Index

A bands, 218-219

Abdomen, organs of, 8

Abdominal cavity, 8/, 392

Abdominal incisions, 216b

Abdominal muscles, expiration and, 374

Abdominal skeletal muscles, 214-215 Abduction, 206, 207/-208/

Abductor muscle, 215

Abomasum, 397-398

Absolute refractory period, 234 Absorption, 79-88

Absorptive cell, 112

Accommodation, 268

Acetabulum, 200

Acetylcholine, 220, 237, 394

Acetylcholinesterase, 238

Achilles tendon, 216

Acid-base balance, 363

Acidity, 28

Acids

as inorganic compounds, 28-30, 30b,

30/

neutralization of, 28

Acinar gland, 117

Acquired resistance, 336

Acrodont teeth, 552, 553/

Acromegaly, 280b

Acrosome, 469-471, 488-489

Actin, 140, 218, 219/

Actin filament, 219/

Action potential, 232, 235/

Activation energy, 25, 433

Active immunity, 334-335

Active membrane processes, 83-88

Active site, 95, 433

Active transport, 79t-80t, 80/, 83-85, 84b,

435

Adaptive immune system, 318, 318/, 329-334, 331/

cell-mediated, 333/, 334, 335/

humoral immunity, 331-334, 333/ Addison's disease, 286b Adduction, 206, 207/-208/ Adductor muscles, 215

Adenohypophysis, 280

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 43-44

ATP conversion to, 44/, 435/ catabolism and, 430

muscle contraction process and,

222

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP),

Adenosine triphosphate (AIP)

muscle contraction process and, 220

rigor mortis and, 223b

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 32t, 42-44, 44b

catabolism and, 430

conversion to ADP, 44/, 435/ formation of, 430 glucose and, 419 oxygen and, 438 structure of, 43/ synthesis of, 439-440 Adhesions, 133-134 Adipocytes, 121-122 Adipose cells, 121-122 Adipose connective tissue, 119-120, 131/, 131t-132t

Adipose tissue, 123-124, 124/

as thermoinsulator, 149 Adrenal cortex, 285-287

target and action of, 275t-276t Adrenal glands

characteristics of, 285-287 cross-section of cortex and medulla, 285/ of dog, 285/ of reptiles, 560

Adrenal medulla, 285, 287

target and action of, 275t-276t Adrenaline, 247

Adrenergic neurons, 247 Adrenergic receptors, 247, 247/ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 281 Aerobic metabolism, 222

Aerobic respiration, 435, 438 Afferent glomerular arterioles, 452 Afferent nerve fiber, 231 Afferent processes, 229 Afterbirth, 492b, 496/ Aglyphous snakes, 552-553 Agranulocytes, 298, 310-311 Air sacs, 533/, 534

Airflow, in avian respiratory system, 534-535, 534/

Albumin, 442-443

Aldosterone, 286-287, 449 Alkalinity, 28

Alkylating agent, 100 All or none rule, 423 All-or-nothing principle, 221-222, 233-234 Allantoic sac, 492

Allantois, 492

Allergic reactions, 336-337

Allergies, 162b Alopecia, 280b

mange and, 153b-154b

Alpha cells, 287

Alpha helix, 39 Alpha keratin, 543-544 Alpha₁-adrenergic receptors, 247

Altricial chicks, 539

Alula bone, 512-513 Aluminum, as major element, 15t Alveolar duct, 368, 497

Alveolar gland, 117, 118/ Alveolar sacs, 368, 368/-369/ Alveoli, 368-369, 369/, 497

exchange of gases in, 374, 375/

Amine group (-NH₂), 443 Amino acid, 12-13, 37, 42b

absorption of, 411-412 active transport in, 83-84 in cancer cells, 101 chain of, 396 essential, 423 nonessential, 423 protein formation, 37 structure of, 38/

Amino group, 37, 424/

Ammonia, conversion to urea, 443

Amnion, 492

Amniotic sac, 492

Amoeboid motion, 86-87 Amphiarthroses, 204-205 Amphibians

anatomy and physiology of, 541-565, 541/ cardiovascular system of, 547-549, 549b cloaca of, 554-555, 557/ ears and hearing of, 551, 551b endocrine system of, 560 gastrointestinal tract of, 551-554, 554b integument of, 543-545, 545b internal anatomy of, 557/ kidneys of, 555-556, 557b metabolism of, 542-543, 543b musculoskeletal system of, 561-563, 563b nervous system of, 561 reproduction of, 559-560, 559/, 560b respiratory system of, 549-551 taxonomy of, 542, 542t, 543b vision of, 545-546

Amplexus, 560

Ampulla, 264, 265/, 474 Amylase, 387

Amyloid, 136b

Anabolic metabolism, 430, 430b

Anabolic steroid drugs, 289b Anabolism, 31-33, 430 of protein, 443, 444b

Anabolism, growth hormone and, 280 Anaerobic glycolysis, 435

Anaerobic metabolism, 222

Anaerobic respiration, 430

carbohydrate metabolism and, 436/ glycolysis and, 437-438

Anagen phase, 159

Note: Page numbers followed by “/ ” refer to illustrations; page numbers followed by “t” refer to tables; page numbers followed by “b” refer to boxes.

Anal sacs, 163

Analgesia, 257b

Anaphase, 91

Anapsid skulls, 561-562, 561/

Anatomy

approaches to, 2

study of, 2, 3b

Anconeal process, 194

ununited, in dog, 195b

Androgens, 287, 469

Anemia, 300-301

iron deficiency and, 16b, 16/

kidney failure and, 289

Anesthesia, 235b, 257b

Anestrus, 484

Angle, of sole, 166

Animal body

elements in, 15t

metabolic acidosis, 30b

protein function in, 423

study of, 2

Anion, 74

chloride as, 21-23

Anisocytosis, 302

Anisodactyl, 513

Antagonist, 213

Antebrachium, 194

Anterior chamber, 267, 268/

Anterior pituitary gland, 275t-276t, 278, 280-281

Antibody, 331

in colostrum, 499

epitope of, 310

as protective protein, 442-443

Antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions (AMCR), 337

Anticlinal vertebra, 192b

Anticoagulant, 294-295, 294b

Anticodon, 95

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 279, 281-282,

449

Antigen, 318

processing of, 335/

Antigen-antibody complex, 310

Antigen presenting cells (APCs), 329, 330/, 334

Antimetabolite, 100

Antioxidants, 428

Antiparasitic drug, 237-238

Antiport system, 83-84, 86/

Antrum, 394, 480-481

Anus, 412

Aorta, 342-343, 352

Aortic valve, 343

Apical surface, 106

Apocrine gland, 117-118, 119/

Apocrine sweat glands, 163, 163/

Aponeuroses, 212

Apoptosis, 324-327, 326/, 328/

Appendicular skeleton, 180, 193-203, 199b

avian, 512-513

Appendicular skeleton, of reptiles and amphibians, 562-563

Apteria, 507

Aqueous compartment, 267

Aqueous humor, 267, 268/, 270

Arachidonic acids, 421-423

Arachnoid mater, 240-241, 240/

Archaebacteria, 13

Areolar connective tissue, 120/, 123/, 131/ Areolar tissue, 122-123

Arrector pili muscles, 161-162

Arteries, 339, 352-353

anatomy of, 353/

of cat, 354/

umbilical, 492

Arterioles, 353

Arthrodial joints, 206-209

Articular cartilage, 127, 179-180

Articular surfaces, 179-180

Artificial kidney, 84b

Arytenoid cartilages, 365

Ascites, 83, 133, 426b

Asparaginase, 101

Aspiration pneumonia, 367b, 390b Asternal ribs, 192-193

Asthma, 369b

Ataxia, 192b

Atlas, 182, 190

Atmosphere, 13

Atmospheric air, 374

Atmospheric pressure, 261

Atoms, 15-18

electron shells, 18/

elements of, 13-18

Atomic bonds, 435

Atomic force microscopy, 49-51, 52/

Atomic models, 17/

Atomic nucleus, 15-16

Atomic number, 17

Atomic weight, 15-16

Atopy, in feline, 162b, 162/

ATP synthetase, 439/

Atria, 342

Atrioventricular node (AV node), 348-349 Atrioventricular septum, 342-343 Atrioventricular valves (AV valves), 343 Atrophy, 219, 290

Auditory sense, 258

Auditory tube.

see Eustachian tube

Aural abscesses, 551b, 551/

Auricles, 342

Auriculars, 506

Auscultation, of reptiles, 548 Autoimmune diseases, 315b

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), 315b

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP), 337 Autolysis, 65

Autonomic nervous system, 231, 244-247, 247b

concept map for, 247/

divisions of, 244

structure of, 244-246

Autonomic reflexes, 247

Avascular epithelia, 106

Avian

anatomy and physiology, 500-540, 500/, 514b

blood cells of, 531/

circulatory system of, 527-531, 531b classification of, 502t

digestive system of, 523-526, 525/ endocrine system of, 523, 523/ hearing and equilibrium of, 521-522 heart of, 527, 527/

Avian (Continued)

heart rates of, 529t integument of, 503-509 leg bones and pelvic girdle of, 514/ life spans of, 539t musculoskeletal system of, 510-516, 516b reproductive system of, 537-539 respiratory system of, 531-535, 533/, 535b sense organs of, 519-523, 519/, 523b skeleton of, 510-513 topography in, study, 503, 503/ urinary system of, 536-537 urogenital system of, 536-539, 536/, 539b vision of, 519-521

Axial skeleton

avian, 510-512

components of, 180-193

of reptiles and amphibians, 562 Axis, 190

Axon, 142, 229-230 Azurophils, 549

Baby teeth, 385

Bacteria

hydrogen peroxide killing of, 308

survival of, 13

Bagging, 376 Balance, 9-10 Ball-and-socket synovial joints, 209, 209/ Ball python, glottis of, 549/ Barbs, 506, 506/ Barbules, 506, 506/ Barometric pressure, 261

Basal body, 58

Basal cell tumor, 151b

Basal lamina. see Basement membrane

Basal layer, 150 Basal surface, 106 Bases

as inorganic compounds, 28-30, 30b ionization of, 30/ neutralization of, 28

Basement membrane, 106 Basic amine group (-NH₂), 423 Basilar membrane, 262, 263/ Basopenia, 309 Basophilia, 309

Basophils, 309-310, 310/

avian, 530, 531/

function of, 309-310

of reptiles, 549

Beaks, avian, 503-504, 504b, 505/,

524

abnormal, 505/ Behavioral thermoregulation, 543 Beta cells, 287 Beta keratin, 543-544 Beta oxidation, 442 Beta-pleated sheet, 39 Beta₁-adrenergic receptors, 247 Beta₂-adrenergic receptors, 247 Bicarbonate, ionization of, 29-30 Biceps femoris, 216 Bicuspid valve, 343 Bidder's organs, 560 Bilateral symmetry, 7

Bile, 406, 407f

formation of, 406-408, 408b, 409f

Bile acid, 406

Bile duct, 405-410, 405b, 408f

Bilirubin, 300

excretion of, 406-408, 408b, 409f

Bills, avian, 524

Biochemical pathways, 436-437 Biochemistry, 13

Biologic value, 425

Biopsy, 136b

Biopsy punch, 136b

Biosynthetic processes, 430

Bishydroxyacetone phosphate, 438

Bladder.

see Urinary bladder

Blastic transformation, 311

Blastocyst, 490-491, 492f

Blind spot, 270b

Blood, 129, 130f, 131t-132t, 132f, 292-316, 292f, 296b, 298b, 304b, 306b, 311b avian, 530-531

cellular components of, 298-304 circulation of, in noncrocodilian heart, 547f

clotting factors, 305t

collection of, in amphibians and reptiles, 549b

composition of, 293-296, 294f

filtration of, 453

function of, 295-296 glucose, RBC metabolism and, 299b osmotic pressure of, 83 oxygen and, 438

packed cell volume (PCV), 300-302, 301f, 302b

pH regulation of, 296

of reptiles, 548-549, 548f supplying to kidney, 452-453, 452f, 453b

sympathetic nervous system response to loss of, 246b

Blood-brain barrier, 241-242

Blood circulation, in fetus, 354-356, 356f

Blood feather

development of, 509

treating damaged, 510b

on wing of white-breasted caique, 509f Blood flow

avian, 529

heart damage, 10b

Blood glucose, RBC metabolism and, 299b

Blood pressure, 357-358

regulation of, in kidney, 458, 459b

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 84b, 444b

Blood vessels, 352-353, 353f

Blood volume, 315b-316b

B lymphocytes (B cells), 310-311, 331 development of, 332f

Body

anatomic planes of reference of, 1f, 3, 4f animal, general plan of, 6-9 cavities, 7-8, 8f

directional and planes, human, 5f homeostasis and, 10b

main system and components of, 3t parts working together, 2

Body condition scoring (BCS), external skeletal landmarks, 203b

Body fluids, 73-76

movement of, 76

osmolality of, 75-76

Body temperature, regulation of, blood and, 296

Bolus, 391

Bone, 127-129, 173-180

blood supply to, 176

in calcium homeostasis, 173b

cells of, 176, 176b

characteristics of, 173

common fractures of, 178-180, 179b of ear, 187

formation of, 176

fracture repair of, 177b

functions of, 173

holes and depressed areas of, 180

as leverage, 173

of limbs, 193t

processes of, 180

as protection, 173

shapes of, 177-178, 179f

of skull, 180t, 188b

as storage, 173

structure of, 173-176, 174f

as support, 173

terminology of, 173

Bone cells, 173

Bone cortex, 176

Bone marrow, 178, 296, 296f

Boron, as major element, 15t

Bovine

abdominal viscera of, 398f

cervical vertebra of, 179f

Bowman's capsule, 451

Brachial vein, avian, 532b

Brachium

of humerus, 193-194

muscles of, 215-216

Brain, 238-244

of bird, 519-523, 519f

of reptiles, 561

structures of, 240-243

Brainstem, 240

Breastbone, 193

Breathing, 365

chemical control of, 376

control of, 376

mechanical control of, 376

Breeding, of ovum, 487-489

capacitation in, 488-489

copulation in, 488, 489f-490f

erection in, 487-488

female hormones in, 488t

fertilization in, 489

spermatozoa in, transport of, 488 Bristles, 507, 507f

on face of owl, 507f

Broad ligament, 134

Bronchi, 533

Bronchial tree, 368

Bronchioles, 368

Bronchitis, 371b

Bronchoconstriction, 35

Bronchodilation, 246, 368

Brood patch, 538

Brown adipose tissue, 124

Brumation, 543

Brush border, 107, 404 Buccal cavity, 382 Buccal surface, 384 Buffers, 28-30 Buffy coat, 295 Building blocks, 417, 429f Bulbar conjunctiva, 271 Bulbourethral glands, 475 Bull, reproductive system of, 470f Bullsnake, glottis of, 550f Bumblefoot, 504b, 505f Bundle of His, 349

Bursa of Fabricius, 313, 331, 530

Calamus, 506

Calcaneal tuberosity, 202 Calcitonin, 282, 284

Calcium

homeostasis, role of bones in, 173b as major element, 15t muscle and, 220

Calorigenic effect, 283 Camels, copulation of, 490f Canal of Schlemm, 267, 268f Canaliculi, 127-129, 173 Cancellous bone, structure of, 174, 175f Cancer, 99b-100b, 100f

Canine

coccygeal vertebrae of, 191f congestive heart failure in, 351b costal cartilage of, 193f cross-section of trachea, 368f endotracheal intubation of, 366b femur of, 201f fibula of, 202f hip dysplasia in, 202b hip joint of, 209f humerus of, 194f metatarsal bones of, 203f olfactory region of, 260f os penis problems in, 204b patella of, 202f patellar luxation in, 202b pelvis of, 200f penis of, 470f, 476 phalanges of, 203f prostate problems in, 476b pulse points of, 357b, 357f radius of, 195f reproductive system of, 470f rib of, 192f sacrum of, 191f scapula of, 179f, 194f skeleton of, 182f skin of, 150f stages of breeding in, 477f sternum of, 193f stomach of, tubular gland in, 119f tarsal bones of, 203f teeth of, 386 testis of, 471f thoracic organs of, 372f tibia of, 202f trachea of, 368f ulna of, 195f ununited anconeal process in, 195b

Canine (Continued)

vaginal cytology in, 484b, 485f

Wobbler syndrome in, 192b Canthus, 271

Capacitation, 488-489

Capillaries, 339, 353

Capillary refill time (CRT), 135b, 136f Capitulum, 193-194

Capsular space, 451

Carapace, 559

Carbohydrates, 31-34, 419-420, 420f categories of, 419 digestion of, 401, 410, 411 f evolution of, 47

ketosis and eclampsia, 421 b, 421 f macromolecule and, 34 metabolism of, 284, 435-440, 436f structure of, 31f

types of, 418b

Carbon

electron shell of, 31

living organisms and, 15 as major element, 15t orbital model of, 17 organic compounds and, 31 radioactive isotope, 17

Carbon dioxide, 19, 362

levels in blood, 376

molecule of, 19f

transport of, RBCs and, 299

Carbonic acid, 29-30

Carboxyl group, 37, 424f

Cardia, 393

Cardiac conduction system, 348-350, 349b, 349f

Cardiac cycle, 347f, 348

length of, 352

Cardiac monitoring, in reptiles, 548

Cardiac muscle, 9, 141f, 142, 211, 223-224, 224b, 344-345

autorhythmic, 341

features of, 211t

gross anatomy of, 223 microscopic anatomy of, 223 physiology of, 223-224

Cardiac output, 351-352

Cardiac sphincter, 390

Cardiac tamponade, 346b

Cardiovascular system, 338-360, 342b, 345b, 351 b, 356b, 360b

of amphibians and reptiles, 547-549, 547f, 549b

fight-or-flight system, 10b monitoring of, 358-359

Carnivores

digestive system of, 380 teeth of, 385f

Carotid arteries, 360

Carpal bones, 195, 196f-197f

of equine, 196f

Carpus, 206-209

of equine, 179f

Carrier animal, 42b

Carrier protein, 81-82

Cartilage, 126-127, 131t-132t

Cartilaginous joints, 204-205, 205f Caruncle, 493, 494f

Cassette, 3b

Cat bite wound, 324b

Catabolic metabolism, 429-430

Catabolism, 31-33, 222

growth hormone and, 280

of protein, 443

stages of, 429

Catagen phase, 159

Catalases, 66

Catalyst, 25 Catalyze, 55

Cataracts, 268b

Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), 238 Catecholamines, 247, 277-278

Cations, 74

Cats, taurine deficiency in, 419b, 419f Cattle, follicular development in, 481f Caveolae, 57-58, 58b, 58f

Cavum arteriosum, 547

Cavum pulmonale, 547

Cavum venosum, 547

Cecum (ceca), 412, 413f

avian, 526

Cell, 8

anatomy of, 45-71, 45f

in atmosphere, 12-13

differentiation and development, 98-99, 99b

evolution of, 47 irritable, 84-85 life cycle of, 88-93, 89f muscle contraction process and, 220 parts of, 53t-55t physiology of, 72-99, 72f size limitations of, 47-48, 48b types of, 47f

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), 56

Cell division, 70-71, 91-93

control of, 93

Cell drinking, 85-86

Cell-mediated immune response, 56 Cell-mediated immunity, 290, 310, 333f, 334, 335f

Cell membrane, 52-58, 53f, 53t-55t, 57f membrane structure of, 52-58

Cellular respiration

anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic respiration, 435

electron transport system and, 438-439 Krebs cycle, 438, 440f summary of, 439f

Cellulase, 401

Cellulose, 33, 396, 418b, 419

Central canal, 241

Central nervous system (CNS), 238-244, 240b, 243b

anatomic location of, 230-231 anatomy of, 239f composition of, 228 upper, moderation of reflexes, 249-250

Central sulcus, 166-167

Central temperature receptors, 255 Centriole, 53t-55t, 54f, 58

Centromere, 91 Centrosome, 60, 62f Cephalic vein, 359-360

Cerebellar dysfunction, 419b Cerebellum, 239-240 Cerebral cortex, 238-239

Cerebral hemispheres, 239, 239f

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 241

tap, 241

Cerebrum, 238-239, 239f

Cervical vertebrae, 189-190

avian, 512

of bovine, 179f

of dog, 190f

Cesarean section, 496b

Chelonians

blood collection from, 549b

internal anatomy of, 554f respiratory system of, 550 shell of, 562 tears of, 545, 546f

Chemical bonds, 21-25

Chemical components of living organisms,

25-26, 26b

Chemical digestion, 396

Chemical equation, 24

Chemical reactions, 24-25, 25b

types of, 25f

Chemical signaling, 56

Chemical synapse, 236f

Chemokines, 327

Chemotaxis, 308, 324

Chemotherapeutic drug, 100b-101b, 101f

Chest, 8

Chestnuts, 157, 158f

Chick, 538-539, 539f

Chief cells, 393-394

Chloride, 21-23

as major element, 15t

Choanae, 532

Cholecystokinin (CCK), 290, 395-396, 404

Cholesterol, 423

formation of, 34-35

Cholinergic neurons, 247

Cholinergic receptors, 247

Chondroblasts, 121

Chondrocytes, 126-127

Chondroitin sulfate, 126-127

Chondronectin, 126-127

Chordae tendonae, 343, 345f

Chorion, 492

Chorionic gonadotropin, 290

Choroid, 266-267

Chromatid, 91

Chromatin, 53f, 53t-55t, 67-71, 70f

Chromatophores, 543

Chromium, as major element, 15t

Chromosomes, 41-42

formation of, 47

number of, 466-467

Chyle, 313, 319

Chyme, 290

Cilia, 53f, 53t-55t, 58, 59f, 106-107

Ciliary body, 267, 267f

Ciliary muscles, 267

Circular muscle, 382f

Circulating pool, 307

Circulatory system, avian, 527-531, 531b

Circumduction, 206, 208f

Cisternae, 64

Clavicle, 193

Claws, 164

avian, 504, 504b, 505f

of cat, 164f

Clear layer, 151

Cleavage, 490-491, 490f

Clitoris, 483

Cloaca, 554-555, 557f

avian, 526

Clutch, size of, 538, 538t

Coagulation cascade, 305-306, 305f Coated pit, 87

Cobalt, as major element, 15t Coccygeal vein, 360

Coccygeal vertebrae, 191-192, 191f

avian, 512

Coccyx, 191-192

Cochlea, 261-262, 261f, 263f Cochlear duct, 262, 263f Cochlear window, 521

Codon, 94

Coenzymes, 434 Cofactor, 434, 434f

Coffin bone, 165-166, 197

Collagenous fibers, 121 Collateral ligaments, 205

Collateral sulcus, 166-167 Collecting ducts, 452

Colloids, 20, 282

Colon, 412-413

Color vision, of birds, 521

Colostrum, 498-499, 499b Columella, 521, 551

Columnar epithelia, 113

Comedones, 162-163

Common bile duct, 406

Compact bone, 129f, 131t-132t, 132f

structure of, 174-176, 175f Compartmentalization, 60-61 Compensatory polycythemia, 302 Complement system, 324-326, 325f Complete blood count (CBC), 295, 295f Complete proteins, 423

Complex carbohydrates, 32t Compound follicles, 159

Compound gland, 117

Compounds, 19

Concentration balance, 82 Concentration gradient, 79-81, 86f Concertina locomotion, 563f Conduction of action potential, 234 Condyle, 179, 193-194

Cones, 269-270, 269f, 270t

avian, 519-520 Congestion, 10b Congestive heart failure, 10b, 351b Conjunctiva, 271 Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue

(CALT), 319

Conjunctival sac, 271

Conjunctivitis, 271b

Connective tissue, 8-9, 119-135

cell types of, 121-122

components of, 120-122, 121b-122b fibers of, 121 function of, 105

general characteristics of, 119-120 layers of, 220

meninges as, 240-241, 240f

proper, 122-124, 131t-132t specialized, 126-129, 129b types of, 122-129, 131t-132t

Connexons, 106

Contact inhibition, 93

Contour feathers, 506, 507f

Contractile proteins, 442-443

Contraction, muscle, 223-224

Contralateral reflexes, 249

Contrast radiography, 242b

Conus papillaris, 546

Copper, as major element, 15t

Coprodeum, 526

Copulation, 488, 489f-490f, 491b avian, 537

Corium, 164-165

Cornea, 266, 519

Cornification, 484

Cornified cells, 151-152

Corona glandis, 476

Corona radiata, 481, 489

Coronary arteries, 344, 346f

Coronary band, 165

Coronary blood, 342-343

Coronary corium, 165

Coronary sinus, 344

Coronary veins, 344, 346f

Coronoid process, 194

Corpus callosum, 238-239

Corpus cavernosum penis, 476

Corpus cavernosum urethrae, 476

Corpus hemorrhagicum, 481

Corpus luteum, 281, 288, 480

Corpus spongiosum.

see Corpus cavernosum urethrae

Cortex, 159, 285f

Cortical blindness, 421b

Corticosteroid, 101, 308b

Cortisone, creation of, 34-35

Costal cartilage, 192-193

of canine, 193f

Costochondral junction, 192-193

Cotyledon, 493, 494f

Cotyledonary placental attachment, 493-494, 494f

Cough, 366, 377b

Covalent bonds, 21, 22f

Cow

pulse points of, 357b starvation in, 426b, 426f stomach and forestomach of, 397f udder of, 497, 498f

Cowper's glands, 475

Cranial cavity, 8f

Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL), rupture of, 206b

Cranial nerves, 230-231, 242-243 functions of, 243t mnemonic devices for, 243t

Cranial-sacral system, 244

Cranial thoracic cavity, 8

Cranium, 5

bones of, 180t

external bones of, 182-186

internal bones of, 186-187 intramembranous bone formation of, 176

Creatine phosphate (CP), 222

Cremaster muscle, 471

Cribriform plate, 187

Cricoid cartilage, 365

Crista ampullaris, 264, 265f

Cristae (crista), 62-63, 63f, 264

Crocodilians, 547

Crop, 524

Cross-bridges, 220

Crossed extensor reflex, 249, 250f

Crude protein, 425

Crura, 475

Cryptorchidism, 473b

Crypts, 404

Cuboidal cells, 108

Cumulus oophorus, 481

Cupula, 265, 265f

Cushing's disease, 286b

Cusps, 343

Cutaneous membranes, 133f, 134-135

in animals, 135t

structure of, 134f

Cutaneous muscles, 214

Cutaneous pouches, in sheep, 158, 158f Cuticle, 159

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), 93 Cyclins, 93

Cytochromes, 438

Cytokines, 323, 326, 326f, 334

Cytokinesis, 91

Cytologist, 58-60

Cytoplasm, 48-52, 58-67, 59b

composition of, 48-52

Cytosine, 42

Cytosis, 85-88

Cytoskeleton, 53t-55t, 54f, 60, 61f

Cytosol

and catabolism, 430

composition of, 60

energy production in, 442t parts of cell, 53t-55t, 54f

Cytotoxic T cells, 334

Dalton's law, 375

Dandruff, 151-152

Deamination, 443, 444f

Decay, rate of, 17

Deciduous teeth, 385

Decomposition reaction, 24

Defecation, 163, 214-215

Defibrillation, 348b

Deformability, 299

Deglutition (swallowing), 391-392, 392b Dehydration, estimating, 78, 78t Dehydration synthesis, 31-33, 33f

Delta cells, 287

Deltoid muscle, 215

Demodex, 153b-154b

Demodex canis, 154f

Denaturation, 40b

Dendrites, 142, 229

Dendritic cell, 320

Dens, 190

Dense bodies, 224

Dense fibrous connective tissue, 124-126, 125f

Dense irregular connective tissue, 126, 126f, 131f, 131t-132t

Dense regular connective tissue, 125-126, 131f, 131t-132t

Dental arcades, 388f

Dental formula, 386-387, 387b, 387t Dental pad, 385-386

Dentition, of reptiles, 552, 553f Deoxyhemoglobin, 299

Depolarization, 231-235, 233f, 348, 348f

threshold, 233-234

wave, 234

Dermal papillae, 149, 153-155, 155f

Dermis, 134-135, 149, 153-155

of amphibian, 544 avian, 503, 503f cancer in, 151b of canine, 150f

Desmosome, 106, 107f

Determinate layers, 538 Dewclaws, 164, 197, 199

Diabetes insipidus, 282, 456b

Diabetes mellitus, 287b

Dialysate, 84b

Dialysis, 84b, 85f

Dialyzer, 84b Diapedesis, 122, 308

Diaphragm, 8, 8f, 217, 369, 371-372 inspiration and, 374

Diaphragmaticus muscle, 550-551

Diapsid skulls, 561-562, 561f Diarthroses, 205

Diastole, 350

Diastolic blood pressure, 358 Diencephalon, 240

Diestrous animals, 483

Diestrus, 484

Diffuse placental attachment, 493, 493f Diffusion, 79-81, 79f, 79t-80t, 81f Digestion

of fat, 422

process of, 381

of protein in ruminants, 425

Digestive enzymes, 396

Digestive system, 378-415, 378f avian, 523-526, 525f, 526b of ruminant, 396-402 small intestine, 402-404

Digit, 197

of cow, 198f

of horse (Parahippus Ieonensis), 198f Digital cushion, 166-167 Diglycerides, 422-423

Dilated cardiomyopathy, 419b Dipeptide, 37, 39f

absorption of, 411-412 formation of, 39f

Diploid chromosome number, 466, 467t

Directional terms, human versus domestic,

5-6, 6t Disaccharide, 33f formation of, 31-33

Discoid placental attachment, 494, 494f

Disease

genetic, 42b

mechanisms of, 335-336, 337b

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 324b

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT), 452 Distal sesamoid bone, 197-199

Diuresis, 281

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 32t, 42, 67-71, 69f

genetic diseases, 42b nucleotides and, 67 replication of, 89-91, 90f DNA double helix, 43f DNA ligase, 91 DNA polymerase, 91 Dog, teeth of, 385f Dopamine, 237 Doppler echocardiography, 359, 359f Dorsal body cavity, 7-8 Dorsal cavity, 8f Dorsal horns, 244, 244f Dorsal nerve roots, 244, 244f Dorsal plane, 3 Double covalent bond, 21 Double helix, 42 Down feathers, 507, 507f Dressing forceps, 136b Drink patches, 545 Drug, toxicity, in ectothermic animals, 543b Duct, 117 Ductless glands, 275-276 Duct system, 473-474 Ductus arteriosus, 355-356 Duodenum, 287, 392, 402

avian, 526 Dura mater, 240-241, 240f

of reptiles, 561 Dysecdysis, 545b Dystocia, 496b

Ear

of amphibians and reptiles, 551, 551b of avian, anatomy of, 521, 521f bones of, 180t cross section of dog's, 261 f hematomas of, 261b

physical and functional areas of, 258 Eardrum, 260, 261f Early cosmos, illustration of, 13f Earth

atmosphere of, 12-13

creation of, 12 Eccrine sweat glands, 163, 163f Ecdysis, 544, 544f Echocardiography, 358-359, 359f Eclampsia, 284b, 421b, 421f Ectopic pacemakers, 348b Ectothermic, 542-543 Edema, 76, 123, 136b, 312 Effector cell, 229-230 Efferent glomerular arterioles, 452-453 Efferent nerve fiber, 231 Efferent processes, 229-230 Effusion, 133 Egg binding, 538b, 560b Egg incubation, 558-559, 559f Eicosanoids, 32t, 35, 35b, 37f, 423 Ejaculation, 474, 477, 488 Elastic arteries, 352 Elastic cartilage, 127, 128f, 131t-132t, 132f Elastic connective tissue, 126, 131f, 131t-132t Elastic fibers, 121 Electrical charge, 15-16

Electrical energy, 47

Electrocardiogram (ECG), 358, 358f,

530

of pigeon, 530f

Electrolytes, 28b

distribution of, 75f Electron, 15-16, 16f Electron clouds, 16f Electron microscope, 48b-51b, 52-55 Electron shell, 17, 17f

capacity of, 18t

Electron transport system, 436f, 438-439

cellular respiration and, 441f Electrostatic attraction, 21-23 Elements

in animal body, 15t

atom of, 17

chemical symbol, 15, 21b composition of, 13-15 examples of, 14f periodic table of, 14f types of, 13-15

Embryo, 491 Embryotomy, 496b

Emesis, 396b

Endocardium, 341, 342f

Endochondral bone formation, 176 Endocrine gland, 115, 117f avian, 523f, 524b hypothalamus, 278-279 location of, 275f, 276 major, 275t-276t, 278-289 pituitary gland, 278-279 secretion of, 275-276

Endocrine system, 115, 228, 273-291, 273f, 276b

of amphibians and reptiles, 560 avian, 523, 523f, 524b, 526b homeostasis and, 275

vs.

nervous system, 275t other organs of, 289-290, 291b

Endocrinology, 276

Endocytosis, 79t-80t, 85-87 Endolymph, 262

Endolymphatic sacs, 551 Endometrium, 482

Endomysium, 220

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 53t-55t, 54f, 63-64, 64f

Endosteum, 176

Endothelium, 109, 352, 353f Endotracheal intubation, 366b Endotracheal tube, 366b

Energy

carbohydrate molecules and, 31 chemical reactions of, 25 for metabolic reactions, 435,

435b

from neutral fat, 422

production of, 442t

Energy of activation, 433

Enzymes, 238, 433-434 activity of, 433f lysosomes releasing, 65 as osmoregulators, 442-443

Eosinopenia, 309

Eosinophilia, 309

Eosinophils, 309, 309f avian, 530, 531f function of, 309 of reptiles, 549

Epicardium, 341, 342f

Epidermal orifice, 159 Epidermis, 134, 149-152, 150f

of amphibian, 544 avian, 503, 503f cancer in, 151b cells of, 149-150 of hairy skin, 152 layers of, 150-152, 152f

Epididymis, 468-469, 471f, 473-474 Epidural anesthesia, 241b, 241f Epiglottis, 365

trapdoor function of, 366 Epimysium, 212, 220 Epinephrine, 237, 287 Epiphora, 546f Epiphyseal plates, 176, 178f Epithelia, 113b

characteristics of, 106-107 classification of, 108-109, 109f types of, 109-113

Epithelial cells

attachments of, 106

surface specialization of, 106-107, 108f Epithelial membrane

structure of, 134f types of, 129-135, 133f

Epithelial tissue, 105-119

composition of, 8 function of, 105

Epithelialization, 145

Epithelium, 8

Epitope, 310, 331-332

Equilibrium, 82, 264-266, 266b

avian, 521-522

Equine

carpal bones of, 196f carpus of, 179f navicular disease in, 199b pulse points of, 357b, 357f roaring in, 365-366 skeleton of, 181f

Erectile tissue, 475-476

Erection, 475-477, 487-488 Ergots, 157, 158f

Erosions, 383b

Erythrocytes. see Red blood cells Erythropoiesis, 297-298

Erythropoietin, 289, 297-298, 449 Esophageal groove, 397, 399f

Esophagus, 382-383, 390

avian, 524

of reptiles, 553

Essential amino acids, 423, 424f Essential fatty acid, 421-422

Essential nutrients, 417-418 Esthesiology, 257b Estrogen, 281, 287, 480 creation of, 34-35 follicle-stimulating hormone and, 288

Estrous cycle, 483-484, 483b-484b Estrus, 482-484, 483b

Ethmoidal sinus, 187

Ethmoid bone, 187

Ethylene glycol, 76

Ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 294b

Eukaryote, 47

Eustachian tube, 260-261, 261f Exchange reaction, 24

Excising, of tissue, 136b

Excitatory neurotransmitters, 236-237 Excoriations, of skin, 153b-154b

Excretion, 79-88, 105, 446b

Excretory ducts, 111-112

Exercise intolerance, 367b

Exocrine glands, 115-119, 117f

secretion of, 275-276

styles, 119f

structural classification of, 118t

Exocytosis, 79t-80t, 80f, 87-88

Exons, 94

Expiration, 216-217, 372-374

Expiratory muscles, 216-217

Exposure, 336

Extended chromatin, 70-71

Extension, 205-206, 207f

External acoustic meatus, 182-186

External auditory canal, 260, 261f External ear, 258-260, 261f

External fixation, 177b

External intercostal muscles, 217

inspiration and, 374

External respiration, 362

Extracellular fluid, 74

Extraocular eye muscles, 272 Extraocular structures, 270-272, 271f

Extravascular hemolysis, 300

Exudate, 133

Eye

avian, anatomy of, 519, 519f-520f blind spot of, 270b

cataracts of, 268b

conjunctivitis of, 271b

external view of dog's, 271f extraocular structures of, 270-272, 271f

glaucoma of, 268b

muscles of, 272, 272f

normal fundus of canine, 270f

sagittal section of, 267f

of snake, 545f

Eyeball

layers of, 266-267

major compartments of, 267

Eyelid, 271

of reptiles, 545

Fabellae, 201

Face

bones of, 180t

external bones of, 187-188

internal bones of, 188

Facilitated diffusion, 79f, 79t-80t, 81-82, 82f

glucose and, 435

process of, 81-82

Fallopian tubes.

see Oviducts

False vocal cords, 365-366

Fascicles, 220

Fats, 420-423 as energy source, 422 sources of, 418b yellow bone marrow as, 178

Fat-soluble vitamins, 32t, 427t, 428

Fatty acid, 34

Fault bar, 508, 508f

Faveoli, 550

Feathers, avian, 504-509, 509b damage to, 507-508, 508f follicles of, 503 functions of, 506 growth stages of, 509f location of, 507, 508f molting of, 508-509 structure of, 506, 506f types of, 506-507 wing, clipping of, 510b

Feather-picking disorder, 509b

Feedback systems, 278

Feet, avian, 513

Feline

femur of, 179f major arteries of, 354f major veins of, 355f mandible of, 187f metatarsal bones of, 203f phalanges of, 203f pulse points of, 357b tarsal bones of, 203f

Feline chronic renal failure, 458b-459b, 459f Feline panleukopenia, 108b

Feline urolithiasis, 463b, 463f Female pronucleus, 490

Female reproductive system, 477-484, 482b-484b

avian, 537-538 of bitch, 478f-479f of cat, 480f cervix, 482-483 of domestic species, 479f estrous cycle, 483-484 ligaments in, 477-478 ovaries, 478-482 oviducts, 480f, 482 of reptiles, 557-558, 558f uterus, 482 vagina, 483 vulva, 483

Femoral vein, 360

Femur, 200-201 of canine, 201f of feline, 179f head of, 180

Fenestration, 241-242

Fertilization, of ovum, 482, 487-489 capacitation in, 488-489 copulation in, 488, 489f-490f erection in, 487-488 and implantation, 491f spermatozoa in, transport of, 488

Fetlock joint, 197-199

Fetus, 491

blood circulation in, 354-356, 356f development and growth of, 495

Fever, 240, 323

Fibers, 121b, 140, 217-218, 218f

Fibrin, 144, 305

Fibrinogen, 144, 294b, 305

Fibrinolysis, 306

Fibroblast, 121

Fibrocartilage, 127, 128/, 131t-132t, 132/ Fibrosis, 144/, 145

Fibrous joints, 204, 205/

Fibrous tunic, 519

Fibula, 202

of canine, 202/

Fight-or-flight response, 278, 287

Fight-or-flight system, 10b, 246 Filoplume feathers, 507, 507/

Filtration, 79t-80t, 80/, 83

Fimbriae, 482

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA), 314

First-intention healing, of wound, 145-146 Fission, 61-62

Fissures, 239

Fixation, 177b

Fixator, 213

Fixed cells, 121-122

Flagella, 58, 59/

Flat bones, 177

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 434 Flexion, 205-206, 207/

Flexor reflex, 249, 249/

Floating ribs, 192-193

Floating teeth, 384

Fluid

administration of, 77-78

deficit, estimating, 78 maintenance, 78 types of, 77

Fluid compartments, 73-74

Fluid losses, estimating, 78

Fluid mosaic, 52-55

Fluid spaces, 74/

Fluid therapy, importance of, 76b-79b, 77/ Fluorine, as major element, 15t Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 281,

288

Follicles

development of, in cattle, 481/

in ovaries, 479-480

Follicular activation, 480

Footpads, 156, 157/

Foramen magnum, 182

Foramen of Panizza, 547

Foramen ovale, 355-356 Forestomach, 397-398, 397/

Fossa glandis, in horse, 476

Founder, 168b-169b

Fovea centralis, 270

Fracture, repair of, 177b

Fracture hematoma, 177b

Franklin, Rosalind Elsie, 68b-69b, 69/

Free radicals, 428

Frog

of hoof, 166-167 internal anatomy of, 557/

Frog corium, 165

Frontal bones, 186

Frontal plane, 3, 5/

Frontal sinus, 186, 364-365, 365/

Functional group, 26, 423

common, 26/

Functional proteins, 39, 39b

Fundus, 267, 393

“Funny bone”, 194

Gallbladder, 405-410, 405b

Gametes, 466 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 237 Ganglion, 244

Gap junctions, 106, 107/ Gape, of bird's mouth, 510-511 Gas

exchange in alveoli, 374, 375/

partial pressures of, 375 Gastric emptying, 395-396 Gastric motility, 395 Gastric pits, 393-394, 394/ Gastric prolapse, 553-554 Gastric secretion, 394 Gastric ulcers, 393-396 Gastrin, 290, 394 Gastrocnemius muscle, 212, 214/, 216 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, 380/

of amphibians and reptiles, 551-554, 554b catabolism and, 429-430 regulation of, 381-382, 382b structure of, 381

G cells, 394

Gender terms, 4671 Gene, 41-42, 94

regulation of, 67-70 General anesthesia, 257b

recovery from, 262b

General senses, 254-257, 254t, 258b

Genetic code, 91t, 93-94

Genetic disease, 42b

Genetic material, in cell, 46 Genetic mutations, 95-97 Gestation, 495

female hormones of, 488t

periods of, 495t

Ginglymus joints, 206 Gizzard, 525 Gland sinus, 497 Glands, 113-119, 119b

avian, 503

development of, 117/ formation of, 8

Glandular epithelia, 105 Glans, of penis, 476 Glaucoma, 268b Glenoid cavity, 193, 512 Glial cells, 229

Gliding-type synovial joints, 206-209, 209/ Globular proteins, 39, 55

Glomerular capillaries, 452 Glomerular filtrate, 451

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 453 Glomerulus, 451

Glottal keel, 550/ Glottis, 365

of ball python, 549/

of bullsnake, 550/ closure of, 366

Glucagon, 287-288 Glucocorticoid hormones, 286 Glucocorticoid-related diseases, 286b Glucocorticoid-related drugs, 286b Gluconeogenesis, 286, 409 Glucose, 31, 420/

production in ruminants, 402, 402b renal threshold of, 455b

Glucose (Continued)

role of, 419

storage of, 222

Glucosuria, 455b

Gluteal muscles, 216

Glyceraldehyde phosphate, 438

Glycerol, 420

Glycine, 237

Glycocalyx, 55-56

Glycogen, 33, 33/

Glycogenolysis, 409

Glycolipid, 55-56

Glycolysis, 419

anaerobic respiration, 437-438 carbohydrate metabolism and, 436/ process of, 437/

Glycoprotein, 34, 34/

Glycoprotein zona pellucida layer,

480-481

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 120-121 Glycosuria, 287b

Goat, pulse points of, 357b

Goblet cells, 105, 112, 117/

Goiter, 284b

Golgi apparatus, 53t-55t, 55/, 64-65, 64/ Gonadotropins, 281

Gonads, 281, 288-289, 289b

male, 469

Grandry's corpuscle, 522-523, 522/

Granular layer, 151

Granular lymphocytes, 327

Granulation tissue, 145

Granules, 145

Granulocytes, 306-310

Granulopoiesis, 298

Granulosa cells, 480-481

Granzymes, 311, 328

Gravity, 12

Gray matter, 230, 238

Greater omentum, 392, 392/

Greater tubercle, 193-194

Gristle, 126

Gross anatomy, 2, 105

Ground substance, 120-121, 121b

Growth hormone (GH), 280, 280b

Growth one (G1) phase, 89

Growth plates, 176

Growth spurts, 425

Growth two (G2) phase, 89

Guanine, 42

Gubernaculum, 471

Gular fluttering, 535

Gustatory sense, 257

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), 313, 319

Gyrus, 239, 239/

Hair, 159-162

color of, 159-161

growth cycles of, 159, 161/

primary, 159, 161

secondary, 159, 161

strands and follicles of, 159

tylotrich, 152, 153/

types of, 161

Hair bulb, 159

Hair cell, 262, 263/

Hair follicle, 159, 160/, 162b Hamstring muscle, 216 Hamuli, 506, 506/

Haploid chromosome number, 467 Haptoglobin, 300

Hard palate, 187, 383 Harderian gland, 546 Hardware disease, 345b Hatching muscle, 516 Haversian canal, 127-129 Haversian systems, 174-176 Hawk, skeleton of, 511/ H band, 218-219

Head

avian, muscles of, 516

of bone, 180 muscles of, 214

Health, 9, 9/ Hearing, 258-262, 262b

of amphibians and reptiles, 551

avian, 521-522

Heart, 340/

abnormal sounds of, 351 avian, 527, 527/ blood flow through, 345-347, 347/ blood supply to, 344, 346/ chambers of, 341-343, 342/ conduction system, 348-350, 349b, 349/ coverings of, 340-341 failure of, 10b of lizard, 547/ location of, 340, 340/ nerve supply to, 344-345 normal sounds of, 350, 350b, 350/ return of blood to, negative intrathoracic pressure and, 373

size and shape of, 340, 341/ skeleton of, 343, 345/ valves of, 343, 344/ wall of, 341, 342/

Heart rate (HR), 351-352 avian, 529t normal, 352b of reptiles, 548

Heat exchange system, avian, 529/

Heat production, 222-223 Heatstroke, 255b

Heel, 166

Helicase enzyme, 89 Helium, 16/, 17-18 Helper T cells, 334 Hematocrit (HCT), 300-302, 301/, 302b Hematoma, fracture, 177b Hematopoiesis, 173, 296-298 Hemidesmosomes, 106 Hemipenes, 557, 558/ Hemoconcentration, 296 Hemodialysis, 84b Hemodilution, 296

Hemoglobin, 295-296, 299/

production of, 298b Hemolysis

extravascular, 300 intravascular, 300 Hemolytic anemia, 135b Hemorrhage, 144-145 Hemostasis, 296, 305 Hemothorax, 133 Heparin, 122, 309-310

Herbivores carbohydrates and, 421b digestive system of, 380 fat metabolism in, 440-441 teeth of, 385/

Herbst corpuscle, 522-523, 522/

Herptiles. see Amphibians; Reptiles

Heterodont dentition, 385-386

Heterophils of avian, 530, 531/ of reptiles, 549

Hexose sugar, 31

Hibernating gland, 124

Hiccups, 377b

Hilus, 370-371, 450

Hinge-type synovial joints, 206, 208/ Hip dysplasia, in canine, 202b Histamine, 122, 309-310, 394

Histiocytes, 122

Histology, 105

Histones, 67-70

Histopatholog, 136b, 137/-140/

Hock, 201-202

Hock joint, of bird's leg, 513 Holocrine glands, 118, 119/ Homeostasis, 9-10, 10b, 275

and congestive heart failure, 10b dynamic equilibrium and, 9-10 kidneys maintaining, 448

Hoof, 164-167, 165/ frog of, 166-167 sole of, 166 volar region of, 167/ wall of, 166, 166/

Hooke, Robert, 48b-51b

Hormone, 115, 228, 278b characteristics of, 276 chemical categories of, 277b chemistry of, 276-278 control of secretion of, 278 as drugs, 289b endocrine gland producing, 275 receptor binding, 277/ transport through blood, 296

Horn tubes, 166

Horner's syndrome, 434b

Horns, 167-168 cross section of, 167/ formation of, 168/ removal of, 167-168, 168/

Horny cells, 151-152

Horny layer, 151-152

Horse courtship and copulation in, 489/ major superficial muscles of, 215/ penis of, 476, 478/ starvation in, 426b, 426/

Humerus, 193-194 of canine, 194/

Humoral immunity, 310-311, 331-334, 333/

Hyaline cartilage, 127, 127/, 131t-132t, 132/ Hyaluronic acid, 123

Hyaluronidase, 123

Hydrochloric acid, 28

Hydrogen

electron shell of, 17-18 as major element, 15t

Hydrogen atoms, 420

Hydrogen bonds, 23, 24/

Hydrogen peroxide, 66

neutrophils and, 308

Hydrolysis

carbohydrate metabolism and, 436/ process of, 429-430

Hydrophilic molecules, 27

Hydrophobic molecules, 27, 27/

Hydrostatic pressure, 83

Hydroxyapatite, 173

Hydroxyl ion, 28

Hyoid apparatus, 188

Hyoid bone, 188, 189/

Hyperadrenocorticism, 286b

Hypercalcemia, 173, 284

Hyperemia, 135b

Hyperglycemia, 286b

Hyperglycemic effect, 280

Hyperkeratosis, 153b-154b

Hypermetria, 240

Hyperparathyroidism, nutritional secondary, 561b

Hyperplasia, 284b

Hyperreflexive responses, 250

Hypersensitivity reactions, 336-337

type I, 336-337

type II, 337

type III, 337

type I, 337

Hyperthermia, 40b, 255

Hyperthyroidism, 284b

Hypertonic extracellular fluid, 76

Hypoadrenocorticism, 286b

Hypocalcemia, 173, 284b

Hypodermis, 149, 150/, 156

Hypoglycemia, 287b

Hypophysis, 156

see also Pituitary gland

Hyporeflexive responses, 250

Hypothalamus, 240, 278-279

pituitary gland and, 278-279, 279/

Hypothermia, 222-223, 255, 255b

Hypothyroidism, 284b

Hypotonic extracellular fluid, 76

Hypovitaminosis A, 546b, 546/

Hypoxia, 135b, 289, 298, 376

Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism, 286b

I bands, 218-219

Icterus, 135b, 337

IgA, 332

IgD, 333

IgE, 333

IgG, 332, 334/

IgM, 332-333, 334/

Ileum, 402

avian, 513

Ilium, 199-200

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia

(IMHA), 337, 337b

Immune system, 317-337, 320b-321b, 329b, 336b

functional organization of, 320-337, 322/ organization of, 318-320

organs and tissues, protection of, 318 strength of, diseases and, 336

Immunity, 317/

active, 334-335 cell-mediated, 333/ eosinophils and, 309 humoral, 331-334, 333/ passive, 332, 335 Immunoglobins, 332-334, 334/ Immunoglobulins, 113, 311, 331 Immunosuppression, 145b Implantation, 491, 491/ Implantation angle, 161 Impulse, direction of, 231 Impulse conduction system, 223 Inbreeding, 42b Incisive bones, 187 Incisors, 385-386 Inclusions, 53t-55t, 54/, 66-67 Incubation, of eggs, 538, 538t, 558-559, 559/ Incus, 187, 261, 261/ Indeterminate layers, 538 Induced ovulators, 481, 484 Infection, 144, 319

chemotaxis, 308

mode of, 336

Inferior umbilicus, 506 Inflammation, 142, 144/, 323-324, 323/ of dermis and epidermis, 153b-154b first stage of, 144-145 steps in process of, 144-145 Inflammatory process, 144 Inflammatory response, eosinophils and, 309 Infundibulum, 107, 482 Inguinal rings, 471, 472/ Inhibitory neurotransmitters, 237 Injury, in skin, 144/

Innate immune system, 318, 321-329, 322/ external, 322-323

internal, 323-329 Inner ear, 258, 262, 263/, 265/ Inorganic chemicals, 13 Inorganic compounds, 26-30 Insensible water loss, 73-74 Insertion of the muscle, 212 Inspiration, 216-217, 372-374 Inspiratory dyspnea, 368b Inspiratory muscles, 216-217 Insulin, 280, 287 Integral protein, 55 Integument, 134, 149-158

of amphibians and reptiles, 543-545 avian, 503-509

related structures and, 147-168, 147/, 156b special features of, 156-158 Integumentary system, 149 Interatrial septum, 342 Intercalated discs, 142, 223 Intercostal spaces, 374 Interferons (IFNs), 323, 328-329, 330/ Interleukins, 327, 327/, 334 Intermediate fiber, 60 Intermediate filaments, 106 Internal intercostal muscles, 217

expiration and, 374 Internal respiration, 362 Interneurons, 247-248 Interparietal bones, 182 Interphase, 89, 89b, 89/ Interstitial cells, 281, 288, 288/, 469, 473

Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), 281, 288, 473

Interstitial fluid, 74/, 83

Interventricular groove, 342-343, 343/ Interventricular septum, 342-343 Intervertebral discs, 189

disease of, 190b-191b, 251b

of human, 190b

Intestine. see Large intestine; Small intestine Intracellular fluid, 74

Intramembranous bone formation, 176 Intramuscular injection sites, 217b Intraocular structures, in amphibians and reptiles, 546

Intravascular fluid, 74

Intravascular hemolysis, 300

Intrinsic factor, 393-394

Intromission, 488

Intron, 94

Intubation, endotracheal, 366b

Involuntary muscle, 224

nonstriated, 140-142

Involuntary striated muscle, 223

Inward rotation, 208/

Iodine, as major element, 15t

Ion, 17, 84

Ionic bonds, 21-23, 23/

Ionizing radiation, 96-97

Ipsilateral reflexes, 249

Iron, as major element, 15t

Iron deficiency anemia, 16b, 16/

Irregular bones, 177-178

Irritable cell, 84-85

Ischium, 200

avian, 513

Islets of Langerhans, 287, 404-405

Isotonic crystalloids, 78

Isthmus, 282

Ivermectin, 241-242

Jaundice, 135b, 300b

Jejunum, 402

Joints, 204-209, 209b

terminology of, 204

types of, 204-209

Joint capsule, 205

Joint cavity, 205

Joint space, 205

Jugular vein, 360

avian, 532b

Junctional complexes, 106

Keel, 512

Keratin, 107, 134, 149

in avian skin, 503

Keratin fiber, 55-56

Keratinization, 149

Keratinized epithelium, 107

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, 109, 134

Keratinocytes, 149

Ketonemia, 421b

Ketonuria, 421b

Ketosis, 409-410, 421b

Kidneys, 448-458

of amphibians and reptiles, 555-556, 557b, 557/

anatomy of, 450, 450/-451/ avian, anatomy of, 536, 536/ blood supply to, 452-453, 452/, 453b dialysis of, 84b

as endocrine organ, 289 failure of, 28b, 28/, 444b function of, 448-449 location of, 449-450 microscopic anatomy of, 450-452, 451/ nerve supply to, 452

regulation of blood pressure in, 458, 459b

waste elimination role, 453

Killed virus vaccines, 335

Killer-activating receptor (KAR), 311

Killer inhibitory receptor (KIR), 311 Kinetochore, 91

Knee, 195

Kneecap, 201

Krebs cycle, 435, 436/, 438, 440/

Kupffer cells, 122, 320

Labia, 483

Labial surface, 384

Labor, stages of, 495, 496b

Lacrimal apparatus, 271-272, 272/

Lacrimal bones, 187

Lacrimal glands, 271

Lacrimal puncta, 272

Lacrimal sacs, 272

Lactase, 433-434

Lactation, 280, 498

female hormones of, 488t

maintenance of, 499

Lactic acid, 222, 397, 435-436

Lacunae, 126-129, 173

Lagging strand, 90/, 91

Lamina propria, 123, 129-130

Laminae, 165-166

Laminar corium, 165, 165/ Laminitis, 165, 168b-169b, 169/ Langerhans cell, 149-150

Lanolin, 162

Lanthanide series, 14/

Large intestine

avian, 526

digestion and absorption in, 414-415 motility of, 413-414

regulation of, 414 structure and function of, 412-413,

414/

Laryngeal hemiplegia, 367b

Laryngeal ventriculectomy, 367b Laryngoscope, 366b

Laryngospasm, 366b

Larynx, 363, 363/, 365-366

control of airflow by, 366

Lateral cartilages, 167

Lateral malleolus, 202

Lateral undulation locomotion, 563/

Lateral ventricles, 365-366

Latissimus dorsi, 215

Leading strand, 90/

Lecithin, 421-422

Legs, avian

bones of, 513

muscles of, 516, 517/-518/

Lens, 267-268, 268/, 270

in reptiles, 546

Leptospirosis, 84b

Leukemia, 303b

Leukocytes. see White blood cells Leukocytopenia, and neutropenia, 307b Leukocytosis, 303

and neutrophilia, 307b

Leukopenia, 303 Leukopoiesis, 297-298

Leukotrienes, 35, 323

Life

chemical basis for, 11-44, 11/

forms of, 13

Ligaments, 205

in female reproductive system, 477-478, 480/

Ligands, 56

Light microscopy, 48b-51b, 49/

Lightning, 12-13

Limbus, 266

Linea alba, 212, 213/

Lingual flipping, 552, 552/

Lingual surface, 384

Linker DNA, 67-70

Linoleic acid, 421-422

Lipases, 405

Lipemia, postprandial, 313b, 313/

Lipid, 34-35, 420-423

absorption of, 412, 412b

digestion of, 401, 412, 412b evolution of, 47

metabolism of, 284, 440-442

sources of, 418b

Lipid bilayer, 34, 52-55

Lipoid substances, 423, 423b

Lipolysis, 441

Lipoprotein, 34

Lissencephalic brain, reptilian, 561 Liver

anabolic efforts of, 430

avian, 525

digestion and, 405-410, 405b

failure of, 444b

fatty acid conversion, 421-422

jaundice and disease of, 300b

lipid metabolism in, 441

nutrient processing in, 408-410

of reptiles, 554

Living organisms, differences in, 41/ Lizard

heart of, 547/

incubation of eggs of, 559/

internal anatomy of, 555/ reproductive anatomy of, 558/ vasovagal reflex of, 548

Lobes, 239, 282

Local anesthesia, 235b, 257b

Lock and key, property of enzymes, 39 Long bones, structure of, 177, 177/ Long-chain fatty acids, 420 Longitudinal fissure, 239 Longitudinal muscle, 382/ Loop of Henle, 451, 536

Loose connective tissue, 120/, 122-124, 123/, 131t-132t

adipose tissue and, 123-124, 124/ areolar tissue and, 122-123

Lower respiratory tract, 368-369, 368/

Lubricant, water as, 27

Lumbar vertebrae, 191

avian, 512

Lumen, 380-381

Lungs, 369-371

avian, 534

blood supply to, 371 honeycomb appearance of, 550/ lobes of, 370, 370/, 370t of newborn, 371

pneumothorax and collapse of, 374b

of rat, 370/

of reptiles, 550/

Luteinizing hormone (LH), 281, 288

Luteolysis, 291

Lymph, 292-316, 292/ 315b, 319 filtration of, 312 formation of, 312-313, 313/ osmotic pressure of, 83

Lymphatic system, 311-315, 319-320 function of, 312

lymphoid organs and tissues, 313-315 primary lymphoid organs, 313 secondary lymphoid organs, 314-315

Lymph hearts, 548

Lymph nodes, 292-316, 292/, 314/ 315b, 319, 319/

in goats, 319/

swollen, 314b

Lymphocytes, 310-311, 310/ avian, 530, 531/ function of, 310-311 of reptiles, 549

Lymphocytopenia, 310

Lymphocytosis, 310

Lymphopoiesis, 298

Lysosomal action, 65/

Lysosomes, 53t-55t, 55/, 65

Lysozyme, 387

Macaw, skull of, 511/

Machine, animal body as, 2

Macrominerals, 428, 428b

Macromolecules, 34, 423

Macrophages, 122, 311, 318, 320

Macrophage migration inhibiting factor (MIF), 334

Macroplatelets, 304-305

Macroscopic anatomy, 2

Macula, 264, 265/

Magnesium, 434

as major element, 15t

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 327, 329, 329/

Male pronucleus, 490

Male reproductive system, 469-477, 474b, 477b accessory reproductive glands of, 474-475, 475/, 475t

avian, 536/, 537

of bull, 470/

of dog, 470/

Male reproductive system (Continued) penis, 475-477 of reptiles, 556-557, 558/ testes, 469-474 urethra, 474 vas deferens, 474, 475/

Malignant melanoma, 151b Malignant neoplasms, 99b-100b Malleus, 187, 261, 261/

Mammalian cell

anatomy of, 48-52, 57/ example of, 56/

Mammary glands, 8, 496-499, 499b alveoli and duct system of, 497 characteristics of, 496-497 colostrum of, 498-499, 499b development of, 497-498 involution of, 499 lactation of, 498 species differences in, 497, 497t udder of cow, 497, 498/

Mandible, 182-188, 383

of cat, 187/ Mandibular symphysis, 187-188 Manganese, as major element, 15t Mange, 153b-154b Manubrium, 193

Marbling, 220 Marginal pool, 307 Mast cells, 122

Master endocrine gland. see Pituitary gland Mastication, 214, 382-383

Mastitis, 497

Matrix, 62-63, 159, 173 Matter, 13-21, 14/ composition of, 13-18 organic versus inorganic, 26/ states of, 13

Maturation promoting factor (MPF), 93 Mature follicle, 481

Maxilla, 383

Maxillary bones, 187 Maxillary sinus, 187, 364-365

Mean arterial pressure (MAP), 358

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), 302

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), 302 Mechanical digestion, 396

Meconium, 498-499

Medial malleolus, 201-202

Medial metatarsal vein, avian, 532b Median plane, 3, 4/

Mediastinum, 340, 340/, 369, 371, 372/ Medium-chain fatty acids, 420

Medulla, 159, 278, 285/ Medulla oblongata, 240 Megaesophagus, 390b Meibomian glands, 271 Meiosis, 88-89, 466-469, 466b

versus mitosis, 467, 468b process of, 468/

Meissner’s corpuscles, 153-155

Melanin, 149 Melanocyte, 149

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), 156, 281

Melanomacrophages, 553-554 Melanosomes, 149

Melatonin, 290

Membrane potential, 88, 88/ resting, 88, 88b

Membrane proteins, 442-443 Membrane receptor, 56 Membranes, 129-135, 140b in animals, 135t structure of, 134/ types of, 133/

Memory cells, 311, 331, 334 Meninges, 240-241, 240/ Meningitis, 240-241

Meniscus, 205 Merkel cells, 150 Merkel disc, 150

Merocrine gland, 117-118, 119/ Mesentery, 134, 392 Mesobronchi, 533

Mesoderm, 119-120 Mesometrium, 477 Mesosalpinx, 477 Mesothelium, 109 Mesovarium, 477

Messenger RNA (mRNA), 42, 93 Metabolic acidosis, 30b, 30/ Metabolic pathways, 435-443 Metabolic turnover, 430 Metabolism, 428-443, 432/ anabolic, 430 of carbohydrates, 435-440, 436/ catabolic, 429-430 control of, 430-435 of enzymes, 433-434 growth hormone and, 280 of lipid, 440-442 of protein, 442-443, 443/ of red blood cells, 299b stage of, 431/

Metabolites, 48-52

Metacarpal bones, 195-197 Metacarpal I, 195-196

Metacarpal, 195-196 Metamorphosis, of amphibians, 560 Metaphase, 91, 92/

Metaphase plate, 91 Metastasis, 99b-100b

Metastatic mass, 99b-100b Metatarsal bones, 202-203 of feline and canine, 203/

Metatarsal pad, avian, 513 Meteorite strikes, 12-13

Metestrus, 484

Methyl alcohol, 304 Micelle, 406, 412

Microanatomy, 105 Microbe, 121

Microbial metabolism, 425 Microfilament, 61/

Microglial cells, 122, 320 Microminerals, 428, 428b Microscopic anatomy, 2 Microtome, 138/ Microtrabeculae, 60 Microtubules, 60

Microvilli, 106-107, 404 Midbrain, 240

Middle ear, 258, 260-261, 261/ Milk, digestion in ruminant, 397

Milk fever, 284b

Milk let-down, 282, 499

Milksnake, 544/

Milk vein, 360

Minerals, 428, 428b

Mineralocorticoid hormone, 286-287

Minute volume, 374

Mite

Demodex and Sarcoptes, 153b-154b

Notoedres, 153b-154b, 155/

Mitochondria, 53t-55t, 54/, 61-63, 63/, 218, 218/, 430

energy production in, 442t

Mitochondrial matrix, 438

Mitosis, 89

versus meiosis, 467, 468b

stages of, 92/

Mitotic phase, 91-93

Mitral valve, 343

Mixed exocrine glands, 118-119

Mixed nerves, 231

Mixtures, 19-21

compounds from, 21

types of, 20/

Modified live vaccines, 335

Modulation, 256

Molars, 386

Molecules, 23b

and compounds, 19

metabolic reactions, control of, 430-433 organic versus inorganic, 26/

Molting, 508-509

Molybdenum, as major element, 15t “Monday morning syndrome”, 435-436 Monoamine hormones, 277-278, 277b Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 238 Monocytes, 311, 312/

avian, 530, 531/

function of, 311

of reptiles, 549

Monocytopenia, 311

Monocytosis, 311

Monoestrous animals, 483

Monogastric stomach anatomy of, 393/ and digestion, 393-396 motility of, 394-395

Monoglyceride, 405

Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS),

311

Monopoiesis, 298

Monosaccharides, 31, 31/, 396, 420/ absorption of, 411-412 sources of, 419

Monounsaturated fats, 420-421

Monounsaturated fatty acids, 420-421

Morphology, of mammalian cell, 48-52

Morula stage, 490-491

Motion sickness, 266b

Motor nerve fibers, 231

Motor neuron, 247-248

Motor unit, 220, 221/

Mouth, avian, 524

Mucin, 117, 130

Mucosa (mucosae), 129-130, 381

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT), 319

of pig, 320/

Mucous membranes, 129-130, 133/

in animals, 135b, 135t

as first line of defense, 318 innate immune system and, 323 structure of, 134/

Mucous neck cells, 393-394 Mucous secretion, 118-119 Mucus, production of, 35 Multi-unit smooth muscle, 225 Multicameral lung, 550

Multicellular exocrine glands, 117-119 Multicellular organism, 46 Multiparous species, 480, 491

Multiple sclerosis (MS), 236b, 236/ Murmur, 351

Muscarinic receptors, 247 Muscles, 211, 212b

of amphibians and reptiles, 563 avian, 513-516 cell shape of, 211t

classification of, in avian, 513-514 comparison of features of, 211t major superficial, of horse, 215/ naming conventions of, 213-214 spasmodic contraction (shivering) of, 222-223

types of, 211

Muscle cells, skeletal, 217-219 Muscle contraction, 223-224

adenosine diphosphate and, 222 adenosine triphosphate and, 220 cells and, 220

characteristics of, 221-222 chemistry of, 222 mechanics of, 220 nerve supply for, 224 potassium and, 28b relaxation and, 220 of urinary bladder, 461 Muscle spindle, 248 Muscle tissue, 140-142, 146b

function of, 105 types of, 9, 141/

Muscular arteries, 352 Muscular system, 210-225, 210/ Musculoskeletal system

of amphibians and reptiles, 561-563, 563b avian, 510-516, 516b

Mutagens, 96 Mutations, 96

Mutes, 526, 526/, 527b, 537 Myasthenia gravis, 390b Myelin sheath, 34, 230, 230/ Myelography, 242b, 242/ Myeloperoxidase, 308 Myocardium, 341, 342/ Myoepithelial cells, 117, 282 Myofibrils, 46, 218, 218/ Myoglobin, 222 Myometrium, 282, 482 Myosin, 140, 218, 219/ Myosin filament, 219/ Myositis, 435-436

Nares, 363-364 Nasal bones, 187

Nasal cavity, 364f

Nasal conchae, 188

Nasal discharge, innate immune system and,

323

Nasal meatus, 364

Nasal passages, 364, 364f filtering function of, 364

Nasal septum, 364

Nasolacrimal ducts, 272

Nasolacrimal duct system, 545, 545f

Nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT), 319

Natural killer (NK) cells, 311, 327-328, 328f-329f

development of, 332f

Navicular bone, 165-166, 197-199

Navicular disease, in horse, 199b

Neck

anatomy of, 2-3 avian, muscles of, 516 muscles of, 214

Necrotic tissue, 136b

Negative intrathoracic pressure, 372-373 Neon, 17-18

Neoplasms, 99b-100b

Nephron, 450-452 avian, 536f

Nephrosis, 133

Nephrostomes, 555-556

Nerve, supplying to kidney, 452

Nerve cells. see Neurons

Nerve fiber, 220, 229-230, 230f

Nerve impulse, conduction of, 233-234

Nervous system, 226-251, 226f, 230b of amphibians and reptiles, 561 divisions of, 228

vs. endocrine system, 275t organization of, 230-231, 231b poisons affecting, 237b

Nervous tissue, 9, 142, 143f function of, 105

Neural arch, 189

Neural tissue, 142

Neural tunic, 519

Neurofilament, 60

Neuroglia, 229

Neuroglial cells, 142

Neurohypophysis, 280

Neurology, 228

Neuromuscular junction, 219-220, 221f

Neurons, 142, 228 communication of, 235-238 function of, 231-235, 236b structure of, 229f supporting cells of, 229-230

Neurotransmitters, 228, 235 chemical synapse and, 236f receptors and, 247 stopping and recycling of, 238 sympathetic nervous system using, 247 targets of, 275 types of, 236-238

Neutral fats, 32t, 34, 34b, 420-422

Neutron, 15-16, 16f

Neutropenia, 303

and leukocytopenia, 307b

Neutrophilia, 302-303 leukocytosis and, 307b

Neutrophils, 130f, 144, 307-308, 307f band, 307 function of, 308, 308f hypersegmented, 308b and stress response, 308b

New methylene blue stain, 304, 304f Newborn, delivery of, 495

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), 434

Nicotinic receptors, 247 Nictitating membrane, 271, 519, 520f Nitrogen, chemical symbols of, 15t Nitrogen balance, 423-425 Nitrogenous bases, 70f Nociception, 256

Nociceptors, 256

Nocturnal torpor, 535 Nodes of Ranvier, 230, 234, 235f Nonessential amino acids, 423 Nonessential nutrients, 418

Nonmetals, 13-14

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, inhibition of PGE synthesis, 290-291

Nonstriated involuntary muscle, 224 Noradrenaline, 247

Norepinephrine, 237, 287

Nose, 363-365

inhaled air, conditioning by, 364 nasal passages, 364, 364f paranasal sinuses, 364-365, 364f-365f

Notoedres, 153b-154b, 155f Nuclear envelope, 47, 53f, 53t-55t, 67 Nuclear pore complexes, 67 Nuclear reaction, 17

Nucleated RBCs (NRBCs), 298, 298b

Nuclei, 244

Nucleic acid, 40-44

molecule of, 42f

Nucleoli, 71, 71b Nucleolus, 53f, 53t-55t

Nucleoplasm, 67 Nucleoprotein cap, 91 Nucleosome, 67-70 Nucleotides, 40-42, 41f

subunits of, 67

Nucleus, 53f, 53t-55t, 68f

anatomy of, 67 characteristics of, 67-71 of mammalian cell, 52, 56f

Nucleus pulposus, 190b-191b Nuptial pads, 559-560

Nutrient foramina, 176 Nutrients, 416f, 417-428

categories of, 417 target of, 418f transport through blood, 296

Oblique muscles, 215 Obturator foramina, 200 Occipital bone, 182 Occipital condyles, 182 Occlusal surface, 384 Offspring names, of selected species, 496t Oils, 420-422

Olecranon fossa, 193-194

Olecranon process, 194

Olfactory sense, 258, 363 Oligodendrocyte, 230, 230f Omasum, 397, 399f Omentum, 134 Omnivores, 380 Oncogene, 99b-100b Oncotic pressure, 83 Oocytes, 468f, 469, 479-480 Oogenesis, 281, 469, 479-480 Opacification, of spectacle, 544f Operculum, 521-522, 522f Opisthoglyphous snakes, 552-553 Opsonin, 308 Opsonization, 308, 324, 326f Optic disc, 269 Oral cavity, 382-383, 383f

avian, 532, 533f digestion in, 390-391 Oral potassium, 28b Orbital model, of carbon, 17, 17f Orchiectomy, 472 Organs, composition of, 9 Organelles, 48-52, 60-66 Organic acid group (-COOH), 423 Organic chemical, 13 Organic compounds, 31-44 Organic molecules in body, 32t Organism, 46 Organization

granulation tissue formation, 142, 144f, 145

levels of, 8-9 Organ of Corti, 262, 263f Origin of the muscle, 212 Oropharynx, 383 Os cordis, 204 Os coxae, 199 Os penis, 204, 476 of canine, 204f problems in canine, 204b Os rostri, 204 Oscillometric method, 358 Osmolality, 74-76, 75t

of body fluids, 75-76 Osmoregulators, 442-443 Osmosis, 79t-80t, 80f, 82-83, 82f-83f

process of, 83 Osmotic diuresis, 455b Osmotic pressure, 82 Ossicles, 187, 260-261 Ossification, 173 Osteoarthritis, 195b Osteoblasts, 121, 127-129, 173, 176 Osteoclasts, 127-129, 173b, 176, 320 Osteocytes, 46, 173, 176 Osteodystrophy, fibrous, 561b Otitis externa, 262b Otoliths, 264, 265f Oval window, 262, 263f Ovarian cycle, 480-482, 480f

in cattle, 481f Ovarian follicle, 469 Ovarian pedicle, 479b Ovaries, 288-289, 478-482, 479b characteristics of, 478 functions of, 479-480 suspensory ligament of, 477, 480f target and action of, 275t-276t

Ovariohysterectomy, 479b

Oviducts, 107, 480f, 482

Oviparous species, of reptiles, 557-558

Oviposition, 558

Ovulation, 288, 480

avian, 537-538

Ovum, 466, 481

breeding and fertilization of, 487-489

Owl

bristles on face of, 507f

ears of, 522f

hearing in, 521-522

nictitating membrane of, 520f

Oxygen

in animal body, 15t

in atmosphere, 12, 374

depletion of, 435-436

diffusion to alveolar capillary, 374 molecule of, 19f

polychromasia and, 298b requirements of, 418-419 transport of, RBCs and, 299

“Oxygen debt”, 222

Oxytocin, 279, 282

Pacinian corpuscle, 156

Packed cell volume (PCV), 300-302, 301f, 302b

Pain, 256

Pain receptors, 256, 256f

Palatal surface, 384

Palatine bones, 188

Palpebral conjunctiva, 271

Palpebral reflex, 250

Pampiniform plexus, 471-472, 473f

Pancreas, 287-288, 403f

avian, 525

digestion and, 404-405

of reptiles, 554

target and action of, 275t-276t

Pancreatic hormones, 287-288

Pancreatic islets, 287, 404-405

Papilla (papillae), 159, 258

Papillary layer, 153-155, 155f

Papillary muscles, 341, 342f Parabronchi, 533

Paraffin, 137f

Parahippus Ieonensis, 196

Paralyzed muscle, 140

Paramecium, 105

Paranasal sinuses, 186, 364-365, 364f frontal, 364-365, 365f maxillary, 364-365

Parasympathetic nervous system, 244 effects of, 246t

general functions of, 246-247 structure of, 245f

Parathyroid gland, 287b

characteristics of, 285, 285f target and action of, 275t-276t

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 173, 285 Paresis, 190b-191b, 419b

Paretic muscle, 140

Parietal bones, 182

Parietal cells, 393-394

Parietal eye, 546

Parietal layer, 130

Parietal vaginal tunic, 472

Parotid gland, 545f

Partial pressure, of gas, 375

Parturition, 482-483, 495, 496b

female hormones of, 488t oxytocin and, 282 using abdominal muscles for, 214-215

Parvoviral enteritis, 108b

Parvovirus, 108b, 108f

Passive immunity, 332, 335, 499b transfer of, 499

Passive membrane process, 79-83 summary of, 79t-80t

Patagium, 512

Patella, 177-178, 201

of canine, 202f

Patellar ligament, 205

Patellar luxation, in canine, 202b

Patent ductus arteriosus, 356b Pathogens, 113, 318 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

(PAMPs), 322, 324 Pathogenicity, 336 Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), 322 Paucicameral lung, 550 Paw pads, 156, 157f Pecten, 519, 520f

Pectin, 401

Pectoral crest, 512, 513f Pectoral girdle, avian, 512, 512f, 513b

Pectoralis, 514-515, 516f Pelvic girdle, avian, 513, 514f Pelvic limb, 193, 199-203, 204b

Pelvic limb skeletal muscles, 216

Pelvic spurs, of python, 559f

Pelvic symphysis, 199

Pelvis, 199-200

of canine, 200f

Penis, 475-477

body of, 475-476

of dog, 470f, 476

glans of, 476

of horse, 476, 478f prepuce of, 476

reproductive functions of, 477 roots of, 475

sigmoid flexure, 470f, 476-477 Pentose sugar, 31

Pepsin, 394

Peptides, 396

Peptide bond, 37, 423

Peptide hormones, 276, 277b

Perception, 256

Perching reflex, 516 Perforins, 311, 328

Pericardial effusion, 346b

Pericardial fluid, 130-133, 341

Pericardial sac, 340

Pericardial space, 341 Pericardium, 133f, 340, 342f Pericentriolar material (PCM), 60

Perichondrium, 127

Periderm, 509

Perikaryon, 142, 229 Perilymph, 262

Perimetrium, 482

Perimysium, 220

Perinuclear cisterna, 67

Periocular structures, in amphibians and reptiles, 545-546

Periodic table of elements, 14f

Perioplic corium, 165 Periosteum, 176 Peripheral blood, 293 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), anatomic location of, 230-231

Peripheral nodes, 319, 319f Peripheral proteins, formation of, 55 Peristalsis, 391-392, 391f Peritoneal fluid, 130-133

Peritoneum, 133f Peritonitis, 133 Peritubular capillaries, 453 Peroxidase, 66 Peroxisomes, 53t-55t, 55f characteristics of, 66

Petechiae, 306

Peyer's patches, 313-314, 320 pH scale, 28, 29f, 363

range of, 363

respiratory system and, 363 Phagocytic cells, 144 Phagocytize by white blood cells, 86-87 Phagocytosis, 79t-80t, 80f, 85-86, 308-309, 308f, 318, 324, 325f

Phagolysosome, 324 Phagosome, 85-86, 324 Phalanges, 197-199

of feline and canine, 203f Phallodeum, 560 Pharynx, 363, 363f, 365, 382-383, 390, 390f

digestion in, 390-391 nasopharynx, 365 oropharynx, 365 sound production in, 366 Pheomelanin, 159-161 Phonation, 363 Phospholipids, 32t, 34, 422-423

anatomy of, 36f Phosphorus, as major element, 15t Phosphorylation, 437 Phosphotransferase, 433-434 Photoreception, avian, 519-521 Photoreceptors, 266, 270t Physiology, 2-3

Pia-arachnoid layer, of reptiles, 561 Pia mater, 240-241, 240f Pig, pulse points of, 357b Pigmentation, of skin, 156, 157b Pineal body, 290 Pinna, 259-260, 261f Pinocytosis, 79t-80t, 80f, 85-86 Pint, conversion to pound, 315b-316b Pitting edema, 123

Pituitary fossa, 186-187, 279-280 Pituitary gland, 240, 278-282, 282b Pivot-type synovial joints, 208f, 209 Placenta, 282, 354-355, 482, 491-492, 492f, 494b

attachment of, to uterus, 492-494 delivery of, 495, 496f as endocrine organ, 290 structure of, 492

Placentome, 493 Plane, of reference, 3, 4f

Planetary model, of carbon, 17, 17/

Plant alkaloid, 100-101

Plantar surface, 6

Planum nasale, 156-157, 158/

Planum nasolabiale, 156

Plaque, 106

Plasma, 129, 293-294, 294b

avian, 531

color of, 295

Plasma cells, 311, 331

Plasma membrane, 48-52

Plasmalemma, 48-52

Plastron, 559

Platelets, 129, 293-294, 304-306, 305/

buffy coat and, 295

clotting factors, 305t

coagulation cascade, 305-306, 305/

count in, 303

function of, 305

life span and destruction of, 306 structure of, 304-305, 305/ thromboxane of, 35

transport through blood, 296 venipuncture and, 300b

Pleura, 371

Pleural fluid, 130-133

Pleurodont teeth, 552, 553/ Pluripotent stem cells, 297, 297/ Pneumonia, 371b

aspiration, 367b

Pneumothorax, 374b

Poisons, affecting central nervous system, 237b

Polar body, 469

Polar epithelia, 106

Polar head, 422-423

Polar molecule, 21

water, 22/

Polarization, 231-232

Polled breeds, 167-168

Polychromasia, 298b

Polycythemia, 302

Polycythemia rubra vera, 302 Polydipsia, 282, 455b

Polyestrous animals, 483 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), 307 Polypeptide, 37, 410

formation of, 423

Polyphagia, 286b

Polyribosomes, 97/

Polysaccharides, 33, 33/, 173

digestion and, 401

sources of, 419

Polyunsaturated fats, 420-421 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 420-421 Polyuria, 282

Pons, 240

Portal system, 278-279

Positive balance, 425

Posterior chamber, 267, 268/

Posterior pituitary gland, 275t-276t, 279, 281-282

Postganglionic neuron, 244

Postparturient ketosis, 421b Postprandial lipemia, 313b, 313/

Postrenal uremia, 462b

Postsynaptic membrane, effect of neurotransmitter on, 236-238

Postsynaptic neuron, 235

Potassium, 28b

as major element, 15t Powder down feathers, 507 Precambrian sea, 13/ Precocial chicks, 539 Precursor, thyroid hormone, 282 Preen gland. see Uropygial gland Preferred optimal temperature zone (POTZ), 543

Preganglionic neuron, 244 Pregnancy, and development, 486-499, 486/ cleavage in, 490-491, 490/ gestation in, 495 implantation and, 491 parturition in, 495, 496b placenta in, 491-492, 492/ uterus in, involution of, 496 zygote in, 490

Prehension, 382-383

Premaxillary bone, 187

Premolars, 386

Preovulatory follicular stasis, 560b Prepuce, 476

Prerenal uremia, 462b

Pressure, 255

Pressure gradient, 83 Presynaptic neuron, 235 Prickle cells, 150-151

Primary growth center, of bone, 176 Primary hairs, 159, 161

Primases, 91

Prime mover, 212-213

Prion, 46

Proctodeum, 526 Product, 28-29 Product molecule, 433

Proestrus, 484 Progesterone, 281 creation of, 34-35 progestin and, 288

Progestins, 288-289, 480 Prohormone, 282-283 Prokaryote, 47 Prolactin, 280

Promoters, 94 Pronucleus, 490

Propatagium. see Patagium Prophase, 91

Proprioception, 256-257 Prostaglandins, 35, 290-291, 323 importance of, 423

Prostate gland, 290, 475

Proteasome, 53t-55t, 55/, 65-66, 65/ Protective proteins, 442-443

Proteins, 423-425

anabolism, 443, 444b catabolism of, 443 in cytoplasm, 48-52 denaturation of, 40b digestion of, 401-402, 410-411, 411/ 425 examples of, 41/ function of, 35-39, 36t levels of organization of, 40/ metabolism of, 284, 442-443, 443/ role in animal body, 423 structure of, 37-39 transport of, lymphatic system and, 312

Proteinases, 433-434

Protein synthesis, 93-95, 424/

RNA role in, 42

summary of, 93/, 95b

Proteoglycans, 117

Proteroglyphous snakes, 552-553

Proton, 15-16, 16/

Proto-oncogene, 99b-100b

Protoplasm, 47

Proud flesh, 145

Proventriculus, 524-525

Provitamin, 425

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), 451

Proximal sesamoid bones, 197-199

Pruritus, 153b-154b

Pseudocyesis, 484

Pseudopodia, 86-87

Pseudopregnancy, 484

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, 113, 116/

Pterygoid bones, 188

Pterylae, 507

Pubis, 200

Pubis, avian, 513

Pulmonary artery, 342-343

Pulmonary capillaries, 362

Pulmonary circulation, 371

Pulmonary valve, 343

Pulse, 357

points, 357, 357b, 357/

Pulse wave, 357

Pupil, 267

Pupillary light reflex (PLR), 250

Purines, 70/

Purkinje fiber system, 349

P wave, 358, 358/

Pyelonephritis, 84b

Pygostyle, 512

Pylorus, 393-394

Pyoderma, 153b-154b

Pyrimidines, 70/

Pyruvate, 435, 436/

QRS complex, 358, 358/

Quadriceps femoris, 216

Quarters, 166

Rabbit, ribs and sternum of, 192/

Rachis, 506

Radioactive isotope, 17

Radiography, 3b

Radius, 194-195

of canine, 195/

Raft, 57/

Ramus, of mandible, 188

Rat, lungs of, 370/

Rate of decay, 17

Reabsorption, of kidney, 453-454, 454/

Receptor mediated endocytosis, 79t-80t, 80/, 87, 87/

Receptors, 236

Recessive trait, 42b

Rectilinear locomotion, 563/

Rectum, 415, 415b

Red blood cells, 129, 130f, 293-294, 298-304, 339,348b

avian, 530, 531f

complete blood count, 300-303 hemoglobin, 302

count in, 302

distribution width of, 302 function of, 299

hemoglobin in, 299, 299f

life span and destruction of, 299-300 metabolism of, blood glucose and, 299b nucleated, 298, 298b

of reptiles, 548 structure of, 298, 299f

Red bone marrow, 178, 296, 296/ 320, 321f

Red-top vacuum tube, 295

Reference planes, anatomic, 1f, 3, 4f

Reflex arc, 247-251

Reflexes, 247-251, 251b

somatic versus autonomic, 247 upper CNS moderation of, 249-250 Refraction, 270

Refractive media, 270

Refractory period, 234

Regeneration, 142, 144f, 145

Regional anatomy, 2-3

Regional terms, common, 6, 6t, 7b, 7f

Regulatory proteins, 442-443

Regulatory T cells, 334

Regurgitation, 399-400

Relative polycythemia, 302

Relative refractory period, 234

Relaxation, muscle, 220

Relaxin, 289

Remiges, 506

Renal artery, 452

Renal corpuscle, 451

Renal dysfunction, 462b

Renal failure, 84b, 455b-456b, 456f

Renal medulla, 450

Renal pelvis, 450

Renal portal system, 528f, 529, 555

Renal uremia, 462b

Renal vein, 453

Replacement, fluid therapy, 77-78

Replicases, 91

Replication bubble, 89

Replication fork, 89, 90f

Replisome, 90f, 91

Repolarization, 231-235, 233f, 348 Reproductive cell, 88-89

Reproductive system, 464-484, 464f, 466b, 469b

see also Female reproductive system; Male reproductive system

of amphibians and reptiles, 556-560, 560b avian, 537-539

of bull, 470f

Reptiles

anatomy and physiology of, 541-565 blood of, 548-549

blood smears of, 548f cardiovascular system of, 547-549, 547f, 549b

cloaca of, 554-555, 557f ears and hearing of, 551, 551b endocrine system of, 560 gastrointestinal tract of, 551-554, 554b

Reptiles (Continued) hemipenes of, 558f integument of, 543-545, 545b internal anatomy of, 554f-556f kidneys of, 557b, 557f locomotion of, 563f metabolism of, 542-543, 543b musculoskeletal system of, 561-563, 563b nervous system of, 561 reproductive system of, 556-560, 560b respiratory system of, 549-551, 551b sexual characteristics of, 559, 559f taxonomy of, 542, 542t, 543b vision of, 545-546, 546b

Residual volume, 374

Resistance, 336 Respiration, 362-363 anaerobic, 430, 437-438 skeletal muscles of, 216-217

Respiratory center, of brainstem, 376 Respiratory rate, avian, 535

Respiratory system, 361-376, 361f, 363b, 366b, 372b, 375b, 377b

alveoli, exchange of gases in, 374, 375f of amphibians and reptiles, 549-551, 551b avian, 531-535, 533f, 535b control of breathing in, 375-376 expiration, 374 function of, 372-376 infections of, 371b inspiration, 373-374 lower respiratory tract, 368-369, 368f negative intrathoracic pressure in, 372-373 partial pressures of gases, 375 structure of, 362b, 363-372 upper respiratory tract, 363-367, 363f volumes of, 374

Rest-and-restore system, 246 Resting membrane potential, 88, 88b, 232 Resting phase, 89

Resting state, 231, 233f Resuscitation, 77 Rete testis, 473

Reticular cells, 122 Reticular connective tissue, 124, 125f, 131f, 131t-132t

Reticular fibers, 121

Reticular groove, 397, 399f Reticular layer, 155, 155f Reticulocyte count, 302 Reticuloperitonitis, 345b Reticulorumen, 397

ecosystem of, 400-401 Reticulum, 397, 399f of cattle, 345b

Retina, 266, 268-270 layers of, 269f of reptiles, 546

Retinal degeneration, 419b

Retractor penis muscle, 476-477 Retrices, 506

R group, 423

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 42, 95 Ribosomes, 53t-55t, 54f, 63f composition of, 63

Ribs, 192-193 of canine, 192f of rabbit, 192f

Rigor mortis, 223b

RNA (ribonucleic acid), 32t, 42, 67-71

nucleotides and, 67

role in protein synthesis, 42

transcription of, 94 RNA polymerase, 94 RNA primer, 90f, 91 Roaring, in horses, 365-366, 367b Rocking joints, 206-209 Rods, 269-270, 269f, 270t

avian, 519-520

Root hair plexus, 159 Rotation, 206, 208f

Rough ER, 64

Round window, 262, 263f Rugae, 393, 393f

Rumen, 397

of cow, 399f

of ruminant, 397

Ruminants

dental pad of, 385-386, 385f

digestion of, 396-402 digestive system of, 380 motility of, 398-400, 400b protein digestion of, 425 stomach of, 396-402

Rumination, 399

Saccule, 264, 265f

Sacral vertebrae, 191

avian, 512

Sacroiliac joint, 191 Sacrum, canine, 191f

Sagittal plane, 3, 4f

Saliva, 387

innate immune system and, 323 Salivary glands, 387-389, 389f Saltatory conduction, 234-235, 235f Salts, as inorganic compounds, 28, 28b, 30f Saphenous vein, 360

Sarcolemma, 218 Sarcomere, 218, 218f

ultrastructure of, 219f

Sarcoplasm, 220

Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 218, 218f Sarcoptes mites, 153b-154b, 154f Saturated fatty acids, 34, 420

Scabies, 153b-154b, 154f

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 51f Scapula, 193

of canine, 179f, 194f

Scar tissue, 145

Scheiden, Mathias, 46

Schwann, Theodor, 46 Schwann cells, 230

Sclera, 266, 519

Sclerotic ring, 511, 519

Scrapie, 46

Scrotum, 469, 471

Scute nomenclature, 543-544, 544f Sebaceous (oil) glands, 118, 150f, 162-163,

163f

Sebum, 162

Second-intention healing, of wound, 145-146, 146f

Secondary growth center, of bone, 176

Secondary hairs, 159, 161

Secretin, 290, 404

Secretion, 79-88, 105 stimulation of, 394, 394b of waste products, 454

Secretory granules, 60

Secretory unit, 117

Segmental contractions, 413

Segmentation, 391f

Selectively permeable cell membrane, 79

Selenium, as major element, 15t Semialtricial chicks, 539

Semicircular canals, 264-266, 265f Semilunar valves, 343

Semimembranosus, 216

Seminal vesicles, 290, 474-475

Seminiferous tubules, 468-469, 473

Semiplume feathers, 507, 507f Semiprecocial chicks, 539 Semitendinosus, 216

Senescence, 299-300

Sense organs, 252-272, 252f avian, 519-523, 519f

Sensory nerve fibers, 231

Sensory neuron, 247-248

Sensory receptors, 229, 253

Septa, 472-473

Septic pericarditis, 345b

Septum, 550-551

Serologic testing, 333b

Serosa (serosae), 130, 381

Serous membranes, 130-134, 133f in animals, 135t structure of, 134f

Serous pericardium, 340 parietal layer of, 341 visceral layer, 341

Serous secretion, 118-119

Sertoli cells, 473

Sertoli cell tumor, 474b

Serum, 294b

Serum separator tube, 295

Sesamoid bones, 177-178

Sex chromosomes, 466, 559

Sex determination, in reptiles, 559

Sex hormones, 281, 287, 425

Sexual dimorphism, 559

Shaft

of hair, 159

of mandible, 188

Shed cycle, 544

Sheep cutaneous pouches in, 158, 158f pulse points of, 357b

Shell gland, 538

Shin-bone, 201-202

Shivering, 222-223

Shock, sympathetic nervous system response to, 246b

Short bones, 177

Short-chain fatty acids, 420

Side chain, 37, 38f

Sidewinding locomotion, 563f

Sighs, 377b

Sigmoid flexure, 470f, 476-477

Silicone, as major element, 15t

Simple carbohydrates, 32t

Simple columnar epithelium, 111-113, 112f

Simple cuboidal epithelium, 109-111, 110f-111f

Simple diffusion, 81-82

Simple epithelia, 108

Simple gland, 117

Simple squamous epithelium, 109

Simple sugar, 420

Single bone, 188

Single covalent bond, formation of, 21, 22f Sinoatrial (SA) node, 223, 348

Sinus hairs, 161

Sinusitis, 365b

Skeletal muscle, 9, 140, 141f, 211-223, 212b, 219b, 222b

actions of, 212-213

attachments of, 212

dark and light bands of, 212 features of, 211t

gross anatomy of, 212-217 microscopic anatomy of, 217-220 physiology of, 220-223 structure of, 218f

Skeletal system, 170-209, 170f

Skeleton

avian, 510-513, 511f

of canine, 182f

equine, 181f

word, 181f

Skin

avian, 503, 503f, 504b

of canine, 150f

epidermis of hairy, 152

as first line of defense, 318

glands of, 162-163, 163f

in innate immune system, 322-323 mange, 153b-154b

tension lines, 155

Skin cancer, 151b

Skull, 180-188

of avian, 510-512

of blue and gold macaw, 511f

of cat, 185f

of cow, 184f

of dog, 186f

of horse, 183f

of nonvenomous snake, 562f

of reptiles, 561-562, 561f

Slipped discs, 242b

Small intestine, 382f

digestion in, 402-404, 410-412

as endocrine organ, 290

motility of, 410

regulation of, 410

secretions of, 404

structure and function of, 402-404, 403f Small ribonucleoproteins, 94

Smell, 258

avian, 523

Smooth ER, 64

Smooth muscle, 9, 140-142, 141f, 211, 224-225, 225b

cells of, 225f

features of, 211t

gross anatomy of, 224

microscopic anatomy of, 224

physiology of, 224-225

Snake. see Reptiles

Sneezes, 377b

Sodium

as cation, 21-23

in cell membrane, 232

as major element, 15t

Sodium bicarbonate, 24

Sodium channel, 232

Sodium chloride (NaCl), 20f

Sodium cotransport, 454 Sodium-potassium pump, 86f, 231, 232f Soft palate, 383

Sole, of hoof, 166

Sole corium, 165

Solenoglyphous snakes, 552-553 Solutes, 27, 74-76, 75t

Solution, 27

Solvent, 27

Soma, 229

Somatic cell, 88-89

Somatic nervous system, 231

Somatic reflexes, 247

Somatotropic hormone, 280 Somatotropin, 280 Sound wave

effect on cochlear structures, 264f vibrations, 262

Space adaptation syndrome, 266b Spaying. see Ovariohysterectomy Special senses, 254t, 257-272, 258b Species resistance, 336 Spectacle, 543, 544f

opacification of, 544f Spermatic cord, 471-472, 472f Spermatids, 468-469 Spermatocyte, 468-469 Spermatogenesis, 281, 468-469, 468f

testes in, 469

Spermatophores, 560 Spermatotheca, 560 Spermatozoa, 469-471, 471f

transport of, 488 Spermatozoon, 466 Sperm cell, 58, 59f Sphenoid bone, 186-187 Sphenoidal sinus, 186-187 Spheroidal joints, 209 Sphincter, 390

muscle control in urinary bladder, 461, 461b

Sphygmomanometer, 358

Spinal canal, 7-8, 189

Spinal cavity, 8f

Spinal column, 188-192, 193b

vertebral formulas for common species, 189t

Spinal cord, 238-244

cross section of, 244, 244f

Spinal nerves, 230-231 Spindle apparatus, 60 Spindle fiber, 46 Spinous process, 189 Spiny layer, 150-151 Spleen, 314-315, 315f

immune system and, 318

red pulp, 314, 315f

white pulp, 314, 315f Splenopancreas, 554 Spliceosome, 94 Splint bones, 196

Spongy bone, 174

Spurs, 562

Squamous cells, 108

Squamous cell carcinoma, 151 b, 151f

Squamous metaplasia, 546b Stained blood smears, 303-304

Stapedius, 261

Stapes, 187, 261, 261f Starches, 418b, 419

Starvation, stages of, 426b, 426f Stercobilin, 300

Stercobilinogen, 300

Sternal ribs, 192-193 Sternebrae, 193

Sternum, 193

avian, 512, 512f

of canine, 193f

of rabbit, 192f

Steroids, 32t, 34-35, 423

anabolic, 289b

nucleus, 37f

Steroid hormones, 276-277, 277b, 277f

Stifle joint, 201

of dog, 206f

Stimulus, types of, 254

Stomach

avian, 524-525, 526f

of cow, 397f curvature of, 392 digestion in, 396, 396b as endocrine organ, 290 monogastric, 393-396 structure and function of, 392

Storage proteins, 442-443 Straining, larynx and, 366

Stratified columnar epithelium, 113, 115f Stratified cuboidal epithelium, 113, 115f Stratified epithelia, 108, 109f

Stratified squamous epithelium, 108, 113, 114f

Stratum basale, 150

Stratum corneum, 151-152

Stratum germinativum, 150

Stratum granulosum, 151

Stratum lucidum, 151

Stratum spinosum, 150-151

Streak canal, 497

Stress response, 308b Stretch reflex, 248, 248f Striated muscle, 140

Stroke volume (SV), 351-352, 352b afterload, 352 preload, 352

Stroma, 124

Structural proteins, 39, 55, 442-443 Styloid process, 194

Subatomic particle, 15-16, 16f Subcutaneous edema, 83

Subcutaneous layer, 149, 156 Submucosa, 129-130, 381

Substrate, 39, 433

Sucrose, hydrolysis and, 31-33 Sudoriferous glands, 163

Sugar

in DNA and RNA, 67 sources of, 418b, 419

Sulcus, 239, 239f

Sulfur, as major element, 15t

Superficial temperature receptors, 255 Superior umbilicus, 506

Superovulation, 281b Supporting cells, 262, 263f

Supracoracoideus, 516

Surfactant, 369

Surgical wound dehiscence, 254

Suspensory ligaments, 267

Sutures, 180

Swallowing (deglutition), 365, 391-392, 392b Sweat glands, 163, 164b

Sympathetic ganglion chain, 244

Sympathetic nervous system, 244

effects of, 246t

general functions of, 246-247 response to shock or blood loss, 246b structure of, 245f

Sympathetic vibration, 260

Symport system, 83-84

Synapses, 228, 235-238, 238b

Synaptic cleft, 235

Synaptic end bulb, 235

Synaptic knob, 235

Synaptic space, 220

Synaptic transmission, 235

Synaptic vesicles, 220

Synarthrosis, 204

Synergist, 213

Synovial fluid, 205

Synovial joints, 205-209

ball-and-socket, 209, 209f characteristics of, 205 gliding-type, 206-209, 209f hinge-type, 208f movements of, 205-206 pivot-type, 208f, 209

Synovial membranes, 133f, 135, 205

in animals, 135t

structure of, 134f

Synsacrum, 512

Synthesis reaction, 24

Synthetases, 433-434

Synthetic (S) phase, 89

Syrinx, 532-533, 533f

Systems, composition of, 9, 9b

Systemic anatomy, 2-3

Systemic circulation, 340

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 337

Systole, 350

Systolic blood pressure, 358

Systolic discharge, 351-352

Table salt, molecule of, 19

Tactile elevations, of hair, 152, 153f

Tactile hairs, 152, 161

Tactile sense, 255

Tail autonomy, 562

Tail glands, 163, 164f

Tailbone, 191-192

Talons, 504, 504f

Tapetum, 266-267

Tapetum lucidum, 266-267

Targets, of hormone, 228, 275t-276t, 276 Tarsal bones, 202

of feline and canine, 203f

Tarsal glands, 271

Taste, 257-258

avian, 522

Taste buds, 257, 259f

Taste pores, 258

Taurine deficiency, 419b, 419f

Tears

innate immune system and, 323 production of, 272, 272f

Teat sinus, 497

Tectorial membrane, 262, 263f Teeth, 383-387, 383f

carnivore and herbivore, 385f eruption of, 386t floating, 384

of reptiles, 552, 553f resorption of, 383b structure of, 384-385 surfaces of, 384, 384f

Telodendron, 235

Telogen effluvium, 159

Telogen phase, 159

Telomeres, 91 Telophase, 91-93, 92f

Temperature

affecting chemical reaction, 433 calorigenic effect and, 283 nocturnal torpor, 535 regulation of, 363, 364f

sense, 255

superficial and central receptors,

255

Temporal bones, 182-186

Temporomandibular joints (TMJs), 182-186, 389-390, 390b

Tendons, 212

Tensor tympani, 261

Terminal bouton, 235

Terminators, 94

Testes (testis), 288, 469-474, 473b blood supply to, 472f-473f of canine, 471f characteristics of, 469 descent of, 472f

development and location of, 471 functions of, 469

scrotum and, 471 spermatic cord and, 471-472, 472f spermatozoa in, 469-471 structure of, 471f, 472-474

duct system, 473-474 seminiferous tubules, 471f, 473 tunica albuginea, 471f, 472-473 tunics, 472

target and action of, 275t-276t Testosterone, 469

creation of, 34-35

luteinizing hormone and, 281 Tetraiodothyronine (T4), 282-283 Thalamus, 240

Thecodont teeth, 552, 553f Thermolabile enzymes, 434b Thermo-reaction, 12-13

Thermoregulation, 535

behavioral, 543

Third eyelid, 271 Thoracic cavity, 8, 8f, 371

Thoracic duct, 313

Thoracic limb, 193-199

skeletal muscles, 215-216 Thoracic vertebrae, 190, 190f

avian, 512 Thoracolumbar system, 244 Thorax, 363, 372f-373f Threshold stimulus, 233 Thrombin, 305 Thrombocytes

avian, 530, 531f

of reptiles, 549 Thrombocytopenia, 303 Thrombocytosis, 303 Thrombopoiesis, 297-298 megakaryocyte, 298 Thromboxane, 35 Thymine, 42, 67 Thymocytes, 331 Thymopoietin, 290 Thymosin, 290 Thymus, 290, 313, 320 Thyroid cartilages, 365 Thyroid gland, 285b

characteristics of, 282, 283f dysfunction of, 284b as “heater”, 278

target and action of, 275t-276t transverse section of, 283f Thyroid hormone, 278, 282-284

carbohydrate metabolism and, 284 effect on young, growing animals, 284 lipid metabolism and, 284 protein metabolism and, 284

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 278, 280-281

Thyroidectomy, 284b Thyrotropic hormone. see Thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroxine, 282-283 Tibia, 201-202

of canine, 202f Tibial crest, 201-202 Tibial tuberosity, 201-202 Tidal volume, 374 Tight junction, 106, 107f Tin, as major element, 15t Tissues, 8-9, 102-146, 102f, 107b body, 9t

healing and repair, 142-146, 144f, 145b

summary of, 142b types of, 105

Tissue fluid content, blood and, 296 Tissue forceps, 136b

T lymphocytes (T cells), 310, 331, 334 activation of, 334 development of, 332f

Toe, 166 Tongue, 259f, 387 Tonofilaments, 60, 106 Tonometer, 268b Tonsils, 315, 320

Total leukocyte count, 302-303, 303b Total plasma protein, 303

Total white blood cell count, differential count and, 303b

Touch, 255

avian, 522-523, 522f

Toxicity

in ectothermic animals, 543b

selective, of ivermectin, 241-242 Trace elements, 428 Trace minerals, 428b Trachea, 363f, 367

avian, 532

bifurcation of, 367 collapse of, 368b cross section of canine, 368f Tranquilizers, 237 Transamination, 443, 444f Transcription, 94, 94f-95f Transduction, 256 Transfer RNA (tRNA), 42, 93 Transferases, 433-434 Transfusion therapy, 315-316, 316b Transitional epithelium, 113, 116f Translation, 94-95, 96f, 98f Transmission, 256 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 50f Transport proteins, 442-443 Transudate, 130-133 Transverse plane, 3 Transverse processes, 189 Transverse tubules, 218, 218f Transversus abdominis muscle, 215 Triacylglycerols, 420 Triceps brachii, 194 Tricuspid valve, 343

sound of, 350, 350f Triglycerides, 34, 35f

decomposition of, 34 dehydration synthesis, 35f hydrolysis of, 441 metabolism of, 442f neutral fat as, 420, 422f phospholipids as, 422-423 Triiodothyronine (T3), 282-283 Trimesters, 495, 496b Triosseal canal. see Glenoid cavity Tripeptides, 37, 423

absorption of, 411-412 Triple covalent bond, formation of, 21 Trochanters, of bird's leg, 513 Trochlea, 193-194

Trochlear notch, 194 Trochoid joints, 209 Trypsin, 405 Trypsinogen, 405 T-tubules. see Transverse tubules Tubercles, 193-194

Tubular filtrate, 451 Tubular gland, 117, 118f

in canine stomach, 119f Tubulins, 60 Tubuloacinar gland, 117 Tubuloalveolar gland, 117 Tunica albuginea, 471f, 472-473 Turbinates, 188, 188f, 364

dorsal, 364

ventral, 364

Turtle, aural abscess in, 551f

T wave, 358, 358f

Twitch contraction, 222

Tylotrich hair, 152 Tympanic membrane, 187, 260, 261f, 521 Tyrosine melanin, 159-161

Udder, of cow, 497, 498f

Ulna, 194

of canine, 195f Ultraviolet (UV) light, 12-13, 96-97 Umbilical cord, 492, 493f Uncinate process, 511f, 512 Ungual process, 199 Ungulates, 164 Unicameral lung, 550 Unicellular exocrine glands, 117 Uniparous species, 480 Universal solvent, 27, 27f Universe

creation of, 12 early events in, 13f

Unsaturated fats, 422f

Unsaturated fatty acid, 34, 290, 420-421

Upper respiratory tract, 363-367

of canine, 363f infections of, 259b, 371b

Urachus, 492

Uracil, 42, 67

Urates, 555, 557f

Urea, 443

Uremia, 444b, 462b

Ureters, 450, 459, 460b, 460f anatomy of, 459 avian, 536-537 function of, 459, 460f

Urethra, 461, 474

anatomy of, 461, 461f

function of, 461, 463b

Urethral process, in horse, 476

Uric acid, 555

Urinalysis (“UA”), 447b, 447f-448f

Urinary bladder, 460-461

anatomy of, 460, 460f

function of, 460

Urinary calculi, 462b

Urinary stones, 462b

Urinary system, 445-463, 445f avian, 536-537 kidneys, 448-458 parts of, 448, 449f ureters, 459 urethra, 461 urinary bladder, 460-461

Urination, 214-215, 460-461

Urine

accumulation of, 460 composition of, 537 concentration of, 73-74 production of, 456b, 457f volume regulation, 454-458 water-soluble vitamins and, 427t

Urobilin, 300

Urobilinogen, 300

Urodeum, 526

Urogenital system, avian, 536-539, 536f, 539b

Urolithiasis, 462b, 463f

Uroliths, 462b, 463f

Uropygial gland, 503, 504f

Urostyle, 562

Uterine contractions, in labor, 495, 496b

Uterine tubes. see Oviducts

Uterus, 482 attachment of placenta to, 492-494 involution of, 496 during ovulation, 538 round ligament of, 477-478, 480f

Utricle, 264, 265f

Uvea, 266

Uveal tunic, 519

Vaccination, 499b protocols for, 335b-336b

Vacuoles, 66-67

Vagina, 483

Vaginal tunics, 472, 473f

Vagus nerve, 395

Valvular insufficiency, 351

Valvular stenosis, 351

Vanadium, as major element, 15t

Vane, 506

Vaporization, 27

Vas deferens, 474, 475f

Vasectomy, 475b

Vasoconstriction, 144-145

Vasodilation, 144-145, 246, 324

Vasovagal reflex, of lizards, 548

Vaults, 53t-55t, 55f, 66, 66b, 66f

Veins, 339, 353, 355f anatomy of, 353f umbilical, 492

Velvet skin, 168

Vena cava, 346-347

Venipuncture, 294-295, 295f, 359-360 platelets and, 300b sites of, 359f

for birds, 532b, 532f

Vent, 525f, 526

Ventral body cavity, 8, 8b

Ventral cavity, 8f

Ventral horns, 244, 244f

Ventral nerve roots, 244, 244f

Ventricles, 342-343, 343f

Ventricular fibrillation, 348b

Ventriculus, 525

Ventro-dorsal (VD) view, 3b

Venules, 353, 371

Vertebra

anatomy of, 189f characteristics of, 189 as irregular bone of spine, 177-178, 179f of spinal column, 188-189

Vertebral column, 188-189

avian, 512

Vesicles, 64-65

Vesicular glands, 474-475

Vessels, avian, 527-529, 528f-529f Vestibular folds, 365-366

Vestibule, 264, 265f

of vulva, 483

Villi, 404, 404f

Virulence, 336

Virus, 46

Viscera, 8, 224-225

Visceral layer, 130

of pleura, 8

Visceral sensations, 254

Visceral skeleton, 180, 204

Visceral smooth muscle, 224-225, 224f

Visceral vaginal tunic, 472

Vision, 266-272, 267b, 270b, 272b

of amphibians and reptiles, 545-546, 546b avian, 519-521, 519f cataracts affecting, 268b glaucoma of, 268b

Visual image, formation of, 270

Visual spectrum, of birds, 521

Vitamin D, 149

Vitamins, 425-428

fat soluble or water soluble, 425

sources and importance of, 427t Vitellogenesis, 554

Vitreous compartment, 267

Vitreous humor, 267, 270

Viviparous species, of reptiles, 557-558 Vocal cords, 363

Volkmann’s canals, 176

Voltage, 88

Voluntary muscle, 140

Voluntary striated muscle, 212

Vomer bone, 188

Vomeronasal organ, 552, 552f

Vulva, 483

Wall, of hoof, 166, 166f

Wandering cells, 122

Waste products

and lymphatic system, 312

transport through blood, 296

Waste removal, 446b

Water

in atmosphere, 12-13

functions of, 418-419

as inorganic compounds, 26-27, 28b requirements of, 418-419

as universal solvent, 27, 27f

Water-soluble vitamins, 427t, 428 Watson, James, 67

Wave of depolarization, 234

White adipose tissue, 124

White blood cells, 129, 130f, 293-294, 306-311, 306/; 306t, 339

avian, 530

common abnormalities of, 304b differential and total count, 303b function of, 306

total count of, 302-303, 303b transport of, blood and, 296 types of, 293-294

White fibers, 121

White line, 166

White matter, 230, 238

Wind-up, prevention of, 257b

Wings, 512-513, 513f

flight muscles of, 516f

muscles of, 514-516, 515f

Wishbone, 512

Withdrawal reflex, 249, 249f

Wobbler syndrome, 192b

Wool-type hairs, 161

Wound repair, classifications of, 145-146

Wright’s stain, 304

Wrist, 206-209

X-ray

epiphyseal (growth) plates, 178f as ionizing radiation, 96-97 positioning terminology, 3b

Xiphoid process, 193

Yawns, 377b

Yellow bone marrow, 178, 296, 296f Yellow fibers, 121

Z disc, 218

Zinc, as major element, 15t

Z line, 218

Zona pellucida, 489

Zonary placental attachment, 494, 494f Zygodactyl, 513

Zygomatic arches, 187

Zygomatic bones, 187

Zygote, 490, 491b

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Source: Colville Thomas, Bassert Joanna M.. Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians. 3rd edition. — Elsevier,2016. — 658 p.. 2016

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