Indications for sampling
Lymph node aspiration is extremely safe, rapid, easy to perform, and is recommended for all enlarged lymph nodes (both in cases of isolated and generalized lymphadenomegaly). In addition, lymph node cytology is indicated in many cases with minimally enlarged lymph nodes to evaluate if there is an underlying infectious disease (e.g.
Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma spp., yeast), to provide material for molecular diagnostics, or to stage malignant neoplastic diseases. The specific lymph nodes that are draining an area where a primary lesion is located should be sampled to evaluate the patient for spread of disease. The identification of the sentinel lymph node (i.e. the first node draining a lesion) is challenging in veterinary medicine and often requires mapping via vital dyes. Sampling multiple lymph nodes in the draining area is suggested in order to check early tumor dissemination. Sampling multiple lymph nodes should also be performed when a systemic disease is suspected, as cytologic features may vary among different nodes.
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