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Abbas, Mahmoud 446, 448 Abdu, Muhammed 92, 457 Abdullah, King of Jordan 94, 128, 430

Abyssinia see Ethiopia Abyssinian war 165, 166 Aceh 86

Acheson, Dean 260 Adams, Brooks: The Law of

Civilization and Decay 135

Adams, John Quincy 134

Aden 93

Adenauer, Konrad 240, 278 Aehrenthal, Alois Leza von 22 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din 92, 457 Afghanistan 291, 481, 522, 524; civil war 476; Islamism and al-Qaeda 473—5; opium trade 529—30; post-war 529; resurgence of Taliban 523, 529; Soviet intervention in 271,288-91, 369, 467, 482; Taliban rule 466-8; war on (2001) 522, 524, 535

Africa: and AIDS/HIV 425; Cold War context 413-16, 426-7; commodities 103; and debt burden 425; decolonization 100-2, 404-9, 426; and end of Cold War 423; non-aligned movement 316; pan-Africanism 409-11; post-colonial states 418-23; professional services and 418; troubled road to democracy 423-6; and world economy 422

African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective, The (Young) 422

African National Congress (ANC) 411-12

agriculture 422

Aguinaldo, Emilio 136 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud 531, 532 AIDS/HIV 425

air power: Allies' 205; bombing of Indochina 301; German Luftwaffe

192, 205; ICBMs 273-4; missiles 281; ‘Star Wars' project 348; U-2 spy planes 237, 241, 273 Albania 220, 282 Algeria 92, 93, 423; and Islamism 463; non-aligned movement 316, 321, 323, 327; overthrow of Ben Bella 324; socialism 458; war of liberation 95, 407, 413

Allende, Salvador 391-2, 400 Alliance for Progress 326 Allison, Graham T.: Essence of

Decision 274 al-Qaeda 515, 522, 525, 527, 530, 534-5

Alsace-Lorraine 16, 36, 41 Ambon 82

America and the Japanese Miracle (Forsberg) 344

Amin, Idi 420

Anatomy of a War (Kolko) 308 Andropov, Iurii 482

Angell, Norman: The Great Illusion 3, 15

Angola 288, 414-15, 416, 423; Soviet intervention 284, 285-6

anti-Semitism 54; Kristallnacht 182; and Nazis 162-3; and rise of Zionism 108-10

Antun, Farah 92 apartheid 323, 404

Arab nationalism 123 see also Islamism

Arab-Israeli conflict: 1982 war 438-40; and al-Qaeda 475; Cold War context 450-2; context of 429; and Islamism 458; October war (1973) 437-8; and Palestinians 438-42; peace process 442-8; resistance movements 438-42, 468-71; Six Day war (1967) 433-4, 458; and Zionism 107-8

Arabic nations: nationalism and decolonization 90-5; see also individual countries; pan-Arabism

Arafat, Yasser 440, 444, 446, 447, 448

Arbenz Guzman, Jacobo 383-4 Arevalo, Juan Jose 383

Arevalo, Marco Vinicio 396 Argentina 150, 393

Argov, Shlomo 439

Arias Sanchez, Oscar 395

Aristide, Jean-Bertrand 397

Armenia 486

Arroyo, Gloria Macagapal 536 al-Asad, Hafez 437

ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) 516 Ashante kingdom 86

Asia: Cold War containment policy 247-8; integration in 514-16; and Third World 319

Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) 516

Asian financial crisis 350

Asquith, H.H. 21

Association of South-East Asia (ASA) 514

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 311-12, 332, 347, 368, 372, 502, 514, 515-16, 536

At Dawn We Slept (Prange) 77

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 87, 464 Atlantic Charter 103

Attlee, Clement 226

Austria 5, 165, 235, 510; Anschluss 45, 62, 157, 165, 177, 178; neutralism 316, 317; post-WWI changes 45

Austria-Hungary: autonomy to subject peoples 36; and Balkans 22; conscription 8; effect of WWI 29; Great Power status 5, 6, 8; multinational state 11; origins of WWI 15-21, 24-6

autarky 163, 197

Azerbaijan 486

Ba'asyir, Abu Bakar 537

Bainville, Jacques 55

Bakers, Ray Stannard: Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement

55

Baldwin, Stanley 169-70

Balfour, Arthur James 112

Balfour Declaration 113, 121

Bali bombings (2002) 534, 536, 537

Balkans: post-WWI changes 44; roots of WWI 15-21; wars of 22-4; and World War II 199

Baltic states 486; Treaty of Brest- Litovsk 34

Bandung Conference see non-aligned movement

Bangladesh 330

Banisadr, Abolhassan 465 al-Banna, Hassan 472

Bao Dai, Emperor of Vietnam 296-8

Barak, Ehud 444, 446

Baran, Paul 327

Barthou, Louis 168

Barzagan, Mehdi 465

Batista, Fulgencio 145, 273, 385 Beck, Josef 181

Begin, Menachem 438-9

Beilin, Yossi 446

Belgium 36, 166, 190, 407

Ben Bella, Ahmed 324

Ben Gurion, David 122, 430-2

Beneath the United States (Schoultz)

400

Benes, Edvard 180, 223

Bernadotte, Counte Folke 125

Beschloss, Michael: Kennedy versus

Khrushchev 274

Bessarabia 194

Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von

24, 25, 27

Betrayal at Pearl Harbor (Rusbridger and Nave) 77

Bierut, Boleslaw 221

Biko, Steve 416

Bin Laden, Osama 474-5, 522, 530, 534, 535

Bismarck, Otto von: and Germany as

Great Power 14; roots of WWI 16

Black Africa: 1945—1980 (Fieldhouse) 421-2

Blasier, Cole: Hovering Giant 400

Blix, Hans 527

Bloch, Ivan: War in the Future 15 Blum, Leon 168, 172

Boer War 12, 411 Bonar Law, Andrew 49 Bosch, Juan 391 Bosnia-Herzegovina 24, 496, 497, 539

Botha, P.W 417-18 Botswana 100, 425 Boumedienne, Houari 327, 330 Brandt, Willy 279, 317 Braun, Werner von 237 Brazil 393

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of 34, 36 Bretton Woods system 208, 235, 277, 507; and Africa 408; developing Third World 326; and Japan 260, 343

Brezhnev, Leonid 276, 281, 365, 482 Briand, Aristide 49, 50-2

Britain 5; Boer War 12; and China 65; conscription 7; and de Gaulle 278; depression of 1930s 156-8; empire 82-5, 405-7; and European integration 235-6, 506-7, 509-10; failure of Versailles 47-8; Great Power status 5-8, 8-10; and Hitler's expansion 165-72; and Iraq war 527; Japanese Alliance (1905) 12; July bombings (2005) 534; Lend-Lease agreement 194, 202; Locarno treaties 50-2; and Manchurian crisis 68; and Northern Ireland 495; and Palestine 111-21, 128; Paris Peace Conference 39-44; roots of WWI 15-21; Suez crisis 432-3; uneasy Allies 201; see also European Union; India; World War I; World War II

British Imperialism, 1688—2000 (Cain and Hopkins) 85

Brothers in Arms (Westad) 362 Broz, Josip see Tito

Brüning, Heinrich 159-60 Bryan, William Jennings 137, 140 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 286 Buddhism 300, 467

Bukovina 194 Bulgaria 44, 45, 209, 222

Bülow, Prince Bernhard von 21, 22 Burma (Myanmar) 82, 250, 252, 300, 515, 515-16; ‘Saffron Revolution' (2007) 516

Bush, George W 522-3; ‘Bush Doctrine' 525, 526; and China 371; and Iraq war 526, 527-8; and post-war Iraq 528; wins 2004 election 533

Bush Sr, George 395, 485, 525 al-Bustani, Butrus 92

Byrnes, James F. 225

Cabral, General Donald Reid 391 Caetano, Marcello 414

Cain, Peter: British Imperialism, 1688—2000 (with Hopkins) 85

Cairo Agreement (1994) 443

Cambodia 296, 297, 306-7, 311, 515; Pol Pot and Khmer Rouge 309-11, 368

Canada 90, 517 capitalism: British-American differences 201; developing Third World 325-32; modernization theory 326-7, 388; rise of globalization 331

Cardenas, Lazaro 147

Caribbean 140, 144

Carranza, Venustiano 140

Carter, Jimmy 271, 288; on Afghanistan 289; and Korea 353; moral rhetoric 284; and Nicaragua 394; and North Korea 374

Castro, Fidel 384, 398, 401; Cuban Missile Crisis 273-4; revolution 385-6, 388

Ceausescu, Nicolae 485

Cedras, General Raoul 397

Central America see Latin America

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 239

Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) 231

Ceylon see Sri Lanka

Chabod, Federico 503

Chamberlain, Austen 50-2

Chamberlain, Joseph 90, 109

Chamberlain, Neville 158, 171, 173, 184; Munich Peace 178-81; outbreak of war 190

Chamorro, Emiliano 140

Chamorro, Violeta Barrios de 395 Chamoun, Camille 430

Chavez, Hugo 332, 398-9

Chechnya 492, 494

Chen Jian 375; Mao’s China and the Cold War 291, 362

Cheney, Dick 533 Chernenko, Konstantin 482 Chiang Kai-shek see Jiang Jieshi Chicherin, Georgi 47, 49 Chile 144, 389, 391-3, 400 China 59, 60, 516, 534, 539; and

Africa 414; Bandung conference 321; Boxer Rebellion 138; civil war 253-8, 266; Cold War context 357-8, 375-6; communist movement 64-6, 70, 230, 358; Cultural Revolution 365-6; economic growth 369; Gang of Four 368-9; Great Leap Forward 360-2, 368; Guomindang 65, 88, 99, 358; and Hong Kong 371; insulted by Versailles 64; and Japan 64, 69-71, 71-4, 78, 352, 353, 369, 516; and Korean war 263, 265; Manchurian crisis 66-9; Mao's legacy 367-8, 370; nuclear power 276; Open Door policy 60-1, 62, 138; post-Mao modernization 368-70; Republic established 61, 247-8; and SE Asia 303; and Soviet Union 230, 258-61, 279-80, 303, 358-9, 361-3; and Taiwan 360-1, 366, 371, 375; and the Third World 363-6; Tiananmen Square massacres 370-1; and United Nations 255, 320; and USA 133, 135, 138-9, 267-8, 272, 281,366-7, 371-2; and Vietnam 296, 297, 303 Chung-hee, Park 374 Churchill, Winston S.: Atlantic

Charter 103, 207; Cold War diplomacy 233; and Europe 503; and French defeat 192-3; The Gathering Storm 155; ideology of WWII 184-5; ‘iron curtain' speech 220; and Japan 77; replaces Chamberlain 191; wartime strategies 203-4; Yalta conference 208-11

Citizen and Subject: Contemporary

Africa (Mamdani) 422 Clausewitz, Karl von 193 Clemenceau, Georges 36-7, 38, 47, 54; Paris Peace Conference 39, 42-3

Clinton, Bill 492; and China 371; and Haiti 397; and Israeli-Palestinian dispute 495; and Northern Ireland 495; and Somalia 495—6

Cohen, Warren 259

Cold War: and Africa 413—16; alliances 231—2; American anti-detente 283—5; and

Arab-Israeli conflict 450—1; arms race 236—8, 287—8; in Asia 265—8; attempts at detente 271—2, 275—6, 281—3, 290—1, 292, 329; Bandung conference 318—22; Berlin Wall 240—3, 485; and China 230; collapse of Soviet bloc 483—6; containment policy 224—9, 247—8, 260, 381, 383; Cuban Missile Crisis 273—4; culture and propaganda 238—40; division of Germany 218—19; divisions in socialist countries 279—80; end of 331, 486—8; establishment 94, 125; and Europe 277—9; first Zionist settlements 108—9; Gorbachev's perestroika 481; and Gulf War 491; and Japan 335—6, 340—1, 349; Latin American context 399—400; McCarthyism 230—1; and Marshall Plan 226—8; and NATO 228—9; neutralism 235, 267, 268, 316—17; and OPEC 327; origins of 217, 229; Sino- Soviet relations 258—61; Soviet control of East 221—4; stability in Khrushchev era 232—3, 235; superpower balance 481; and Third World 332—3, 480;

Truman Doctrine 224—6; and Vietnam 295—8

collective security 501 colonialism/imperialism 81—2, 129, 238; Africa 404—9, 418—23; British empire 82—5; and China 363—4; and the Cold War 315—16; colonial government 86—7; effect of WWII 102—4; government 86—7; ‘indirect rule' in Africa 100—2; Middle East 27; and naval power 19; neo-267; nineteenth century 5—6; and non-aligned movement 324; origins of 84—5; Sandino's resistance 144—5; and self­determination 87; Southeast Asia 98—100; and Vietnam 296, 298; and Yalta agreements 209; see also non-aligned movement; pan-Africanism

Columbia 393 COMECON 223, 236, 416 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 505, 506

communism: defeat of 538; established in Europe 220—4; in India 318; Indonesia 99; international movement 65; and Latin America 381, 383; and McCarthyism 230—1; propaganda for and against 238—40; relations to Third World 319; Soviet isolation 46—7; uneasy Allies 201; and WWII 184—5; see also Cold War; Soviet Union; Stalin, Joseph Concert of Europe 13—14, 23, 32 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) 272, 282—3, 284, 291

Congo: Belgian 324, 407, 410, 413; Zaire 414, 419—20, 421, 424; see also Democratic Republic of Congo

Congress of Vienna 5 Connally, Tom 228 containment 371 Coolidge, Calvin 144 Corfu 53 Costa Rica 395 Council of Europe 504 Croatia 496—7

Cuba 143, 398; and Angola 414—15; under Batista 145; Bay of Pigs invasion 273, 386; imperialism of USA 137—8, 152; Missile Crisis 271,273—4, 275—6, 324, 386; non-aligned movement 329; revolution 385—6, 388; Spanish- American War 136; trade 381; US containment 394, 401

Cumings, Bruce 262 Czech Republic 512—13 Czechoslovakia 168; creation of 44;

end of Cold War 485; and Germany 279;

Hitler invades 155—6, 176—80; post-WWI changes 45; Prague coup (1948) 223; Soviet invasion of 280, 282, 365

Dae-jung, Kim 374—5 Daladier, Edouard 179—80, 182,

184, 190

Danzig/Gdansk 42, 181, 188

Darfur crisis 372

Darwin, Charles 15

Darwinism see Social Darwinism

Dawes (Charles) Plan 50, 51

Day of Deceit (Stinnett) 77

Dayan, Moshe 434, 439

de Gaulle see Gaulle, Charles de de Klerk, F.W 418

Delcasse, Theophile 16, 22

Delors, Jacques 508

Democratic People's Republic of

Korea see Korea

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 424-5

Deng Xiaoping 362, 364, 365, 516; after Mao 368-70; Tiananmen Square 370

Denmark 41, 191

Detente and Confrontation (Garthoff)

291

developmental state 350

Diaz, Adolfo 144

Diaz, Porfirio 140

Diem, Ngo Dinh 298-300, 311

Dimitrov, Gheorghi 222 al-Din, Saad 449

Dobrynin, Anatoly 274

Dollfuss, Engelbert 165

Dominican Republic 140, 144-5, 391, 400

Dreyfus, Alfred 109

Duarte, Jose Napoleon 394

Dubcek, Alexander 485

Dubois, W E. B. 409

Dujana, Abu 537

Dulles, Allen 384

Dulles, John Foster 151, 234

Dutch East Indies 98

Duvalier, Jean-Claude ‘Baby Doc'

397

East Germany see German

Democratic Republic

Eastern Europe: and EU 512-13

Ebert, Friedrich 39

Economic Community of West

African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) 425

Economic Consequences ofthe Peace, The (Keynes) 47, 55

economics: colonial commodities 103; and colonies 84, 86-7; depression of 1930s 52, 67; dollar off gold standard 277-8; Dow Jones 10,000 492; Japanese development 341, 342—8; Latin America 142—3; protectionism 354; Southeast Asia 351, 354; world crises of 1930s 156-8; see also capitalism; communism; neo-liberalism; trade

Eden, Anthony 170, 172, 173, 431-2

Egypt 268; 1948 war 126; 1967 war 433-4; 1973 war 437-8; Aswan dam project 321; decolonization 92, 94; Islamism 457, 473; Nasser's rise 430; non-aligned movement 315-16, 321; realignment 451; socialism 458; Suez crisis 95, 431-2 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 236, 241, 339, 385; ‘Chance for Peace' 233; Suez crisis 432; and Vietnam 298

El Salvador 393, 394

Entente Cordiale 16-17

Eshkol, Levi 434 Essence of Decision: Explaining the

Cuban Missile Crisis (Allison) 274

Estonia 194

Ethiopia 81, 286, 296, 423; Abyssinian war 165, 166; defeats Italy 10; non-aligned movement 321; Selassie dethroned 415 ethnic conflict: and ‘new world order' 494-8

ethnicity see race and ethnicity

European Defence Community (EDC) 505

European Free Trade Area (EFTA) 235, 506

European Monetary System (EMS) 507-8

European Recovery Program see Marshall Plan

European Union/European Economic Community 396; and aid 513; and Amsterdam Treaty (1997) 510; colonial power 82-6; Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) 513; creation of ECSC 504-5; decline in influence 503; and decolonization 503; de Gaulle's attitude towards Britain 278; future 518; idea of united 502-3; Locarno era 50-2; and Luxembourg Compromise 506; and Maastricht Treaty (1992) 508-10; and Nice Treaty (2001) 510; origins and foundation 53—4, 228, 235—6; problems 513—14; rapid population growth 510; reasons for emergence 519; and Rome Treaties (1957) 505, 510; and Single European Act (1986) 508; Soviet control of East 220—4; widening and deepening 505-8, 510-13, 518

Faisal, King of Iraq 94 fascism: and Japan 67; and WWII 184; see also Hitler, Adolf; Mussolini, Benito; National Socialist Party

Fatah 447, 448

Fieldhouse, David: Black Africa: (1945-1980) 421

Finland 34, 210, 235, 510; neutralism 316-17; war with Soviet Union 194

Fischer, Fritz 24

Fisher, Admiral Sir John 17 Fiske, John 135

Flapan, Simha 128 Foch, General Ferdinand 43 Ford, Gerald 282, 283-4, 286 Forsberg, Aaron: America and the

Japanese Miracle 344

Fourteen Points 36, 38, 93-4, 129 Fox Quesada, Vicente 517

France: African colonies 405-6, 407-8; ally against Soviet Union 210; colonies 82, 84, 86, 93, 94, 98, 100; conscription 8; depression of 1930s 156-8; and Europe 504, 505, 506; Free French Forces 202; Great Power status 5-8, 8-10, 13; and Hitler's expansion 165-72; Indochina 102, 250, 295, 296- 7, 311; iron and steel 43; Locarno treaties 50-2; Maginot Line 171, 189; and Marshall Plan 226-7; nineteenth century 5; nuclear power 276; outbreak of WWI 25-6; Paris Peace Conference 39-44; Popular Front government 168; post-war exclusion 216; Vichy 192; see also European Union; World War I; World War II

Franco, General Francisco 165 Frank, Andre Gunder 327

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 24

Franz Josef, Emperor 11 French, David 38

French Indochina see Vietnam

Freud, Sigmund 15

Furusenko, A.: ‘One Hell of a Gamble’ (with Naftali) 274

Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar 530 Gallagher, John 85

Gamelin, General Maurice 179, 192 Gandhi, Mohandas K. 96, 97, 103 Garthoff, Raymond: Detente and Confrontation 291

Garvey, Marcus 409

Gathering Storm, The (Churchill) 155 Gaulle, Charles de 202; ally against Soviet Union 210; critical of Vietnam war 304; and Europe 505—7; independence 317; and the USA 240; view of Britain 278, 506-7

Gemayel, Bashir 439-40 General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT) 343, 492

Geneva Conference (1954) 297-8, 359

Geneva disarmament talks (1932) 156

Geneva Naval Conference (1927) 53 Geneva Summit (1955) 233 German Democratic Republic:

Berlin Wall 240-3; end of Cold War 485; formation 219; Hallstein Doctrine and 278-9; post-Stalin 233

German Federal Republic: Berlin Wall 240-3; end of Cold War 485; formation 218; joins NATO 233; Ostpolitik 278-9, 317; treaties with Poland 282

Germany: appeasement 168, 170; and Austria 157, 165, 177, 178; Axis with Italy 165; collapse of Weimar Republic 158-61; conscription 8; devastated by war 216; disarmament 51-2, 53; division of 218-19; and Europe 504, 508; Great Power status 6, 8, 9-10; hatred of Versailles treaty 48-50; Hitler's fascism 161-5; iron and steel 43; and Latin America 148, 150; Locarno treaties 50-2; migration from Poland 221; military expansion 165—72; non-aggression pact with Soviet Union 174—6; outbreak of WW1 22—3; Paris Peace settlement 41—4, 45; reparations 42-4, 48-50; reunified 5, 485, 486; roots of WWI 15-21; Schlieffen Plan 18-21, 171, 191; Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 34, 36; Weimar Republic 39, 47; withdraws from League 162; see also European Union; National Socialist Party; World War I; World War II

Ghana 321, 405, 407, 410, 413, 421, 423

Gittings, John 362 globalization: and Islamism 457; and

Third World 331; US economic power 492

Gold Coast see Ghana

Gomulka, Wladislaw 221, 223 Gorbachev, Mikhail: perestroika and glasnost 481, 483-5, 486, 488; and Tiananmen Square 370

Goring, Hermann 163, 195 Gottwald, Klement 222 Great Illusion, The (Angell) 3, 15 Great Powers: collapse in WWI 28;

and Japan 81; and League of Nations 40-1; roots of WWI 15-21; warfare 8, 9; wealth and influence 8, 10

Greece 199-200, 209, 225-6, 507 Grenada 400

Grey, Sir Edward 12 Group of Seven (G-7) 328, 346, 499 Guam 136

Guantanamo Bay 397 Guatemala 381,383-5, 388-9, 393, 395-6

Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che' 389, 390,

401

Guinea 409, 413, 420

Gulf States 93

Gulf War (1990-1) 349, 489-91

Haas, Ernst 519 Habyarimana, President Juvenal 424 Hague Peace Conference 15

Haig, Alexander 394

Haiti 140, 144, 145, 397-8 Halifax, Lord 178-9, 182, 192 Hallstein Doctrine 278-9 Hamas 444, 447-8, 449, 469-70 Haniyyeh, Ismail 448

Harding, Warren G. 142, 144 al-Hariri, Rafiq 449

Harmel Report 279 Harrison, Mark 212

Hashemites 111

Hatoyama, Yukio 338-40 Hatta, Mohammed 99, 250

Havel, Vaclav 283, 485

Hay, John 138

Hein, Laura 344

Helsinki Accords 272, 282

Henlein, Konrad 177, 179-80 Herbst, Jeffrey: States and Power in

Africa 422

Herring, George 309

Herriot, Edouard 158, 167

Herzl, Theodor 113; Der Judenstaat

109

Hess, Rudolf 194

Hindenburg, Paul von 37, 159-61, 162

Hindu nationalism 96

Hirota, Koki 69

Hirschfeld, Yair 443

Hiss, Alger 230-1

Hitler, Adolf: anti-Semitism 116; appeasement 170-2; assassination attempt 207; death of 208; and human agency 155-6; invades Czechoslovakia 176-80; and Japan 75; Mein Kampf162, 163, 207; and Mussolini 164-5; rise to power 160-1

Hizb'allah 448-50, 469-71

Hizbut Tahrir 473

Ho Chi Minh 65, 296-300, 308, 311

Hoare, Sir Samuel 170

Hobson, J. A. 85

Hodge, General John 262

Holloway, David 210-11

Honduras 143, 395 Honecker, Erich 485

Hong Kong 369, 371, 375

Hoover, Herbert 143, 145, 157,

158

Hopkins, Anthony: British Imperialism, 1866—2000 (with Cain) 85

Hosokawa, Morihiro 349 Houphouet-Boigny, Felix 410, 419 Hovering Giant (Blasier) 400

Hua Guofeng 368

Huerta, Victoriano 140

Hull, Cordell 75, 173, 209

Hungary 45, 177—8; end of Cold War 485; post-war communism 221-2; uprising (1956) 234, 238; and Warsaw Pact 317

Hunt, Michael 259 al-Husayni, Mufti Hajj Amin 116, 118, 123-4

al-Husayni, Musa Kazim 123 Hussein, King of Jordan 430, 441 Hussein, Sharif 111-12

Hutus 424

Ibn Taimiya 460

Ikeda, Hayato 341

Ikhwan al-Muslimim 472 immigration: overseas Chinese 99;

Vietnamese boat people 310; see also Israel; Palestinians imperialism see

colonialism/imperialism

India: evolution of independence 95-8; independence 103, 248-9; local colonial rule 86; neutrality 267; non-aligned movement 315-16, 318-22, 323-4; nuclear power 493; partition 249; soldiers in British wars 94, 98

Indonesia 82, 300, 514, 515; and Bali bombings 534, 536, 537; counter-terror strategy 536, 537; Dutch attack 318, 324; economy 354; fall of Sukarno 324; Islamism 458; Laskar Jihad 471; revolutionary movements 99, 252 industrialization 15

Inevitable Revolutions (LaFeber)

399

Inter-American Development Fund 208

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 531

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 208

International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) 392

Inukai, Tsuyoshi 69

Iran (Persia) 81, 286, 490, 530, 533; imperialism 6; and Nicaragua 395; and nuclear weapons 530, 531-2; revolution 288, 330, 458, 464-5, 481; and USA 531, 532

Iraq 94, 458; Gulf War 489-91; post-war 527-9, 530, 535

Iraq war (2003) 525-7, 530, 532, 535

Ireland 21, 88-9; see also Northern

Ireland

Irigoyen, Alvaro Arzu 396 Islam: in Africa 422; Indian independence movement 96-8; Khalifat movement 88, 96; law 456, 457; rise of political 332; salafi 473; Sarekat movement 99; Shi'a 465-6, 470, 489-90, 491; Sunni 467, 489-90

Islamism: Iranian revolution 464-5; origins and rise of 456-9; resistance movements 468-72; state responses to 462-3; strategies and philosophies 459-62; Taliban rule 466-8; transnational/international 472-6; see also Arab nationalism isolationism 6, 136, 224 Israel 429; 1948 war 125, 126-9;

1967 war 443-4; 1973 war 434-8; 1982 war 438-40; 2006 Lebanon war 448-50; Balfour Declaration 113; Ben Gurion's militancy 430-1; Cold War context 450-2; establishment 94, 125; first Zionist settlements 198-9; and Gulf War 491; and OPEC 327; and peace process 442-8; search for peace 129; and UN 329; see also Arab-Israeli conflict; Jews and Judaism; Palestinians; Zionism

Italy 40-4, 45; Abyssinian war 166; Axis with Germany 165; conscription 7; Great Power status 8, 9, 10; and Marshall Plan 227; rise of fascism 163-4; unification 5; see also European Union; World War I; World War II

Jackson, Henry 284 Jakarta 534, 537

Japan 267, 515; alliance with Britain (1905) 12; assassination of Inukai 69; Bandung conference 321; and China 64, 69-71,71-4, 78, 352, 353, 369, 516; and Cold War 340-1,353-4; drive for autarky 67, 69-70, 197; economy 335-6, 341, 342-8, 349-50; Great Power status 81; Manchuria 66-9, 175; military expansion 58-62, 149, 198; naval blockade of 72; naval power 62-3; in nineties 349-50; and Nixon 345-6; occupation 259-60, 266, 336-8; pacifism 340-1; post-occupation 338-41; post-war rebuilding 259-61, 268; pre-war relations with USA 73, 74-6; relations with neighbours 350-3; and Russia 337; Russo-Japanese war 10-11, 253; ‘Taisho democracy' 62-3; and Taiwan 338, 346, 350-3; and United Nations 353; version of Monroe Doctrine 69-71; and WWI 161-2; and WWII 75-6, 77-8, 196-7, 197-9, 200

Jaruzelski, General Wojciech 484 Java 82, 99

Jemaah Islamiyya 473, 515, 534, 536-8

Jews and Judaism: and Holocaust 195, 200, 211; see also anti­Semitism; Israel; Palestinians and Palestine

Jiang Jieshi 65, 266, 352, 360-1; civil war 253-8; and communist movement 70-1; and Japan 71-3, 338; and World War II 203

Jiang Jingguo 352 jihad see Islamism

Jimenez, Marcos Perez 384

Jinnah, Muhammad Ali 249

Joffe, Alfred 65

Johnson, Chalmers 344; MITI and the Japanese Miracle 344

Johnson, Lyndon B. 276, 280; domestic/social programmes 304; and Latin America 389-90, 400; and Vietnam 295, 300, 301-6, 312

Jordan 93, 103, 437, 451; 1948 war 126; 1967 war 433-4; Black September 441; and Islamism 462, 472; and Israel 128; and Palestinian refugees 440- 1; and peace process 443, 444

Judenstaat, Der (Herzel) 109-10

Kabila, Laurent 425

Kahin, George: Intervention

308

Kashmir 320

Kekkonen, Urho K. 316 Kellogg-Briand Pact 53, 167

Kennan, George 224, 381, 383

Kennedy, John F 326; Alliance for Progress 387-91; arms race 238; assassination 275; Berlin crisis 241; and Cuba 273-4, 386; and Japan 343; and massive retaliation 277; and non-aligned countries 322; test ban treaties 275

Kennedy, Paul: The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers 488

Kennedy, Robert 274, 306 Kennedy Tapes, The (May and

Zelikow) 274

Kennedy versus Khrushchev (Beschloss) 274

Kenya 407, 413, 475

Kenyatta, Jomo 409

Kerensky, Alexander 34

Kerry, John 533

Keynes, John Maynard: The Economic Consequences of Peace 47, 55

Khalaf, Salah 440

Kharzai, Hamid 529

Khmer Rouge 309-11

Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruholla 288, 465

Khrushchev, Nikita: and Berlin Wall 240-2; and China 359, 362; Cuban Missile Crisis 273-4; de-Stalinization 359; ‘kitchen sink debate' 239; removed from power 276; stability of Cold War 233, 235; supports Cuban revolution 285-6, 388

Kim Il-Sung 262, 263, 265, 372-4 Kim Jong-Il 374-5

Kishi, Nobusuke 338, 339, 340-1 Kissinger, Henry 281, 284, 307, 366, 392

Kohl, Helmut 485, 486, 508, 509 Koizumi, Junichiro 350

Kolko, Gabriel: Anatomy of a War 308

Konoe, Prince Fumimaro 71, 73, 74 Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (North) 372-5, 376, 530, 533; establishment of 262; and nuclear weapons 374, 375, 531, 532; see also Korean War

Korea, Republic of (South) 373, 350, 374-5; economy 354; establishment of 262; and Japan 59, 350-3; see also Korean War

Korean War 58, 231, 265, 320; and China 263, 265; events of 261-5

Korean Workers Party (KWP) 373 Kosovo war 498

Kostunica, Vojislav 498 Kosygin, Alexei 276, 280, 365

Kotz, David: Revolution from Above (with Weir) 488

Kun, Bela 44

Kurds 94, 529

Ky, General Nguyen Cao 303 Kyrgyzstan 473

LaFeber, Walter: Inevitable Revolutions 399

Langer, William L. 84 Laos 297, 299, 311

Last Years ofthe Monroe Doctrine, The (Gaddis) 399

Latham, Michael: Modernisation as Ideology 400

Latin America 138, 379-83; anti­Americanism 384-5; Cold War context 381, 383, 399-400; economy 384-5, 518; ‘Good Neighbor' policy 134, 144-8, 152; and integration 516-17; Kennedy's Alliance for Progress 387-9; relations within 380-1; Rio Treaty 380; Truman Doctrine 379; and USA 396-9, 379-83

Latvia 194

Laval, Pierre 168, 170

Lavon, Pinhas 431

Law of Civilization and Decay, The (Adams) 135

League of Nations 129, 165, 501; and decolonization 87; foundation of 36, 40-1, 539; German disarmament 52, 53; Hitler withdraws Germany 162; and Japan 62; and Manchurian crisis 68; and Monroe Doctrine 151; rejected by USA 46; Wilson's defeat 142, 152

Lebanon 27, 93, 104, 323, 437, 450; 1948 war 126; 1982 war 438-40; 2006 war 448-50; and Britain 112; creation of 94; and Hizb'allah 448-50, 469-71; and Islamism 462-3; and peace process 443, 444

Lenin, Vladimir I. 44; on capitalism 34; on imperialism 85; importance of Germany 216; no world revolution 46

Liberia 81, 321, 409, 423

Libya 92, 321, 327, 530-1

Lin Biao 364-5

Lindberg, Leon 519

Lithuania 42, 194

Litvinov, Maxim 174, 175

Liu Shaoqi 362, 364, 365

Lloyd George, David 37, 90, 112;

Versailles Treaty 38, 39-41, 43, 44

Locarno treaties 50-2, 53, 54, 164, 168, 170

Lucknow Pact 96

Ludendorff, General Erich von 28,

37

Lumumba, Patrice 410

Macao 375

MacArthur, General Douglas 263, 265, 336-8

McCarthy, Eugene 304

McCarthy, Joseph 230 MacDonald, Ramsay 169 Macedonia 496

McKinley, William 137 McMahon, Sir Henry 111-12

Macmillan, Harold 407 McNamara, Robert 304

Madero, Francisco 140 Mahan, Alfred T. 135; The Influence of Seapower on History 19-20

Major, John 509

Making of Detente, The (Nelson)

291

Makoto Saito 69

Malan, D.F. 411

Malawi 407

Malaya 50, 82, 86, 99, 252, 514 Malaysia 458, 462, 514-15, 536-7 Malenkov, Georgi 232, 359

Mali 407, 409, 413

Mamdani, Mahmood: Citizen and

Subject: Contemporary Africa 422 Manchuria 58, 175; Japan and

China dispute 59, 66-9; and the

Soviet Union 253, 256

Mandela, Nelson 412

Mao Zedong 230; Cold War 357-8; death of 367-8; early communism 65; emergence in CCP 70; Gang of Four 364-5; and Korea 264; New Democracy and civil war 254-8; opens to USA 366-7; relations with Moscow 258; and Soviet Union 360-3

Mao’s China and the Cold War (Chen)

291

Marks, Sally 48 Marshall, General George 203, 226,

255-6

Marshall Plan 44, 239, 504, 514; and Czechoslovakia 222-3; and European divisions 226-8; for Latin America 381, 387; West Germany 218-19

Masaryk, Jan 223 Matsuoka, Yosuke 74 May, E.R.: The Kennedy Tapes (with

Zelikow) 274

Mayer, Arno: Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking 55

Mbeki, Thabo 426 Mearsheimer, John 519 Mein Kampf (Hitler) 162, 163, 207 Meir, Golda 122

Mengistu Haile Mariam 415 Mercosur 331-2, 518 Merkel, Angela 533

Mexico 141, 330-1; and the ‘Good

Neighbor' 147; and NAFTA 517; oil 148; poverty 517; revolution of 1911 140; Truce of Tipitapa 144; Zapatista movement 517 Michael, King of Romania 222 Michaelis, George 37 Middle East 103; Arab nationalism

90-5; Soviet intervention 285; see also Arab nations; Arab-Israeli conflict

Milner, Lord Alfred 90 Milosevic, Slobodan 496, 497-8 MITI and the Japanese Miracle

(Johnson) 344 Mitterrand, Francois 486, 508, 509 Mobuto Sese Seko 420, 421, 424 Modernization as Ideology (Latham)

400

Molotov, Vyacheslav M. 175, 183; and Marshall Plan 227; outbreak of war 194; and ‘second front' 203

Moltke, General Helmuth von 19,

24

Monnet, Jean 504 Monroe Doctrine 396 Monroe, James 134 Montenegro 498 Morales, Evo 399 Moravcsik, Andrew 519 Morocco 16-17, 86, 92, 407, 409

Morris, Benny 128

Most Dangerous Area in the World, The (Rabe) 400

Mozambique 414, 415, 416, 423, 425

Mubarak, Hosni 463 Mugabe, Robert 415, 426 Muhammad the Prophet 460 Musharraf, President Pervez 371,

535

Mussadiq, Muhammed 464 Mussolini, Benito 53, 193, 199;

fascist programme 163—4 Muzorewa, Abel 415 Myanmar see Burma

Nakasone, Yasuhiro 348, 352 Namibia 408-9

Napoleon Bonaparte 13 al-Nashashibi, Raghid 124

Nasser, Gamal Abdel 330, 437; and Islamism 462, 463; non-aligned movement 322-4; Six Day war 433-4; Suez crisis 432

Natftali, T.: ‘One Hell of a Gamble’ (with Furusenko) 274 nation-states 519; European state system 13

National Socialist (Nazi) Party; anti­Semitism and Kristallnacht 117, 182; contemporary uncertainties about 166; and Holocaust 195, 201; in Latin America 148; New Order 192; programme of 161-3; rise of 54, 159-61; see also Hitler, Adolf

nationalism: and Balkans 11; Indian Congress 95-8; and self­determination 11, 34

naval power: Allies' 204-5; blockade of Japan 72; and colonialism 19-30; Geneva Naval Conference 53; German 17, 28, 36, 189-90, 196, 204; Japan versus USA 197; London Naval Treaty 173; rise of USA 135, 136-7; submarine missiles 281; Washington Conference 62-4

Nave, Eric: Betrayal at Pearl Harbor (with Rusbridger) 77

Nehru, Jawaharlal 330; Bandung conference 318; independence 96, 103; non-aligned movement 267, 318-22, 323-4; partition 249

Nelson, Keith: The Making of Detente 291

Netanyahu, Benjamin 444 Netherlands 190; colonies 82, 84,

86, 98, 250, 252 neutralism 299; see also non-aligned movement

New International Economic Order (NIEO) 327-8, 330

New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) 426

‘new world order': and ethnic conflict 494-8

Nicaragua 398; economy 144; and Sandinistas 389, 393-5, 401; Sandino's resistance 144; and Somoza 144-5, 389, 393-4; trade 381; US intervention 144

Nicholas II, Tsar 18, 21, 27, 33 Nicolson, Harold: Peacemaking 55 Nietzsche, Friedrich 15

Nigeria 100, 102, 409, 422 9/11 see September 11th

Nixon, Richard M.: and Chile 392; and China 282, 366-7; detente 271, 282; elected 306; and Japan 345-6; ‘kitchen sink debate' 239; Latin American protests 384-5; off gold standard 277-8; scandals and resignation 284, 392; and Soviet Union 280, 281; and Vietnam 306-8

Nkomo, Joshua 414

Nkrumah, Kwame 407, 409-10, 413, 419, 427

Nomura, Kichisaburo 75-6 non-aligned movement: anti­imperialism 363-4; Bandung conference 318-22; China 363; consolidation of 322-5; Egypt 430; and energy crisis 327-8; India 318-22

Noriega, Manuel 397, 398

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 516-17

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 242, 505, 513; and Afghanistan 523; arms race 237; Cuban Missile Crisis 274; founding 228-9; Harmel Report 278, 280; and Kosovo 498; and neutral countries 316-17; Partnership for Peace 494; Portugal's colonies 412; post-Cold war Germany 468; and Vietnam 277, 304

North Korea see Korea, Democratic People's Republic

North, Oliver 395

Northern Ireland 89, 495 Norway 191, 510

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 493

nuclear power: Chernobyl accident 484; China 359, 361,363, 364; and Iran 530, 531—2; and Japanese pacifism 340; Limited Test Ban Treaty 363; MIRVs 287; missiles 237, 238, 281—2; and North Korea 374, 375, 531, 532; post-Cold War treaties 493—4; SALT 287-8; Soviet Union gains 230; and Third World 238; Truman's use of 210-11

Nyerere, Julius 409, 413

Obote, Milton 420

oil 326-8; crises 330; and Iran 464; and Japan 347; and Mexico 147, 148; and Nigeria 422; and Venezuela 143; see also Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Olmert, Ehud 448, 449

Olympics 441 Olympio, President of Togo 409-10 Omar, Mullah Mohammed 467

On Strategy: the Vietnam War in Context (Summers, Jr.) 309

‘One Hell of a Gamble’ (Furusenko and Naftali) 274

Organization of African Unity 410-11

Organization of American States (OAS) 381

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 327, 347, 423, 490

Orlando, Vittorio 39, 45 Ortega, Daniel 393, 395 Ortega, Manuel 398

Oslo Accords (1993) 443-4 Ottoman Empire see Turkey Overy, Richard: Why the Allies Won 212

Ozawa, Ichiro 349

Paasikivi, Juho K. 316 Pacific states 138, 247; SEATO 231 pacifism 340-1

Pahlavi, Shah Muhammad Reza

464

Pahlavi, Shah Reza Khan 464 Pakistan 286; and al-Qaeda 535; and Bangladesh 330; non-aligned movement 320-1; partition 249; SEATO 231; and the Taliban 467; and the USA 267 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) 439, 440-1, 442, 443, 469

Palestinians and Palestine 93, 104, 429; 1948 war 125-8; Arab nationalism 110-11; Arab Revolt 114-15, 124-5; Balfour Declaration 113, 121; Black September 441; and Britain 111-16; feeling of betrayal 94; and Jewish refugees 116-18; Jewish revolt 119; partition 118-21; and peace process 443-4, 446-8; post-partition institution-building 121-5; refugees 128, 431, 434; resistance and intifada 433, 439-42, 444, 446, 468-71; and UN 119-20 pan-Africanism 322-3; Organization of African Unity 410-11 pan-Americanism 134, 148-51, 380-1; Act of Chapultepec 151; Rio Treaty 151-2 pan-Arabism 434-5, 458 Panama 137, 397, 398 Papen, Franz von 160-1 Pappe, Ilan 128

Paris Peace Accords 307, 309

Paris Peace Conference see Versailles, Treaty of

Park Chung Hee 351 Parker, R. A. C. 212 Paslovsky, Leo 151 Paulus, General Friedrich 197 Peacemaking, 1919 (Nicolson) 55 Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (Wohlstetter) 77

Peng Dehuai 361 Peng Zhen 363 Peres, Shimon 443 Pershing, John J. 140 Persia see Iran

Peru 331, 389, 393

Petain, Marshal Philippe 192,

393

Peter, King of Yugoslavia 220

Philippines 136—7, 231, 266, 321, 514; counter-terror strategy 536; independence 250, 252

Phouma, Souvanna 299

Pinder, John 519 Pinochet, General Augusto 392 Pinsker, Leo 108

Plaza Accord 347, 349 Poincare, Raymond 49 Pol Pot 309-11

Poland 52, 168; and Europe 512-13; and Germany 279; Hitler invades 181-3, 188; independence 36;

Jewish population of 211; Lublin government 221; Paris Peace settlement 42; post-WWI changes 45; Solidarity movement 369, 483; treaties with W Germany 282; Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 34; and Versailles Treaty 45; and Yalta conference 211

Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking (Mayer) 55

Ponce, General Federico 383 population: early twentieth century 8; Latin America 381, 389

Portugal 82, 412, 507 Powell, Colin 527

Powers, Francis Gary 241

Prange, Gordon: At Dawn We Slept 77

Prebisch, Raul 325

Prussia 5

Puerto Rico 136 Pundak, Ron 443 Putin, Vladimir 493, 532

Quirino, Elpidio 318 Qutb, Sayyed 462

Rabe, Stephen: The Most Dangerous

Area in the World 400

Rabin, Yitzhak 443, 444 race and ethnicity: African tribes 420, 422; Hitler's policy 162-3; and League of Nations 62, 69; see also anti-Semitism

Rajk, Laszlo 221-2 Ramirez, Ricardo 396

Reagan, Ronald 284, 288, 347, 401, 481, 482, 483; election 288; and Nicaragua 394; scandals under 395; and South Africa 417; and Truman Doctrine 379

Reischauer, Edwin 344

religion: in Africa 422; and imperialism 85; Irish differences 88-9

Republic of Korea (ROK) see Korea Reviewing the Cold War (Westad) 488 Revolution from Above (Kotz and

Weir) 488 Reynaud, Paul 190 Rhee, Syngman 262 Rhodesia see Zambia; Zimbabwe Ribbentrop, Joachim von 175, 177, 181, 183, 195

Rice, Condoleezza 530

Rida, Muhammad Rashid 92, 457 Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, The

(Kennedy) 488 Robinson, Ronald 85 Roman Catholic Church 389 Romania 44, 45, 209, 210, 222 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 143; and

American isolationism 172-3; anti-colonial statements 296; Atlantic Charter 103, 207; and China 255; Lend-Lease agreement 194; Pearl Harbor 77; quarantine speech 72, 173; on Trujillo 145; Yalta conference 209 Roosevelt, Theodore 137-9, 141,

385 Rothschild, Lord 113 Rotter, Andrew 320 Rumsfeld, Donald 533 Rusbridger, James: Betrayal at Pearl

Harbor (with Nave) 77 Russia, post-Soviet 534; and Iran

532; weakness and instability 491-4; see also Soviet Union Russia, Tsarist 5, 6; Bolshevik

revolution 27, 29, 33-4; Great

Power status 5-6, 8-11; and Lenin 35; outbreak of WWI 24-6; roots of WWI 15-21; Russo-Japanese war 10-11, 21, 59; and Serbia 11; Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 34, 36 Rwanda 423-4; genocide 424, 496 Ryukyu Islands 337

Sacasa, Juan B. 144 Sadat, Anwar 437, 460, 463 Saddam Hussein 525, 527, 528;

Gulf War 489-91 Sakhalin Island 253 Sakharov, Andrei 284 Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira 412 Salinas, President Carlos 517 Samuel, Sir Herbert 114, 121 Sandino, Augusto 144 Sarkozy, Nicholas 532, 533

Sato, Eisaku 345

Saudi Arabia 286, 489; Islamism and al-Qaeda 474-5

al-Sayid, Ahmed Lufti 92

Sazonov, Sergei 25

Schleicher, General Kurt von 160-1 Schlieffen, General Alfred von 19 Schlieffen Plan 18-21, 25, 26 Schoultz, Lars: Beneath the United

States 400

Schram, Stuart 362

Schuman, Robert 53, 228, 504, 518 Schuschnigg, Kurt von 177

Selassie, Haile 415 self-determination: in Africa 409;

and the Anschluss 178; Arabs and 107-8; Atlantic Charter 103; and decolonization 87; Middle East 94

Senegal 86, 407, 408, 421

Senghor, Leopold 409 September 11th (2001) 475, 522,

523-4, 534

Serbia 496, 497; Balkan nationalism 11; outbreak of WWI 23-5; post- WWI changes 44; roots of WWI 18

Serrano Elias, Jorge 396

Shamir, Yitzhak 439, 443

Sharett, Moshe 430

Shariati, Ali 465

Sharon, Ariel 439, 444, 447, 448 Shidehara, Kijuro 62, 69

Shlaim, Avi 128

Shumayyil, Shibli 92

Sierra Leone 409, 425

Sihanouk, Prince Norodim 306 Simeon II, King of Bulgaria 222 Singapore 102, 536

Slovakia 194

Slovenia 47, 496

Smith, Gaddis: The Last Years of the

Monroe Doctrine 399

Smith, Ian 412, 415

Social Darwinism 135, 162 socialism 413-16, 458

Somalia 286, 413, 415, 475, 495-6,

497

Somoza family 144, 389, 393

South Africa; Afrikaners 411; apartheid 411-12, 416-17;

colonial economy 100; Dominion status 90

South Korea see Korea, Republic of Southeast Asia: colonialism and 102, 104; imperialism 6; ‘war on terror' 535-8; and World War II 74, 76

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) 231, 266, 298, 514 Soviet Union: and Afghanistan 482;

and Aswan dam 321; Bolshevism 33; Brezhnev Doctrine 280, 365; and China 230, 258-61, 279-80, 303, 358-9, 361-3; CoCom 232; collapse of 349, 442, 481-9; and Eastern bloc 52, 210-11, 220-4, 279-80; effect of war 216-17;

end of Stalin 232, 233-5; Geneva Naval Conference 53; and Germany 168, 173-6, 218, 278-9; Gorbachev's perestroika 481, 483-5, 486, 488; human rights 284; and Japan 75, 78, 337; Middle East intervention 285; Moscow Olympics 289; and neutral Finland 316-17; and North Korea 372-3, 374; post-WWI isolation 46-7; post-WWI territory 45; seeks Asian security 353; and Third World 410; troops in Afghanistan 288-9; uneasy Allies 201; war in Finland and Baltics 194; wartime production 201; and Weimar Germany 47; see also Russia, post- Soviet; Russia, Tsarist; Stalin, Joseph space 237 Spain 507; al-Qaeda attack on

Madrid 534; civil war 164, 168-9, 174, 175;

colonies 82; European non­intervention 166; status in Europe 10; Spanish-

American War 136-7 Speer, Albert 197 Srebrenica, massacre (1995) 497 Sri Lanka 320

Stalin, Joseph 208-11; and China 358-9; death of 232, 321; ideology of WWII 185; industrialization 175; and Korea 263, 265; see also Soviet Union

Stanley, Oliver 405

States and Power in Africa (Herbst)

422

Stevenson, David 21—2, 46 Stimson, Henry 144

Stinnett, Robert: Day of Deceit 77 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) 271, 272, 285, 287-90

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) 493

Stresemann, Gustav 49, 50-2, 54;

Nobel Peace prize 50 Sudan 321, 372

Sudetenland see Czechoslovakia Suez crisis 95, 233, 323, 430-3, 451 suffrage 87

Suharto 459, 515

Sukarno, Ahmed 99, 250, 300, 324, 364, 515

Summers Jr., Harry G.: On Strategy: the Vietnam War in Context 309

Sun Yatsen 65, 99

Sweden 190-1, 235, 316, 510 Switzerland 235, 510; neutralism

316

Sykes-Picot agreement 93, 111, 113 Syngman Rhee 351

Syria 27, 93, 104, 430, 451; 1948 war 126; 1967 war 433-4; 1973 war 437; 2006 Lebanon war 449; Ba'thism 463; and Britain 112; and peace process 443, 444; socialism 458

Taft, Robert 224

Taft, William Howard 137

Tahtawi, Rifaa Rafi 92

Taiwan 59, 260, 350, 371; and

China 360-1, 366, 371, 375; and Japan 338, 346, 350-3; Jiang flees to 256; and US-China relations 366-8

Tajikistan 473

Tanaka, Kakuei 347, 367 Tanzania 413, 421, 425, 475

Taraki, Nur Mohammad 289 taxation 96, 98

Taylor, A. J. P. 84, 184 Taylor, Charles 425 technology 5-6

Teng-hui, Lee 371 terrorism 538; and 9/11 475, 522,

523-4, 535; see also al-Qaeda Thailand 81, 231, 266, 300, 321,

350, 354, 514

Thatcher, Margaret 290, 486, 509

Thich Quang-Duc 300

Thieu, General Nguyen Van 303 Third World 539; and China 363-6;

Cold War context 272, 332-3, 480; defining 318; economic development 325-32; and globalization 331; and Japan 347; non-aligned movement 316-25, 332-3; OPEC and NIEO 327-8; and the superpowers 481-3; Western agenda 328-9; see also Africa; Latin America

Tho, Le Duc 307

Tibet 371

Tilak, Bal Gangadhar 96 Tipitapa Truce 144

Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred von 17,

20

Tito (Josip Broz) 220, 233; independence 223-4, 279, 280; non-aligned movement 322-3, 329

Tojo, General Hideki 76, 198, 340 Toure, Sekou 413

Trachtenberg, Marc 44 trade: African commodities 100;

Latin America 389, 393; NAFTA 516-17; protectionism 54, 135, 156-7

Transjordan see Jordan Trotsky, Leon 34

Trujillo, Rafael 144-5, 390 Truman, Harry S. 210, 236, 255, 320; containment and Truman Doctrine 224-8; uses the bomb 210

Tucker, Nancy 259

Tunisia 92, 93, 95, 407

Turkey 6; and Arab nationalism

92-3; Bandung conference 321; challenges Treaty 47-8; end of Ottoman empire 17, 21, 92, 93, 104; Khalifat movement 88; post-WWI changes 44, 45; WWI 28; Young Turks 22, 93

Turner, Frederick Jackson 135 Turner, Henry A. 160, 161

Tutsis 424

Ubico, Jorge 383

Uganda 420

United Nations 501; Atlantic Charter 103, 207; and China 255, 367; formation of 209, 539; and Iraq war 526-7; and Israel 329; and Korea 262, 320; and the Monroe Doctrine 151-2; and Palestine 119, 125, 126; Six Day War 433, 434; and South Africa 416; and Third World 325-7; US withdrawals 328

United States: and Afghanistan 482; Alliance for Progress 387-91; anti-detente attitudes 283-6; and Arab-Israeli peace process 443; and ASEAN 515; challenges to dominance 533-4; and China 133, 135, 138-9, 267-8, 272, 281, 366-7, 371-2; and climate change 533; ‘Good Neighbor' policy 34, 144-8, 152; Great Depression 52, 142, 156-8; Great Power status 8, 10; growth in international power 133-4; Gulf War 489-91; hostages in Tehran 288; India's perception of 320; initial isolation in WWII 172-4; and Iran 531, 532; and Iraq war (2003) 398, 532-3, 535; isolationism 136, 224; and Japan 61, 72, 73-5, 77, 336-8; and Latin America 379-83, 396-9; Lend-Lease acts 194, 202; Manchurian crisis 68; modernization theory 326; Monroe Doctrine 10, 134-6, 143, 147, 379, 380; moralism 44; Neutrality Acts 172; Nixon Doctrine 353; and North Korea 374; and Northern Ireland 495; overseas military bases 266; Paris Peace Conference 39-44; perceptions of 476, 532-4; Platt Amendment 137, 145; post-Cold War domination 491-2; and post-war Iraq 528, 530; rejects League of Nations 46; Sino- American Commercial Treaty (1947) 258; and Somalia debacle 495-6, 497; Spanish-American War 136-7; Suez crisis 432-3; territorial expansion 134-5; Truman Doctrine 379; uneasy Allies 201; and Vietnam 277, 284, 285-6; War Powers Act 303; ‘war on terror' 522-3, 525-6, 530, 535; wartime production 202; Wilson's moralism 139-42; World Trade Center attacks 475, 522, 523-4, 534; and WWI

36-7; and WWII 196, 217; see also Cold War; Vietnam

USSR see Russia; Soviet Union Uzbekistan 472

Vance, Cyrus 286 Vandenberg, Arthur 225

Venezuela 10, 143, 332, 384-5, 389, 398-9

Versailles, Treaty of: China insulted by 64; effect on Central and Eastern Europe 44-5; enforcement 167; failures of 46-50, 55, 169; German perception of 178; German reparations 42-4, 48-50; Hitler violates 166; and Japan 61-2; Paris conference and 39-44; Wilson's domestic defeat 141-2

Vietnam 266, 515; American involvement 282; and China 363-4; Cold War context 295-6; communist movement 99; conservative forces 266; debates about war 308-9; division of country 296-300; effect of war 309-10, 311; French colonization of 82; Japanese occupation 102; and Johnson 300, 301-6; joins ASEAN 372; NATO doesn't support 277; peace talks and withdrawal 306-8; Soviet Union and China 258; Tet offensive 304-6; unification of 285; US withdrawal from 284; Viet Minh 250, 252-3, 296; in WWII 74, 75

Villa, Pancho 140 Viviani, Rene 25

Walesa, Lech 483 Waltz, Kenneth 519 Wang Jingwei 73

War in the Future (Bloch) 15 ‘war on terror': in southeast Asia 535-8; and USA 522-3, 525-6, 530, 535

warfare: arms race 17, 230, 236-8, 484; conscription 7; German power 191; ‘military-industrial complex' 17; missiles 237, 238; modernization 15; mutually assured destruction 275-6; and Schlieffen plan 25, 26, 171; total 6, 28, 66; trench 27; Vietnam 301, 305; War Powers Act (USA) 307; weapons of mass destruction 524-5, 528, 530, 538; WWII industry 196-7; see also air power; naval power; nuclear power;

Schlieffen plan

Warsaw Pact 233, 236, 317;

Brezhnev doctrine 280

Washington Conference 62-4

Wazir, Khalil 440

Weinberg, Gerhard 200

Weir, Fred: Revolution from Above (with Kotz) 488

Weizman, Ezer 439

Weizmann, Chaim 113

Welles, Sumner 173

West Germany see German Federal Republic

Westad, Odd Arne 291; Brothers in Arms 362; Reviewing the Cold War 488

Western Hemisphere Free Trade Area (WHFTA) 517-18

Westmoreland, General William 306 Weygand, General Maxime 192

Why the Allies Won (Overy) 212 Wilhelm II, Kaiser 20, 24, 25, 39 Wilson, Harold 507

Wilson, Woodrow 33, 54, 538; domestic defeats 141-2, 152; failure of peace 6; Fourteen Points 36, 38, 93, 129; historians debate 55; moral diplomacy 139-42; Paris Peace Conference 36, 40-4

Wilsonian internationalism 398

Wohlstetter, Roberta: Pearl Harbor:

Warning and Decision 77

women 467

Woodrow Wilson and the World

Settlement (Bakers) 55

World Bank 208, 322, 329, 422

World Trade Organization (WTO) 331, 492

World War I: armistice 33, 37-9; crises and outbreak 21-6; effects of 26-8; and Japan 61; long-term causes 15-21, 29; see also Versailles, Treaty of

World War II: American military production 202-3; Axis bogged down 200; and colonial world 102-5; crises in world economies 156-8; debating outcome 212-13; decoders 205-6; defeat of Germany 207-8; early

isolationism of USA 172—4; effects of 211—12, 216—17; expansion of Germany 165—72; Free French forces 202; German military power 196, 199; German-Soviet non-aggression treaty 174—6; Germany invades Poland 181—3, 188; Germany invades Russia 195—6, 199—200; Germany invades Sudetenland 176—80; ideology and foreign policy 184—5; Italy's performance 199—200; Japanese military power 196, 197-8, 200; Jewish refugees 116-18; and Latin America 148-53, 380; leading to Pacific War 74-6, 77; Lend-Lease acts 202; as morality tale 155-6; Munich Accords 173, 178-81; in North Africa 199; outbreak in Europe 188, 189-94; Potsdam conference 220; Schlieffen plan 191; Soviet military production 201-2; Soviets against Japan 208; strategy of Allies 203-7; unconditional surrender demand 199; uneasy Allies 201,208-11; USA joins war 77, 196; use of nuclear weapons 199; Yalta conference 208-10, 242, 256 Wright, Jonathan 51

Yamamoto, Admiral Isoroku 196 Yeltsin, Boris 492

Yemen 475 Yoshida, Shigeru 337, 338-9 Young, Crawford: The African

Colonial State in Comparative

Perspective 422 Young, Owen D. 53 Young Plan 157, 158 Yugoslavia 263; civil wars in former

496-8, 512; disintegration of 496; formation of 44, 45; independent course 279, 280, 316, 317, 322, 324; and Tito 220, 223-4, 233

Zagoria, Donald 362 Zaire see Congo Zambia 407

Zawaheri, Ayman 535 Zelikow, P: The Kennedy Tapes (with

May) 274 Zhang Xueliang 66, 71

Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 493

Zhou Enlai 65, 363, 366

Zhukov, General Georgi 197, 202 Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia) 407,

408, 412, 413, 414, 426; colonial 100, 102

Zionism 128, 329; conflict with Arab nationalism 107—8; institution-building 121-5; international growth 112-13, 118; origins of 107-10

Zog, King of Albania 220