Contents

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction: How Does Peace Have a World History? page 1

1. Survival of the Peaceful: Prehistory to the First Civilizations 12

Pre-Human Peace and Peacemaking 12

Prehistoric Evolutions of Peace 15

Peace, Peacemaking and the First Civilizations 21

2.

A Tale of Two Worlds: Peace and Peacemaking in Ancient

Egypt 29

Ancient Greece, Cradle of Western Peace and Peacemaking? 35

One Empire, One Peace: The Rise of Rome to the Pax

Romana’s Decline 46

3. Peace in the Ancient East: India, China and Japan 56

The Many, the Few, the One: Peace and Peacemaking in

Ancient India 56

Harmonies and Antinomies of Ancient China 63

Foreign Influences and Native Peace in Japanese History 74

4. Monotheistic Peaces: Judaism, Christianity and Islam 83

Shalom: Peace in the Torah and its Times 83

“Our” Universal Peace: From Christ to Constantine 88

A Pillar of Peace: The Qur’an and its World 95

5. Medieval, Renaissance and Reformation Peaces 103

A Tale of Two Cities: Medieval Peace and Peacemaking 103

viii

Contents

(Re)Births of Peace: Renaissance Revivals of and Departures

from Traditions 109

Reforming Christian Peace and Peacemaking 114

6. Peace, Peacemaking and the Ascent of Nation-States 119

Intra-National Peace and Peacemaking 119

International Peace and Peacemaking 126

Peace and Peacemaking Despite Nation-States 133

7. Colonial and Imperial Peace and Peacemaking 143

Peaces of the World: Colonial Peace and Peacemaking 143

The World in Peaces: Imperial Peace and Peacemaking 151

8. Modern Economics of Peace and Peacemaking 162

Capitalism: The Profitability of Peace and the Cost of War 162

Who Owns Peace? Socialist Perspectives 170

9. Peace in the Twentieth Century, Part I: 1900-1945 178

The “War to End all Wars” 178

The Peace to End all Peace? 187

10. Peace in the Twentieth Century, Part II: 1945-1989 195

Cold War/Hot Peace 195

One World, Many Peaces 207

11. The Presents of Peace 219

Globalization: Peace at the End of History 219

Threatening Opportunities: Terrorism, Technology,

New Media and Peace 227

Conclusion: The Pyramid of Peace: Past, Present and Future 234

Notes 249

Selected Bibliography 265

Index 271