Evaluation of Findings and Results Differentiated According to Demographic Variables

The tables that we will evaluate under this section are in a structure to show the general findings regardless of demographic variables (Table 7.7).

As for supporting the measures, we observe that the workers expressed 7% more support than the general.

Since the examination of the sociological reasons of the determined differ­ences was considered outside the scope of our study, we have only determined the differences (Table 7.8).

Whether the unemployed differ from the general in the support of the measures taken by the government to combat the pandemic displayed in Table 7.2 is included in Table 7.8. At the point of supporting the measures taken by the government, the support rate of the unemployed decreases to 11% and is 10% lower than the general. The decrease in this ratio increased the rate of the indecisive and the rate of those who absolutely do not support it by 5%, respectively.

Table 7.7 Analysis of the answers given to the questions in Table 7.2. According to occupations: worker

Do You support the precautions taken by the government regarding the COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you support the economic precautions taken by the government regarding the COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you find these precautions sufficient?

The point where the unemployed differ from the general in supporting the economic moves made by the government is the increase in the rate of supporters, although the rate of those who definitely do not support has decreased.

Table 7.8 Analysis of the answers given to the questions in Table 7.2. According to occupations: unemployed

Do you support the precautions taken by the government regarding the COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you support the economic precautions taken by the government regarding the COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you find these precautions sufficient?

influence.

Due to the low rates of each individual rate, tradesmen, SME owners and large business owners are analysed in a single table under the name of business owners.

Table 7.9 Analysis of the answers given to the questions in Table 7.2. According to occupations: business owner

Do you support the precautions taken by the government regarding the COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you support the economic precautions taken by the government regarding the COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you find these precautions sufficient?

The rate of business owners who supported the measures taken by the government regarding the pandemic was around 29% in total.

highest among all occupational groups in terms of supporting economic measures. There is no significant difference between the owners of the business and the general in terms of the proportion of those who do not support and considering measures being adequate (Table 7.10).

Table 7.10 Analysis of the answers given to the questions in Table 7.2. According to occupations: tradesperson or self-employed

Do you support the precautions taken by the government regarding the COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you support the economic precautions taken by the government regarding the COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you find these precautions sufficient?

Inspired by Income Tax Law, the concept of self-employed is defined as working on behalf and account, and the professionals such as lawyers, doctors and financial advisors are evaluated under this heading.

The total support of the self-employed was 3% less as for supporting the measures taken by the government regarding the pandemic. As a result, the percentage of total non-supporters was high by 3%. Although the difference up to this part is not too big, the main difference is seen in the rate of definitely non-supporters, which is 11% higher and above 40%.

There is no difference between the self-employed and the general population in terms of supporting economic measures, and there is no remarkable difference in terms of considering measures being adequate.

The difference of civil servants from the general population at the point of supporting the measures taken by the government regarding the pandemic is analysed in Table 7.11. The total support of civil servants was 21%. This rate was similar to the general population. However, the rate of those who definitely did not support these measures was 73% in total, 8% higher than the general population. The main differ­ence here lays in the rate of definitely non-supporters. Here, the 8% difference from the general population is the same as the difference in terms of total non-supporters.

The total ratio of those supporting economic regulations remained at 9% and was 5% lower than the general population. The rate of those who definitely do not support these economic measures was 42%, which was 3% higher than the general population. While the rate of those who consider the measures taken against the pandemic adequate was similar to the general population, the total rate of those who consider the measures adequate was 3% lower (Table 7.12).

The students were the most indecisive group with a rate of 23% regarding the measures taken by the government. This rate was 11% higher than the general population. While the total percentage of supporters is 19% lower than the general population, i.e., 3%, the total percentage of non-supporters is 54%, which is 11% lower than the general population. This proportion was slightly higher than workers, and immediately after workers, students were the group being least opposed to the measures.

The rate of those who supported economic moves was over 3%. Although this rate is below 11% of the general population, it is the lowest among all groups. The rate of total non-supporters was also 84%. This rate was the highest among all demographic groups. Students’ attitudes did not significantly differ from the general population in terms of considering the measures being adequate.

The responses of the workers to the questions in Table 7.3. Do not contain a great difference compared to the general population. But we will address some relatively minor differences here.

More than 84% were aware of the increase in customs duties, which is 6% points higher than the general population. While the total support for the increase was 6% less, the total non-support rate was 5 percentage points higher. The difference in the answers given to the questions other than this was even less (Tables 7.13 and 7.14).

88% of the unemployed was aware of the increase in the customs duty, i.e., 10 percentage points higher than the general population. While the total non-support

Table 7.11 Analysis of the answers given to the questions in Table 7.2. According to occupations: civil servant

Do you support the precautions taken by the government regarding the COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you support the economic precautions taken by the government regarding the COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you find these precautions sufficient?

rate with regard to supporting this increase was 94%, the rate of definitely non­supporters was higher than 70%. The opposition to the tax increase, which was 16 and 23 points higher than the general population, respectively, was also the highest among the groups.

Do you support the precautions taken by the government regarding the COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you support the economic precautions taken by the government regarding the COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you find these precautions sufficient?

Table 7.12 Analysis of the answers given to the questions in Table 7.2. According to occupations: student

The unemployed people, who are 100% aware of the SCT increase, have been the only group to answer the question “Do you support this increase”? as, “I do not support” and “I definitely do not support”. The unemployed, over 88% of whom responded, “I definitely not to support”, were the group that certainly did not support the SCT increase at the highest rate.

The rate of support for a new tax increase was also zero, as was the case in the first two tax increases. In addition to the answer that “I do not support”, the ratio of which was around 6%, the ratio of the incisive was around 6%, and the rate of the answer, “I definitely not to support”, was 88%, being the highest total non-support rate and the highest rate of definitely non-supporters. When asked which taxes would you prefer to be increased, they preferred direct taxes, expressed as income and corporate tax, at the rate of 94%. This may be caused by the fact that they think that they will be affected by indirect taxes, although they will not be dealing with direct taxes as long as they remain unemployed (Table 7.15).

Table 7.13 Analysis of the answers given to the questions in Table 7.3. According to occupations: worker

Do you have knowledge about the recent increase at custom duties made by the government?

Do you give a different answer if there is no COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you give a different answer if there is no COVID-19 pandemic?

(continued)

Table 7.13 (continued)

Which taxes you would prefer to increase?

Table 7.14 Analysis of the answers given to the questions in Table 7.3. According to occupations: unemployed

Do you give a different answer if there is no COVID-19 pandemic?

(continued)

Table 7.14 (continued)

Do you support the increase of SCTs?

Do you give a different answer if there is no COVID-19 pandemic?

Will you support if the government decide to increase other taxes for tackling down the COVID-19 pandemic?

Which taxes you would prefer to increase?

All business owners are aware of the increase in customs duties, which is higher than the general population being close to 22%. The ratio of supporters realized above 19% was above 4% than the general population. The total rate of those who do not support was 2.5% higher.

The rate of awareness of the SCT increase was similar to the general population. As for supporting the increase in SCT, the rate of this support, which is over 9%, is 4% higher than the general population. Accordingly, the rate of those who do not support is 3% lower. But the remarkable part in this part of the table is the ones who definitely do not support, amounting to 51%. It is also noteworthy that business owners have a ratio of definitely non-supporters being 16% lower than the general population.

Table 7.15 Analysis of the answers given to the questions in Table 7.3. According to occupations: business owner

Do you give a different answer if there is no COVID-19 pandemic?

Do you give a different answer if there is no COVID-19 pandemic?

(continued)

Table 7.15 (continued)

Which taxes you would prefer to increase?

In the answers given to the government’s question “Would you support another tax increase?”, business owners differ from the general population as regards not supporting them. This ratio, which was 48%, was 14% lower than the general population.

More than 51% of the business owners answered the question of “Which taxes would you prefer to be increased?” supported direct taxes, being the group supporting direct taxes the least among the whole population and the group preferring indirect taxes the most among the whole population at a rate of at 48%. This can be explained by the fact that the taxes on spending that the business owners can charge to the final consumer are preferred based on more economic rationality than a tax increase that they will be directly assume along with the other population.

The self-employed are aware of the increase in customs duty 8% less than the general population. Those who supported this increase were 18% in total, being 4% higher than the general population, while the ratio of total non-supporters was 69%, being 9% lower than the general population.

The ratio of the self-employed being aware of the increase in SCT was 97%, pointing out a 4% higher awareness level than the general population. Understanding why awareness level of the self-employed, who are less aware of the increase in customs duty compared to the general population, is higher than the general population regarding the increase in SCT requires additional research.

With regard to supporting the SCT increase, the attitude of the self-employed did not differ significantly from the general population when asked whether they would support other tax increases by the government and which tax would they prefer to be increased.

The ratio of civil servants who were aware of the increase in the customs duty was 71%, the lowest among all groups. This is also seven points lower than the general population awareness rate. The total support given to the increase of the customs duty is also three points higher than the rate of the general population, being 18%. Consequently, the total rate of supporters was five points lower than the general population, amounting to 73%.

As for being aware of the SCT increase, civil servants answered yes at a lower rate than the general population. Here, the difference is two points, amounting to 91%. Again, the rate of those who did not support the increase in SCT was 88% for civil servants, remaining four points lower than the general population. Apart from these differences, no significant difference was found between the civil servants and the general population in the responses to Tables 7.16 and 7.17.

Table 7.16 Analysis of the answers given to the questions in Table 7.3. According to occupations: tradesperson or self-employed

Do you have knowledge about the recent increase at custom duties made by the government?

Do you support the increase of custom duties? border=0> I totally support 5 2749 7042 I support 8 12,372 11,268 I am indecisive/don’t know 9 6529 12,676 I do not support 19 31,271 26,761 I definitely do not support 30 47,079 42,254 Total 71 100