LYME BORRELIOSIS
Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a rapidly emerging tick- borne, complex multisystemic disorder caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) complex, here also referred to as Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes (LBS).
In Europe, thisInfectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe, First Edition. Edited by Dolores Gavier-Widen, J. Paul Duff, and Anna Meredith. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
TABLE 27.1 Recognized and proposed species in the genus Borrelia in 2010.
| Group | Species | Important (suspected) vector(s) | Typical reservoir host(s) | Disease in Europe | Distribution | ||
| Lyme | B. burgdorferi ss | I. ricinus, I. scapularis | Rodents, birds | Human LB (arthritis) | Europe, North America | ||
| borreliosis | B. afiselii | I. ricinus, I. persulcatus, I. | Rodents | Human LB (erythema migrans, | Eurasia | ||
| spirochetes (A burgdorferi sensu lato) | B. garinii | hexagonus? I. ricinus, I. persulcatus, I. uriae I. ricinus | Passerines, pheasants, seabirds | borrelial Iymphocytoma, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans) Human LB | Eurasia, circumpolar | ||
| B. bavariaensii9^ | Rodents | Human LB (neuroborreliosis) | Europe | ||||
| B. valaisiana | I. ricinus, I. columnae | Birds | Human LB? | Eurasia | |||
| B. Iusitaniae | I. ricinus | Lizards, birds, hedgehogs | Human LB (cutaneous)? | Southern and Central | |||
| B. Spielmanii | I. ricinus | Dormice (Gliridae) | Human LB? | Europe, North Africa Europe | |||
| B. bissettiι | I. Spinipalpis, I. ρacificus, I. | Wood mice, other rodents, | Human LB? | Central Europeb, | |||
| B. andersoniι | scapularis, I. ricinu^3 I. dentatus | Iagomorphs Cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.) | Not known | North America North America | |||
| B. Californiensisf | I. jellisonii, I. Spinipalpis, I. | Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys | Not known | California | |||
| Borrelia | pacificus I. scapularis | californicus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) Microtus pennsylvanicus, other | Not known | Illinois, New York, Nova | |||
| kurtenbachiif 3. carolinensis, | I. minor | species? Cotton mouse, Easter wood rat | Not known | Scotia Southeastern USA | |||
| 3. americand | I. pacificus, I. minor | Rodents, birds | Not known | USA | |||
| B. tanukii | I. tanuki | Rodents, racoon dogs? | Not known | Japan | |||
| 3. turdi | I. turdus | Birds | Not known | Japan | |||
| 3. japonica | I. ovatus | Shrews and rodents | Not known | Japan | |||
| 3. sinica | I. ovatus | Chinese white-bellied rat | Not known | Central China, Nepal | |||
| 3. yangtzef | I. granulatus, I. nipponensis, | (Niviventer confucianus (and other rodents?)) Rodents | Not known | East Asia | |||
| Old World | 3. recurrentis | Haemaphysalis Iongicornis Pediculus humanus | Humans | Human relapsing fever | Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia | ||
| relapsing | 3. duttoni | Ornithodoros moubata | Humans (pigs, chickens?) | Human relapsing fever, | East and Central Africa, | ||
| fever spirochetes | 3. crociduraec | moubata 0. sonrai | Rodents, Insectivores | abortion, neonatal loss Human relapsing fever (mild) | Madagascar Sahel, West and North | ||
| B. hispanica | 0. erraticus | Rodents | Human relapsing fever, | Africa, Middle East(?) Morocco, Algeria, | |||
| B. graingerι B. baltazardiι B. persicol B. caucasica | O. graingeri O. tholozani O. asperus (verrucosus) | Rodents? | neurological Human relapsing fever? Human relapsing fever Human relapsing fever | Tunisia, Southern Europe Iran Middle East, Central Asia Caucasus, Iraq | |||
| B. Iatyschewi | O. tartakovskyi | Rodents? Reptiles? | Human relapsing fever (mild) | Central Asia, Iran | |||
| B. harveyi B. tillae* | O. zumpti | Monkeys? Rats | Unknown | South Africa | |||
| New World | B. anserina | Argas spp. | Birds | Avian borreliosis in domestic | Worldwide in tropical | ||
| Relapsing | fowl | and subtropical areas | |||||
| Fever | B. turicatae | O. turicata | Rodents | Human relapsing fever | Southwestern USA | ||
| Spirochetes | B. parkeri | O. parkeri | Ground squirrels, prairie dogs | Human relapsing fever | Western USA | ||
| B. hermsii | O. hermsi | Chipmunks, tree squirrels, birds | Human relapsing fever, disease | Western USA and | |||
| in wild birds? | Canada | ||||||
| B. coriaceae | O. coriaceus | Mule deer, black-tailed deer | Unknowne | Western USA | |||
| (Odocoileus hemionus) | |||||||
| B. mazzottiι | O. talajei | Central America | |||||
| B. Venezuelensis | O. rudisi | Human relapsing fever (severe) | Central and South | ||||
| America | |||||||
| B. brasiliensis | O. brasiliensis | ||||||
| B. dugesiι | O. dugesii | Central and South | |||||
| America | |||||||
| Intermediate | B. miyamotoi | Ixodes persulcatus, I. ricinus, | Rodents | Unknown | Japan, Sweden, France, | ||
| group | sensu Iato | I. scapularis | Germany, USA | ||||
| B. theileri | Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) | Bovine borreliosis | North America, Southern | ||||
| spp. and Rhipicephalus spp. | Africa, Australia | ||||||
| B. IonestarD | Amblyomma americanum | White-tailed deer (Odocoileus | Master’s disease = southern | North America | |||
| virginianus), turkeys? | tick-associated rash illness (STARI) | ||||||
| Possible ‘new’ | cB. mvumiι | O. porcinus | Pigs? | Human relapsing fever? | East Africa | ||
| species | B. davisiι | Dermacentor variabilis? | White-footed mouse (Peromyscus | Not known | North America | ||
| IeucopusB) | |||||||
| Candidatus B. | D. variabilist | Not known | Not known | North America | |||
| texasensis | |||||||
| B. johnsonii, | O. kelleyι | Bats? | Not known | North America | |||
| ‘New’ group | B. turcica | Hyalomna aegyptium | Tortoises | Not known | Turkey | ||
Compiled from Barbour et al. (1986)®, Felsenfeld (1965)®, Goubau (1984)®, Larsson (2007)®, Postic (2005)® and Stanek & Reiter (2011)®.
Species names in quote marks are not listed in the ‘List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in the Nomenclature’®
Species written in bold type are, or may become, present in Europe.
Species listed in the ‘List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in the Nomenclature’®, but where no recent references describing their properties have been retrieved. The taxonomic standing of these old’ species is an area that needs to be addressed.
aProposed species name for B. garinii Osp A serotype 4
bA single I. ricinus found in Slovakia was reactive with probes specific for B. bisettii in 2003 and samples from patients in Slovakia and Czech Republic have been positive for this species® cB. crocidurae seem to be a heterogenous species and include strains that formerly were regarded as distinct species, he. B. merionesi, B. diplodilli and B. microti and other less defined species dR persica seem to be a heterogenous species; iB. Uzbekhistanicd, iB. sOgdiand, iB. babyIonensis, iB. turkmenicd and several less defined species from Northern India may be grouped together in this binome
eR Coriaeeae was suspected to be the cause of epizootic bovine abortion, but the aetiological agent appears to be from the Deltaproteobacteriai-10:1
fSome researchers prefer to assign these species to the genus Carios, while others still define them as Ornithodoros spp.
gArmstrong and others (1996)(11), seem to describe a very similar species found in Amblyomma americanum and propose the name 'B. barbouriy
complex includes at least seven genospecies (Table 27.1). LB is also named Lyme disease, Lyme arthritis, Lyme carditis, Borreliosis, Erythema migrans, Bannwarths syndrome, Garin-Bujadoux syndrome, Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, Borrelial lymphocytoma, Lymphadenosis benigna cutis, chronic lymphoycytic meningora- diculoneuritis and tick-borne meningoradiculoneuritis. (PFGE) and the current classical ‘gold standard’ methodology in taxonomy: DNA-DNA reassociation analysis(18). The application of multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and similar techniques to taxonomy are expected to identify and discriminate more ecologically meaningful entities within the B. burgdorferi complex than we have today.