Corvee
Armies must have used forced labour at all times. Details are available for the Ghaznavid armies (early eleventh century) due to the very circumstantial reports in Bu ‘l-Fadl Bayhaqi's history.
Corvee was used for a number of purposes. Among these, the source names the battue hunt, the building of palaces and the clearing of roads from snow for the army when on its march home from India. Other sources add the digging of irrigation canals and the building of fortresses - in one case, prisoners of war were used as labourers; in another one, evidently the peasants of the surrounding villages had to serve.[92] Building fortresses must have been one of the most important fields where forced labour was used for military purposes.Sometimes, in official documents, persons (or institutions such as pious foundations) were exempted from labour service. In such cases, labour service is mentioned in a row with other forms of extraordinary levies.[93] Legal experts forbade the employment of forced labour; and at any rate, workers had to get fair pay. This rule was probably hardly ever honoured: many large construction projects simply were not possible without corvee.
The preceding examples all come from the pre-Mongol period. The Mongols did not invent forced labour, but certainly they used it to an unprecedented extent. The hunt is again a favoured occasion, and it is cited also as a typical form of oppressive behaviour by Mongol rulers. In some cases, service in the hunt could be extended to one month.[94] But the building, upkeep and repair of fortresses is also an important point. As with service for and in the army, all kinds of labour service were seen as a regular obligation of the conquered population. The Mongol army used captives and levies from conquered towns in siege warfare to an unprecedented degree; drafted labourers were also used to demolish the city walls in conquered areas.
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