List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Publicity cube and global public goods. Source (Smith 2004; Aςιkgdz 2011, p. 229) 6

Fig. 2.1 Pandemic history from hunter society to super intelligent society.

Fig. 2.2 Level based test centers and the responsibilities

of laboratory. Source (By using WHO 2015, T.R. Ministry of Health, 2019)... 29

Fig. 2.3 Global health sector strategy (2016-2021). Source WHO (2016).......... 30

Fig. 3.1 Global GDP growth, public expenditures and public revenues by year-1980-2018 (World Average-% GDP). Source World Bank (2020a)............................................................. 44

Fig. 3.2 Public expenditure levels of selected countries—2018 (% of GDP). Source World Bank (2020b) 45

Fig. 3.3 The impact of 2008 global economic crisis

on public expenditures and tax revenues. Source World Bank (2020c, d).......... 46

Fig. 3.4 The course of interest payments by country groups before and after the crisis (2006-2015). Source World Bank (2020e)..................................................................................... 48

Fig. 3.5 Post-crisis external debt tendency by country groups (2006-2015). Source World Bank (2020f) 49

Fig. 3.6 Public expenditures after the COVID-19 outbreak in selected countries. Source IMF (2020a) 51

Fig. 3.7 Public expenditure growth by country groups after the global outbreak (% of GDP). Source IMF (2020a).... 51

Fig. 3.8 Credit, support and guarantees (% GDP) in combating the COVID-19 outbreak. Source IMF (2020a)....................................................................................................................... 52

Fig. 3.9 Credit support and guarantee utilization increase

by country groups after the global outbreak (% of GDP).

Fig. 3.10 Comparison of COVID-19 outbreak

and borrowing-COVID-19 outbreak with 2008 global economic crisis according to debt statistics. Source

IMF (2020c).................................................................................................. 56

Fig. 3.11 Effect of GDP on Tax Income by Country Groups (The relevant chart shows the effect of a 1% GDP change that will occur in country groups on tax revenues. The shaded area gives all possibilities with the top and lowest points). Source OECD (2020: 38)....................................... 57

Fig. 3.12 Direct foreign investment as COVID-19 outbreak and private sector expenditure (2015-2022). Source

UNCTAD (2020a)......................................................................................... 58

Fig. 3.13 Peacock-Wisemanhypothesis. Source Createdbyauthor.................. 59

Fig. 4.1 Phasesofcrisis. Source Preparedbytheauthors................................... 68

Fig. 4.2 Phases of crisis management. Source Tagjraf and Arslan

(2003:152).................................................................................................... 69

Fig. 4.3 Ways of crisis management. Source Prepared by the authors... 70

Fig. 4.4 Cyclic flow chart of the crisis. Source Kash and Darling

(1998:181).................................................................................................... 71

Fig. 5.1 WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. Source World Health Organization (2020) 88

Fig. 5.2 Situation by WHO region. Source World Health Organization (2020) 88

Fig. 8.1 Trends of confidence index. Source It was compiled from TUIK data and prepared by US 176

Fig. 8.2 PMI and capacity utilization rate. Source Republic of Turkey Presidency Strategy and Budget Directorate (2020)....................................................................................... 177

Fig. 8.3 Sectoral confidence index. Source Prepared by the authors

with the data obtained frιm Turkish Statistical Institute.........................

Fig. 8.4 Credit and deposit rates balance. Source Republic of Turkey Presidency Strategy and Budget Directorate (2020)....................................................................................... 179

Fig. 8.5 Tourist numbers and tourism revenue. Source Republic of Turkey Presidency Strategy and Budget Directorate (2020)....................................................................................... 180

Fig. 8.6 Budget balance and interest expenses. Source Republic of Turkey Presidency Strategy and Budget Directorate (2020)....................................................................................... 181

Fig. 10.1 Package of measures taken to limit the economic

and financial effects of the coronavirus. Source (Central

Bank of Republic of Turkey 2020)............................................................. 216

Fig. 11.1 Money flower: a taxonomy of money. Source Bech

and Garratt (2017)....................................................................................... 225

Fig. 13.1 Number of active twitter users. Source Created

by the author using the data on website “Statista”.................................... 261

Fig. 13.2 Number of shares collected daily. Source Created by author.... 266 Fig. 13.3 Mostmentionandhashtags. Source Createdbyauthor......................................... 267

Fig. 13.4 Accounts with the most mentions. Source Created

by author (explanation of account can be find in the table)...................... 268

Fig. 13.5 Maximum number of words in messages. Source Created

by author..................................................................................................... 270