Index

Page numbers in italic indicate figure and bold indicate table respectively

Abdominal effusion, 202, 203, 419, 433

Abdominal ultrasonography, 350–351

Abdominocentesis, 7, 8, 429

Abundant inflammatory cells, 194

Acinar cells, 186

Acinar pancreatic cells, 205

Acinar pattern, 16, 16–17

Acute leukemias, 125

Acute pancreatitis, 192

cytology, 192, 192, 193

definition, 190

histopathology, 191, 191

prevalence and gross anatomy, 19, 191

ultrasound, 191–192, 192

Acute phase proteins, 22

Acute suppurative pancreatitis, 191

Adenocarcinomas, 325

Adipokines, 26

Adsorption theory, 46

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, 312

Allergic conjunctivitis, 468

Altered cell percentages, 371

Alveolar macrophages, 329, 335, 339, 341

Anaplastic cells, 325

Angiogenesis, 53–54

Anisocytosis, 239

Anisokaryosis, 212, 239

Antigrowth signals, 53

Apocrine cysts, 65

Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA), 81–82, 83

Apoptosis, 48, 53

Asbestos, 45

Aspergillus spp., 324

Astrocytes, 378, 379

Astrocytoma, 394, 396, 396

Atypical hyperplasia, 103

Aural cholesteatoma, 495, 495

Autoimmune skin disease, 73

Azurophil and tertiary granules, 31

Bacterial meningitis, 382

Bacterial overgrowth, 324

Bacterial vaginitis, 40

Bactibilia, 243

Band neutrophil, 30

Basal epithelial cells, 323

Basophils, 34, 34

Benign tumors, 43

Benign versus malignant lesions, 63–64

Bile peritonitis, 423–424, 424

Bile pigment, 215, 215–216

Biliary epithelial cells, 210, 212

Binucleation, 213

Biochemistry analytes, 432–433

Bladder

hyperplasia, 261

inflammation, 260

neoplasia, 260–261

normal, 260

sampling, 259–260

Blood contamination, 13

Body cavity effusions

abdominocentesis, 429

bile peritonitis, 423–424, 424

cases, 439–440

diagnosis, 440–445

handling of samples, 429–430

laboratory evaluation, 430–431, 431–432

leakage of gastric/intestinal contents

lymphoma-associated effusions, 425, 425–426

mast cell tumor, 425, 426–427

neoplastic effusions, 424–425

round cell tumors, 425, 428

management, 440–441

pathophysiology of, 415–417

pericardiocentesis, 429

sarcomas, 425, 428, 429

slides for cytologic evaluation, 433–439, 434–443

thoracocentesis, 428

transudates, 417–423

uroabdomen, 423

Bone

chondrosarcoma, 313

inflammation, 311, 312–314

and muscle, 315–315, 315

normal cytology, 310

osteosarcoma, 311–313

reactive bone, 310, 311–312

sampling, 309–310

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

bone marrow infections, 521–522, 522

contraindications, 505–506, 506

core biopsy processing, 509, 510

cytological features of healthy marrow, 509, 511

erythrocytic cells, 510, 513, 513

granulocytic cells, 510

hematopoietic abnormalities

dyserythropoiesis, 517, 518

erythroid hyperplasia, 515, 515–516

granulocytic hyperplasia, 517–521

indications, 505, 505–506

iron, 513, 515, 515

megakaryocytes, 513, 514

myeloid neoplasia, 522–527, 522–527

non-myeloid neoplasms in bone marrow, 527, 527

sample collection, 506–507

slide preparation, 507–508, 509

Brick inclusions, 213

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

collection techniques and sample preparation and preservation, 327–328

cytology, 350, 350

hemorrhage, 338–340, 340

hypersensitivity, 335–336, 338

inflammation, 333–335, 334–337

insufficient sample, 333

necrosis, 337–338, 340

neoplasia, 338–339, 340

normal cytologic features, 328–329, 329, 330, 332–333

oropharyngeal contamination, 333, 333–335

smear, 355

Calcinosis circumscripta, 66

Cancer

benign tumors, 43

carcinogenesis, 44

biological carcinogenesis, 46

chemical carcinogenesis, 44–45

physical carcinogenesis, 45–46

cell cycle, 47, 47, 47–48

cellular responses to mutagenic injury, 46

comparative oncology, 43

genetic disease, 44

malignant transformation, 48, 49

caregivers, 50, 50

gatekeepers, 49–50

initiation, 48–49

landscaper genes, 50

oncogenes, 50–51, 51

progression, 49

promotion, 49

tumor suppressor genes, 49

pathophysiologic process, 43

programmed cell death, 48, 47

tissue origins of, 43–44

tumor mass heterogeneity

angiogenesis, 53–54

antigrowth signals, 53

apoptosis, 53

cancer stem cell theory, 52–53

clonal selection theory, 52

finite and infinite replicative potential, 53

hallmarks of cancer, 53, 54

self-sufficiency in growth signals, 53

tissue invasion and metastasis, 54

Cancer stem cell theory, 52–53

Canine hepatic aspirate, 240

Canine liver, 211

Carcinogenesis, 44

biological carcinogenesis, 46

chemical carcinogenesis, 44–45

physical carcinogenesis, 45–46

Cardboard carriers, 9

‘Caregiver’ genes, 50, 50

Cell counting

hemocytometer count, 364–365, 365–366

stages, 513

Cell cycle, 47, 47, 47–48

Cell-derived inflammatory mediators, 23–24

eicosanoids, 24, 24

histamine and serotonin, 24

vasoactive amines, 23–24, 24

Cell surface receptors, 48

Cellular response

acute cellular response, 28–30

chronic cellular response, 33–34

Central nervous system (CNS)

altered cell percentages, 371

analysis, 405, 404

astrocytes, 378, 379

astrocytoma, 394, 396, 396

cases, 404–405, 404

cell counting

hemocytometer count, 364–365, 365–366

cerebrospinal fluid analysis, 359

congenital or degenerative lesions, 388–390

contaminants, 370, 371

cytologic sample preparation and evaluation, 366–369, 367, 368–369

cytology description, 408, 408

eosinophilic pleocytosis, 372–373

ependymal cells, 379–380, 381

ependymoma, see Ependymoma

feline infectious peritonitis meningoencephalitis/meningomyelitis, 383, 384, 383

fibrocartilaginous embolus, see Fibrocartilaginous embolus

granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, 384, 386, 385

hemorrhage, 375–376, 376

indications and contraindications, 377–378

infectious agents, 376–377, 376

large mononuclear pleocytosis, 373, 373

lumbar cistern

cerebrospinal fluid handling, 362–363

color, 363–364

laboratory analysis, 363

macroscopic evaluation, 363

meningeal cells, 378–379, 381

meningioma, 391–392, 393

meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology, 384

mixed cell pleocytosis, 373–374, 374

necrotizing leukoencephalitis, 386, 386

necrotizing meningoencephalitis, 386–387, 387

neoplastic cells in cerebrospinal fluid/neoplastic pleocytosis, 377

nervous tissue, 374–375, 374

neuropil, 376, 379

neutrophilic pleocytosis, 372, 372

normal cytologic findings, 378

oligodendrocytes, 378, 379

oligodendroglioma, 395, 397, 398

outcome, 408

pathology of, 380, 382

pleocytosis, 371–372

production and circulation

cerebellomedullary cistern, 361, 361–362

collection technique, 360, 360–361

indications and contraindications, 359–360

protein electrophoresis, 366, 367

protein quantification, 365–366

sampling, 377

small mononuclear/lymphocytic pleocytosis, 373, 373

steroid-responsive meningitis–arteritis, 384, 384, 385

Cerebellomedullary cistern, 361, 361–362

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis, 359

Cerebrovascular accidents/stroke, 387, 387

Ceruminous gland neoplasms, 496–497, 496–497

Chemokines, 26

Chemoreceptor organs, neoplasia, 454–456, 456

Chemotaxis, 29

Chemotherapy, 219

Chondrosarcoma, 313, 314

Choroid plexus, 381

Chronic pancreatitis, 193–194

cytology, 194, 194

definition, 192

histopathology, 193–194, 194–195

prevalence and gross anatomy, 192–193

ultrasound, 194

Chyloabdomen, 422

Chylomicrons, 422

Clonal selection theory, 52

Collection technique, 360, 360–361

Comparative oncology, 43

Conchiformibius spp., 135, 322

Congenital/degenerative lesions, 388–390

Contaminants, 370, 371

Corn starch, 332

Cryptococcus gattii, 325

Cuboidal cells, 232

Cuboidal respiratory epithelial cells, 329

Curschmann’s spirals, 336–337

Cutaneous papilloma (wart), 75, 75

Cutis, 66

Cytobrush/endoscopic brush, 322

Cytocentrifugation concentration techniques, 369

Cytokines, 21, 25

Cytologic description, 38

Cytologic diagnosis, 9

Cytologic samples, 136

Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), 21

Defensins

epithelial cells, 26

mast cells, 26–27

Dental tumors, 144

Dermal and subcutaneous mesenchymal tumors

lipoma, 77, 77

sarcomas, 78–80, 79

soft tissue tumors, 77–78, 78

Desmoplasia, 65–66

Diff-Quik ฎ, 11

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), 73

Ductal cells, 187

Dyserythropoiesis, 517, 518

Ear

cases, 497–498, 497–498

discussion, 498–500, 499–500

infectious inflammation

epithelial neoplasms, 487–489, 487–491

leishmaniasis, 481

Malassezia dermatitis, 480–481

mycobacteriosis, 482, 482–483

round cell neoplasms, 484–487, 485–487

sterile inflammation, 483–484

inflammatory lesions

ear mites, 491, 492

neoplastic and non-neoplastic mass lesions

aural cholesteatoma, 495, 495

ceruminous gland neoplasms, 496–497, 496–497

endolymphatic sac tumor, 497

polyps, 494, 494–495

sampling, 478–480, 479

Eicosanoids, 24, 24

Endocrine pancreas

inflammation, 454

neoplasia, 454, 455

normal endocrine pancreas, 453–454

Endocrine tissues

adrenal gland, 456–457

adrenal gland neoplasia, 457–458

carcinoids (neuroendocrine carcinoma), 458–460

cases, 460, 461

chemoreceptor organs, 454–456, 456

endocrine pancreas, see Endocrine pancreas

management, 461, 461

parathyroid gland, 453

thyroid gland, see Thyroid gland

Endolymphatic sac tumor, 497

Eosinophils, 30, 325, 338, 369

chronic cellular response

lymphoid cells, 33, 33–34

large mononuclear cells, 31–33, 32

Eosinophilic inflammation, 38, 138, 350

granulomatous inflammation, 36, 38

Eosinophilic lymphadenitis, 106, 106

Eosinophilic pleocytosis, 372–373

Ependymal cells, 379–380, 381

Ependymoma

choroid plexus tumors, 396–399, 399

diagnostic findings with, 399

granular cell tumors, 401–402

histiocytic sarcoma, 401, 403

metastatic and invasive neoplasia, 402–404

pituitary tumors, 401

primary central nervous system lymphoma, 399–404, 399

Epidermal inclusion cysts, 64, 64–65

Epithelial cells, 26, 63, 205

Epithelial hyperplasia, 326

Epithelial neoplasms, 287

Epithelial tumors, 291

Epithelioid macrophages, 32

Epulides, 141–142, 142

Erythrocytic cells, 509, 510, 512, 512–513

Erythroid hyperplasia, 515, 515–516

Exocrine pancreatic epithelial cells, 193

Extramedullary hematopoiesis, 107–108, 120, 120–121, 221

Facial swelling, 145, 146

Feline asthma, 353–354

Feline cornea, 471

Feline epithelial mammary neoplasms, 87

Feline fibroadenomatous change, 86–87

Feline hepatic aspirate, 244

Feline infectious peritonitis, 418–419

Feline infectious peritonitis meningoencephalitis/meningomyelitis, 383–384, 383

Feline mammary gland sarcomas, 87

Feline pancreas, 184

Fenestration technique, 3

Fibrinogen

cell-derived inflammatory mediators, 23–24

complement, 23

fibronectins, 22

leukotrienes, 24

prostaglandins and thromboxanes, 24

transferrin and hepsidin, 23

Fibroblasts, 35

Fibrocartilaginous embolus

cystic lesions/hydrocephalus, 389, 390

lysosomal storage diseases, 389–390, 390

neoplasia, 390–391, 392

Fibrocytes, 34, 35

Fibronectins, 22

Fibroplasia, 65–66

Fibrosarcoma, 78–79, 79, 141

Fine needle aspiration (FNA), 1, 150

Fluid analysis, 7

Food and Drug Administration, 45

Free granules, 332

Fungal hyphae, 324

Fungal infection, 324

Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

cases, 175–178, 175–178

epithelial tumors, 152

esophagus, 151, 151

histologic section, 149

hyperplastic lesions, 151–155

infectious causes of enteritis

enteric mast cell tumors, 166–167, 167

epithelial tumors, 163, 163

fungal and ‘pseudofungal’ infections, 169–170, 170–171

fungal gastroenteritis, 160–163, 160–162

hyperplastic lesions, 168, 168

inflammatory lesions, 168–169, 169

intestinal parasites, 170–172, 171, 171–172

large intestine (cecum, colon, and rectum), 167–168, 168

lymphoma, 164–165, 166

mast cell tumors, 174, 175

neoplasms of large intestines, 172, 172

plasma cell tumors, 174, 174

round cell tumors, 173–174

stromal/spindle cell tumors, 163–164, 164, 172–173, 173

viral gastroenteritis, 160, 160

inflammatory lesions, 151–152, 152, 156–159

round cell tumors, 155–156, 155–156

sampling

exfoliative cytology, 150–151

fine needle aspiration, 150

impression smears, 150

small intestine, 156, 156

stomach, 153, 153

stromal/spindle cell tumors, 152–153

tunica mucosa, 149, 150–151

tunica muscularis, 149

tunica serosa/adventitia, 150

tunica submucosa, 149

‘Gatekeeper’ genes, 49–50

Genetic disease, 44

Germ cell tumors, 291, 291

Giant cell macrophages, 337

GIT, see Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

Gland carcinomas, 17

Glycogen accumulation, 214

Goblet cells, 331–332, 336

Granular cell tumor, 143, 143–144

Granulocytic cells, 510

Granulocytic hyperplasia, 517–521

dysgranulopoiesis, 519, 520

dysmegakaryopoiesis, 521

eosinophil hyperplasia, 519

granulocytic hypoplasia, 519

megakaryocyte hyperplasia, 519–521

megakaryocyte hypoplasia, 521

neutrophil hyperplasia, 518–519

Granulomatous inflammation, 35, 38

Granulomatous lymphadenitis, 106–107, 106–109

Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, 384, 385, 386

Helicobacter pylori, 46

Hemangiosarcoma, 80, 82

Hemarthrosis

inflammation (myositis), 308

normal cytology, 308

skeletal muscle, 308

tumors of the joint, 307–308, 308

Hematoceles, 291

Hematopoietic neoplasia, 122

Hemocytometer count, 362–363, 363–364

Hemorrhage, 62, 323, 338, 339, 375–376, 376

Hemorrhagic effusions, 420–421, 420–421

Hemosiderin/hematoidin, 218, 218

Hepatic copper accumulation, 216

Hepatic sinuses, 228

Hepatocytes, 210–212, 211–212

Hepsidin, 23

Histamine, 24

Histiocytes, 68–70, 69

Histiocytic disorders, 124, 124–125

Histiocytic neoplasms, 89–90

cutaneous langerhans cell histiocytosis, 89

feline progressive histiocytosis, 90

histiocytoma, 89–90, 90

Hodgkin-like lymphoma, 113–114, 116

Hydroceles, 291

Hydropic degeneration, 214

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), 24–25

Hyperplasia, 261, 326

Hyperplastic lesions

gastric neoplasms, 153–154, 155

inflammatory lesions, 153, 154

stromal/spindle cell tumors, 154–155

Hyperplastic lobules, 189

Hyperplastic nodules, 189

Hyperplastic respiratory epithelium, 338

Hypersegmented neutrophils, 30

Hypersensitivity, 342

Hypervirulent calicivirus, 191

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), 515

Immunocytochemical staining, 12

Immunophenotyping, 100–101, 101

Infectious agents, 376–377, 376

Infectious gastritis, 153, 154

Infertility, 290

Inflammation, 260, 290–291, 311, 312–314, 334–335, 341, 342

adipokines, 26

basophils, 34

cellular response, 28–30, 29

chemokines, 26

classification of, 35, 35, 37

cytokines, 25

defensins, 26–27

eosinophilic inflammation, 35–36, 38–39

eosinophils

chronic cellular response, 33, 33–34

large mononuclear cells, 31–33, 32

fibrinogen

cell-derived inflammatory mediators, 23–24

complement, 23

fibronectins, 22

leukotrienes, 24

prostaglandins and thromboxanes, 24

transferrin and hepsidin, 23

fibrocytes, 34

hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, 24–25

interferons, 25

interleukins, 25–26

lipoxins, 24

lysosomal enzymes, 26

neoplasia, 256–259, 257–258

neutrophils, 30, 30–31

plasma-derived inflammatory mediators

acute phase proteins, 22

kinins, 21–22

platelets, 27

renal abnormalities, 259

resolution, 34–35

vascular response, 27–28

Inflammatory cells, 19

Inflammatory lesions, 19

bacterial and fungal infections, 491–492, 492

Injection-site sarcoma, 80

Interferons, 25

Interleukins, 25, 25–26

Intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, 213

Iron, 513, 515, 515

Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), 29

Juvenile cellulitis, 465

Karyomegaly, 63

Keloid fibroma/fibrosarcoma, 78

Keratin debris and inflammation, 19

Keratinization, 135

Keratohyalin granules, 59

Kinins, 21–22

Kupffer cells, 27

Landscaper genes, 50

Large granular lymphocyte lymphoma, 113, 115

Leukocytes, 330, 331

Leukotrienes, 24

Lingual melanoma, 3

Lipoma, 77, 77

Liposarcoma, 79, 79

Lipoxins, 24

Liver cytology

abnormal cytologic findings

anisokaryosis, 213–214

binucleation, 213

cytoplasmic changes, 214

intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, 213, 213

nuclear changes, 212–213, 213

cases, 243–244

ceroid, 215–216

copper, 216, 218

cystic hyperplasia of biliary system, 220, 220

amyloid, 220, 221

extramedullary hematopoiesis, 221–222

fibroplasia, 222–223, 223

inflammatory processes, 224–225

necrosis, 222, 222

cytologic description, 250–252

cytologic interpretation, 244–248

diagnostics, 249–250

eosinophilic inflammation, 226–230, 227

epithelial tumors, 238

function and organ architecture, 210, 211

gallbladder fluid, 239, 241–243, 241–243

histiocytic sarcoma, 235, 236, 237

hyperplasia, 217, 218, 218, 219

lipid, 214–215, 215

lipofuscin, 215, 217

lymphocytic and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, 226, 227

mast cell tumor, 236, 236

mesenchymal tumors, 239, 240

mixed inflammation, 225, 226

myelolipoma, 232

naked nuclei tumors, 239, 241

neuroendocrine tumors, 232

nonlymphoid leukemia, 233, 235

normal cytologic findings, 210, 212, 211

outcome, 244–246

pigmentary changes, 215, 215–216

plasmacytoma/multiple myeloma, 237–238

round cell origin tumors

lymphoma/leukemia, 232–233, 232–235

sampling

efficacy, 210

indications and contraindications, 209

technique, 209–210, 210

suppurative inflammation, 224–225, 225

Lumbar cistern

cerebrospinal fluid handling, 362–363

color, 363–364

laboratory analysis, 363

macroscopic evaluation, 363

Lumbar tap, 362

Lung parenchyma

collection techniques and sample preparation, 339–341

normal cytologic features, 341, 341

Lymphadenitis, 105

Lymphangiosarcoma, 80, 82

Lymph node hyperplasia, 102–104, 103

Lymphocytes, 71, 71

Lymphocytic inflammation, 39

Lymphoid reactivity, 104–105, 105

Lymphoid tissues, 136–137

cases, 126–132, 127–132

immunophenotyping, 100–101, 101

indications for sampling, 99

lymphoma, 122–123, 123

lymphoma subtypes, with distinctive cytologic morphology

Hodgkin-like lymphoma, 113–114, 116

large granular lymphocyte lymphoma, 113, 115

metastatic neoplasia, 116–119, 118

T-zone lymphoma, 114, 116

microbiology

classification of lymphoma, 109–113

cytological criteria, 113, 116

eosinophilic lymphadenitis, 106, 106

extramedullary hematopoiesis, 107–108

granulomatous lymphadenitis, 106–107, 106–109

lymphadenitis, 105

lymph node hyperplasia, 102–104, 103

lymphoid reactivity, 104–105, 105

lymphoma, 108–109

neutrophilic lymphadenitis, 105, 105–106

normal anatomy and cytology, 101–102, 102, 103

plasma cell tumors

acute leukemias, 125

histiocytic disorders, 124, 124–125

mast cell tumors, 124–125

thymus, 125–126, 126

sample stability, 99–100, 100

sampling techniques, 99

spleen

cytologic features, 119

extramedullary hematopoiesis, 120, 120–121

hematopoietic neoplasia, 122

indications for sampling, 119

non-hematopoietic neoplasia, 121–122, 122

normal anatomy and cytology, 119–120

sampling, 119

splenitis, 121, 122

Lymphoma, 87–88, 108–113, 122–123, 123, 316

Lymphoma-associated effusions, 425, 425–426

Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, 39

Lymphorrhagic effusion, 421–423, 422–423

Lysosomal enzymes, 26

Macrophages, 68–69, 69

Malignant insulinoma, 199, 200

Malignant transformation, 48, 49

caregivers, 50, 50

gatekeepers, 49–50

initiation, 48–49

landscaper genes, 50

oncogenes, 50–51, 51

progression, 49

promotion, 49

tumor suppressor genes, 49

Mammary cyst (mammary duct ectasia), 65

Mammary glands, 61, 61, 62

Mammary masses, 84–87, 84–87

canine mammary masses

canine epithelial and complex mammary neoplasms, 84–85, 84, 85

canine mammary gland sarcomas, 85–86

canine mixed mammary tumors, 85, 85–88

feline mammary lesions, 86

Mannose-binding lectin pathway, 23

Mast cells, 26–27

Mast cell tumor, 88, 88–89, 124–125, 144, 425, 426

Megakaryocytes, 513, 514

Melanomas, 91, 92, 139–140, 142

Meningeal cells, 378–379, 381

Meningioma, 391–392, 393, 394

Mesenchymal cells, 17, 63

Mesenchymal growth factors, 26

Mesothelial cells, 187

Metastatic lung tumor, 350–353

Metastatic mammary carcinoma, 212

Metastatic neoplasia, 116–119, 118

Metastatic neoplasms, 237, 238

Microbiologic cultures, 432

Mixed cell pleocytosis, 373–374, 374

Mixed inflammation, 71–72, 72

Mixed pleocytosis, 374

Monocytes, 31, 32

Mononuclear inflammation, 307, 308

Mucus, 329

Multinucleated giant cell, 33

Musculoskeletal cytology

bone

chondrosarcoma, 313

inflammation, 311, 312–314

normal cytology, 310

osteosarcoma, 311–313

reactive bone, 310, 311–312

sampling, 309–310

cases, 316

diagnosis, 316, 316–317

discussion, 317–318

fibrosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma

bone and muscle, 315–316, 316

hemarthrosis

inflammation (myositis), 308

normal cytology, 308

skeletal muscle, 308

tumors of the joint, 307–308, 308

mononuclear inflammation, 307, 308

noninfectious disease, 306–307, 307

suppurative inflammation, 305–306, 306

synovial fluid

analysis, 304–305

inflammatory arthritides, 305

sampling, 303–304

tumors of skeletal muscle, 309

Myelofibrosis, 509

Myeloid neoplasia, 522–527, 522–527

Myelolipoma, 232

Myxosarcoma, 78–79, 79

Nasal adenocarcinoma, 325, 326

Nasal bacterial infection, 323

Nasal cavity

collection techniques and sample preparation, 321–322

inflammation of

infectious, 323–325, 324–325

neoplasia of, 325–327, 326–327

noninfectious, 325

normal cytology of, 322–323, 322–323

Nasal cryptococcosis, 324, 325

Nasal respiratory epithelial cells, 323

Nasal tumor, 348

National Cancer Institute, 44

Necrosis, 100, 340, 342–348

Necrotizing leukoencephalitis, 386, 386

Necrotizing meningoencephalitis, 386, 387

Neoplasia, 260–261, 291, 342–347, 342–347

epulides, 141–142, 142

granular cell tumor, 143, 143–144

mast cell tumor, 144

melanoma, 139–141

plasma cell tumors, 144

transmissible venereal tumors, 144

viral papillomatosis, 142–143, 143

Neoplastic effusions, 424–425

Neoplastic plasma cells, 316

Neoplastic round cells, 233

Neoplastic tissue, 195

Nervous tissue, 44, 374

Neuroendocrine tumors, 232

Neuropil, 378, 379

Neutrophilic inflammation, 137, 203, 324

Neutrophilic lymphadenitis, 105, 105–106

Neutrophilic pleocytosis, 372, 372

Neutrophils, 30–31, 30–31, 67–68, 67–68, 322

and macrophages, 70, 70–71

New methylene blue (NMB), 12

Noncellular debris, 371

Non-hematopoietic neoplasia, 121–122

Noninfectious disease, 306–307

Noninfectious lesions, 492–494

Non-regenerative immune-mediated anemia (NRIMA), 516

Nonseptic exudates, 418

Ocular cytology

cases, 474–475

cornea, 470–472, 471–472

eyelids, 465

inflammation, 465–469, 468–469

intraocular structures, 472–473, 473, 474

neoplasia, 466–467, 466, 467, 469, 469–470

nictitating membrane, 470

retrobulbar space, 473–474

sclera, 470

Oligodendrocytes, 378–379, 379

Oligodendroglioma, 395, 397, 398

Oncogenes, 50–51, 51

Oral cavity cytology

cases, 145–147, 145–147

inflammation, 137–139, 138, 139

neoplasia

epulides, 141–142, 142

granular cell tumor, 143, 143–144

mast cell tumor, 144

melanoma, 139–140, 142

plasma cell tumors, 144

transmissible venereal tumors, 144

viral papillomatosis, 142–143, 143

‘normal’ findings, 135–137, 136–137

Oropharyngeal contamination, 322, 333–334

Osteosarcoma, 79–80, 81, 311–313, 314, 327

Oxidative stress theory, 46

Pancreas

acute pancreatitis, see Acute pancreatitis

cases, 200–206, 200–206

chronic pancreatitis, see Chronic pancreatitis

endocrine pancreatic tumors

cytology, 198–199

definition and prevalence, 198

gross anatomy and histopathology, 198, 199

ultrasound, 198, 200

exocrine pancreatic adenoma

cytology, 195

definition and prevalence, 194–195

gross anatomy, 195

histopathology, 195

exocrine pancreatic carcinoma

cytology, 196–198, 197–198

definition and prevalence, 195

gross anatomy, 195

histopathology, 195–196, 196

ultrasound, 196, 196

hyperplasia of

cytology, 189–190, 190

description, 188, 188–189

histopathology, 189, 189, 190

ultrasound, 189

non-epithelial tumors, 199

normal pancreas structure

anatomy, 183

cytology, 186, 186–187

histology, 183–184, 183–184

ultrasound, 185

ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (US FNA), 185–186

pancreatic cystic lesions

cytology, 188

pathogenesis and description, 187–188, 188

ultrasound, 188

pancreatitis, 190

secondary tumors, 200

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 196–198

Pancreatic enlargement, 201

Pancreatic lymphoma, 201

Papanicolaou stain, 11–12

Parasitic infections, 227, 228

Pavement pattern, 15, 15

Pemphigus foliaceus, 74

Penicillium spp., 324

Perianal gland adenoma, 18

Perianal gland tumors, 81, 83

Pericardiocentesis, 429

Plasma cells, 34, 369

hyperplasia, 104

neoplasia, 316

tumor, 88, 144

Plasma-derived inflammatory mediators

acute phase proteins, 22

kinins, 21–22

Platelets

activating factor, 25

resident histiocytes, 27

Pleocytosis, 371–374

Polychromatophilic erythrocytes, 512

Polygonal cells, 211

Polygonal epithelial cells, 18

Polyps, 494, 494–495

Pre-cursor-targeted immune-mediated anemia (PIMA), 516

Primary lung neoplasia, 340

Programmed cell death, 46, 48, 48

Proinflammatory mediators, 21

Prostaglandins, 24

Prostaglandins and thromboxanes, 24

Protein electrophoresis, 366, 367

Protein quantification, 365–366

Pseudochylous effusions, 423

Pulmonary neoplasia, 355

Pyknotic cells, 37

Pyogranulomatous inflammation, 36, 39

Reactive bone, 310, 311–312

Reactive histiocytoses, 69–70

Reactive oxygen species, 25

Renal cytology and urinalysis

bladder

hyperplasia, 261

inflammation, 260

neoplasia, 260–261

normal, 260

sampling, 259–260

cases, 275–278

inflammation

neoplasia, 256–259, 257–258

renal abnormalities, 259

normal, 255, 255, 256

sampling, 255

ureters and urethra, 271, 275

urinary sediment

casts, 265–266

cells, 263–266

crystals, 266–268, 271

elements, 270–271, 274–275

normal findings, 263

organisms, 268, 270, 271–273

Reproductive system

female reproductive system

adenocarcinoma, 283–284, 284–285

anestrus, 280, 281

cystic structures, 287, 287

cytology of ovarian tissue, 286–287, 286–287

cytology of uterus, 284–286, 286

diestrus, 280, 282

estrus, 279–280, 281

estrus stages, 279–280, 280, 281

fibroma, 283, 285

germ cell tumors, 288

inflammation, 281–283, 283–284

sex cord stromal tumors, 287–288

male reproductive system

cases, 296–298, 299

cytologic description, 299

cytologic interpretation, 299–300, 300

penis and prepuce, 295–296, 296, 297

prostate, 291, 293–295, 294

scrotum, 296, 298

semen analysis, 288, 288–289

semen collection and storage, 288–289

squamous cell carcinoma, 296, 297

testes, 289–291, 290–292

Resident histiocytes, 27

Respiratory epithelial cell, 323, 329, 341

Respiratory tract cytology

abdominal ultrasonography, 350–351

bronchoalveolar lavage cytology, 350, 350

cases, 348–356, 348

cytologic examination

abdominal fluid, 351, 351

cytology of BAL fluid, 354–356

follow up/outcome, 352

gastric wall, 351–352, 351

liver, 352, 352

lung, 352, 352

physical examination and minimum database, 353

thoracic radiography, 353

cytologic interpretation

hypersensitivity, 342

inflammation, 341, 342

neoplasia, 342–347, 342–347

cytology of nasal mass, 348, 348

lung parenchyma, see Lung parenchyma

nasal cavity, see Nasal cavity

transtracheal wash (TTW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

collection techniques and sample preparation and preservation, 327–328

hemorrhage, 338–340, 339–340

hypersensitivity, 335–336, 338

inflammation, 333–335, 334–338

insufficient sample, 333

necrosis, 337–338, 340

neoplasia, 338–339, 340

normal cytologic features, 328–332, 329, 330, 332–333

oropharyngeal contamination, 333, 334–335

Rodent ulcers, 138

Romanowsky stains, 9–10, 11

Round cell tumors, 425, 428

histiocytic neoplasms, 89–90

lymphoma, 87–88

mast cell tumor, 88, 88–89

plasma cell tumor, 88

transmissible venereal tumor, 90–91

Rubricytes, 512

Salivary glands, 136

Sample acquisition

cytologic evaluation

acinar pattern, 16, 16–17

blood contamination, 13

collagen, 14

complex tissues, 17–18, 18–19

exfoliate cytology, 14

higher magnifications, 13

honeycomb and palisade patterns, 16, 15

low-power evaluation, 13

parent tissue architecture, 15

pavement pattern, 15, 15

supporting stroma, 17, 17

equipment needed, 1, 1

fenestration vs. aspiration, 3, 3–4, 4

impression smears, 5, 7, 8

intra-abdominal/intrathoracic fluids, 7–8, 8

slide submission, 8–9

smearing, 4–5, 5–9

staining of slides

additional techniques for immunostaining, 12

new methylene blue (NMB), 12

Papanicolaou stains, 11–12

Romanowsky stains, 9–11, 11

techniques for, 1–4, 2–3

Sampling, 309–310

Sarcomas, 78–80, 79, 425, 428, 429

Scattered neutrophils, 471

Schistosoma haematobium, 46

Sebaceous duct cysts, 65

Sebaceous glands, 61

Sebaceous gland tumors, 80, 82

Segmented neutrophil, 30

Serotonin, 24

Sex cord stromal tumors, 291, 291–292

Sialoceles, 65

Skeletal muscle, 309

Skin and subcutaneous tissue

benign versus malignant lesions, 63–64

cases, 91–95

cysts, 63–65, 64–65

cytologic appearance of lesions in, 61–63, 62–63

dermal and subcutaneous mesenchymal tumors

lipoma, 77, 77

sarcomas, 78–80, 79

soft tissue tumors, 77, 78

dermatologic cytology, 72–74, 73–74

dermis and adnexal structures, 60

eosinophils, 71, 71

epidermal and follicular tumors

basal epithelial cells, 74–75

squamous cell carcinoma, 75, 76

squamous epithelial cells, 75, 75

epidermis, 59–60, 60

glandular structures, 61

histiocytes, 68–70, 69

lymphocytes, 71, 71

melanomas, 91, 92

mixed inflammation, 71–72, 72

neutrophils and macrophages, 67–68, 67–68, 70, 70–71

round cell tumors

histiocytic neoplasms, 89–90

lymphoma, 87–88

mast cell tumor, 88, 88–89

plasma cell tumor, 88

transmissible venereal tumor, 90–91

subcutaneous structures, 60

tissue injury, 65–67, 66–67

tumors of glandular structures

apocrine gland tumors, 81–82, 83

mammary masses, 84–87, 84–87

perianal gland tumors, 81, 83

sebaceous gland tumors, 80, 82

Small-cell lymphomas, 87

Small mononuclear/lymphocytic pleocytosis, 373, 373

Soft tissue tumors, 77, 78

Splenitis, 121, 122

Squamous cell carcinoma, 75, 76, 326

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 315

Squamous metaplasia, 326

Steroid-responsive meningitis–arteritis, 384, 385, 385

Stomatitis, 137

Subcutaneous mandibular mass, 40

Subcutaneous mass, 10

Subcutaneous structures, 60

Sublingual mass, 147

Suppurative inflammation, 35, 36, 306–307, 307

Surface epithelial cells, 368

Sweat glands, 61

Synovial fluid

analysis, 304–305

inflammatory arthritides, 305

sampling, 303–304

Syringe-attached fenestration technique, 1

Systemic lupus erythematosus, 73

Thoracocentesis, 7, 428–429

Thromboxanes, 24

Thymus, 125–126, 126

Thyroid carcinomas, 17

Thyroid gland

inflammation, 449

neoplasia, 449–452, 450, 451

normal thyroid gland, 449

thyroid cysts, 452

thyroid goiters, 452–453

Tissue injury, 65–67, 66–67

Tissue invasion and metastasis, 54

Tissue macrophage, 32

Tonsils, 137

Transferrin, 23

Transmissible venereal tumor, 90–91, 144, 145

Transtracheal wash (TTW)

collection techniques and sample preparation and preservation, 327–328

hemorrhage, 338–340, 339–340

hypersensitivity, 335–336, 338

inflammation, 333–335, 334, 334–338

insufficient sample, 333

necrosis, 337–338, 340

neoplasia, 338–339, 340

normal cytologic features, 328–332, 329, 330, 331, 333, 333–334

oropharyngeal contamination, 333, 334–335

Transudates, 417–423

Transudation, 415

Tumor initiation, 48–49

Tumor mass heterogeneity

angiogenesis, 53–54

antigrowth signals, 53

apoptosis, 53

cancer stem cell theory, 52–53

clonal selection theory, 52

finite and infinite replicative potential, 53

hallmarks of cancer, 53, 54

self-sufficiency in growth signals, 53

tissue invasion and metastasis, 54

Tumor necrosis factors, 26

Tumor progression, 49

Tumor promotion, 49

Tumor suppressor genes, 49

Tunica mucosa, 149, 150–151

Tunica muscularis, 149

Tunica serosa/adventitia, 150

Tunica submucosa, 149

T-zone lymphoma, 114–116

Ultrafast Papanicololaou staining protocol, 11

Urinary sediment

casts, 265–266

cells, 263–266

crystals, 266–268, 271

elements, 270–271, 274–275

normal findings, 263

organisms, 268, 270, 271–273

Uroabdomen, 423

Vascular response, 27–28

Vasoactive amines, 23–24, 24

Ventral recumbency, 7

Viral papillomatosis, 142–143, 143

World Health Organization (WHO) classification system, 140

Yeast and fungal organisms, 270, 277–278

Zeis, 465, 466

Ziehl–Neelsen stain, 107, 109, 482