 507 Butyric fatty acid, 14f

Cadherins, 100

Caeiiorhabditis elegans, 369 cagA gene, 521

Calamus, 135 Calcanean tuberosity, 165 Calcaneus, 165

Calcitonin, 146,147, 324, 355 Calcium, 43

excitation-contraction coupling and, 186

in milk, 545

parathyroid hormone and metabolism of, 324, 355-357

synaptic plasticity and, 231 Calcium homeostasis, bone mineralization and, 146 Calmodulin, 119

in smooth muscle, 198 Calories, 58 Calorigenic effect, 352 Calorimetry, 58, 60 Calsequestrin, 183 Calvaria, 152 cAMR See Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Canaliculi, 110, 142, 143

Canal of Schlemm_z 304, 306

Cancellous bone, 110,140,143

Cancer, Erb family and, 366

Canine heartworms, 396 (box)

Canines

humerus of, 160

pelvic girdle of, 163 radius and ulna of, 161

Canines (teeth), 492

Cannon, Walter, 5, 281, 283

Capacitation, 568, 581 events following, 569

Capillaries, 390, 398, 413 endothelial cells of, 4 types of, 398

Capillary exchange, 399-400, 413 bulk flow, 400

diffusion, 399-400

Capillary hydrostatic pressure, 400

Capillary-to-muscle fiber ratio, 194

Capillary wall, fluid flow across, 400

Capons, 578

Caproic fatty acid, 14f

Caprylic fatty acid, 14f

Carbamino compounds, 428

Carbaminohemoglobin, 377, 428, 474

Carbohydrate fermentation, rumenal,

507

Carbohydrates, 37-39 classification of, 37-38 digestion of, in small intestine, 511-512, 512

liver and metabolism of, 518 metabolism of, common terms associated with, 61 f

rumenal digestion of, 507

Carbon, 38, 44

Carbon dioxide, 45, 50 exchange of oxygen and, 426 transport in blood, 429 transport to lungs, 428, 438

Carbonic acid, 428, 430, 475

Carbonic anhydrase, 475

Carbon monoxide, 235

Carboxylic acid, 15, 15

Carboxypeptidase, 515

Cardia, stomach, 497

Cardiac conduction system, 391-392

Cardiac cycle, 395, 412

steps in, 394-395

Cardiac electrical activity, propagation of, through heart conduction system, 391-392

Cardiac muscle, 112, 114-115, 115, 118, 119, 195, 198f, 387, 390, 390-391, 411

action potential in fibers of, 392 functional characteristics of, 196 skeletal muscle cells vs., 196 Cardiac myocytes, 195

Cardiac notch, 421

Cardiac output, 377, 395-396, 412

afterload, 396

contractility, 396 exercise and, 423 preload, 395-396 Cardiac veins, 390 Cardiocytes, 195,196 Cardiogenic shock, 404 Cardiovascular center, 254

in medulla oblongata, 402 Cardiovascular disease, 40 Cardiovascular reflexes, 290, 296 Cardiovascular system, 6, 375-415 blood groups and crossmatching, 385

blood vessels and hemodynamics, 397-399

components of, 375

factors affecting blood flow, 400-401

function and composition of blood, 375-376

heart, 386-389

hemostasis, 383-384 Carnitine, 70

exercise and, 195 (box) Carnivores, 488 Carotid arteries, 429 Carpal bones, 160, 162 Carpaljoint, 172, 172 Carpometacarpaljoint, 172 Carpometacarpus, 167 Carpus, 162 Carpus flexion, stay apparatus of horse and, 210 Carpus hyperextension, stay apparatus of horse and, 210 Carpus valgus, 162 Carrier protein-mediated transport properties, 52 Carrier proteins, transport mechanisms and, 51 Cartilage, 118

growth of, 151 larynx, 420 nasal, 418 of third eyelid, 303 types of, 108,151

Cartilaginous joints, 167, 168f,

169

Caruncles, uterus, 560, 572 Catabolic reactions, 45 Catabolism, 58, 283

of proteins, 78-79 Catagen phase, in hair growth cycle, 129, 137

Catalases, 23

Cataracts, diabetes and, 362 Catecholamines, 232-233

synthesis of, 233

Catechols, 232

Catenin, 100

Cations, heart rate and, 397 Cats

AB blood groups in, 385 atrial side of heart in, 386 auricular side of heart in, 386 blood cell numbers in, 379f dilated cardiomyopathy and, 388 (box)

external nose of, 418 field of vision in, 308 hypothyroidism in, 353 kidney of, 462

length and capacity of parts of digestive tract in, 488f location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

normal electrocardiogram in, 393 number of teeth in, 493f onion toxicity in, 427 (box) primary projection areas of, 247 purring in, 420 (box) relationship between BUN and GFRin, 473

thorax in, lateral aspect of, 158 thyroid histology for, 352 tidal volume and respiration rate in, 425f

Cattle

behavioral cues in, 568 blood groups in, 385 embryo transfer in, 582 estrous cycle in, 565 hormonal induction of lactation in, 541

horned, frontal sinus in, 419 location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

mammary growth in, 532 during gestation, 537

puberty in, 563, 564

Caudal, 9f

Caudal articular processes, 156 Caudal vertebrae, 155, 163

Caudate nucleus, 247

Caveoli, 196

CBC. See Complete blood count CB154-treated cows, Prl sescretion in, 348

CCK. See Cholecystokinin CD. See Collecting duct CD4 cells, 452

CD8 cells, 452

Cdk. See Cyclin-dependent protein kinases

Cecum, 519

of horse, 520

Celiac ganglion, 285

Cell biology, technical advancements in, 363

Cell body (or soma), 217

Cell cycle, stages of, 26, 30-31, 31 Cell division, regulators of, 33-34 Cell-mediated immunity, 442, 442, 451-453

Cells, 5, 5, 55

bone, 142

columnar, 88, 88, 94, 118 columnar epithelial, 95 from intestine, 93

as common denominator, 11-12 cuboidal, 88, 88, 89, 118 death of, 267 degree of differentiation of, 19 differentiation examples, 20 endothelial, 93 epithelial, 118 goblet, 94, 101, 443 immune, in defense of tissue and, 454f

multinucleated, 26 multiunit, 115 nucleated, 26 osteoprogenitor, 141, 142,145 simple squamous, 91, 92 squamous, 88, 88, 118 taste, 299

tissues, technology and, 103 (box) transport processes used by, 50f types of, 11

wandering, 103

Cell signaling, 45, 324-325, 370-371 endocrine and growth factor signaling, 336-337 measuring circulating hormone concentrations, 333-336 mechanisms of cell surface hormone signaling, 325-329 mechanisms of internal hormone cell signaling, 329-331 receptors and regulation, 331-333 Cell surface hormone signaling, cyclic AMP and, 325-329 Cell surface receptors, structural variations between types of, 326

Cell theory, ideas inherent in, 41-42, 55

Cellular biochemistry, 12, 41-47 chemical bonds, 43M5 chemical reactions, 45 significance of enzymes of, 45—47

Cellular movement, centrioles and,

26

Cellular organelles, 14-20 cell growth and differentiation, 27-30

regulators of cell division,

33-34

stages of cell cycle, 30 stages of mitosis, 31, 32, 33 membrane structure and

fluid mosaic model, 15-16 microscopy techniques, 16 nuclear structure, 25-27

chromatin structure, 27 nucleoli, 27

organelles of the cytoplasm, 19-25 centrioles, 25 endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, 21-23 lysosomes and peroxisomes, 23 microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, 23-25

mitochondria, 20-21 ribosomes, 21

Cellular physiology, 4 macromolecules and, 34-41

Cellular secretion, mechanisms of,

101

Cellular synthesis and secretion, major pathways for, 16

Cementum, 491

Central fatigue, muscle fatigue vs., 194

Central fovea, 305

Central medulla, 128

Central nervous system, 185, 216, 216, 241-264, 265. See also Brain; Spinal cord control of autonomic nervous system by, 288-289, 295 embryonic development, 241-243, 261

enteric nervous system and, 487 protection of, 260-261 blood-brain barrier, 261 blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, 261

cerebrospinal fluid, 260-261 meninges, 260

Centrioles, 25, 33 cellular movement and, 26

Centromeres, 31

Centrosomes, 25, 32

Cephalic phase, gastric secretions and emptying, 500, 501

Cerebellar peduncles, 253 Cerebellum, 252

Cerebral cortex, 243, 246, 262 evolutionary changes in, 246 white matter, or fibers in, 246

Cerebral hemispheres, 243-244

Cerebral peduncles, 252

Cerebral white matter, 262 Cerebrospinal fluid, 221, 242, 245, 260-261, 263

composition of blood vs. composition of, 261 f

functions of, 260

movement out of ventricles, 245 Cerebroventricles, 221, 245, 245 of sheep, 245

Cerebrum, 243

Cervical cranial nerves, 267 Cervical dystonia, 186

Cervical os, 561, 562

Cervical vertebrae, 154, 155, 155f,

156

Cervix, 558,560,563

bisected view of, 562

bovine, 561

parturition and, 573

Cesarean section, 574

Chalazae, 580 Chaperones, 330

Cheeks, 489

Cheek teeth, 492

Chemical bonds, major types of,

43-44

Chemical digestion, in small intestine, 511

Chemically gated channels, 224 Chemical reactions, 45, 55 Chemicals, 5

Chemical synapses, 218, 219, 219, 219f

Chemical transmission, synaptic transmission and, 229-230

Chemokines, 434

Chemoreceptor reflex, blood pressure maintenance and, 402

Chemoreceptors, 268, 273-274, 292, 297, 396

respiratory system and, 429—430 Chemotaxis, 443, 444, 448 Chewing reflex, 277

CHF. See Congestive heart failure Chicken egg, parts of, 580 Chicken reproductive tract, female, structures of, 579

Chickens

blood cell numbers in, 379f bursa of Fabricius in, 453—454 length and capacity of parts of digestive tract in, 488f mating behaviors in, 578 number of vertebrae in, 155f reproduction in, 578 skeleton of, 166

Chief cells, in gastric glands, 497 Childbirth, positive feedback system and, 8

Chlorine, 43

Cholecystokinin, 6, 500, 518 Cholesterol, 39-40, 55, 518

liver and synthesis of, 518 steroid synthesis and, 357

Cholinergic fibers, 286, 295 Cholinergic neurons, 221, 232

Chondroblasts_z 109, 144 Chondrocytes, 109,145,145 Chondroitin sulfate, 109 Chordae tendineae, 388 Chorion, 570, 572

Chorionic mammotropin, 542 Chorionic somatomammotropin, 542 Chorionic villi, 572, 573

Choroid, 304

Choroid plexus, 261 Chromatids, 31

Chromatin, 26, 27 Chromophobes, 338 Chromosomes, mitotic stages and,

31, 32, 33

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 434 (box)

Chylomicrons, 40, 76, 509, 514 Chyme, 497, 499, 508, 511, 514, 515 Chymotrypsin, 46, 515 Chymotrypsinogen, 515 Cilia, 25

Ciliary body, 304

Ciliary muscles, 305

accommodation and, 307

Ciliary processes, 305

Cilium, 5

Cingulate gyrus, 248

Circadian rhythms

hypothalamus and, 251, 289 neuroendocrine control of adrenal cortical activity and, 359 Circle of Willis, 337 Circular fascicle arrangement, 199 Circulation

coronary, 390

systemic and pulmonary, 389, 389 Circulatory routes, 404-406

pulmonary circulation, 404—105 systemic circulation, 405-406 Circulatory system

blood pressure throughout, 401 cooperation between respiratory system and, 433

Circumduction, 200, 201f Circumvallate papillae, 298 CIRD. See Controlled internal drug release devices

Citric acid cycle, 65

CL. See Corpus Iuteum

Classical neurotransmitters, 231,

235

Clathrin-Coated pits, 53

Clavicle, 156 Clavodeltoid muscles, of thoracic limb, 204f

Claws, 163

Clearance rate, 472 Cleidocephalicus muscles

of neck, 202f

of thoracic limb, 204f

Cleidomastoideus muscles, of neck, 202f

CLIP. See Corticotrophin-Iike intermediate lobe peptide

Clitoris, 563

Cloaca, 454, 478, 580

Cloacal kiss, 580

Cloning, 581,583-584 from fully differentiated cells, 12 overview of micromanipulation and, 584

Clostridium, 520

Clostridium botulinum, 186

Clot, blood, 384

Club hair, 129

Clutches, of eggs, 578, 579

CNS. See Central nervous system

CO. See Carbon monoxide; Cardiac output

Coagulation, 384

Coat color, 130-132

Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer measurement, corneal touch threshold in diabetic and normal dogs, 362, 362f

Cochlea, 5, 312, 313

Cochlear duct, 313

Cocks, 578

Codon, 81

Coenzyme Q, 66

Coenzymes, 46f

Coffin bone, 133

Colchicine, 23, 24

"Cold" hormones, 331, 332, 336 Cold receptors, 272, 273

Collagen, 12, 89, 91, 103, 124 in mammary stromal tissue, 536 type IV, 107 types of, 36

Collagen Immrmocytochemistry, 106

Collecting duct, 462

Collie, skull of, 154

Colloid osmotic pressure, 400

Colon, 519

avian, 478

Colony-stimulating factors, 382, 447

Colostrum, 148, 441, 449, 450, 487, 572

Columnar cells, 88, 88, 94,118

Columnar epithelial cells from intestine, 93 pseudostratified, 98 simple, 95

Commissural fibers, 246

Commissure, 563

Common pathway, blood clotting and, 384

Communicating junctions, 99

Compact bone, 110, 140,141-143 low power, 110 microscopic structure of, 143

Complement, 376, 449

inflammation response and, 445f Complement activation, 449 Complementary bases (or bonds), 41 Complete blood count, 381 (box) Complete fracture, 147

Composite tissues, 111

Compotmd alveolar glands, 102, 102 Compotmd fracture, 147

Compotmd microscope, 17-19 Compotmd tubular glands, 102, 102 Concentric contraction, 191

Conceptus, 570

Conchae, 418

Conducting pathway anatomy,

419-421

larynx, 420

oropharynx and Iaryngopharynx, 420

pharynx and nasopharynx, 419-420

trachea and bronchi, 420-421 Conduction system, cardiac, 391-392 Conduction velocity, 228-229 Condyloid joint, 170

Cones, 305,308,309

structure of, 309

visual information processing and,

310

visual pathway and, 311 Congestive heart failure, 387 (box) Conjunctiva, 302

Connective tissues, 5,11,12, 87, 102-111, 118

classification of, 103-106, 180-181 components of, 103

sheaths in skeletal muscle, 181

Sirius Red-stained, 105 specialized, 106-111

Cormexins, 101, 219, 219

Cormexons, 101, 219, 219 Consensual light reflex, 258f Continuous capillaries, 398 Contour feather, 135

Contractile proteins, 182 Contractility, 396

muscle and, 180

Contraction phase, muscle twitch, 190, 190

Control center, 7, 7

Controlled internal drug release devices, 568

Conus medullaris, 258, 259 Convergence, of neuronal pools, 221 Convergent fascicle arrangement,

199

COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Coracobrachialis, 157, 205f Coracoid, 167, 431

Coracoid process, 157

Cori cycle, 64, 65

Corium, 133, 135

Cornea, 302

layers of, 304

sectioned, low-power image of, 96

simple squamous epithelium cornea, 96

stratified squamous epithelium cornea, 96

Corneal nerves, diabetes and, 362

Corneal reflex, 258f

Corneal touch threshold, in diabetic and normal dogs, 362f

Cornual diverticulum, 419

Corona radiata, 567

Coronary arteries, 390

Coronary circulation, 390, 410-411

of goat heart, 390

Coronary groove, 386

Coronary sinus, 387, 406

Coronet, 134

Corpora albicantia, 560

Corpora quadrigemina, 251

Corpus callosum, 243

Corpus luteum, 560,562,565,566,570

Corpus striatum, 247

Cortex

of kidney, 460, 460, 461, 461 tissue from, 467

of ovary, 560, 565

Corticosterone, 357

Corticotrophin-Iike intermediate lobe peptide, 351

Cortisol, 40, 331, 357

Costal arch, 156

Costochondraljoints, 171

Costovertebraljoints, 171 Cotyledons, 572

Covalent bonds, 43, 44, 55

Cows. See also Dairy cows

blood cell numbers in, 379f

cell and milk production responses in, 448

duration of parturition in, 574

EGF receptors in mammary tissue from, 366

exercise and mouth breathing in, 425

female reproductive tract in, 563f hormones during estrus cycle in, 350

infusion of insulin after glucose in,

361

internal structure of teat in, 547 lactating

GH and insulin in, 73 mammary tissue taken from, 90 thyroid hormone responses to TRHin, 354

type IV collagen in mammary tissue from, 107

lactation curves in, 548

for those treated with oxytocin,

342

loose connective tissue from, 105 mating behaviors in, 568 milk production in, after suppression of Prl, 348 nonlactating, mammary tissue of, 20

saliva production in, 491 selected effects on, and treatment with CB154 to suppress Prl secretion in, 542, 542f serum Prl in, at calving, 348 serum Prl in those given CB154, 348, 542

skeleton of, 150

TRH injections in, 353-354 Coxal (or Coxofemoral) articulation, 172

C peptide, 360 Cranial, 9f Cranial bones, 152-153, 153f Cranial cavity, 9

Cranial cruciate ligament, 171 Cranial division, of autonomic nervous system, 285

Cranial nerves, 252, 257, 257-258, 263, 266

Cranial processes, 156

Cranial reflexes, 258, 258f

Cranial sac, 502

Cranial vault, 152 Craniorachischisis, 242 Craniosacral division, of autonomic nervous system, 285

Cranium, 152, 153

Creatine, 473

Creatine phosphate, 60, 393

muscle metabolism and, 193 Cricoid cartilages, 420 Crista ampularis, dynamic equilibrium and, 316, 321 Cristae, 20, 21

Crop, 496

Crop milk, 496, 558

Cross bridge formation, sliding filament theory and, 188 Cross bridges

length-tension relationships and, 189, 189

in smooth muscle, 196 Crossed-extensor reflex, 281, 281

in diagnostics, 282 Crossmatching, 385-386, 409-410 Crus cerebri, 252 Cryptochordism, 574 Crypts of Lieberkiin, 509 Crystallins, 306 CSF. See Cerebrospinal fluid CT. See Calcitonin

CTT. See Corneal touch threshold

Cubital joint, 160

Cuboidal cells, 88, 88, 89,118 Cumulus oophorus, 565, 567 Curare, 186

Curing, of leather, 136 Cushing's syndrome, 359-360

Cyanide, in saliva, 490 Cycles, 576

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,

74

cell surface hormone signaling and, 325-329

Cyclic GMP, light transduction by photoreceptors and, 310, 310

Cyclin-dependent protein kinases,

33

Cyclins, 33 Cyclopentanohydrophenanthrene nucleus, 40, 41

Cystorelin, 351 (box)

Cytochrome C, 66 Cytokine receptors, 370

Cytokine receptor superfamily, 325f

Cytokines, 382, 403, 434, 446, 456 inflammation response and, 445f

Cytokinesis, 31, 32

Cytology, defined, 4, 87 Cytoplasm, 217

organelles of, 19-25

Cytosine, 41, 42, 55

Cytoskeleton, 217

Cytotoxic cell activation, 453

Cytotoxic T cells, 442, 452

attack of, 453

tissue and cell defense and, 454f

DAG. See Diacylglycerol

Dairy cows. See also Cows

artificial insemination of, 581, 582 disturbance in calcium metabolism in, 356

estrous cycle and ovulation in, 565-566

high-producing, summary of major metabolic adjustments with onset of lactation in, 71-72, 72f

lactating

effect of bST in, 60f hypothyroidism in, 353 Ultrastructural analysis of cytoplasmic organelles in mammary epithelia from, 539f

lactation curves and, 546 large-scale use of recombinant bovine GH in, 344 mammary involution and, 552 relationship between MSCC_z DHI cell counts score, and milk production in, 17f

thyroidectomies in, 355

Dale's principle, 231

Dalton's law, 426, 437

Dark adaptation, by eye, 311, 319-320

"Dark current," photoreceptors and, 310

DCM. See Dilated cardiomyopathy DCT. See Distal convoluted tubule DEA system, in dogs, 385 Deciduous teeth, 491, 493

Deep (positional term), 9f

Defense mechanisms, overview of,

442

Defensins, 380

Dehorning, 135

Dehydration, polycythemia and, 376-377

Deiodination enzymes, 354, 355

Deltoid muscles, 158

of shoulder, 205f

Deltoid tuberosity, 158 Demyelinating diseases, 229 (box) Denatorium, bitter taste and, 300 Denatured ligand protein, 37 Dendrites, 217, 217-218

Dendritic cells, 442

Dendritic spines, 218

Dendritic tree, 217, 218

de novo synthesis, 76

Dens, 156

Dense bodies, in smooth muscle, 196

Dense bone, HO

Dense connective tissue, 103, 105

Dense irregular connective tissue, 103, 105

Dense regular connective tissue,

103

Dental pad, 492

Dentate gyrus, 248

Dentes, 491

Dentin, 491, 492

Deoxyribonuclease, 515 Deoxyribose, 38, 41

Depolarization, heart contraction and, 392

Depression

muscle contraction and, 200, 201f

of shoulders or mandible, 171

Dermal papillae, 124

Dermis, 124-125

major features of, 123

Desmin, 196

Desmosomes, 25, 100, 100

intercalated discs, 390

Developmental anatomy, 4 Dewclaw, 162, 166

Diabetes, 324, 473

Type I, 361, 362

Type II, 361, 362

Diabetes insipidus, 343

Diabetes mellitus, 74, 361

Diacylglycerol, 327

Diagnostics, reflexes used in, 281, 282f, 293-294

Diaphragm, 9, 421, 423

Diaphysis, 140, 146

zonation of development most distal from, 145

Diarthrotic joints, 168

Diastolic blood pressure, 401 Dicrotic notch, 395

Diencephalon, 243, 243, 249, 250, 262 Dietary energy, processing of, 58-59 Diffuse placenta, 572

Diffusion, 413

airborne particles and, 434 capillary exchange and, 399-400 osmosis and, 48

Digestible energy, 59

Digestion, 484

hormonal control of, 518f

Digestive enzymes, 512f

Digestive organs, blood supply of, 486

Digestive system, 5, 6, 11, 483-527 enteric nervous system and, 487 functional anatomy of, 488-520, 522

accessory organs, 515-519 esophagus, 496 large intestine, 519-520 mouth, 488M94 pharynx, 494-496 small intestine, 507-514 stomach, 496-507

overview of, 483

Digestive tract

basic structure of, 486 enteric nervous system and, 487 functions of, 483-484, 522 histology of, 486M87, 522 length and capacity of parts of, 488f

upper, of horse, 495

Digital cushion, 133

Digits, 162-163, 166

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 62

Dilated cardiomyopathy, 387 (box)

Dinoprost tromethamine, 40

Dipeptidase, 511

Dipeptides, absorption of, in small intestine, 514

Diploe, 140

Dipole moment, of water, 13

Directional terms, in anatomy, 8 Direct light reflex, 258f

Directly gated channels, 224

Dirofilaria immitus, 396 (box) Disaccharides, 37, 38, 55

structure of, 39

Discoid placenta, 573 Disintegrations per minute, 335 D-isomers, 38

Displaced fractures, 147 Distal, 9f

Distal convoluted tubule, 462, 467, 468, 476

Distal phalanx, 163

Distal tubule ion transport, 467 Divergence, of neuronal pools, 221 DNA, 363

chromatin structure and, 27 double-stranded, creation of, 41 histone and, 27, 28

information transfer from RNA to,

81

mammary, measure of, 535-536 mitochondrial, 20, 25 protein synthesis and, 37, 80-82 sexed semen and, 583 structure and function of, 42, 79-80

structure of nitrogenous bases in, 41, 42

transgenic animals and, 584, 586 Dogs

antigen groups or blood types in, 385

axial and appendicular skeleton in,

152

blood cell numbers in, 379f bronchial tree in, 421 diabetic and normal, corneal touch threshold in, 362f

distal pelvic limb of, 165 disturbance in calcium metabolism in, 356

excitation and conducting system of heart in, 391

exercise and mouth breathing in, 425

external nose of, 418 eye and accessory structures of, 303

eye in, front view of, 302

eye muscles of, 304 heartworms in, 396 (box) humerus in, 160 hypothyroidism in, 353 intestinal motility in, 511 joints of pelvic limb of, 173 length and capacity of parts of digestive tract in, 488f location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

normal electrocardiogram in, 393 number of teeth in, 493f

Dogs (continued)

onion toxicity in, 427 (box)

oral cavity in, 489

outer ear of, 313

pelvic girdle of, lateral and dorsal views, 163

radius and ulna of, 161

salivary glands in, 491

short-nosed, airway obstruction in, 425 (box)

skeleton of, 151

skulls of, 154

examples, 154

teeth in, 492, 493

thoracic limb of, lateral aspect,

172

thorax in, lateral aspect of, 158 tidal volume and respiration rate in, 425f

tongue of, 490

Dolicephalic skulls, 154

Dolly (cloned sheep), 12, 570, 583, 584

Dopamine, 232, 236f, 237f Doping, blood, 377 (box)

Dorsal cavity, 9

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway, 270, 270-271

Dorsal mesentery, 485

Dorsal (positional term), 9f

Dorsal proctodeal gland, 580

Dorsal ramus, 267

Dorsal respiratory group, 429

Dorsal root ganglion, 267

Dorsal sac, 502

Dorsal spinous process, 155 Dorsiflexion, 201f

Double bonds, 44

dpm. See Disintegrations per minute Dry periods, milk production and, 552-553

Duct cross section, 98

Ductus arteriosus, 388

Ductus deferens, 574, 575, 575 Duodenum, 507, 508

section of, from BrdU-injected calf,

95

Duplex uterus, 560

Dural sinuses, 260

Dura mater, 245, 259, 260, 260

Du Vigneaud, 341

Dwarfism, 355

Dynamic equilibrium, 315

crista ampularis and, 316, 321 Dyneins, 24

Dystocia, 574

Dystophin, 182, 184

Ear

anatomy of, 311-313, 320

inner ear, 312-313

left, anatomy of, 314

middle ear, 312

outer ear, 312

of dog, 313

Early diastole, in cardiac cycle, 395 Earwax, 313

Eccentric contraction, 191, 192

Eccrine glands, 125-126, 137

ECG. See Equine chorionic gonadotropins

Eclampsia, 356

ECM. See Extracellular matrix Ectoderm, 241, 242

Edinger-Westphal nucleus, 285

EDV See End diastolic volume

EEG wave patterns, during wakefulness and various sleep stages, 255

Effectors, 7, 7

Efferent fibers

of autonomic nervous system, 281 of somatic nervous system, 281

Efferent (motor) nerves or neurons, 220, 266

Efferent (or motor) division, of peripheral nervous system, 216, 266

Efferent signal, 7

Egestion, vomiting and, 499-500, 524 EGE See Epidermal growth factor Egg cell, cloning and, 584 Egg-laying fatigue, in birds, 148

Egg production, photoperiod and, 348

Eggs

chicken, parts of, 580 pores in, 433 production of, 578 release of, 580

Eggshell formation, 167

Eicosanoids, 40

ELAM-1, 447

Elastase, 515

Elastic arteries, 398

Elastic cartilage, 108,118,151

Elastic fibers, 103

Elasticity, muscle and, 180

Elastin, 12, 89, 124

Elastin fibers, 106

Elbow flexion, stay apparatus of horse and, 210

Elbow joint, 171, 172

Electrical synapses, 218, 219, 219, 219f

Electrical transmission, synaptic transmission and, 229

Electrocardiogram, 393-394, 411-412 normal, 393

Electrolyte composition, hypothalamus and, 288

Electrolytes, 47

Electron microscope, 17, 19

Electrons, 44

Electron transport chain, reduced coenzymes and, 67

Elephant, location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

Elevation

muscle contraction and, 200, 201f

of shoulder or jaw, 171

ELISAs. See Enzyme-Iinked immunoabsorbent assays Ellipsoidaljoint, 170 Embden-Meyerhof pathway, 61 Embolus, 384

Embryo genesis, 569 Embryology, 4 Embryos, 570

preimplantation, just before hatching, 572

Embryo transfer, 573, 581, 582 Emesis, 499

Emigration, of leukocytes, 380 Emmetropic eye, 307 Enamel, tooth, 491, 492 Encapsulated dendritic endings, 274

End diastolic volume, 395 contractility and, 396 preload and, 395

Endochondral bone, 145 Endochondral ossification, 108, 144-145, 145

Endocrine glands, 101

Endocrine pancreas, 360-362, 370 Endocrine signaling, 336-337 Endocrine system, 5, 6, 323-372 adrenal gland, 357-360 cell signaling, 324-325 EGF family, 365-367 endocrine and growth factor signaling, 336-337 endocrine pancreas, 360-362 FGF family, 367-368 homeostasis and, 5, 323 hormones of anterior pituitary, 343-344

hormones of posterior pituitary, 341-343

hypophyseal-pituitary axis, 337 IGF family, 363-365 lactogenesis, lactation and, 540-544

leptin, 369-370 measuring circulating hormone concentrations, 333-336 mechanisms of cell surface hormone signaling, 325-329 mechanisms of internal hormone cell signaling, 329-331 overview of, 323-324 receptors and regulation, 331-333 thyroid gland, 352-355 transforming growth factor beta family, 368-369

Endocrinology, practical, 351 (box) Endocytosis, 53, 54, 54, 55,146 Endoderm, 570

Endometrium, 560

Endomysium, 112, 180-181 Endoneurium, 265, 266 Endoplasmic reticulum, 19, 368

Golgi apparatus and, 21-23 Endosome, 53

Endosteum, 140

Endothelial cells, 4, 93 Endothelial-derived factors, blood pressure regulation and, 403

Endothelial-derived relaxation factor,

235

Endothelin, 403

production and action of, 403 Endothelium, 93 End systolic volume, 395

afterload and, 396

Energy

descriptions of, 57-60

feedstuff, processing of, 59

Energy metabolism, hypothalamus and, 288

Energy of maintenance, 60 Enkephalins, 288

Enterendocrine cells, 487

Enteric nervous system ("little brain"), 487,522

Enterocytes, 11, 12

lipid transport through, 514 Enteroendocrine cells, in gastric glands, 498

Enterogastric reflex, components of, 500

Enterokinase, 511, 515 Entropy, 57

Enzyme-Iinked immunoassays, 336, 451

Enzyme-Iinked receptors, 328 Enzymes, 55

action of, 46-47

classification of, 46f

digestive, 512f

naming, 46 protein-digesting, activation of, 515

significance of, 45-47 Eosinophils, 111, 112, 377, 378f, 380-381, 383, 443, 444

tissue and cell defense and, 454f

Ependymal cells, 117, 119, 221 Epicardium, 387

Epidermal dendritic cells, 124 Epidermal growth factor, 325, 328, 363f, 365-367

cell growth and, 367

Epidermis, 122-124

Epididymal duct, 575

Epididymis, 574, 575 bovine, body region of, 577 head and body of, 577 tail region of, histological appearance, 577

Epiglottic cartilage, 420

Epiglottis, 420, 494

Epimysium, 112, 180, 181

Epinephrine, 68, 74, 198, 232, 236f, 237f, 286, 325, 357, 360 blood pressure regulation and, 402

Epineurium, 265, 266

Epiphyseal plate, 140, 145, 146 closure of, at puberty, 109

Epiphysis, 140,145, 146

Epiploic appendages, 519

Epithalamus, 249, 251, 262

Epithelial cells, 4, 11, 118 classification of, by number of strata, 88

cultured, 91 junctions of, 99-101 nucleus of, 26

Epithelial cell shapes, classifications of, 88

Epithelial structures, examples of, 90

Epithelial tissue, 5, 87, 88-102 characteristics of, 89-91 epithelial cell junctions, 99-101 functions of, 90 glandular epithelial types, 101-102 simple epithelium, 91-95 stratified epithelium, 95-99

Epitheliochorial placentas, 572

Epithelium, 87, 89

EPO. See Erythropoietin

EPSPs. See Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Equations

Goldman, 223

milk yield-body weight relationship, 549

Nernst, 223

palmitate production, 76

Equilibrium, 297 physiology of, 314-316, 320-321 receptors for, 312

Equine animals average age or time for selected reproductive attributes in, 564f femur of, 164

foot and hoof in, 133 humerus of, 160 plantar view of hoof, 134 radius and ulna of, 161 skull of, exploded view, 154 tibia and fibula of, 165

Equine chorionic gonadotropins, 573

ER. See Endoplasmic reticulum ErbB-I, 366

ErbB family of receptors, 366

Eructation sequence, 503 Erythemia, 130, 403

Erythrocytes, 111, 376, 377, 378f, 381, 408

blood viscosity and, 401 characteristics of, 377 formation of, 382 life cycle of, 377, 379, 380 structure of, 379

Erythropoietin, 362, 382

Escherichia coli, 334, 444, 520 Esophagus, 9, 11, 494

histology of, 496

layers of, 496

Estradiol, 364, 563, 564, 565

parturition and, 573

Estrogen, 40, 331, 560

alveolar development and, 541 parturition and, 573

placenta and, 573

Estrous cycles, 587

defined, 564

follicular waves in, 567 phases of, 565

Estrus control and synchronization, 351 (box)

Estrus cycle, 17, 560

follicular phase of, 559, 559 hormones during, 350

Estrus (heat), 564

Estrus synchronization schemes,

568

ESV. See End systolic volume

ET. See Embryo transfer Eukaryotic cells, 26

Eumelanin, 130, 131, 137

Eversion, 171, 200, 201f

Ewes

effect of gestation on mammary growth, histology, and epithelial cell labeling index in, 535f

female reproductive tract in, 563f leptin and onset of puberty in, 370

mammary development in, 535 mammary parenchymal growth in, 28f, 29, 537f

Exchange reaction, 45

Exchange vessels, 398 Excitability, muscle and, 180 Excitation-contraction coupling, 186, 187, 212

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials, 225, 226, 226, 272, 276

Excretion

digestive tract and, 484 of nitrogenous wastes, 477, 477 Exercise

carnitine and, 195 (box)

lactic acid and, 194

muscles and, 194-195

Exhalation, 424

Exocrine glands, 12, 95, 98, 101

Exocytosis, 146, 229, 569

Exons, 80

Expiration, 436

Expiration, pathway of gas flow through avian pulmonary system during, 432

Expiratory reserve volume, 426 Extensibility, muscle and, 180 Extension, 200, 201 f

External pipping, 433

External respiration, 423, 426, 437

Exteroceptors, 124,125, 268

Extracellular environment and cell function, 47—48

Extracellular matrix, 367 Extrafusal muscle fibers, 278 Extraocular muscles, 303 Extrapyramidal system, 247, 247 Extrinsic eye muscles, 303, 317 Extrinsic pathway, blood clotting, 384

Eyeball anatomy of, 303-306, 317-318 fibrous tunic and, 303-304 lens, 305-306

retina (sensory tunic), 304-305 vascular tunic and, 304-305

Eyebrows, 303, 317

Eyelashes, 303, 317

Eyelids, 285, 301-303, 317 layers of, 301 third, 303

Eyes accessory structures of, 301-303, 317

chambers of, 306, 318 of dog

accessory structures of, 303 front view of, 302 median section of, 304 muscles of, 304

extrinsic muscles, 303 of goat: external structures of, 302

likening to camera, 306 tracking reflex and, 277 visual fields of, 312

Facial bones, 153, 153f

Facial cranial nerve (VII), 252, 257f, 285, 298, 301, 491

Facilitated diffusion, 51

F actin (filamentous actin), 184 Factor X, 384

Factrel, 351 (box)

Facultative reabsorption, 469

FAD. See Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Falciform ligament, 485, 516

"False" ribs, 156

Falx cerebelli, 260

Falx cerebri, 260

Faraday's constant, 223

Far point of vision, 307

Farsightedness, 307

Fascicles, 113, 113,118, 180 arrangements of, 199, 199 in peripheral nerves, 266

Fast glycolytic fibers, 194, 195f

Fast Green stain, 104

Fast muscle fibers, 194

Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers, 194, 195f

Fat mobilization, in lactating cows,

72

F-ATPase system, 466

Fats, 14

Fatty acids, 14, 37, 520 Catabolization of, for energy production, 70-78 de novo synthesis and, 76 synthesis of, 38

in nonruminant tissue, 78 in ruminant tissue, 77

Fatty liver syndrome, 75

Feather follicle, 135

Feathers, 135-136

Feather vane, 135

Feedback systems, 7, 7-8 negative, 7 positive, 7-8

Feedstuff energy, processing of, 59

Feline dilated cardiomyopathy, 388 (box)

Female avian reproductive system, 579-581

Female puberty, endocrinology of, 563-564

Female reproductive tract, 586-587 bovine

gross anatomy of, 560 histology of, 558

comparative anatomy, domestic farm animals, 563f

overview of, 558-560, 563

Females, puberty in, 563

Femoropatellarjoint, 173

Femorotibialjoint, 171

Femur, 164

avian, 167

bovine, 149

of bovine and equine, 164

Fenestrated capillaries, 398

Fertagyl, 351 (box)

Fertilization, 560, 587

in birds, 581

events following, 569 oocyte and, 569 pregnancy and, 568-569

Fetal alcohol syndrome, 573

Fetal membranes, expulsion of,

573

Fetlock hyperextension, stay apparatus of horse and, 210

Fetus, 570

bovine, and associated membranes,

572

Fever, 444

FFAs. See Free fatty acids

FGFs. See Fibroblast growth factors

FGF variants, 368

Fibrin, 384

Fibrinolysis, 385

Fibroblast growth factors, 363f, 367-368

Fibroblasts, 33, 89

Fibrocartilage, 108, 118, 151

Fibrous joints, 167, 168f

examples of, 169

Fibrous pericardium, 386-387

Fibrous protein, 36

Fibrous skeleton of heart, 387

Fibrous tunic, of eyeball, 303-304, 317

Fibula, 164-165

Ofvariousspecies, 165

Field of vision, 308, 308, 319

Fight-or-flight division (or sympathetic division), 283

Fight-or-flight response, 73, 286, 359

Filiform papillae, 298, 489

Filtration, 52, 400, 413

factors related to, 464—465

Filum terminale, 259

First antibody, 334

First law of thermodynamics, 58

Fissures, brain, 243

5-HT, 233, 236f, 237f

Fixed acids, 475

Fixed macrophages, 442

Flagella, 25

Flat bones, 139,140,140

internal anatomy of, 142

Flavin adenine dinucleotide, 46

Krebs cycle and, 65 reduction of, 66

Flexion, 200, 201 f

Flexor-pelvic limb reflex, in diagnostics, 282

Flexor reflex, 280

Flight, adaptations for, 166

Floating ribs, 156

Floating teeth, 493f

Flocculonodular lobe, 253

Fluid mosaic model, 15-16

Fluorine, 43

Folia, 252

Foliate papillae, 298, 489

Folic acid, birth defects in humans and, 242 (box)

Follicles, 560, 562 development of, 565, 579 in bovine, 566 tertiary, 567

laying hen ovary, 580 Follicle-stimulating hormone, 338,

340, 341, 349-350, 563, 574 anterior pituitary gland and, 338f Follicular phase, 559, 559, 565 Follicular waves, in estrous cycle,

567

Food and Drug Administration, 550 Foot, movement of, 171

Foramen of Magendie, 245 Force, 199-200

Forebrain, 243 Foregut fermenters, 488 Forepaw (manus), 162 Forestomachs, in ruminants, 501-502 Formaldehyde, 17

Formalin, 17

Formed elements, in mammals, 377 Fornix, 248

Fornix vagina, bovine, 561 Fossa ovalis, 387

Fovea capitis, 164

Fractures

classification of, 147 repair of, 147 steps in, 147

Frank-Starling law, of the heart, 395 Free dendritic nerve endings, 274,

275f

Free edge, 132,133

Free fatty acids, 40, 72, 517

Free nerve endings, 274

Free radicals, 23 Frog, 1335

Frontal (dorsal) plane, 8

Frontal lobe, brain, 244, 244 Frontal plane, 9f, 10

Frontonasal suture, 152 Frosty (calf), birth of, 582 Fructose, 38, 39, 513

Fructose 1,6-diphosphate, 61, 62 FSH. See Follicle-stimulating

hormone

Fulcrum, 199, 200

Frmction, structure and, 4, 12, 538 Ftmdus, stomach, 497

Ftmgiform papillae, 298, 489 Funiculi, in spinal cord, 259 Furcula (wishbone), 167, 431 Furstenberg's rosette, 443

GABA. See Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GAGs. See Glycosaminoglycan chains Galactopoiesis, 544, 554

bovine somatotropin and, 550-551 endocrine system and, 343

Galactose, 38

Galactosyltransferase, 540

Gallbladder, 11, 484, 516, 526 histology of, 517

Gametes, 559, 564

Gamma aminobutyric acid, 234, 237f non-REM sleep and, 255-256 presynaptic inhibition and, 231 synthesis of, 234

Gamma motor neuron loop, 280, 280

Gamma motor neurons

function of, 279-280 response of, to muscle spindles,

279

Ganglia, 267-268,291

Ganglion cells, 310

Gap junctions, 99, 100, 100-101, 219 structure of, 100

Gas exchange

avian lung and, 433

avian ventilation and, 431—432

Gastric bleeding, aspirin and, 383 (box)

Gastric emptying, neural and hormonal inhibition of, 502

Gastric glands, 498

types of, 497

Gastric inhibitory peptide, 500

Gastric motility, 499, 524

Gastric phase, gastric secretions and emptying, 500, 501

Gastric pits, 497

Gastric secretions, 498-501, 499, 512t

phases of, 501 regulation of, 524

cephalic phase, 500 gastric phase, 500 intestinal phase, 500-501

Gastrin, 518, 519

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, 11, 483 tissue types in, 12

Gastrointestinal reflexes, 290, 296 Gastrulation, 242

Gcells, 500,501

G-CSE See Granulocyte colony­stimulating factor

Gene construct, transgenic animals and, 585

Gene promoters, 81

Generator potential, 274

Genetic donor, cloning and, 584

Genitalia, female, 558, 563

Genitofemoral nerve, 574

Germinal epithelium, 560

Gestation

in cattle, mammary growth during,

537

effect of, on mammary growth, histology, and epithelial cell labeling index in ewes, 535f hormones and mammary growth during, 541

lactation curves and, 546 mammary gland structural state and, 534

stage of, and serum concentrations of mammogenic hormones, 541f

GFR. See Glomerular filtration rate

GFs. See Growth factors

GH. See Growth hormone

GHR. See Growth hormone receptor

Ghrelin, 339, 521

GHRH. See Growth hormone releasing hormone

Gigantism, 333

Gilman, Alfred, 370

Ginglymus joint, 170

GIP. See Gastric inhibitory peptide

Gizzard, 507

Gland cistern, 547

Gland of the third eyelid, 303

Glands

classification of, 102

exocrine, 12 lacrimal, 303

Glands of anal sac, 127

Glandular duct, 89

Glandular epithelial types, 101-102

Glandular reflexes, 290, 296

Glandular structures, 102

Glans penis, 575

Glaucoma, 236, 306

Glenohumeral joint, 170

Glenoid cavity, 157

Glial cells, 221

Gliding joint, 170

Globular protein, 36

Globus pallidus, 247

Glomerular capsule, 462

Glomerular filtration rate, 465, 472

calculating, 473 serum creatine and, 473

Glomerulus, 357, 462 blood supply to, 463 structure of, 464

Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve (IX), 254, 257f, 285, 301, 429, 479, 491

Glucagon, 73, 360, 361

Glucocorticoids, 68, 336, 357, 360 ACTH and, 359 mammary cell differentiation and, 544

parturition and, 573

Glucogenic compounds, groups of, 64

Gluconeogenesis, 38, 61 f, 83, 518

Glucorticoids, 40

Index

Glucose, 38, 45, 55, 61, 393 homeostasis and concentrations of, 360

hypothalamus and levels of, 289 insulin infused in cows after, 361 storage of, 39

Glucose-I-phosphate, 68 Glucose-6-phosphate, 61, 62, 68, 82 Glutamate, 233, 310

off-center and on-center bipolar cells and, 311

pain pathway and, 272 Glutamic acid, 79 Glutamine, 476 Glutaraldehyde, 17 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 62 Glycerol, 14,15, 58 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 75

Glycine, 234

Glycogen, structure of, 39 Glycogenesis, 61 f, 67, 68, 68 Glycogenolysis, 61f, 68, 68, 518 Glycogen phosphorylase, 68 Glycolysis, 58, 61-64, 61f, 63, 82, 193

ATP production in, summary of, 62-64, 64f

chemical steps and intermediaries in, 62, 62-64

selected reactions of, 63 Glycoproteins, 465 Glycosaminoglycan chains, 109 Glycosaminoglycans, 38 Glycosomes, 182

GM-CSF. See Granulocyte macrophage colony­stimulating factor

GnRH. See Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Goats

blood groups in, 385

brain surface of, Cytoarchitecture of, 244

coronary circulation in heart of,

390

eye in, external structures of, 302 internal configuration of reticulum and rumenal atrium of, 505 intestinal tract in, 508 lactating, milk yield after hypophysectomy, 544

left pelvis and thigh of, deeper muscles, 209

length and capacity of parts of digestive tract in, 488f location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

mesencephalon of, sagittal view,

252

milk production in, 536 neck muscles of, deeper, 204 neck muscles of, superficial, 203 right thigh of, superficial and deep muscles in, 210

rumen of, internal configuration of, 506

stomach of, right and left aspect,

503

superficial muscles of lateral thorax of, 206

trachea of, 420

Goblet cells, 94, 101, 443, 497, 509 Goldman equation, 223 Golgi apparatus, 37, 217, 217 endoplasmic reticulum and, 21-23

Golgi membranes, 22

Golgi tendon organs, 270, 276f Golgi type I neurons, 220

Golgi type II neurons, 220 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

female puberty and, 563, 564 secretion of FSH, LH and, 350

Gj phase, in cell cycle, 30, 31 Gouyaiilax, 225 (box) GP. See Glans penis

G-protein linked hormone mechanism of action, example of, 326

G proteins

membrane enzymes regulated by, 327

stimulatory vs. inhibitory, 326-327,

327

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, 447

Granulocyte macrophage colony­stimulating factor, 447

Granulocytes, 111, 378f, 380-381, 408 basophils, 381

eosinophils, 380-381

neutrophils, 380 Granulomas, 445 Granulosa cells, 565 Granzymes, 453 Gravity, muscle extension and, 192 Gray area, of spinal cord, 259 Gray matter, 218 Greater trochanter, 164 Growth, cell growth and differentiation, 27-30 Growth and development, thyroid hormones and, 353, 355 Growth factors, 16, 33, 362

IGF family of, 363-365 selected, abbreviations and properties, 363f signaling cascade for, 369 Growth factor signaling, 336-337 Growth hormone, 68, 73, 75, 325, 540 anterior pituitary gland and, 338f exogenous, galactopoiesis and, 544

in lactating cows, 73

during lactation, 346-347, 347 mechanisms of action for, 328 secretion of, 346-347

pattern in, 347

Growth hormone receptor, 328 Growth hormone releasing hormone,

339

hypothalamus and, 339f

G₂ phase, in cell cycle, 31, 31 Guanine, 41, 42, 55, 233 Guanylate cyclase, 327-328 Guanyl cyclase-linked receptors,

325f

Guanylyl cyclase, 325

Guard hairs, 128

Gubernaculum testis, 574 Guillain-Barre syndrome, 229 (box) Guinea pigs, mammary development

in, 536

Gustation, 273, 298-301

taste, 299-301

bitter taste, 300

salty taste, 301

sour taste, 301

sweet taste, 300

umami, 301

taste pathway, 301 tongue, 298

Gustatory system, 268f Gustducin, 300

Gut microflora, 520-521, 527

Gyri, 243,244

G₀ phase, in cell cycle, 30, 31

Habenula, 251

Habenular commissure, 251

Hair, 127-130, 137

Hair beds, 128

Hair bulb, 129

Hair cells

of inner ear, 313

macula and, 315

Hair color, 137

Hair follicles, 137

histology of, 128

in protection against disease, 132 (box)

Hair growth cycle

events in, 129

phases of, 129, 137

Hair products, EGF family and, 367

Hair root, 137

Hair shaft, regions of, 128

Hard palate, 418, 489, 489 Hardware disease, 502

Hatching process, 578-579

Haustra, 519

Haversian canal, 110, 141 Haversian system, 110, 118, 146 hBD-2. See Human beta defensin-2

HCI

regulation of secretion from parietal cells, 499

secretion of, by stomach, 498 HCM. See Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Head

of humerus, 158

of large ruminant, median aspect,

419

muscles of, 202f

of rib, 156

Heap, Walter, 582

Hearing, 297

balance and, 320-321

physiology of, 314, 320

Heart, 375,386-389

anatomy of, 386-387

blood pathways through, 389, 410 cardiac muscle and cardiac

conduction system, 411

cat, atrial and auricle sides of,

386

coronary circulation, 390 coverings of, 410 external structure of, 386 fibrous skeleton of, 387 internal structure of, 388 layers of, 387 layers of wall of, 410 location of, and exterior landmarks, 386 pericardium, 386-387 pulmonary circulation, 389 systemic circulation, 389 Heart chambers and vessels, 387-388, 410

atria, 387

ventricles, 387-388 Heart contractility, mechanism of norepinephrine-induced increase in, 396

Heart contraction mechanisms, 392-394, 411-412

ATP production, 393 electrocardiogram, 393-394 heart sounds, 394

Heart murmurs, 394

Heart rate

baroreceptors and, 396

chemical regulation of, 397 regulation of, 396-397, 412-413 Heart sounds, 394, 412 Heart valve operation

atrioventricular valves, 389

semilunar valves, 389 Heartworms, canine, 396 (box) Heat, detection of, 568 Heat generation, muscles and, 180 Heat production, muscles and, 194 Heat units, 58

Heifers

CIDR and, 568

IGF-I mRNA expression of mammary epithelial cells or stromal cells prepared from mammary of, 346

leptin and onset of puberty in, 370 loose connective tissue from developing mammary gland of, 105

mammary parenchymal growth in, 28f, 29, 537f

pregnant, mammary tissue from,

90

Prl, milking and, 349 relative mammary growth in, 532 sexed semen and, 583 udder edema in, 455

Helical tropocollagen, 36 Helicobacter pylori, 521

Helicotrema, 314

Helper T cells, 442, 452

tissue and cell defense and, 454f Hematocrit, 376, 377

Hematology, 375

Hematoma, skin color and, 130 Hematopoiesis, 381

Hematopoietic cells, 446 Hemidesmosomes, 100, 100

Hemochorial placentation, 572 Hemodynamics, blood vessels and, 397-399

Hemoendothelial placentation, 572 Hemoglobin, 377

diseases in humans and types of, 427

nitric oxide and, 428, 438 oxygen transport and, 427 skin color and, 130 structure of, 379

Hemoglobin-Oxygen dissociation curve, 427-428, 428

Hemopoiesis, 381

Hemostasis, 383-384, 409 platelet plug formation, 383-384 vascular spasm, 383

Hen eggs, weight of, 580

Henry's law, 426, 437

Hens, 578, 579

Heparin, 385 Heparin-binding EGF, 366

Heparin-Iike glycosaminoglycans, 367

Hepatic artery, 516, 517

Hepatic duct, 517

Hepatic portal system, 399

Hepatic vein, 517

Hepatocytes, 516, 517, 518, 519 Hepatoduodenal ligament, 485 Hepatopancreatic ampulla, 508,

518

Hepatopancreatic sphincter, 508 Heptoses, 37

HER2, 366 Herbivores, 488 Herceptin, 366, 442 Herefords, mammary parenchymal

growth in, 536 Heregulins, 366 H&E stains, 17 HeterophilZlymphocyte ratio, in

birds, 383 (box) Heterophils, 383 Heterotopic bones, 144 Hexokinase, 46, 63, 82 Hexose monophosphate shunt, 68 Hexoses, 37 hGH. See Human GH Hidden spina bifida, 242 High-crowned teeth, 491, 492 High density (HDL) lipoproteins,

40 Hillock, 567 Hilus, of ltmg, 421 Hindbrain, 243 Hindgut fermenters, 488 Hinge joint, 170 Hip bones, 163,164 Hip dysplasia, 173 (box) Hip joint, 164, 172, 173 Hippocampus, 246, 246 Hippuric acid, 472 kidney function and, 468 Histamine, 234, 236f, 403, 445 inflammation response and, 445f nociceptors and, 271 synthesis of, 234

Histology, 4 defined, 87 tissue structure and, 88 (box)

Histones, 27 HLGAGs. See Heparin-Iike

glycosaminoglycans Hock, 165, 171-174 Holocrine mechanism, 126 Holocrine secretion, 101 Holstein calves

embryo transfer and, 582 mammary duct in, 4 developing, 4

mammary glands of, 532 Holstein cows

estrous cycle length in, 564 lactation curve for, 548, 548 mammary parenchymal growth in, 536

milk composition and, 531, 545 milk yield from, 530 puberty in, 564

tidal volume and respiration rate

in, 425f udders in, 546

Index

Holstein heifers

prepubertal, mammary tissue from, 90

Prl secretion after teat stimulation in, 349

Homeorhesis, 71, 345 Homeostasis, 215, 473

acid-base balance and, 474 adrenal glands and, 357 autonomic nervous system and, 281

blood and, 376 circulatory shock and, 404, 415 endocrine system and, 323 glucose concentrations and, 360 hypothalamus and, 289 maintenance of, 5 overlap of somatic and autonomic functions and, 282

regulation of hormones and growth factors and, 331 transforming growth factor beta and, 369

urinary system and, 459 visceral reflexes and, 277

Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms, 5-7

Homeostatic set points, alterations in, 8

Hoof, 163

equine, 133

plantar view, 134

equine foot and, 133 structure of, 133-135

Hook, 164

Hooke, Robert, 41 Horizontal cells, 310, 311 Hormones

of anterior pituitary, 343-344 adrenocortropic hormone, 351-352

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, 349-350 GH secretion, 346-347 prolactin, 347-349 somatotropin, 344-345 thyroid-stimulating hormone, 350-351

of anterior pituitary gland, 338f defined, 324

during estrus cycle, 350 functional classification of, 336-337, 336f

heart rate and, 397 of hypothalamus, 339f lactogenesis, lactation and, 540-544

major, 371-372 in milk, 345 (box) neuroendocrine messengers as, 340f of posterior pituitary, 341-343 radiolabeling of, 331 trophic, 338

Hormone-sensitive lipase, 74 Horn glands, 137

Horns, 135

Horses

aging, use of lower incisors by,

494

atlas and axis in, 157

bile and pancreatic ducts of, 509 blood cell numbers in, 379f blood supply to intestines of, 510 brain of, 253

cecum of, 520 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in, 434 (box)

exercise and flaring nostrils of, 425

field of vision in, 308

intestinal tract in, 508 intrapleural pressure in, 424 length and capacity of parts of digestive tract in, 488f

lobes of lungs in, 421 location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

lower leg, including mannus of,

162

Itmgs of, 422

number of teeth in, 493f

number of vertebrae in, 155f paranasal sinuses, lateral and frontal aspect of, 419 photoperiod and breeding activity in, 348

pulmonary arterial pressure in, 423

ramp retina in, 307 skeleton of, 150 stay apparatus of thoracic limb of, 211

stomach of, 497 teeth of, 492-493 tidal volume and respiration rate in, 425f

Imipyramidal kidneys in, 462 upper digestive tract of, 495 "Hot" hormones, 331

Human beta defensin-2, 122 Human genome, inflammatory disease and, 521

Humans, location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

Humeral capitulum, 158 Humeral condyle, 158, 171

Humeral trochlea, 158 Humeroradioulnar articulation, 171

Humerus, 158,160

bovine, 149

Ofvariousspecies, 160

Humoral immunity, 442, 442,

449- 450, 453

Hyaline cartilage, 108, 109, 118, 151, 167, 418

Hyaline cartilage rings, tracheal,

420

Hyaloid canal, 306

Hyaluronic acid, 109

Hydrocephalus. See Cerebrospinal fluid

Hydrogen bonds, 43 water and, 13

Hydrogen ion excretion, 475

Hydrogen sulfide, 520

Hydrolyases, 46f

Hydrophilic molecules, 13

Hydrophobic molecules, 13

Hydrostatic pressure, 400, 465

Hydroxyprogesterone, parturition and, 573

Hydroxyproline, 536

Hyoid bone, 420

Hyperalgesia, 272

Hypercalcemia, 355

Hypercapnia, 402, 430

Hyperglycemia, 361

Hypermyopia, 307

Hyperopia, 307

Hyperplasia, 28

Hyperpolarization, kinocilia and,

315

Hypertonia, 281

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 388 (box)

Hypertrophy, 28

Hypocalcemia, 355

Hypocapnia, 430

Hypoglossal cranial nerve (XΠ), 254, 257f

Hypophyseal-pituitary axis, 337

Hypophyseal portal system, 399

Hypophysectomy, milk yield after,

544

Hyposecretion of human GH, 344

Hypothalamic hormone structures, 340f

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood system, 337 Hypothalamic-pituitary axis, leptin and, 370

Hypothalamus, 248, 249-251

ADH secretion and, 343 anterior pituitary and, 339 autonomic functions regulated by, 250, 288-289

circadian rhythms and, 251, 289 hormones of, 251, 339f regions of, 251

role of, in six physiological areas,

251

sagittal view of, 250 secretion of pituitary hormones and, 339

zones of, 250-251 Hypothyroidism, causes of,

classification of, 353 Hypotonia, 281 Hypotonic solutions, 48, 49 Hypovolemic shock, 404 Hypoxia, 382, 402, 404, 422 Hyptertonic solutions, 48, 49 Hyroxyapatite, 43 H zone, sarcomeres and, 183, 184,

185

I band, sarcomeres and, 183, 184 ICAM-I_z 447

ICM. See Inner cell mass

Ielum, 519

IgA, 450 IgD, 450 IgE, 450

IGF-I. See Insulin-Iike growth factor one

IGFBP-rP, 364 IGFBPs. See IGF-I binding proteins IGF family

of growth factors, 363-365 of proteins and receptors, 329 IGF-L See Insulin-Iike growth factor one

IGF-I binding proteins (IGFBPs),

328, 345, 364, 365

IGF-IL See Insulin-Iike growth factor two

IGF-IR, 328,363,364 IgG, 450 IgM, 450

Ileocecal valve, 509, 519 Ileofemoral joint, 170 Ileum, 163, 164, 167, 507, 509 Iliac wings, 164

Immtme cells, involvement in defense of tissues and cells, 454f

Immtmity, 441-457 acquired, types of, 449 blood and, 376 cell-mediated, 442, 442, 449 digestive tract and, 484 humoral, 442, 442, 449—150,

453

innate or nonspecific defenses,

442-449

overview of, 422, 441-442 passive, 441 specific, 442, 449—150

antibody structure and function,

450- 451

B cell selection and antibody secretion, 451

cell-mediated immunity,

451- 453

Immunocytochemistry, 106, 106 Immunoglobulins, classes of, 450 Immunology, 442

Implantation, placentation and, 569-570, 572-573

Incisors, 492

Incomplete break, 147

Incus, 313

Indirect calorimetry, 60 Indirectly gated channels, 224 Indoleamine, 233

Indoles, 520

Inertial impaction, airborne particles and, 433

Infections, responses to, 444-445 Inferior colliculi, 251

Inferior mesenteric ganglia, 285 Inferior vena cava, 387, 406 Inflammation, 444

agents involved in, 445f

kallikrein's role in, 445 Inflammatory chemicals, 403 Inflammatory disease, microbiome, human genome and, 521 Inflammatory response, bacterial attack and, 444

Information processing, reflexes and, 276, 277

Infraorbital glands, 127, 137 Infraspinatus muscles, of shoulder, 205f

Infraspinous fossa, 156 Infundibulum, 431

in chicken reproductive tract, 579 Ingestion, digestive tract and, 483 Inguinal ring, 574 Inhalation, 423

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, 226, 226, 286

Innate (nonspecific) defenses, 442-449

Innate protection, 442

Innate reflexes, 277

Inner cell mass, 570

Inner cortex, 128

Inner ear, 312-313, 320

Inositol phospholipid-signaling pathway, 327

Insertion, muscle, 200, 201 f Inspiration, 436

pathway of gas flow through avian pulmonary system during, 432

Insula, 244

Insulin, 324, 325, 328, 337

endocrine pancreas and synthesis of, 360-362

infusion of in cows, after glucose,

361

in lactating cows, 73

lactation and, 346-347, 347 radiolabeled, 334

Type I diabetes and, 361, 362

Type II diabetes and, 361, 362 Insulin-Iike growth factor I, 33, 324, 325, 328, 337, 345, 363, 364, 365, 586

expression of, 346 Insulin-Iike growth factor II, 324, 328, 345, 363

Insulin-Iike growth factors, 363 Integration, nervous system and, 216, 216

Integumentary sensory receptors, classified by structure and function, 125f

Integumentary system, 5, 6, 121-137 dermis, 124-125

epidermis, 122-124

hair, 127-130

leather, 136

nails, claws, hoofs, and feathers, 132-135

other skin glands, 127 physiological significance of, 121, 136

sebaceous glands, 126-127 skin and coat color, 130-132 skin cell types and layers, 122 skin structure overview, 121-122 sweat glands, 125-126 vitamin D metabolism and, 132 Intercalated discs, 118, 390, 390 Interception, airborne particles and, 434

Intercostal muscles, 423, 424 Interferons, 447

action of, 447

immunity and, 376

Interleukin 1, 446 Interleukin 2, 446 Interleukin 3, 447 Interleukin 4, 447 Interleukin 5, 447 Interleukin 6, 447 Interleukin 8, 447 Interleukin 10, 447 Interleukin-I receptors, 446 Interleukins, 382, 446 Interlobular arteries, 461 Intermediary metabolism, 58, 67-79 glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis, 67-69

interconversions and catabolism of proteins, 78-79

Iipogenesis and lipolysis, 70-78 Intermediate density (IDL) lipoproteins, 40

Index

Intermediate fibers, 194

Intermediate lobe, pituitary, 337

Intermediate molecules, 58

Internal pipping, 433

Internal respiration, 423, 426, 437 Internasal suture, 152

International Union of Biochemistry, 46

Interneurons (or association neurons), 220, 221

Interoceptors, 124,125, 268 Interphalangeal joints, 162

Interphase, 26

Interphase periods, in cell cycle, 30-31, 31

Interstitial bone, 110

Interstitial cells of Cajal, slow waves and, 499, 500

Interstitial fluid, 47

Interstitial growth, 144, 151

Intertubercular (or bicipital) sulcus, 171

Interventricular foramen of Monroe,

245

Intervertebral articulations, 171

Intervertebral disc, rupture of, 171 (box)

Intestinal epithelium, high-power view of, 94

Intestinal juices, brush-border enzymes and, 511, 525

Intestinal phase, gastric secretions and emptying, 500-501, 501

Intestinal tract

of goat, 508

of horse, 508

Intestinal villi, 509

Intestinal wall, 510

Intestine, simple columnar epithelial cells from, 93

Intrafusal muscle fibers, 278 Intramembranous ossification, 144,

144

Intramural ganglia, 286

Intraocular muscles, 303

Intraperitoneal organs, 486

Intrinsic pathway, blood clotting and, 384

Introns, 80

Inulin, 472

in humans, measured values for, 473

kidney function and, 468

Inverse myotatic reflex, 280, 280 Inversion, 171, 200, 201f in vitro fertilization, 581 in vitro maturation, 582

Involtmtary muscle, 196

Involtmtary striated muscle, 180,

390

Iodine, 43

radiolabeled, 331 thyroid hormone synthesis and, 352

Ionic bonds, 43

Ionotropic receptors, 224

IPSPs. See Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Iris, 285, 302, 304, 305

Irregular bones, 139, 140, 140

Ischial bones, 164

Ischiatic tuberosity, 164

Ischium, 163, 164

Islets of Langerhans, 360, 515

Isogenous cell clusters, 109

Isomerases, 46f

Isometric versus isotonic contraction, 191-192, 192

Isotonic solutions, 48, 49

Isotonic versus isometric contraction, 191-192, 192

Isthmus, 352

Ivanov, 581

IVF. See in vitro fertilization

IVM, Se in vitro maturation

JAK2. See Janus tyrosine kinase 2

JAK tyrosine kinases, 329

Janus tyrosine kinase 2, 329

Jaundice, skin color and, 130

Jejunum, 507, 509

Jersey cows

serum calcium changes in, around time of calving, 356 tidal volume and respiration rate in, 425f

JGA. See Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Joint capsules, receptors in, 270

Joints, 167-171 cartilaginous, 167 costochondral, 171 costovertebral, 171 fibrous, 167, 169 Ofpelviclimb, 173 structural classification of, 168f synovial, 167,168-171 types of, 167-168

Jouvet, Michel, 256

Juxtacrine, 325

Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 464,

471

Juxtaglomerular nephrons, 465

Juxtamedullary nephrons, 462

Kallikrein, 445

inflammation and role of, 445

Kangaroo rats, 470 (box)

Kennedy, G. C., 369

Keratin, 122

in hair, 128

streak canal, removal of, 123

Keratin, of streak canal, protective quality of, 44

Keratin layer, protection afforded by,

96-97

Keratinocyte, 122

Keratinocyte growth factor, 368 Keratin sulfate, 109

Kerbs cycle, 64-67

Keto acid, 79

Ketogenesis, 74

Ketogenic ketosis, 75

Ketone bodies, 74, 393

Ketosis, 74

classifications of, 75

prevention of, 76

Kevorkian, Jack, 224 (box) KGF. See Keratinocyte growth factor Kidney osmotic gradient, 469 Kidneys, 459

anatomy of, 459-462

avian, 478

blood flow to, 462, 462, 480

blood supply to, 462

excretion of wastes and control of

pH by, 473-477

function of, 462

model of, 461

renin-angiotensin system of, 358 Kidney tissue, 92

high power image of, 92

multiple kidney tubules cut in cross section, 92

Killer T cells, 452

Kilocalorie, 58

Kinases, 45

Kinesins, 24

Kinetochores, 33

Kinins, 403, 446

inflammation response and, 445f Kinocilium, 315

Kisspeptins, 339

ICnee (stifle joint), 164, 173 "Knock-kneed," 162 Krause's corpuscles, 137 Krause's end bulbs, 125f, 276f Krebs cycle, 70, 77, 82, 83

amino acids and, 35, 78

outline of reactions, 66

two critical physiological points to,

65

Krouze, N. K., 344, 540

K-Selection animals, 557, 558 Kupffer cells, 381, 444, 517

Labyrinth (inner ear), 312

Lacrimal apparatus, 303, 317 Lacrimal canals, 303

Lacrimal caruncle, 302

Lacrimal gland, 303

Lacrimal glands, 285, 303

Lacrimal lake, 302

Lacrimal puncta, 303

Lacrimal (tearing) apparatus, 301 Lactase, 511

Lactate, conversion of pyruvate into, 61

Lactate dehydrogenase, 61 action of, 64

Lactating cows

bST administered to, 60, 60f fat mobilization in, 72 GH and insulin in, 73

Lactation, 529-554, 553 energy costs of, 558 in high-producing dairy cow, summary of major metabolic adjustments with onset of, 71-72, 72f

hormonal control of, 540-544 insulin and GH during, 346-347, 347

overview of, 529-531

thyroid gland and maintenance of, 355

Lactation curves, 546-550

in cows and sows, 548

in cows treated with oxytocin, 342 milk yields and, 548

Lactation ketosis, 75-76

Lacteal (or central lacteal) capillary, 509

Lactic acid, 393

Cori cycle and, 64 exercise and, 194

Lactocrine hypothesis, 88, 573 Lactoferrin, 124, 445, 445 (box) Lactogenesis, 554

alveolar cell differentiation and, 538-540

citrate concentrations and, 78 endocrine system and, 343 hormonal control of, 540-544 stages in, 540

Lactogenic hormones, effect of, on alpha-lactalbumin, 543

Lactose, 38

Lactose synthesis, 540

Lacunae, 109, 142

Lamellae, 141

Lamellipodia, 25

Lamina propria, 12, 487, 509 Langerhans, Paul, 360

Langerhans cells, 124

Lanolin, 127

LAP. See Latency-associated peptide

Large intestine, 11, 519-520 anatomy of, 519, 526 chemical digestion in, 519-520, 527

functions of, 519

histology of, 519 mechanical digestion in, 519, 527

Larger Iamellated corpuscle, 269 Laryngopharynx, 420, 494

Larynx, 420, 435 Latency-associated peptide, 368

Latent phase, muscle twitch, 190,

190

Lateral, 9f

Lateral canals, 142

Lateral condyles, 164

Lateral horns, of spinal cord, 284

Lateral muscles, of head and neck, 202f

Lateral palpebral commissure, 303 Lateral puncta, 302

Lateral rotation, 201 f

Lateral sacs, of SR, 186

Lateral semicircular canals, 313 Lateral styloid process, 161

Law of mass action, 331, 332

Law of simple allometry, 532 Laying hens, 578

Leak channels, 222

Leather, tanning process for, 136

Lecithin, 517

Legs intrinsic extensor muscles of, 205f-206t, 205f-206f intrinsic flexor muscles of, 205f lower, of horse, 162

Length-tension relationships, muscle fiber and, 189, 189

Lens, 305-306, 318 epithelium, 305 of eye, in dog, 302 fibers, 305, 306

Lentiform nucleus, 247

Leptin, 362, 363f, 369-370 immune system and role of, 446

Lesser trochanter, 164

Lethal injection, 224 (box) Leukocytes (white blood cells), 23, 47, 111, 376, 377, 378f, 408, 442, 446, 456

emigration of, 380 formation of, 382

Leukotrienes, 40

Leuwenhoek, Anton von, 581

Levers

classes of, 199 muscles as, 199-200, 213

Lever systems anatomical examples of, 200 mechanical advantage versus disadvantage, 200

Leydig cells, 350, 575

Li, C. H., 540

Lidocaine, 225 (box) Ligamentum arteriosum, 388 Ligand-induced receptor homodimerization, 330

Ligand-receptor interaction, 331

Ligands, 324

Ligases, 46f

Light, eye and adapting to, 311,

319-320

Light microscope, 16

Light microscopy, tissue preparation for, 19

Light signal, chemical transduction of, 310

Light transduction, by photoreceptors, 310, 319

Limbic system, 247-248, 248 functions of, 248

Linear fracture, 147

Lingual frenulum, 298, 489

Lipemia, 76

Lipid digestion

rumenal, 507

in small intestine, 513, 513

Lipid metabolism, thyroid hormones and, 352

Lipids, 39-40, 45

absorption of, in small intestine,

514

attributes of, 14

digestion of, in small intestine, 507 liver and metabolism of, 518 specialized, structure of, 41 transport of, through enterocytes,

514

Lipogenesis, 83

lipolysis and, 70-78

overview of, 73

Lipolysis, 83

Iipogenesis and, 70-78

overview of, 73

Lipo-protein lipase, 74 Lipoproteins, families of, 40

Lips, 488

"Little brain," 283

Liver, 11, 484, 526

anatomy of, 516

blood supply of, 517

functions of, 518-519

histology of, 516-517

lobules of, 516, 517

plasma protein synthesis and,

377

Liver lobule, blood flow through,

518

Living systems, 57-58

Load, 199,200

Lobar arteries, 404

Lobes

of brain, 244, 244-245

of liver, 516

of lung, 421

of pancreas, 515

Lobules, liver, 516, 517

Long bones, 139, 140, 140

anatomy of, 141

Index

Loop of Henle, 462, 464

role of, 470

Loose connective tissue, 103, 104,

105

Lordosis, 568

Low-crowned teeth, 491, 492 Low density (LDL) lipoproteins, 40 "Lub-dup" heart sound, 394 Lumbar splanchnic nerves, 285 Lumbar vertebrae, 155,155, 155f, 156 Lumen size, blood flow and, 401 Ltmgs, 435

alveoli, 422

avian, 430 blood supply to, 389, 422-423, 436 carbon dioxide transport in, 428 compliance of, 424

of horse, 422

lobes of, 421

pleural membrane respiratory anatomy of, 421 volumes and capacities of,

425-426, 436-437

Ltmule, 133

Lutalyse, 351 (box)

Lutectomy, 573 Luteinization, 565

Luteinizing hormone, 325, 340, 341,

349-350, 563, 574

anterior pituitary gland and, 338f testosterone secretion and, 350 Luteolysis, 566

Lyases, 46f

Lymph, 455

Lymphatic folds, 580

Lymphatic system, 5, 6, 454—455, 456 Lymph drainage, 455

Lymph nodes and nodules, 455 Lymphocytes, 111, 111, 377, 378f, 381,

442, 455, 456

Lymphoid stem cells, 381

Lymphoid tissue, 455 Lymphotoxin, 453 Lysosomes, 23, 380 Lysozyme, 124, 490

Machine milking, 443, 546, 548 Macromolecules, 13, 43

cell function and, 55

cellular physiology and, 34-41 carbohydrates, 37-39 lipids, 39-40

nucleic acids, 40-41

proteins, 34-37

Macrophage colony-stimulating

factor, 447

Macrophages, 23, 54, 381, 444, 446 antigen process in, 452 fixed, 442

tissue and cell defense and, 454f wandering, 442

Macroscopic anatomy, 3—4

Macula, 315

equilibrium and, 315

Macula adherens, 100

Macula lutea, 305

Mad gene, 369

Magnum, in chicken reproductive tract, 579

Maintenance, energy of, 60

Major crossmatching, 385, 386

Major histocompatibility complex, 452

Male reproductive function, 574

Male reproductive tract, 574-578, 589

overview of, 574-575 spermatogenesis, 575-577 sperm storage, maturation, and delivery, 577-578

Males, lactation in, 530 (box) Malleolar bone, 165

Malleus, 313

Malonyl-CoA pathway, 77

MALT. See Mucosa-associated lymphatic system

Maltose, 38, 39, 511

Mammalian cortex, types of, 246 Mammalian kidney, activities linked with, 463-464

Mammalian systems immunology, avian immunology vs., 453-454

Mammals

cortex in, three types of, 246 erythrocytes in, 377 lactation strategies in various groups of, 553 (box)

Mammary alveolus, 538

Mammary band (or streak or line), 531

Mammary buds, 531

Mammary cells, microtubules in, 24f

Mammary development

IGF-Iand/orIGFI-Rand, 364 overview of, 531 during pregnancy, 534-538 prepubertal and postpubertal, 531-534

progesterone and, 566

in ruminants, 535

Mammary ducts, 90

Holstein calf, 4

Mammary epithelial cells, bovine, proliferation and growth of, 29

Mammary gland development, EGF and, 366

Mammary glands, 127 (box), 137 leukocyte (PMN) response in, 447, 448

number of, among various species, 530, 530f

stem cells and, 12

unusualness of, 544 variation in location, number, and nipple openings of, among various species, 530f Mammary growth

effect of gestation on, in ewes, 535f

in various animals, 532-533 Mammary involution, 551-553 Mammary parenchymal growth,

in heifers and ewes, 28f, 29, 537f

Mammary secretions, in males, 530 (box)

Mammogenesis, 531, 554

endocrine system and, 343, 540 pregnancy and, 534

Mammogenic hormones, effect of stage of gestation upon serum concentrations of, 541f

Mammosomatotrophs, 338 Mandibular salivary glands, 286,

490

Mannus, 161

of horse, 162

Manubrium, 156, 176

Manus (or forepaw), 162, 170 MAO. See Monoamine oxidase MAPs. See Microtubule-associated proteins

Mares

female reproductive tract in, 563f periparturient serum calcium for, 356

Masseter muscles, of head and neck, 202f

Mast cells, 445

tissue and cell defense and, 454f Mastitis, 546, 548

bacteria induced, 444

defense barrier against, 441

in lactating cows, keratin and,

96

Mastitis status, 16 Mating behaviors

in chickens, 578

in cows, 568

MClR. See Melanocortin 1 receptor M-CSE See Macrophage colony­stimulating factor

Meatuses, 418

Mechanically gated channels, 225 Mechanical nociceptors, 271 Mechanical processing, digestive tract and, 483—484

Mechanical stress, bone and response to, 147-148, 148

Mechanoreceptors_z 268-270, 274, 292 baroreceptors, 269, 270 depolarization of, 274 proprioceptors, 269, 270 tactile receptors, 268, 269

Meckel's diverticulum, 509

Medial, 9f

Medial collateral ligament, 171

Medial condyles, 164

Medial forebrain bundle, 251

Medial muscles, of head and neck, 202f

Medial nucleus, of thalamus, 249

Medial rotation, 201 f

Median plane, 9f, 10

Mediastinum, 9, 575

Mediodorsal secondary bronchi, 431

Medioventral secondary bronchi,

431

Medulla, of kidney, 460, 460

Medulla oblongata, 243, 253-254,

263

cardiovascular center in, 396, 402

Medullary bone, 148

in laying hens, 167

Medullary cavity, 140

Medullary cones, 478

Medullary lamina, 249

Medullary osmotic gradient, countercurrent mechanisms and, 468-472

Medullary pyramids, 461

Megacalorie, 58

Meibomian glands, 301

Meishan pigs, puberty in, 564

Meissner's corpuscles, 125, 125f, 137, 269, 275f

receptive field, 269

structure of, 126

Meissner's plexus, 283, 487

Melanin, 124, 130, 137

Melanocortin, 137

Melanocortin 1 receptor, 130 Melanocytes, 122, 124,130, 304 Melanocyte-Stimulating hormone,

325

Melanogenesis, 130

Melanosomes, 130

Membrana granulosa, 565, 567

Membrane channels, 238

Memory cells

B cells, 442

T cells, 452

tissue and cell defense and, 454f

Meninges, 260, 260, 263

Meningo-myelocele, 242

Meniscus, 169

Mentalis muscles, of head and neck, 202f

Meocrine glands, 101

Meocrine secretion, 101

Merkel cells, 124 Merkel's discs, 125f, 129,137, 269, 275f

Mesaticephalic skulls, 153 Mesencephalon, 243, 243, 251, 252, 252-253, 263

Mesenchymal cells, 144 Mesenteries, 12, 485-486

in ruminants, arrangement of, 486 Mesentery spread, 104 Mesoderm, 243 Mesothelium, 485

Messenger RNA, 21, 22, 23, 26,

36-37, 80 Metabolic acidosis, 74, 475 Metabolic acids, 475 Metabolism, 34

of adipose tissue, 74 adrenal glands and, 357, 357-360 of carbohydrates, common terms associated with, 61 f energetic definitions and, 57-60 intermediary, 58 of skeletal muscle, 192-194, 212 aerobic mechanism, 193 anaerobic mechanism, 193-194 creatine phosphate, 193 heat production, 194 muscle fatigue and oxygen consumption, 194 thyroid hormones and, 351 Metabolizable energy, 59, 59 Metabotropic receptors, 224 Metacarpal (MC) bones, 162 Metacarpophalangeal joint, 162 Metaphase, 32, 33 Metaphase plate creation, 33 Metaphysis, 140 Metatarsal bones, 166 Metatarsal spur, 167 Metencephalon, 252-253, 263 Methane gas, 44 MHC. See Major histocompatibility complex

MHC proteins and genes, 452 Mice

location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

mutations, gene products, and phenotypes related to pigmentation genes in, 131f Micelles, 76

Michel, Francois, 256 Microbial fermentation, rumenal, 504, 524

Microbiome, inflammatory disease and, 521

Microbubules, organization of, 24 Microfilaments, 23, 24, 25, 217 Microglia, 117, 119, 222

Microinjection, transgenic animals and, 584, 584

Microphages, 444 Micropolyspora faeui, 434 (box) Microscope

general points about, 86 magnification, epithelial cell viewing and, 92-95

parts of, use of, and alignment steps for, 86, 86, 87 Microscopic anatomy, 3, 4

of bone, 141-143

Microscopy techniques, 16-19 Microtome, 17

Microtubule-associated proteins, 217 Microtubules, 23, 24, 33, 217

kinetochore, 33

in mammary cells, 24f Microvilli, 25, 94, 509, 510 Mictotome, 89 Midbrain, 243, 243 Middle carpal joint, 172 Middle ear, 312, 320 Middle phalanx, 163 Midsagittal plane, 8, 9f, 10 Mid-to-late diastole, in cardiac cycle, 394

Migrating myoelectric complex, peristalsis in small intestine and, 511

Milieu iuterieur, 5

Milk

calcium in, 545

complexity of, 544

composition of, 554 across species, 531, 545

gross composition of, for various species, 545f

hormones in, 345 (box)

milk protein gene promoters and expression of recombinant proteins in, 585f

Milk ejection reflex, 328, 342

Milk fever (parturient paresis), 148, 356

Milking

keratin loss at, 123-124

prepartum, 538

serum oxytoxin at, 342 Milking machine, 443, 546, 548 Milk production

after suppression of prolactin, 348 lactation strategies, profitability and, 532

milk somatic cell count and, 448 pituitary hormones and, 544 prolactin and, 343, 540 rates of, 530-531 responses in cows, 448 somatotropin and, 344, 550 total parenchymal DNA and, 536

Index

Milk secretion, colchicine and, 24

Milk smear, 17

Milk somatic cell count, 448

Milk synthesis

secretion and, 544-545 galactopoiesis and bST, 544, 550-551

lactation curves, 546-550 mammary involution, 551-553 Milk yield-body weight equations, 549

Milk yield- body weight relationship, 549, 549

Milk yields

after hypophysectomy, 544 bST administration and, 550 lactation curves and, 548

Mineralocorticoids, 40, 357

Minor crossmatching, 385, 386 Minute volume, 425

Mitochondria, 20-21, 60, 70, 217 prototypical, 21

Mitosis, 25, 570

stages of, 31, 32, 33

Mitotic spindle, 25, 33

Mitral valve, 387

Mixed nerves, 258, 266

M-Iine_z sarcomeres and, 183, 184, 185

MMC. See Migrating myoelectric complex

Modified junctions, 4

Molars, 492

Molecular biology, technical advancements in, 363

Molecular layer, 246

Monaxial joint, 170

Monoamine oxidase, 233

Monoclonal antibodies, 442

Monocular vision, 308

Monocytes, 111, 377, 378f, 381, 444 Monoestrous species, 564 Monoglycerides, absorption of, in small intestine, 514

Monoiodotyrosine, 352

Monosaccharides, 37, 38 Monosaturated fatty acids, 14 Monosodium glutamate, 299 Monosynaptic reflexes, 277, 277-278,

293

Morula, 570

Motility

of ruminant stomach, 502-504

in small intestine, 511

Motor areas, cortex, 247, 247

Motor cranial nerves, 257

Motor end plates, 116,186, 282

Motor neurons, 117, 220

Motor (or efferent) division, of peripheral nervous system, 266

Motor output, nervous system and, 216, 216

Motor response, reflexes and, 277

Motor units, 191, 191

Mouse

mammary development during pregnancy in, 534

mammary development from prepubertal period into lactation in, 533, 534 rudimentary mammary gland of, 531

whole mammary gland from, 90

Mouth, 11, 488-494, 522-523 lips, cheeks, and gums, 488-489 salivary glands and saliva, 489-491

teeth, 491-494 tongue, 489

Movement, muscles and, 180

M phase, 31, 31 mRNA. See Messenger RNA MS. See Multiple sclerosis MSCC. See Milk somatic cell count MSH. See Melanocyte-Stimulating hormone

Mucin, 489

Mucosa, 486, 486, 487 in digestive tract, 11

Mucosa-associated lymphatic system, 487

Mucous glands, 102, 102

Mucous neck cells, in gastric glands, 497

Mucus, 102, 489 Mullerian-Inhibiting substance, 574 Multicellular glands, subtypes of,

101

Multilocular adipose tissue, 107 Multinucleated cells, 26 Multipennate fascicle arrangement, 199

Multipennate muscles, 199

Multiple births, 574

Multiple motor unit summation, 191

Multiple sclerosis, 229 (box)

Multiunit cells, 115,119

Multiunit smooth muscle, 197, 197

Muscarine, 286

Muscarinic receptors, 236, 286

Muscle contraction

muscle spindle and, 279

Muscle fatigue, oxygen consumption and, 194

Muscle fibers, 180, 181, 181-182 types of, 194, 278

Muscle relaxation, or return to resting length, 192

Muscles

actions of, 200-201 attachment types for, 199, 201

cardiac, 195-196, 387, 390, 390-391, 411

deeper, goat's neck, 204

deeper, of left pelvis and thigh of goat, lateral aspect, 209

exercise and, 194-195

eye, 303

functions and attachments of, 200

functions of, 180, 211

of head and neck, 202f

as levers, 199-200, 213

of pectoral limb and lateral thorax, 204f-206f

of pelvic limb and body wall, 207f-208f

properties of, 180, 211

respiration in birds and, 432f skeletal, 180-195

smooth, 180, 196-198

striated, 180

superficial, of goat's neck, 203

superficial, of lateral thorax of goat, 206

superficial and deep, in right thigh of goat, 210

tongue, 298

Muscle spindles, 270, 276f

anatomy of, 278, 278

muscle contraction and, 279

response of, to stretch, 279 role of gamma motor neurons in, 279

Muscle system, 198-201

arrangements of fascicles, 199 muscles as levers, 199-200 muscle terminology, 200-201 naming muscles, 198-199, 213 Muscle terminology, 200-201, 201f, 213

actions, 200-201

muscle attachments, 201

origins and insertions, 200

Muscle tissue, 5, 87,111-115, 118

cardiac, 114-115

overview of, 111-112, 180

skeletal, 112-114

smooth, 115

types of, 211

Muscle tone, 191

reflexes and testing of, 281 Muscle twitch, 190,190 Muscular arteries, 398 Muscular cells, 11 Muscularis, of female reproductive tract, 558, 559

Muscularis externa, 12, 486, 486, 487 of intestine, 116

Muscularis mucosa, 12, 487 Muscular system, 5, 6 MV. See Minute volume Myasthenia gravis, 186

Myelinated nerve fibers, teased, 117 Myelin sheath, 117, 218 conduction velocity and, 228-229

Myelocele, 242

Myeloid stem cells, 381, 382

Myenteric plexus, 283, 487

Myoblasts, 181

Myocardium, 387, 390

Myofibrils, 182

Myofilaments, 115

Myoglobin, 182

Myogram, 190, 190

Myomesin, 182, 184

Myometrium, 560

Myoneural junction, 185

Myopia, 307

Myopic eye, 307

Myosin, 36,112, 385 in cardiac muscle, 387 heart contraction and, 393 myofibrils and, 182 in smooth muscle, 196

Myotatic reflex, 278

NAD. See Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH, 62,64,82

Krebs cycle and, 65, 66

NADPH, 68, 77, 78

NADPH production, activities of enzymes involved in, 69f

Nail body, 132

Nail fold, 133

Nail root, 132, 133

Nails, 132-133

Nanogram, 333

Nares, 418

Nasal cartilage, 418

Nasal cavity, 418

Nasal conchae, 418

Nasal glands, 285-286

Nasal region, of skull, 153

Nasal septum, 418

Nasolacrimal glands, 303 Nasomaxillary suture, 152

Nasopharynx, 418, 419-420, 494

Natural killer T cells, 450 (box)

Natural selection, 557

Navicular bone, 133

Near point of vision, 307

Nearsightedness, 307

Nebulin, 184

Neck muscles, 202f

Necropsy, defined, 87

Necrosis, 267

Needle teeth, 493f

NEFA. See Nonesterified fatty acids

Negative feedback loops, 340-341 ACTH control and, 351-352 anterior pituitary hormone secretion and, 340-341

hypophyseal-pituitary axis and, 337

hypothalamic hormones and, 338 pituitary hormones and, 341

Negative feedback system, 7, 7 Neocortex, 246, 246 Neopulmonary parabronchi, 432 Nephrons, 460, 461, 480 avian, 478 diagram of, 465 flow of selected materials, 468 histology of, 467 organization of, 463 rate of fluid flow in regions of, 468f

structure of, 462-464 summary of functions of regions of, 468f

Nernst equation, 223, 224 (box) Nerve bundles, portions of, 117 Nerve fiber, 218

Nerve in the periphery, 218

Nerves, 291 classification of, 266, 291 connective tissue and, 181 cranial, 266 degeneration and regeneration of, 267, 291

description of, 265 mixed, 266 spinal, 266, 266-267, 291 vagus, 286

Nervous system, 5, 6. See also Autonomic nervous system; Peripheral nervous system components of, 215-216, 216 homeostasis and, 5 organization of, 216, 216-217, 237-238

supportive cells, 221

Nervous tissue, 5, 87, 115-117,119 Net energy, 59, 59

Net filtration pressure, calculating, 400

Net hydrostatic pressure, 400 Neural crest cells, 11, 242, 243 Neural mechanisms, for respiratory control, 428M29, 438

Neural plate, formation of, 241, 242

Neural regulation, of blood pressure, 402

Neural tube, 241, 242

Neural tube defects, 242 (box)

Neu receptor, 366

Neurite, neuron classification based on, 220

Neurocoele, 242

Neuroendocrine messengers, as hormones and neurotransmitters, 340f

Neuroendocrine reflex, 324

Neurofilaments, 25 Neuroglandular synapse, 218 Neuroglia, 117

Neurohypophysis hormone structures, 340f

Neuromuscular junction, 185, 185-186, 218

pharmacology of, 186

Neuronal pools, diverging and converging, 221

Neurons, 217, 217-221, 237 axon, 218 cell body, 217 cholinergic, 232 classification of, 220-221 axon length and, 220 function and, 220-221 neurite number and, 220 neurotransmitters and, 221 dendrites, 217-218 ion concentrations and equilibrium potentials in, 223f kisspeptin-secreting, 339 overview of, 217 parts of, 217 pre- and postganglionic, 282 synapse, 218-220

Neuropeptides, 288 Neuropeptide Y, 288 Neuropharmacology, 236 Neurophysiology, 222-229, 238 coding of stimulus intensity, 229 generation of action potential,

226- 227

membrane channels, 224-225 chemically gated channels, 224 mechanically gated channels, 225

voltage-gated channels, 224-225 postsynaptic potentials, 225-226 excitatory postsynaptic potentials, 226

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, 226 propagation of action potential,

227- 229

conduction velocity, 228-229 resting membrane potential, 222-223

Neuropores, anterior and posterior, 242

Neuroregulins, 366 Neurotensin, 288

Neurotoxins, Puffer fish and, 225 (box)

Neurotransmitter receptors, 235-236, 236f, 240

Neurotransmitters, 186, 219, 231-237, 240

agonists and antagonists, 237f amines, 231-233

Index

Neurotransmitters (continued) acetylcholine, 231-232 adenosine, 233 amino acids, 233-234 catecholamines, 232-233 indoleamine, 233 peptides, 234-235 classes of, 239 classical, 231, 235 criteria for compounds, 231 inactivation of, 230 major, 232f neuroendocrine messengers as, 340f

neurons classified according to, 221 receptors and, 286, 294-295 unconventional

carbon monoxide, 235 nitric oxide, 235

Neurotrophic factors, 267 Neurulation, 242, 242

Neutral fats, 14

Neutrophils, 23, 26, 54, 111, 112, 377, 378f, 380, 442, 443, 444 tissue and cell defense and, 454f NFP. See Net filtration pressure Niacin, 46f

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, 46, 62

Nicotine, 286

Nicotinic receptors, 186,189, 236, 286 Nictitating membrane (or third eyelid), 303, 303

Nipples, 530, 546

Nissl substance, 217 Nitric oxide, 235, 403 autonomic nervous system and, 287f

hemoglobin and, 428, 438 Nitrogenous wastes, excretion of, 477, 477

NM. See Neuromuscular junction Nociceptors, 268, 271, 271, 292 Node of Ranvier, 116, 217 Noggin, 241

Nomenclature, for enzymes, 46 Nonangular movements, of synovial joints, 170f

Nondisplaced fractures, 147 Nonesterified fatty acids, 71 plasma glucose and, 71

Nonpolar covalent bonds, 44 Nonpolar molecules, 13 Non-REM sleep, stages of, 255 Nonstriated muscle, 196 Noradrenergic postganglionic fibers, 288

Norepinephrine, 73, 74, 232, 236f, 237f, 286

autonomic nervous system and, 287f blood pressure regulation and, 402 cardiac reflexes and, 290

heart contractility and, 396

heart rate and, 397

Norway rat, location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

Nose, 418,435

external, 418

Nostrils, 418

Notarium, 166 Notochord, 241, 242

NTDs. See Neural tube defects

Nuclear envelope, 27, 32, 33 Nuclear lamina, 27

Nuclear matrix, 33

Nuclear transfer, 584

Nucleic acids, 40-41, 55

digestion of, in small intestine, 513 Nucleoli, 27

Nucleosidases, 511

Nucleotides, 41

Nucleus, 26

of epithelial cell, 26

Nucleus Ctmeatus, 254

Nucleus gracilis, 254 Nutrients, absorption of, in small intestine, 513

Obligatory transport, 469

Obturator foramen, 164

Occipital condyle, 166 Occipital lobe, brain, 244, 244

Occluding junctions, 99 Ocular reflexes, 290, 295-296

Oculomotor cranial nerve (III), 257f, 285

Off-center area, 310

Off-center bipolar cells, 311 Oil gland, 127

Oils, 14

Olecranonn fossa, 158

Olecranon process, 160 Olfaction, 273, 316

physiology of, 298, 316

Olfactory bulb, 298

Olfactory cortex, 246, 246 Olfactory cranial nerve (I), 257f

Olfactory epithelium, 297 Olfactory pathway, 298, 316

Olfactory receptors, 298

anatomy of, 297-298, 316 Olfactory system, 268f

hypothalamus and, 289 Oligodendrocytes, 117,119, 218, 221 Olivary nuclei, in medulla oblongata, 254

Omasum, 501, 502, 505

Omentum, 485, 486

Omnivores, 488

On-center area, 310

On-center bipolar cells, 311 Oncotic pressure, 400 Onion toxicity, in cats and dogs, 427 (box)

Oocytes, 560, 565, 579

bovine, development stages, 571

fertilization and, 569

Oogenesis, 564 Oogonium, 565 Ooplasm, 567 Opioid peptides, 236f

Opossum, location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

Opsin, 309,310 Opsonization, 451 Optic chiasma, 311

Optic cranial nerve (II), 257f

Optic disc, 305

Optic nerve, 305

Optic tract, 311

Optic vesicles, 243, 243 Oral cavity, 11, 489 Oral region, of skull, 153 Ora serrata, 305

Orbicularis oris muscle, 202f, 488 Orbital region, of skull, 153 Organelles, 55

Organic acid groups, 475 Organismal level, 5

Organization, levels of, 4-5, 5 Organ of Corti, 313

Organ physiology, 4 Organs, 5, 5, 11

defined, 87

Organ system level, in animal body,

6

Origins, muscles, 200, 201 f Ornithine-urea cycle, 477, 478 Oropharynx, 418, 420, 489, 494 Os coxae, 163

Osmatic gradient, vasa recta and maintenance of, 469 Osmolality, hypothalamus and, 289 Osmolarity, 49

Osmosis, 48-50

diffusion and, 48 Osmotic pressure, 49 Ossa coxarum, 163 Ossification, 110, 144, 144 Ossification center, 144 Osteoblasts, 110, 140, 141, 142,142, 144, 145, 146

Osteoclasts, 110, 140, 141,142,146 Osteocytes, 109, 110, 118, 141, 142, 142, 144

Osteogenesis, 144 Osteology, 139,174 Osteomalacia, 148

Osteon, 141

Osteonal canals, 142

Osteoprogenitor cells, 141,142,145

Otolithic membrane, 315

Otolithic organs, within utricle and saccule, 315-316, 320-321

Otoliths, 315

Outer cell mass, 570

Outer cuticle, 128

Outer (external) ear, 312, 320

of dog, 313

Outer serosa, of female reproductive tract, 558

Ova, 565

Oval window, middle ear, 313

Ovarian development, IGFs, binding proteins and, 365

Ovarian follicles, 338

Ovarian medulla, 560

Ovaries, 558, 559, 562, 564

avian, 579, 580

in chicken reproductive tract, 579 development of, 565 cyclic, 560

female bovine, 560

Overfeeding, ketosis and, 76 Oviducts, 558, 559, 560, 562 avian, 579

Ovines

average age or time for selected reproductive attributes in, 564f

kidney in, anatomy of, 459—462 Ovulation, 560, 565, 587

differences between species, 565 egg release and, 579-580 follicle-stimulating hormones and, 349

in hens, 578

luteinizing hormone and, 349-350, 564

Ovulatory peak, 350

Ovum (ova), 559, 560

Ox

hook in, 164

number of vertebrae in, 155f

Ox coxa, 164

Oxidases, 23

Oxidation-reduction reactions, 45 Oxidative phosphorylation, 62, 66 Oxidoreductases, 46f

Oxygen, 50

exchange of carbon dioxide and, 426

hemoglobin and transport of, 427 Oxygen consumption, muscle fatigue and, 194

Oxygen debt, 194 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, 427-128, 428, 430, 438

Oxygen transport, 437-438

in blood, 429

Oxytocin, 8, 250, 251, 341, 351 (box) lactation curves of cows treated with, 342

parturition and, 573 secretion of, 324

at milking or suckling, 544 stress, central inhibition and, 342

Oxytocin receptors, 333

Pacemaker cells, 119

peristalsis and, 499

Pacinian corpuscles, 125, 125f, 137, 269, 269, 276f

structure of, 126

Paget's disease, 355

PAH. See Para-aminohippuric acid Pain

nociceptors and mediation of, 271 referred, 272, 272

Pain information, hypothalamus and, 289

Pain pathway, 271-272, 273

Palate, 418, 420, 489, 489

Palatoglossal arches, 420 Palatopharyngeal arches, 420 Paleopulmonic parabronchi, 432

Palmar, 9f

Palmitate, production of, overall reaction to, 76

Palmitic acid, 77

Palmitic fatty acid, 14f, 15

Palpebrae (eyelids), 301

Palpebral commissures, 302

PAMPs. See Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Pancreas, 11, 484, 515

functions of, 515

histology of, 515

Pancreatic duct, of horse, 509

Pancreatic juice, composition and function of, 515

Pancreatic secretions, 512f regulation of, 515

Paneth cells, 510

Panniculus adiposus, 106

Panniculus reflex, in diagnostics,

282

Panting, 126

Papillae, 461-462

shape of, 299 tongue surface, 298

Papillary layer, dermis, 124

Papillary muscles, 388, 389

Papillary reflex, 307

Pap smear, 16

Para-aminohippuric acid, 472, 473 Parabronchi, 431

Paracloacal vascular bodies, 580-581

Paracrine action, 325

Paraffin, 17

Parahippocampal gyrus, 248 Parallel muscles, 199

Paranasal sinuses, 418-419, 419 Paranatal period, 433 Paranchymal tissue, 536, 537 Parasagittal plane, 8 Parasympathetic division, of

autonomic nervous system, 283-284, 285, 285-286 Parasympathetic nervous system gastrointestinal reflexes and, 290 glandular reflexes and, 290 Parathion, 232 (box) Parathyroid hormone, 324, 325,

355-357

bone control and, 146, 147 Paraventricular nucleus, 250 Paravetebral chain, 284 Parenchyma

defined, 87

of organ, 575

Parenchymal tissue, 92 Parental care, energetic costs of, 558 Parietal cells

in gastric glands, 497, 498—499 regulation of HCI secretion from, 499

Parietal lobe, brain, 244, 244 Parietal peritoneum, 485 Parietal serosa, 10

Parotid salivary glands, 286, 490 Parrot mouth, 493f

Pars compacts, 247 Pars distalis, 337, 338

Pars intermedia, 337

Pars nervosa, 337

Pars reticulata, 247

Pars tuberalis, 337 Partial pressure, 426 Parturient paresis (milk fever), 148 Parturition, 570, 573-574

citrate concentrations and, 78 duration of, 574 phases of, 573-574

Passive immunity, 441, 456

Passive transport, 52

Pastern bone, 133

Patella, 164

Patellar ligament, 173

Patellar reflex, in diagnostics, 282 Patellar surface, 164 Pathogen-associated molecular

patterns, 446 Pathology, defined, 87 Pattern recognition receptors, 446 PC. See Pyruvate carboxylase PCT. See Proximal convoluted tubule PDGF. See Platelet-derived growth

factor

Pecten, avian retina, 305 Pectoral girdle, 167

Index

Pectoralis muscles, of thoracic limb,

204f

Pectoral limbs, muscles of, 204f-206f Pelage cycles, 130

Pelvic-associated muscles, 207f

Pelvic cavity, 9, 163

Pelvic (hip) girdle, 163,176

avian, 167

canine, 163

Pelvic limbs, 163-166, 173 distal, of dog, 165 joints of, 173 muscles of, 207f-208f

Pelvic symphysis, 164, 172

Pelvic urethra, 575

Pelvis, 172

Penis, 574

Pennae, 135

Pennate muscles, 199

Pentose phosphate pathway, 68 Pentoses, 37

Pentose sugars, 38

PEPCK. See Phosphoenolyruvate

carboxykinase Pepsin, 498 Peptic ulcers, 521 Peptides, 234-235 nociceptors and, 271 synthesis of, 235

Perception, sensations vs., 268 Perforating canals, 142

Perforin, 453

Perfusion, 426

Perianal glands, 127

Perianal sinuses, 127

Pericardial cavity, 9 Pericarditis, 387

Pericardium, 10, 386-387 Perichondrium, 109, 151 Perikaryon, 217

Perimysium, 112, 180, 181 Perineal reflex, in diagnostics, 282 Perineurium, 265, 266

Periosteal bone, 145

Periosteum, 140

Peripheral nerves classification of, 266 components of, 266

Peripheral nervous system, 216,

216

responsibilities of, 265 Peristalsis, 483, 499

enteric nervous system and, 290 in large intestine, 519 segmentation and, 484 in small intestine, 511

Peritoneal cavity, 485, 485, 522 Peritoneal organs, 486 Peritoneal sac, 574

Peritoneum, 485, 485

Peritubular cells, 577

Periventricular zone, of hypothalamus, 250-251 Peroxisomes, 23 Perry, E. J., 581 Peyer's patches, 455, 510 PFK. See Phosphofructokinase PH

kidneys and control of, 473-477 of milk, 544

Phagasome, 54 Phagocytes, 443 Phagocytosis, 54, 55

neutrophils and, 380 Phalanges, 162-163,166 Pharmaceutical proteins, livestock performance and, 585 Pharyngotympanic tubes, 420 Pharynx, 419-420, 435, 494-495, 523 Pheomelanin, 130, 131, 137 Pheromones, 340 Philtrum, 418, 488 Phosphatases, 511 Phosphate buffer system, 474-475 Phosphodiesterase, 310 Phosphoenolyruvate carboxykinase, 69

Phosphofructokinase, 61, 62, 63 Phosphoglycerate kinase, 63 Phosphoglycerate mutase, 63 Phospholipase C, 327

signaling pathways, 328 Phospholipids, 40, 55, 72

structure of, 15 Phosphorylation state, 45 Photoperiod, 578

onset of puberty and, 564 prolactin secretion and, 130, 348-349

Photopigments, 308

light response, sequence of, 309-310

Photoreception, 308-311, 319

chemistry of visual pigments, 309-310

light or dark adaptation, 311

light transduction by photoreceptors, 310 retinal isomers involved in, 309 retinal processing of visual information, 310-311

visual pathway, 311 Photoreceptors, 268

light transduction by, 310, 319 types of, 305

Phrenic nerve, 423

Physiology

cellular, 4

defined, 4 organ, 4 systems, 4

Pia mater, 259, 260, 260

Picogram, 333 Piebald spotting, 131f, 137 Pigmentation genes, mutations, gene products, and phenotypes related to, in mice, 131f

Pigs

blood cell numbers in, 379f length and capacity of parts of digestive tract in, 488f

location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

number of teeth in, 493f

number of vertebrae in, 155f rostral bone in nose of, 418 skeleton of, 150

suture lines of skull in, 152

teeth in, 492 types of bones in, 140 Pilocarpine, 236 "Pin bone," 164 Pineal body, 251 Pinna, outer ear, 313 Pinocytosis, 53, 54, 54, 540 PIP2, 327

Pitch, of sound waves, 313, 320 Pituitary. See also Anterior pituitary;

Posterior pituitary

overview of, 337 Pituitary-adrenal axis, fetal, parturition and, 573 Pituitary gland

anatomy of, 338 endocrine regulation of milk production and, 540

milk secretion and, 544 Pituitary hormones, 336

hypothalamus and secretion of, 339

negative feedback loops, 340-341 Pituitary tumors, 338

Pivot joint, 170

Placenta, 570 Placental lactogen (PL), 542, 573 Placentas

exchanges occurring across, 573 types of, 572-573

Placentation, implantation and,

569-570, 572-573 Placentomes, 572 Plane joint, 170 Plantar, 9f

Plantar flexion, 201f Plasma, 376, 377, 408

kidney filtration of, 466

Plasma cells, tissue and cell defense and, 454f

Plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids and, 71

Plasma ionic calcium concentration, hormonal control of, 147

Plasma membrane, 51, 51 (box)

Plasma proteins, 377

thyroid hormones bound to, 354 Plasmin, 385

Plasminogen, 385

Plateau, heart contraction and, 392 Platelet adhesion, 384

Platelet aggregation, 384 Platelet-derived growth factor, 33,

383

Platelet plug formation, 383-384,

409

Platelet release reaction, 384 Platelets, 111, 376, 377, 378f, 381,

408

formation of, 382

Platysma muscles, of head and neck, 202f

PLC. See Phospholipase C

Pleural cavities, 9

Pleural membrane, 421, 435-436 respiratory anatomy of lungs and, 421

Pleurisy, 421

Plexus of Auerbach, 487

Plicae (or plicae circulares), 509 Pluripotent stem cells, 381

PMN leukocytes, 448

PMNs. See Polymorphonuclear

leukocytes

PMSG. See Pregnant mare serum

gonadotropin

Pneumatic bones, 4

Pneumotaxic area, 429

Pneumotaxic center, 252 Pneumothorax, 421

PNS. See Peripheral nervous system Podocytes, 465

Point of the hock, 165

Polar covalent bonds, 44, 45

Polar molecules, 13 Polyclonal antibodies, 442, 451 Polycythemia, 376-377 Polyestrous species, 564 Polymodal nociceptors, 271 Polymorphonuclear (PMN)

leukocytes, 447 Polypeptides, 35 Polypeptide synthesis, 80 Polyribosomes, development of, 82 Polysaccharide A, 521 Polysaccharides, 37

Polyspermy, preventing, 569 Polysynaptic reflexes, 277, 280-281,

293

crossed-extensor reflex, 281,

281

tendon reflex, 280 withdrawal reflex, 280, 281 Polyrmsaturated fatty acids, 14 POMC. See Pro-opIomelanocortin

Pons, 243 components of, 252 REM sleep and, 256 respiration and, 429

Pontine-geniculate-occipital (PGO) waves, sleep and, 256

Pontine respiratory group, 429 Porcine animals

average age or time for selected reproductive attributes in, 564f

humerus of, 160 radius and ulna of, 161 scapula of, 159

Portal systems, 399, 413 Portomicrons, 514

Positional terms, in anatomy, 8 Positive feedback system, 7-8 Posterior median sulcus, 259 Posterior nucleus, of thalamus, 249 Posterior pituitary, 337

hormones and cells of, 341-343 pathways, 342

Posterior semicircular canals, 313 Postganglionic neurons, 282 Postpartum alveolar structures, 539 Postpubertal mammary development, 531-534 physiological stages and, 533

Postsynaptic membrane, 218, 219 Postsynaptic potentials, 225-226 Posture, muscles and, 180 Potassium, 43

Potential difference, 222

Pouch, 502

Poultry industry, reproductive cycles and, 578

Power stroke, sliding filament theory and, 189

P-Q interval, in electrocardiogram, 393-394,1393

Precapillary sphincters, 398, 398 Precursor cells, 382

Preen gland, 127

Preganglionic neurons, 282

Pregnancy, 587-589

fertilization and, 568-569 mammary development during, 534-538

maternal recognition of, 566 Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, 573

Prehatching respiration in birds, 433 Preload, 395-396

Premature infants, surfactant production in, 424 (box)

Premolars, 492

Preovulatory center, 350

Preovulatory LH surge, 564 Prepartum alveolar structures, 539 Preprohormones, 343

Preproinsulin, 360

Prepro-oxyphysin, 343

Prepropressinphysin, 343

Prepubertal mammary development, 531-534

Presbyopia, 307

Presynaptic inhibition and facilitation, 230, 230

Presynaptic membrane, 218

Prevertebral ganglia, 285

Primary antibody, 334

Primary bacteria, fermentation and, 504

Primary hyperalgesia, 272

Primary induction, 241

Primary level negative feedback, 341

Primary sensory endings, 278

Primary sprout, 531

Primary Imderfeeding ketosis, 75 PrIR. See Prolactin receptor

PrL See Prolactin

Proacrosin, 569

Procarboxypeptidase, 515

Processes, vertebral, 155

Proelastase, 515

Proerythroblasts, 382

Progesterone, 40, 331 alveolar development and, 541 lactation and, 543 mammary development and, 566 parturition and, 573 placenta and, 573 production of, 560

Programmed cell death, 267

Projection fibers, 246

Prokaryotic cells, 26

Prolactin, 325, 343, 347-349, 542 anterior pituitary gland and, 338f as cytokine in immune system, 446

mammary biochemistry after suppression of, 348f, 542, 542f

mammary cell differentiation and, 544

mechanisms of action for, 328 milk production after suppression of, 348

milk secretion response and, 540 secretion of, 348-349

after teat stimulation, 349 wool growth and, 130

Prolactin receptor, 328

Pronation, 161, 170, 200, 201f

Pro-opiomelanocortin, 130, 137, 351 processing of, 351

Proper connective tissues, 103

Prophase, 31, 32

Propionate, 38

Propionic acid, 507

Propionic fatty acid, 14f

Index

Proprioceptors, 124, 125, 268, 269, 270, 396

Propulsion, digestive tract and, 483 Prosencephalon, 243, 243, 249 Prostacyclins, 40, 385, 403 Prostaglandins, 40, 566, 573 inflammation response and, 445f nociceptors and, 271

Prostate gland, 574, 575

Proteases, nociceptors and, 271 Protein, 34-37

binding, study of, 364

defined, 35

digestion of, in small intestine, 507 fibrous, 36

globular, 36

interconversions and catabolism

of, 78-79

levels of organization for, 36 liver and metabolism of, 518-519 myofibrils and, 182 plasma, 377

rumenal digestion of, 507

sperm cells and, 568

structure and function of, 35-36, 37

synthesis of, 36-37

Protein buffer system, 474, 475 Protein C, 385

Protein-digesting enzymes, activation of, 515

Protein synthesis

overview of, 80

RNA, DNA and, 80-82

Proteoglycans, 12, 89

cartilage rich in, 109 Prothrombinase, 384 Protraction, 171, 200, 201 f Proventriculus (pars glandularis),

507

Proximal, 9f Proximal convoluted tubule, 462,

465-468, 468, 469

Proximal phalanx, 163 Pseudopods, 54 Pseudostratified columnar

epithelium, 98, 98 Pseudostratified epithelial cells, 98 Pseudostratified epithelium, drawing

of, 98

Pseudounipolar neurons, 220 Pterygoid muscles, 202f PTH. See Parathyroid hormone Puberty

farm animal management and, 564-565

in females, 563

endocrinology of, 563-564 kisspeptins and onset of, 339 leptin's role in, 370 Pubic bones, 163,164

Pubic symphysis, 167

Pubis, 164

Puffer fish, 225 (box)

Pullets, 578

Pulmonary arteries, 404

Pulmonary artery, 422

Pulmonary circulation, 389, 389, 404-405, 405, 410, 415

Pulmonary embolism, 384

Pulmonary gas exchange, 426

Pulmonary receptors, 430

Pulmonary valves, 388, 389

Pulmonary veins, 387, 404

Pulmonary ventilation, 423, 436 airway resistance, 424—425 compliance of lungs, 424 expiration, 424 inspiration, 423-424 surface tension of alveolar fluid, 424

Pupil, 302, 303, 305

diameter of, 307-307, 319

Purine, 41, 42, 55, 233

Purkinje cells, 253

Purkinje fibers, 392

Purring, in cats, 420 (box)

Pus, 444

Putamen, 247

P wave, in electrocardiogram, 393,

393

Pygostyle, 166

Pyloric antrum, 497

Pyloric region, 497

Pyloric sphincter, 497, 499

Pyramidal system, 247

Pyrimidines, 41, 42, 55

Pyruvate, conversion of, into lactate, 61

Pyruvate carboxylase, 69

Pyruvate kinase, 63, 63

Pyruvic acid, 194

QRS complex, in electrocardiogram, 393, 393

Q-T interval, in electrocardiogram,

394

Quadruped, 8

Quarter Horse Association, 582

Q wave, in electrocardiogram, 393

RAA system. See Renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system

Rabbits

location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

mammary development during pregnancy in, 534

Race horses, milkshake and, 377 (box)

Rachis, 135

Radial fossa, 158

Radial styloid process, 161 Radioactivity, disintegrations per minute and, 335

Radioimmtmoassay (RIA) techniques, 333-334 bovine insulin RIA data, example, 335f

Radiolabeling, of hormones, 331 Radioulnarjoint, 170

Radius, 160, 161

Ofvariousspecies, 161 Radius-ulna, bovine, 149 Ramp retina, in horses, 307 Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 254

possible neurochemical model for control of, 256

RAS. See Reticular activating system Rats

lactating, Ultrastructural analysis of cytoplasmic organelles in mammary epithelia from, 539f mammary development during pregnancy in, 534, 536

RBCs. See Red blood cells

Receptive field, 269

Receptor assay, 331

Receptor downregulation, 333

Receptor ligand, 37 Receptor-mediated endocytosis, 54

Receptor potential, 274

Receptor protein, 37

Receptors, 7, 7

for equilibrium, 312 neurotransmitters and, 294-295 regulation and, 331-333 stretch, 430

toll-like, 446

Receptor subtype, 235

Receptor tyrosine kinases, type 1,

366

Recombinant bovine somatotropin,

585

Recombinant human proteins, 585 Recruited follicles, 565

Rectum, 478, 519

Recurrent collateral, 218

Red blood cells, 93, 111, 376, 377,

408

avian, 377

Red bone marrow, 143

Red kangaroo, location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

Red tide, 225 (box)

Reduced hemoglobin, 427 Re-esterification, 74

Referred pain, 272, 272 Reflex arch, 276

steps to, 274, 276

Reflexes, 274, 276-281, 292-294 acquired, 277

cardiovascular, 290, 296 classification of, 276-277, 292-293 development of, 277 in diagnostics, 293-294 enterogastric, 500 gastrointestinal, 290, 296 glandular, 290, 296 innate, 277

monosynaptic, 277, 277-278 myotatic, 278

neuroendocrine, 324 ocular, 290, 295-296 papillary, 307 polysynaptic, 277 somatic, 277, 277 spinal, 277-281, 293 tendon, 280, 280 urogenital, 290, 296 use of, in diagnostics, 281, 282f visceral, 277, 277, 290

Refraction, 306-307, 318-319

of light rays, 307

problems with, 307, 308, 319 Refractory period, heart contraction and, 393

Regional vertebrae, 155

Regulatory proteins, 182

Relaxation phase, muscle twitch, 190, 190

Relaxin, parturition and, 573 REM-on cells, 257

Renal capsule, 460, 460

Renal clearance, 472-473

Renal corpuscle, histological appearance of, 467

Renal pelvis (or hilus), 460, 461 Renal pyramids, 462, 463

Renal regulation of blood pressure direct, 403 indirect, 403

Renal vein and artery, 460, 461 Renin, production and action of, 402 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blood pressure regulation and, 402

Renin-angiotensin system, 471, 471 of kidney, 358

Repolarization, heart contraction and, 393

Reproduction, 557-589

in birds, 578-581

avian female reproductive system, 579-580

avian male reproductive system, 580-581

estrous cycles, uterus, and ovulation, 564-568 fertilization and pregnancy, 568-569

implantation and placentation, 569-573

parturition, 573-574

hypothalamus and, 289 overview of female reproductive tract, 558-560, 563

overview of male reproductive tract, 574-578 spermatogenesis, 575-577 sperm storage, maturation, and delivery, 577-578 puberty in females, 563 endocrinology of, 563-564 Reproductive attributes, selected, average age or time for, in some species, 564f Reproductive functions, hypothalamus and, 340, 341 Reproductive system, 5, 6. See also Reproduction

Reproductive technologies, 581-586, 589

artificial insemination, 581-582 cloning, 583-584

embryo transfer, 582 overview, 581 sexed semen, 582-583 transgenic animals, 584-586 in vitro fertilization, 582 Reproductive tract. See Female reproductive tract; Male reproductive tract Reptilian-type (RT) nephrons, 478 RER. See Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Resistance, vascular, 401, 414 Respiration

aerobic, 20

expiration, 424 external, 423, 426 inspiration, 423-424 internal, 423, 426 pons and, 429 pressure changes during, 423-424 Respiration rate, tidal volume and, 425f

Respiratory acidosis, 475 Respiratory bronchioles, 421 Respiratory burst, 380 Respiratory control, neural mechanisms for, 428-429, 438 Respiratory distress syndrome, 424 (box)

Respiratory membrane

alveolar sacs and, 423

layers of, 422 Respiratory quotient, calculating, 60 Respiratory system, 5, 6, 417—440, 435

avian respiration, 430-433 in birds, 430 blood supply to lungs, 389 chemoreceptors, 429-430 conducting pathway anatomy, 419 control of respiration: neural mechanisms, 428-429 cooperation between circulatory system and, 433

defense mechanisms of, 433—434 nonspecific, 433-434 specific, 434

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, 426

functional anatomy of, 418-419 lung volumes and capacities, 425-426

overview of, 417-418 primary function of, 417—418 pulmonary ventilation, 423—425 transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, 427

Respiratory volumes and capacities,

426

Restiform body, 252 Resting membrane potential, 222,

222-223, 238

basis of, 223 Rete fluid, 577 Rete tubules, 574 Reticular activating system, 254, 263 Reticular cells, 381 Reticular fibers, 103 Reticular formation, 254 Reticular groove, 502 Reticular lamina, 91 Reticular layer, 124, 125 Reticuloomasal fold (reticular groove), 502, 504 Reticulum, 501, 502, 504

of goat, 505 Retina, 318 avian, 305 hypothalamus and information from, 289

layers of, 305

microscopic anatomy of, 306 visual information processed by, 310-311, 319

Retinal, 309

Retinal ganglion cells, receptive

fields of, 310 Retinoids, 331 Retinopathy, diabetes and, 362 Retraction, 171, 200 Rh blood groups, 385 Rhodopsin, 309 Rhombencephalon, 243, 243 RIA procedures, materials needed for, 334f

Riboflavin, 46f Ribonuclease, 515 Ribose, 38, 41, 68

Index

Ribosomal RNA_z 21, 80

nucleoli and, 27 Ribosomes, 21 Ribs, 167,176

types of, 156

typical, 159

Rickets, 132,133 (box), 148 Rigor mortis, 189

RNA, 363

information transfer from DNA to,

81

in mammary parenchymal tissue, 538

protein synthesis and, 80-82 structure and function of, 79-80 Robdell, Martin, 370

Rodents

mammary gland development in, 364, 533

mammary growth in, 532

mammary involution in, 551 Rods, 305, 308

structure of, 309

visual information processing and, 310

visual pathway and, 311 Roosters, 578

Root hair plexus, 274, 275f Rostral, 9f, 418

Rotation, 170, 200, 201f

of synovial joints, 170f Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 21, 22, 72, 217, 451, 466, 539

protein synthesis and, 36 Round ligament, 516 Round window, middle ear, 313 rRNA. See Ribosomal RNA r-selection animals, 557 RTKs. See Receptor tyrosine kinases Ruffini's corpuscles, 125f, 137, 276f Ruffini's endings, 269 Rugae, 497

in gallbladder, 517 Rumen, 501, 502, 504

of goat, internal configuration of,

506

Rumenal atrium, of goat, 505 Rumen motility, mixing and eructation sequence of, 506 Ruminants

anatomy of stomach in, 501-502 arrangement of mesenteries in, 486

large, internal structure of heart in,

388

large, multipyramidal kidneys in, 461

mammary buds in, 531 mammary development in, 533, 535

mammary involution in, 551 median aspect of head of, 419 motility of stomach in, 502-504 number of teeth in, 493f uterus in, 563

Ruminant tissue, fatty acid synthesis in, 77

Rumination, 503-504 Ruminoreticular fold, 502

Rump muscles, 207f

R wave, in electrocardiogram, 393

SA. See Segmental artery Saccule, 313

otolithic organs within, 315-316, 320-321

Sacral splanchnic nerves, 285 Sacral vertebrae, 155,155, 155f, 156 Sacroiliac joint, 164, 172 Sacromeres, 113, 114

Sacrotuberous ligament, 172 Sacrum, 163, 164

Saddle joint, 170

Sagittal plane, 8, 9f, 10 Saliva, 491, 512f, 523

functions of, 490-491 Salivary glands, 285, 286, 484,

489-491, 523

in dog, 491

Salmonella, 520

Saltatory conduction, 229, 229 Salt glands, avian, 479

Salt licks, 479 Salts, 43

Salty taste, 299, 300, 301, 317 Sarcolemma, 182

of smooth muscle, 196 Sarcomeres, 118, 183, 183-185

in cardiac muscles, 391 structure of, 114

thick filaments, 183, 184-185 thin filaments, 183, 184 Sarcoplasm, 182

of cardiocytes, 195,196 Sarcoplasmic calcium concentration, increasing, 187

Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 182, 182-183 in cardiac muscle fibers, 391

Sarin, 232 (box)

Satellite cells, 222 Saturated fatty acids, 14 common, 14f

Saturation, 51 Saturation binding, Scatchard plot

and, 332 Saxitoxin, 225 (box) Scala tympani, 313 Scala vestibuli, 313 Scanning electron microscopy, 19 Scapula, 156

bovine, 149, 159

porcine, 159

Scapular cartilage, 156

Scar tissue, 444

Scatchard equation, 332

Scatchard plot, saturation binding and, 332

Scent glands, 127, 137

Schleiden, 41

Schwann, 41

Schwann cells, 116, 117, 217, 218, 222

Scissor mouth, 493f

Sclera, 304

Scleral venous sinus, 304

Scrotum, 574, 575

Seals

lactation strategies in, 553 (box) milk composition and, 531, 545

Seasonal breeding, 564

Sebaceous glands, 101, 126-127,137, 303

Sebum, 126

Secondary active transport, 53

Secondary bacteria, fermentation and, 504

Secondary hyperalgesia, 272

Secondary sensory endings, 278

Secondary Imderfeeding ketosis, 75 Second law of thermodynamics, 57 Second messenger mechanism, 325 Secretin, 500-501, 515, 518

Secretion, digestive tract and, 484

Secretion mechanisms, glandular, 101, 101

Secretory piece, 450

Secretory vesicles, 23, 24

Golgi membranses, rough endoplasmic reticulum and, 22

Sedimentation, airborne particles and, 433

Segmental artery, 461

Segmentation

peristalsis and, 484

in small intestine, 511

Sellarjoint, 170

Sella turcia, 337

Selye, Hans, 357

Semen, sex-sorted, 583

Semen extenders, artificial insemination and, 581

Semicircular canals

crista ampularis and, 316 inner ear, 312

Semicircular ducts, 313

Semilunar valves, 389, 394

Seminal fluid, 568

Seminal plasma, 574, 575

Seminal vesicles, 575

Seminiferous tubules, 575 avian, 580 histology of, 576

Semipermeable membrane, 48

Senger_z P. L._z 564

Sensations, perception vs., 268

Sensory areas, cortex, 247, 247

Sensory cranial nerves, 257

Sensory fibers, types of, 278

Sensory information, nervous system and, 215, 216

Sensory neurons, 220

Sensory (or afferent) division, of peripheral nervous system, 266

Sensory receptors, 268-274, 291 classes of, 268, 291-292 general senses, 268-271 modalities of, 268f structure and function of, 275f-276f

Sensory signals, detection of, 274

Sensory stimuli, detection of, 292

Septic shock, 404

Septum pellucidum, 245

Serosal fluid, 10

Serosa (serous membrane), in digestive tract, 9,12, 485, 486, 486, 487

Serotonergic neurons, 221

Serotonin, 236f, 237f

nociceptors and, 271 synthesis of, 233

Serous glands, 102, 102

Sertoli cells, 575, 576, 577

Serum calcium, in Jersey cows, around time of calving, 356

Serum creatine, GFR and, 473

Sesamoid bones, 139,140,140,

162

Seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 325, 325f

Sexed semen, 582-583

Sexing Technologies, 583

Sexual receptivity, behavioral cues in cattle and, 568

Sharpey's fibers, 140

Shear mouth, 493f

Sheep anatomy of kidneys in, 459-462 bisected preserved kidney of, 460 blood cell numbers in, 379f blood groups in, 385 Cerebroventricles of, 245

EGF receptors in mammary tissue from, 366

length and capacity of parts of digestive tract in, 488f

location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

mammary development during pregnancy in, 534

mammary growth in, 532 number of vertebrae in, 155f

photoperiod and breeding activity in, 348

thyroid histology for, 352

thyroid in, panel view of, 352 Shock, types of, 404, 415 Short bones, 139,140, 140 Shoulder, intrinsic muscles of, 205f Shoulder blade, 156, 158 Shoulder flexion, 201 f

stay apparatus of horse and, 210 Shoulder joint, 171,172 Siberian husky, skull of, 154 Sickle cell anemia, 427 Signal recognition particle, 368 Signal transducers and activators of transcription, 329 Simple epithelium, 91-95 Simple fracture, 147 Simple squamous cells, 91, 92 Simple squamous epithelium cornea, 96

Single-transmembrane receptors, 325, 325f

Single-unit smooth muscle, 115, 196-197, 197

Sinoatrial (SA) node, 391, 392 Sinus hairs, 128

Sinusoidal capillaries, 398 Sinusoids, 516-517

Sirius Red stain, 104 Sirius Red-stained connective tissue, 105

"Sit bones," 164 Skatole, 520 Skeletal muscles, 112-114,118-119, 180-195, 198f

blood vessels and nerves, 181 cardiac muscle, 195

functional characteristics, 196 skeletal muscle cells vs., 196 connective tissues, 180-181 connective tissue sheaths in, 181 contraction of, 185-195, 212 excitation-contraction coupling, 186

isometric versus isotonic contraction, 191-192 length-tension relationships, 189 muscle relaxation or return to resting length, 192

muscle tone, 191 muscle twitch, 190 neuromuscular junction, 185-186

pharmacology of neuromuscular junction, 186

rigor mortis, 189

sliding filament theory, 188-189 summary of, 185, 189 summation, 190-191

treppe, 190 cross section, 112, 113 cross section, high, 113 fibers, 180, 181, 181-182

characteristics of, 195f formation of cells, 181 gross anatomy of, 211 longitudinal, 113 major, 201-210

muscles of the head and neck, 202f

muscles of the pectoral limb and lateral thorax, 204f-206f muscles of the pelvic limb and body wall, 207f-208f

stay apparatus of thoracic limb of horse, 210, 211 metabolism of, 192-195, 212 aerobic mechanism, 193 anaerobic mechanism, 193-194 creatine phosphate, 193 effects of exercise on muscles, 194-195

muscle fatigue and oxygen consumption, 194 microscopic anatomy of, 212 monosynaptic reflexes and, 277-278

myofibrils, 182 sarcomeres, 183-185

thick filaments, 184-185

thin filaments, 184 sarcoplasmic reticulum, 182-183 transmission electron microscope image, 114

Skeletal system, 5, 6, 139

Skeleton, 139,149,175 appendicular, 151,152,156-166, 176

avian, 166-167 axial, 151, 152,152-156,175 chicken, 166

classification of, 151-152, 175-176 primary functions of, 151 types of cartilage in, 151

Skin, 5 biochemical properties of, 130-132 color of, 130-132 as defense mechanism, 443 high-power section of, 97 low-power section of, 97, 123 protection provided by keratinization in, 122 thick, 125

Skin derivatives, 127

Skull, 152-153

bones of, 153f dog, examples of, 154 equine, exploded view of, 154 species differences in, 153-154 suture lines of, 152 of various species, 154

Index

Slaty mutation, 131f, 137

Sleep, 254-257

categories of, 254-255 characteristics of, 254 defined, 254

EEG wave patterns seen during wakefulness and various stages of, 255

Slides

prepared, examining, 86

section preparation, 94

Sliding filaments, 188

Sliding filament theory, 188-189, 212 Slow fibers, 194

Slow oxidative fibers, 194, 195f

Slow waves, 499, 500

Slow-wave sleep, 255

Sma gene, 369

Small intestine, 11, 507-514

absorption in, 513-514, 525

of amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides, 514

of lipids, 514

of monosaccharides, 513-514

of small nutrients in, 513

anatomy of, 507-509, 525 carbohydrate digestion in, 511-512 chemical digestion in, 511, 525 histology of, 509-511, 525 intestinal juices and brush-border enzymes, 511

lipid digestion in, 513, 513 mechanical digestion and motility in, 511,525

nucleic acid digestion in, 513 nutrient absorption in, 513 pancreas, 526

protein digestion in, 512-513 smooth muscle, 116

tissue artifacts, 94

Smell, 273, 297

olfaction: sense of, 297-298 Smooth endoplasmic reticula, 217 Smooth muscle, 112, 115, 116,119, 180, 196-198, 198f

cell, 197

contraction of, 197-198, 213 neural innervation of, 197, 197 small intestine, 116

structure of, 196, 212-213

types of, 196-197, 197

Smurf ubiquitin ligases, 369 Sodium, 43

Sodium chloride, 43

osmotic activity of extracellular fluid and role of, 471

Sodium levels, hypothalamus and, 289

Sodium-potassium ATPase pump, 52-53, 53

Sodium pump hypothesis, 471

Soft palate, 418, 489, 489

Sole, 1335

Solitary nucleus, in medulla oblongata, 254

Somatic afferent nerves, 266

Somatic cell count, of raw milk, 447-448

Somatic cell nuclear transfer, 584

Somatic efferent nerves, 266

Somatic nervous system, 216, 216, 281

neural integration of, 283 organization of, 282 peripheral nerves within, 266 skeletal muscle innervated by, 197 Somatic reflexes, 277, 277 Somatomedin hypothesis, 328, 345-346, 346, 371

Somatosensory system, 268f Somatostatin, 288, 339 Somatotropin, 344-345 Somites, 243

Sorbitol, 362

Sorenson, 581

Sound waves, 313, 320

Sour taste, 299, 300, 301, 317

Sow mouth, 493f

Sows

female reproductive tract in, 563f

lactation curves in, 548

Spallanzani, 581

Spasmodic torticollis, 186 Specialized connective tissues, 106-111

Special senses, 297-321

gustation: sense of taste, 298-301, 316-317

hearing and balance, 311-316, 320-321

olfaction: sense of smell, 297-298, 316

vision, 301-311, 317-320

Special sensory cranial nerves, 257 Specific immunity, 441, 449-453, 455

antibody structure and function, 450-451

B cell selection and antibody secretion, 451

cell-mediated immunity, 451-453

Sperm

avian, 580

Capacitation and, 568

storage, maturation, and delivery of, 577-578

Spermatic cord, 574

Spermatids, 576

Spermatocytes, primary and secondary, 576

Spermatogenesis, 338, 574, 575-577 bull, stage VIII development of, 576

Spermatogonia, 575, 576

Spermatozoa, 568, 569

in birds, 581

freezing of, 581-582

production of, 574

Sperm cells

bovine, tail of, 26

proteins and, 568

S phase, in cell cycle, 30, 31, 31 Spheroid joint, 170

Sphincter of Oddi, 508, 509, 518 Sphingophospholipids, 15 Spicules, 140

Spina bifida, 242, 242

Spinal accessory cranial nerve (XI), 257f

Spinal cavity, 9

Spinal column, 154-156

Spinal cord, 155, 241

cross section of, 259

major ascending and descending pathways of, 260

meningeal layers of, 258 organization of, 258-260, 259, 263 section of, 117

Spinal nerves, 266, 291

Spinal reflexes, 277-281, 293 monosynaptic reflexes, 277-278 stretch reflex, 278

Spindle pole, 25, 31

Spine, 154

Spinothalamic pathway, 272 Splanchnic circulation, 486 Splanchnic nerves, 285

Spleen, 455, 520

Splint bones, 162

Spongy bone, 110, 140, 143, 145 ossification in, 110

Spontaneous ketosis, 75 Squamous cells, 88, 88, 118

SR. See Sarcoplasmic reticulum SRP. See Signal recognition particle Stages, 576

Standing heat, 568

Stapes, 313

Staphylococcus aureus, 444 Starches, 38

STAT5, 329

Static equilibrium, 315

Static phase, in muscle contraction, 279

STATs. See Signal transducers and activators of transcription

Stay apparatus, of thoracic limb of horse, 210, 211, 213

Stearic fatty acid, 14f

Stem cells, 12,12 (box)

pluripotent, 381

Stercobilin, 379, 518

Stereocilia, 99

Stereoisomers, 38

Stemal ribs, 156

Stemebrae_z 156

Stemoccipitalis muscles, of neck, dog and cat, 202f

Stemocephalicus muscles, of neck, 202f

Sternocleidomastoid muscles, 424 Stemocostaljoints, 171

Stemomandibularis muscles, of neck, 202f

Stemomastoid muscles, of neck, 202f Sternum (or breastbone), 156

Steroid hormones, 40 adrenal cortex and synthesis of, 357

mechanism of action for, 330-331 Steroids, 39

Stifle joint, 164, 173, 173

Stimulus, 7, 7

Stimulus intensity, coding of, 229

Stimulus transduction, 274

Stomach, 11, 496-507, 523-524 bird, anatomy of, 507, 507, 525 four regions of, 497 gastric motility and, 499 gastric secretions and, 498-501 horse, 497 monogastric, anatomy of, 496-497 ruminant, 503

anatomy of, 501-502, 524

inside of, 504

motility of, 502-504, 524 ruminant vs. monogastric, 502 secretion of HCI by, 498-499, 499, 500

Storage, liver and, 519

Strabismus, Botox and, 186 Stratified cuboidal epithelium, 89 Stratified epithelium, 95-99 Stratified squamous epithelium keratinized, 97 nonkeratinized, 97

Stratified squamous epithelium cornea, 96

Stratum basale, 122, 136

Stratum comeum, 136

Stratum germinativum, 122

Stratum granulosum, 122, 136

Stratum internum, 134

Stratum lucidum, 122

Stratum medium, 134

Stratum spinosum, 122, 136

Stratum tectorium, 134

Streak canal, 441, 546

dimensions of, 547

Streptokinase, 385

Stress

adrenal glands and, 357, 360 milk ejection reflex and, 342

Stress response, hypothalamus and, 289

Stretch response of muscle spindles to,

279

response of tactile receptors to,

270

Stretch receptors, 430 Stretch reflex, components of, 278,

278

Striae medullares, 251

Striated muscle, 180

Stroke volume, regulation of,

395-396, 412

Stroma, defined, 87

Structural proteins, 182

Structure, function and, 4, 12, 538 STs. See Sexing Technologies S-T segment, in electrocardiogram,

394

Styloid process, 160, 161 Subarachnoid space, 260 Sublingual salivary glands, 286

Sublumbar muscles, 207f

Submental glands, 127, 137 Submucosa, 12, 486, 486, 487

of female reproductive tract, 558, 559

Submucosal plexus, 283, 487 Subscapular fossa, 156 Subscapularis muscle, of shoulder,

205f

Substance P, 288 nociceptors and, 271 pain pathway and, 272

Substantia nigra, 247, 252 Substrate phosphorylation, 62-63, 66 Succinylcholine, 232 (box)

Suckling, variation in intervals, among mammals, 536, 544

Suckling reflex, 277

Sucrose, 38, 39, 511

Suicide bags or sacs, 23

Sulci, 243,244

Summation, 190-191 multiple motor unit summation,

191

wave summation, 190-191 Superficial, 9f Superficial gland (of third eyelid),

303

Superior colliculi, 251, 311

Superior eyelid, 302

Superior lacrimal puncta, 302, 303 Superior mesenteric ganglia, 285 Superior vena cava, 387, 406 Superovulation, 581

Supination, 161, 170, 200, 2011 Suppressor T cells, 442, 452, 453 tissue and cell defense and, 454f

Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 289 Supraglenoid tubercle, 157 Suprahamate process, 157

Supraspinatus muscles, of shoulder, 205f

Supraspinous fossa, 156

Supratrochlear foramen, 158 Surface-acting receptors, major structural classes of, 325f

Surface anatomy, 4

Surface tension, of pure water, 14 Surge (or preovulatory center), 350 Surrogate mother, 584

Sutures, 152

SV. See Stroke volume

Swallowing, 483, 496, 523 stages of, 495-496

Sweat, primary function of, 126

Sweat glands, 101, 125-126, 137 Sweating, 7

Sweet taste, 299, 300, 300, 317

Swine, multipyramidal kidneys in, 461

Sylvian fissure, 244

Sympathetic chain, 285

and pathways, 284

Sympathetic division, of autonomic nervous system, 283, 284, 284-285

Sympathetic nervous system, arterial blood pressure and, 290

Sympathetic varicosities, 283

Symport carriers, 53, 55

Synamic phase, in muscle contraction, 279

Synapses, 218-220

types of, 218-219, 219, 219t

Synaptic bouton, 186, 230

Synaptic cleft, 186, 218, 219

Synaptic knob, 218

Synaptic membrane, 219

Synaptic transmission, 239 chemical transmission, 229-230 electrical transmission, 229 long-term potentiation, 231 modulation of synaptic signal, 230-231

Synarthrotic joints, 168

Synergist, 201 f

Synergistic effect, 338

Syngamy, 569, 570

Synosacrum, 166

Synovial fluid, 169

Synovial joints, 167, 168f, 170-171, 170f

anatomy of, 168-170 classification of, 170 general structure of, 169

Synovial membrane, 168

Synthase, 77

Synthesis reactions, 45

Syrinx, 430

Systemic anatomy, 4

Index

Systemic circulation, 389, 389, 405, 405-406, 410, 415

Systems physiology, 4

Systolic blood pressure, 401

Tactile hairs, 128

Tactile receptors, 268, 269 response of, to stretch, 270

Talus, 165

Tanning process, for leather, 136

Tannins, 136

Tapetum lucidum, 305

Tarsal glands, 301

Tarsal joint, 173

Tarsal plate, 301

Tarsometatarsus, 167

Tarsus (hock), 165,171-174

Tastants, 300

Taste, 273, 297, 299-301, 316, 317 bitter, 300

salty, 301

sour, 301

sweet, 300

umami, 301

Taste buds, 299, 299, 489

Taste pathway, 301

Taste pore, 299

Taxol, 23

T cells, 446

activation of, 453 cell-mediated immunity and, 451-453

Teat cistern, 443, 531, 546

Teat ends, dairy cow, importance of epithelial layer of, 443

Teat injury problems, weather and, 547

Teats, 530, 546

cows, internal structure of, 547 shapes of, 547

skin of, 547

Teat stimulation, Prl secretion after,

349

Technology, tissues, cells, and, 103 (box)

Tectorial membrane, 313

Teeth, 484, 491-494, 523

of dog, 493

of horse, 492

nomenclature for, 493f

number of, in various species, 493f

Telencephalic vesicles, 243, 243

Telencephalon, 243, 243, 249 Telodendria, 218

Telogen phase, in hair growth cycle, 129

Telophase, 32, 33

Tempanic membrane, 313

Temperature, hypothalamus and,

289

Temperature pathway, 273

Temporal bone, 312, 313 Temporalis muscles, of head and neck, 202f

Temporal lobe, brain, 244, 244 Temporal summation, 226 Tendon reflex, 280, 280

Tendons, 181

histology of, 105 Tendon synovial sheath, 170 Teniae coli, 519

Tensor faciae antebrachii muscle, of leg, 206f

Tentorium cerebelli, 260 Teratogenic substances, 573 Teres major muscle, of shoulder, 205f Teres minor muscle, of shoulder,

205f

Terminal arbor, 218

Terminal bouton (synaptic terminal),

218

Terminal cisterna, 183 Testes, 574, 575, 575

avian, 580

Testicular parenchyma, 575 Testosterone, 40, 574, 577

production of, 338 Testosterone secretion, luteinizing hormone and, 350

Tetanus, wave summation and, 191,

191

Tetany, 356

Tetrodotoxins, in puffer fish, 225 Tetroses, 37

TF. See Tissue factor

Thalamus, 249, 249, 262-263

anterior nucleus of, 248 Thalassemia, 427 Theca externa, 565, 567 Theca interna, 565, 567 Theoretical biology, 58 Thermal nociceptors, 271 Thermoreceptor pathway, 273 Thermoreceptors, 268, 272, 273, 292 Thermoregulation, 13 Thick filaments, 183, 184-185, 185

in smooth muscle, 196

Thigh bone, 164

Thigh muscles, 208f Thin filaments, 183, 184

in smooth muscle, 196 Thioesterse II, 77 Third eyelid, 302, 303, 303 Thirst reactions, 472 Thoracic aorta, 406, 407 Thoracic cavity, 9 Thoracic girdle, 156 Thoracic inlet, 156, 420 Thoracic limb, 156-158, 160-163, 171-172, 176

carpal joint, 172

elbow joint, 171 extrinsic muscles of, 204f-205f of horse, stay apparatus of, 210, 211

joints of, 172

shoulder joint, 171 Thoracic vertebrae, 155,155, 155f, 156

Thoracoabdominal cavity, 431 Thoracolumbar division, of autonomic nervous system, 284, 284

Thorax, 156, 176

of different species, 158

lateral, muscles of, 204f-206f lateral of goat, muscles of, 206 Thrombin, 385, 403 Thrombocytes, 111, 383 Thrombolytic agents, 385 Thromboplastin, 384 Thrombopoietin, 382 Thrombosis, 384 Thromboxane A2, 403-403 Thromboxanes, 40 Thrombus, 384 Thymidine, 29, 29, 31

incorporation of, in mammary tissue and IGFBP-3, 365 Thymine, 41, 55 Thymus, 455 Thyroglobulin, 350, 352 Thyroid cartilage, 420 Thyroid gland, 352-355

biological effects of thyroid hormones, 352-355 biosynthesis of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, 352

calcitonin and, 355 histology of, 352 parathyroid hormone and, 355-357

Thyroid hormones, 337 biological effects of, 352-355 galactopoiesis and, 544 heart rate and, 397 iodination of, 353 structures of, 353

Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 338, 350-351

anterior pituitary gland and, 338f Thyroxine (T₄), 354

biosynthesis of, 352 differentiation of tadpoles into frogs and, 353

galactopoietic effect of supplementation with, 355 structure and nomenclature for conversion of, 354

Tibia, of various species, 165 Tibial tarsal bone, 165 Tibia (shin bone), 164 Tibiotarsus, 167

Tidal volume, 425, 431 respiration rate and, 425f

Tight junctions, 4, 99, 100, 118, 570 Tissue factor, 384

Tissues, 4, 5, 5 cells, technology and, 103 (box) composite, 111 connective, 12, 102-111, 118 defined, 87 epithelial, 88-102 immune cells and defense of, 454f kidney, 92, 92 muscle, 111-115, 118 nervous, 115-117 preparation of

for light microscopy, 19

for microscopic examination, 18, 89

for transmission electron microscopy, 19

Tissue structure and organization, 85-119

connective tissue, 102-111 classification of, 103-106 specialized, 106-111 epithelial tissue, 88-102 characteristics of, 89-91 epithelial cell junctions, 99-101 glandular epithelial types, 101-102

simple epithelium, 91-95 stratified epithelium, 95-99 histology and, 88 (box) introductory remarks, 85-86 muscle tissue, 111-115

cardiac muscle, 114-115 skeletal muscle, 112-114 smooth tissue, 115

nervous tissue, 115-117 terminology and definitions, 86-88 Titin, 182,184,192

TLR. See Toll-Iike receptors T lymphocytes, 382, 442 TN. See Transitional nephrons Toll-ILreceptor, 446

Toll-Iike receptors, 446

Tongue, 298, 316-317, 484, 489, 523 of dog, 490

Tonicity, significance of, 49 Tonofilaments, 122

Tonsils, 455, 494 Total pressure, 426

Totipotent blastomeres, 570 Touch, 268,297

TPO. See Thrombopoietin Trabeculae, 140,143, 455 "Tracer" hormones, 331, 335 Trachea, 9, 420^21, 435, 494 of goat, 420 section of cartilage from, 109 Trachealis muscle, 420

Tract, 218

Transamination reactions, 35

Transcription, overview of, 80

Transcription factors, 81

Transcytosis, 54, 146

Transducin, 310

Transferases, 46f

Transfer RNA, 21, 22, 80, 81 Transforming growth factor, 363f Transforming growth factor alpha, 366, 367

Transforming growth factor beta, 368-369, 447

Transgenic animals, 581, 583, 584-586

microinjection and, 584, 584

Transitional epithelium bladder, 98-99, 99

Transitional nephrons, 478

Transition period, 69, 71

Translation, overview of, 80

Transmission electron microscopy, 19 tissue preparation for, 19

Transport mechanisms, 50-54

Transport processes, cells and use of, 50f

Transvaginal ovum recovery, 582

Transverse fracture, 147

Transverse (or T) tubules, 182, 183

Transverse planes, 9, 9f, 10

Transverse tracts, 252

Treppe, 190, 190

TRH, 351

thyroid hormone responses to, 354

Triacylglycerols, 14

Triaxial joint, 170

Tricep reflex, in diagnostics, 282

Triceps brachii, of leg, 205f-206f Tricuspid valve, 387, 391

Trigeminal cranial nerve (V), 252, 257f

Trigeminal lemniscus, 273

Trigeminal pathway, 273

Triglycerides, 14,15, 37, 39, 40, 58,

70

absorption of, in small intestine, 514

availability of fatty acids from, 72-74

synthesis and structure, 14

Triiodoiothyronine (T₃), 68, 331, 352, 354, 355

Triose phosphate, 58

Trioses, 37

Tripeptides, absorption of, in small intestine, 514

Triple bonds, 44

Triplet code, 36

tRNA. See Transfer RNA

Trochlear cranial nerve (IV), 257f

Trochlear notch, 160

Trochoid joint, 170

Trophic hormones, 338

Trophoblast, 570

Tropomyosin, 182, 184

heart contraction and, 393

in smooth muscle, 197

Troponin, 182, 184

"True" ribs, 156

"True" stomach, 501

Trtmk flexion, 201 f

Trtmk lateral flexion, 201f

Trypsin, 515

Trypsinogen, 511, 515

TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone

T tubules, 182, 182,183

in cardiac muscles, 391

Tuber cinereum, 250

Tubercle, of rib, 156

Tuber coxae, 164

Tuberculosis bacilli, 445

Tuberomammillary nucleus, 256

Tuber sacrale, 164

Tubers of dahlias, 472

Tubular structure, 89

Tubulin, polymerization of, 23

Tumor necrosis factor alpha, 446

Tunica albuginea, 560, 575, 575

Tunica externa (or tunic adventitia),

397

Tunica interna (or tunica intima), 93,

397

Tunica media, 93, 397

Tunica vaginalis (visceral tunic), 575,

575

Turkeys, reproduction in, 578

Tusks, 493f

TV. See Tidal volume

T wave, in electrocardiogram, 393,

393

Twins, 570

Tympanic reflex, 258f

Type I alveolar cells, 422

Type I diabetes, 361, 362

Type I fibers, 194

Type II-A fibers, 194

Type II alveolar cells, 422, 424

Type II-B fibers, 194

Type II diabetes, 361, 362 Typtophan, 6

Tyrosinase, melanin synthesis and, 130

Tyrosine, 232

thyroid hormone synthesis and, 352

Tyrosine kinase, 325 Tyrosine-specific protein kinases, examples of, 328

UAA, 81

UAG, 81

Index

Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, 369 Udders, 531

anatomy of, 546-547 medial and lateral suspensory ligaments of, 546, 546

structure of, 546-547

UGA, 81

Ulna, 160,161,167

Ofvariousspecies, 161

Umami taste, 299, 301, 301, 317 Uncinate processes, 167 Unicellular glands, 101 Unilobar kidneys, 462 Unilocular adipocytes, 106 Unipennate fascicle arrangement,

199

Unipennate muscles, 199 Unipolar neurons, 220 Uniport carriers, 51, 52 Uniport transporters, 55 Unipyramidal kidneys, 462

Uracil, 41, 42, 55

Urates, birds and excretion of, 479 Urea, 477

Urea cycle, 79

Ureters, 459, 460, 462, 478 Urethra, 459

Urethral opening, bovine, 561 Uric acid, 477, 479

Uricotelic animals, 477 Uricotelism, 479

Urinary bladder, 459

Urinary filtration, relationship

between molecular weight and properties of selected substances and, 466f Urinary physiology and function, 478-479

avian nitrogen excretion, 479 avian salt glands, 479 Urinary system, 5, 6, 459-481,

480

anatomy of, 459—462 body water reserves and, 12 nephron structure, 462-464 Urination, alcohol and, 469 (box) Urine, 459, 466

pH of, 475

Urine formation

mechanisms of, 464—472

Cormtercurrent mechanisms and medullary osmotic gradient, 468-472

factors affecting filtration,

464- 465

proximal convoluted tubule,

465- 468

Urobilin, 379 Urobilinogen, 379 Urogenital reflexes, 290, 296 Uropygial glands, 127, 135, 137

Urotelic species, 79

Uterine horns, 560, 562

female bovine, 560

Uterine milk, 560

Uterus, 558, 559, 560, 566

bovine, section of, 559

chorion and, 570, 572 types of, 560

Utricle, 313

otolithic organs within, 315-316,

320-321

Uvea, 304

Uvula, 420,489

Vaccinations, 449

Vagina, 558, 559, 563

bovine, 95, 560, 561

Vaginal epithelium, posterior, of

bovine, 559

Vaginal smears, 17

Vagus cranial nerve (X), 254, 257f Vagus nerve, 286, 301, 429, 497,

499

Vallate papillae, 298, 489 Van der Waals forces, 43 Varicosities, sympathetic, 283

Vasa recta, 464, 469 countercurrent exchange in, 470

Vascular endothelial growth factor, 328

Vascular resistance, 401, 414 Vascular shock, 404

Vascular spasm, 383, 409 Vascular tunic (or uvea), 304-305,

317-318

Vas deferens, avian, 580 Vasoactive intestinal peptide, 288,

479

Vasoconstriction, 403 Vasoconstrictor tone, sympathetic,

control of, 290 Vasodilation, 403 Vasopressin, 341, 343 V-ATPase pumps, 466 VCAM-I_z 447

VDML See Voluntary dry matter intake

Vegetable tanning, 136

VEGF. See Vascular endothelial

growth factor

Veins, 387,399,413 cardiac, 390 pulmonary, 404

Venous blood flow, 399

Venous blood return, 401, 414 Ventilation, 426

Ventilation-perfusion coupling, 422 Ventral, 9f

Ventral body cavities, 9

Ventral mesentery, 485

Ventral ramus, 267

Ventral respiratory group, 429 Ventricles, 387-388, 406

of brain, 262

Ventricular systole, in cardiac cycle, 395

Ventrolateral nucleus, of thalamus,

249

Venules, 399

Vermiform appendix, 519

Vermis, 253

Vertebrae, 154

number of, 155f

various, examples of, 155 Vertebral arch, 155 Vertebral body, 155 Vertebral cavity, 9 Vertebral column, 154-156,176

spinal cord in, 155, 258 Vertebral foramen, 155 Very low density (VLDL) density lipoproteins, 40

Vesicles, brain, 243, 243 Vesicular gland, 574 Vesiculation, 569

Vestibular nerve, 316

Vestibular sensory system, 268f Vestibule

of inner ear, 312, 313 of nasal cavity, 418

Vestibulocochlear cranial nerve (VIII), 252,254,313

Vestibulo-Ocular reflex, 258f VFAs. See Volatile fatty acids Vibration detection, 269

Villi, 509, 510

Vinculin, 100

VIP. See Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Visceral afferent nerves, 266

Visceral efferent nerves, 266 Visceral motor zones, of spinal cord, 284

Visceral nervous system, 216 Visceral pericardium, 10

Visceral reflexes, 277, 277, 290, 295-296

Visceral sensory system, hypothalamus and, 289

Visceral serosa, 10

Visceral smooth muscle, 196 Visceroreceptors, 124

Vision, 297, 306-311, 317-320

near and far points of, 307 physiology of, 306-311, 318 accommodation, 307 field of vision, 308 light or dark adaptation, 311 photoreception, 308-311 pupil diameter, 307-308 refraction, 306-307 visual pathway, 311

Visual fields, of eyes, 312

Visual information, retinal processing of, 310-311,319

Visual pathway, 311, 320 Visual pigments, chemistry of,

309-310, 319

Visual sensory system, 268f

Vitamin A, 309

Vitamin D, 40, 324

calcium uptake and, 545 integumentary system and

metabolism of, 132, 132 liver and activation of, 519 metabolism of, 137

Vitamin K, blood clotting and, 384 Vitamins

coenzymes and, 46 liver and storage of, 519

Vitelline block, 569

Vitelline membrane, 580

Vitreous floaters, 306

Vitreous humor, 306

Vocal cords, 420

Volatile fatty acids, 76, 502, 507 Volkmann's canals, 110, 142 Voltage-gated channels, 224-225,

225, 225 (box)

Voluntary dry matter intake, 71 Voluntary muscle, 112

Voluntary striated muscle, 180 Vomiting, 499-500, 524

Vulva, 563

Walruses, lactation strategies in, 553 (box)

Wandering cells, 103

Wandering macrophages, 442

Warm receptors, 272, 273

Waste products

kidneys and excretion of, 473-477 liver and removal of, 519

Water

hydrogen bonds and, 13 physiologically important properties of, 13-14

surface properties of, 14 as tmiversal solvent, 12-14 Water-permeable membrane, 48 Wave of development, 576 Wave summation, 190-191

tetanus and, 191, 191

Waxes, 14

WBCs. See White blood cells Weight-bearing digits, 163 Western blotting, 451 Western blotting, 103 Wet salting process, 136 Whale, location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands in, 530f

White adipose tissue, 106, 107 White blood cells, 111, 376, 377, 380, 408, 442

White matter, 218

of spinal cord, 259 Wilmut, Ian, 583 Windpipe, 420 Wirsung's duct, pancreas, 515 Wishbone, 167

Withdrawal reflex, 277, 280, 281 Wolf teeth, 493f

Wool, prolactin and, 130 Wool production, hair follicles and, 130

Work, energy and capacity for, 58 World War II, British research on milk supply improvement during, 540

Woven bone, 143

Wrinkle reduction, Botox and, 186

XY Inc., 583

Xylene, 17

Yalow, Rosalyn, 333, 334

Yellow bone marrow, 143

Yolk, egg, 578,580

Yolk proteins, 579

Yolk sac, 570

Yorkshire gilts, puberty in, 564

Zinc-finger arrangement, 330

Z-Iine_z sarcomeres and, 183, 184, 185

Zona adherens, 100

Zona block, 569

Zona occludens (tight junction), 99

Zona pellucida, 565, 568, 569, 570

Zona proteins, 568

Zona reticularis, 357

Zonary placentas, 572

Zonation, five regions of, 145 Zone glomerulosa, 357, 358

Zone of calcified cartilage, 145

Zone of hypertrophy, 145

Zone of proliferation, 145

Zone of reserve cartilage, 145

Zone of resorption, 145 Zygomaticus muscles, of head and neck, 202f

Zygote, 569, 570