Index

Addis, Charles, 113, 179

Aden, 72

Africa, 19, 24, 43, 52, 95, 154

Africa and the Victorians, 74-5, 215

Partition of (Scramble for), 4, 10, 65, 67-9, 207, 215, 218, 246 sub-Saharan, 48 tropical, 10, 48, 66, 68, 73, 77-8, 215, 217-18, 246

Afrikaner, 74-5, 77, 218-19, 221 agency houses, 37

Agadir, 54

Akita, Shigeru, 12, 169, 176, 207-8, 214, 230, 232, 237, 239-43, 246

Alfons von Mumm, 110

Algeciras, 54 al-Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi, 67 American

capital, 55-6

colonies, 25, 28-9, 31-2, 35, 207, 209

'grain invasion', 50

'reverse course' policy to Japan, 195

Revolution, 25, 31, 38 americanization, 224 'anglicization', 9, 29-30 Anglo-American

alliance (1920s), 214

relations, 86, 232 system (hegemony), 55, 57

Anglo-Boer war (1899-1902), see South African War

Anglo-French railway entente (1905), 104

Anglo-Japanese

Alliance, 5, 53, 173

History Project, 12 non-aggression pact, 175-6 relations, 96, 156, 180-1, 243, 246 appeasement policy, 13, 169, 174-9, 194, 240, 245

Arab revolt, 178

Area Studies, 3, 246

Argentina, 1, 49, 66, 93, 235, 239

Armitage, David, 23

ASEAN, 199

Ashton-Gwatkin, Frank, 179 Asia-Pacific

economy, 196-7, 199 War (1931-45), 148, 156, 171, 180-1, 195

Asian economic history, 6, 143, 145, 162, 185, 187

Asian merchants, 6, 12, 186

Asian regional economy, 6, 192 Asiatic 'empire of conquest', 23 Atlantic

economy, 49, 198-9, 238

Empire, 22-3, 25, 29-30 pan-Atlantic conception of the British Empire, 25

World, 19, 24, 47

Attlee, Clement, 58, 89

Augar, Philip, 3

Australasia (Australia), 24, 37, 46,

54, 66, 78, 95, 152, 161, 209, 219, 240-1

Balfour, Lord, 219

Bankers Magazine, 150

banks and banking,

Bank of England, 28, 91, 176, 245

Banque Industrielle de Chine, 115 Deutsch-Asiatische Bank, 111 French Banque de I'Indochine, 109 Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank (HSBC), 7, 108-9, 113, 115, 148, 179, 228, 232

Parr's Bank, 7

Baring Brothers, 7

Barnby Mission, 175-6, 244 Barraclough, G., 69 Beijing-Hankow railway, 109

Bengal, 9, 26, 37, 45

Berlin Congo Conference of

1884-85, 73

Bevin, Ernest, 58, 89, 223 'Big Bang', 224

Bismarck, 51 block economies, 144, 148-9,

162, 194

Board of Trade Journals, 150

Bose, Behari, 174 Boston, 25, 34

Bowen, Huw, 9, 207-12, 215, 245 Boxer Rebellion of 1900, 105 Braudel, F., 237

Brazil, 49

bridgehead, 44, 74 British-Ceylon Public Officers

Agreement, 136

British Chambers of Commerce, 66 British (consular) Commercial Reports,

12, 150-1, 161, 188

British Guiana, 133-4

Britons, 19-20, 22, 24-6, 29, 35 'bureaucratic capitalism', 5

Burma, 7, 132-3

Anti Fascist People's Freedom League, 132

Bushman, Richard, 31, 33

Cain, Peter, 72-3, 169, 175 Cain and Hopkins, 2-4, 6, 8-10,

12-14, 20-2, 30-1, 35, 38, 43,

48, 60, 65-9, 73-5, 77-9, 83, 85,

88-91, 93-4, 97, 103, 107, 116, 123-6, 128, 131, 133, 135-6, 138-9, 143, 146, 148, 169, 171, 176, 178, 182, 185-6, 188-9, 191-2, 197, 199-200

Calcutta, 36

Canada, 49, 66, 78, 219

Canton, 37, 127 capital- and resource-intensive industries, 195, 197, 199

Carlowitz & Co., 115

Cassel, Ernest, 7

Central Africa, 72-3, 217 Chamberlain, Austin, 172-3 Chamberlain, Joseph, 75-7, 89,

219-21, 236-7, 244

Chamberlain, Neville, 175-7, 180-1,

243-4

Charnock, Robert, 21 Chatfield, Sir Ernle, 171 Chesapeake, 32-3 China, 1, 4-5, 7-8, 11-13, 24, 37,

46-9, 51, 56, 103-17, 123, 126-7, 129, 138, 143, 146, 153-4, 169, 171, 188, 191, 194, 199, 208, 214, 225-32, 237-9, 243-5

China Station, 173

Chinese Academy of the Social Sciences, 11, 229

Chinese-American Silver

Agreement, 148

Chinese Nationalist Government,

5, 8, 147-8, 193

Chinese Revolution of 1949, 59, 195, 197

Ch'ing empire (Qing Court), 52, 126-8

Currency reform of 1935, 8, 147-8, 177, 179, 193

December Memorandum (1926), 172-3

Huguang railway loan, 114 'one China policy', 138, 228 overseas Chinese, 197 'reorganization loan', 114 'scramble for concessions' (partition of China), 104, 111, 113, 116, 139, 208

Sian Incident (December 1936), 180 Six-power Loan, 228

Churchill, Winston, 58 City of London, 5, 7, 10, 13, 20, 27,

35, 43, 60, 66-70, 72-3, 76-9,

83-4, 89-92, 104, 148-50, 152, 171, 186-7, 189-97, 200, 217-21, 223-4, 226-8, 234-7, 245 civilizing mission, 125 Claudel, Paul, 105 Cobdenite cosmopolitanism, 227 Cohen, Andrew, 223 Cold War, 136, 196-7 Colonial gentlemen, 32-3, 211 Colonial Office, 86, 219, 221 Commercial Counsellor, 12,

150-1, 174

commercial revolution, 45

Committee of Imperial Defence, 178 Commonwealth, 134-6, 139, 145, 149, 170

Empire-commonwealth, 60, 177, 181

'old' Commonwealth, 95 complementarity, 7-8, 11-13, 56, 94-7, 145, 147-8, 150-2, 162, 188, 191, 196-8, 200, 241

Concert in Europe, 48, 51

Congo, 72-3, 217

Congo Free State, 73

Congo Free Trade Area, 73

Conservative government, 89, 92, 131, 223-4, 241

conspicuous consumption, 30 consumer revolution (culture), 30, 45 Continental Europe, 190

'continuity thesis', 10, 90, 221-2, 225 convertibility crisis of 1947, 86 Corporation of Foreign

Bondholders, 68

'cotton-centred economic linkages', 7 cotton-textile diplomacy, 12, 143, 155 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 89

Crowe, Sir Edward, 174

Crown Agents, 220

Czechoslovakia, 245

D'Aguiar's United Force, 134

Dalton Hugh, 89

Darwin, John, 9-10, 74, 77, 207, 212-15, 246

decolonization, 4, 11-12, 85, 92, 123, 130-1, 133-6, 144, 192, 195, 221, 224-5, 232-3, 246 deindustrialization, 236 Delagoa Bay, 76

Department of Overseas Trade, 150, 174

dependency school, 85 devaluation zone, 149, 192-4, dollar gap, 86

Dreyer, Admiral Sir Frederic, 173 Dutch

East Indies, 7, 12, 143, 146, 152, 155-7, 159-62, 174

empire, 242

guilder, 156

merchant, 159-61

Dutch-Japanese trade negotiations,

156, 159-60, 162

Dumett, Raymond E., 3, 4

East Africa, 72, 74, 216-17

East Asia, 5, 7, 9, 11-13, 45-7, 50, 53, 55-6, 59, 103, 105, 110, 112, 143,

157, 169-82, 186, 188-9, 193-200, 208, 235, 239

'East Asian miracle', 198

East Asian studies, 1

'East Asian textile complex', 196

East India Company, 9, 25-9, 36-7, 45, 209-11, 231

East Indies, 24

Eastern Question, 51, 55

Economic Advisory Council, 172 economic interdependence, 7, 12, 24, 144-5, 162

Economist, 150, 154

Egypt, 46-7, 53, 55, 58-9, 65, 67-8, 215, 218

occupation of Egypt (1882), 66-8,

71, 77

England, 23, 55, 198, 212, 238 'empire of goods', 29 'empire of the seas', 23 'Establishment', 223

Ethiopia, 177

Eurasian revolution, 45

Euro-Atlantic world, 9, 45

Eurodollar market, 92

European Common Market, 86

European Community, 225

'Far Eastern Agreements' of 1907, 109

Federation of British Industries, 175,

244

Fieldhouse, D.K., 123-4

final demand linkage effect, 7, 153 financial revolution, 239 fiscal-military state, 36, 209, 211 'flying geese pattern of economic development', 199

Foreign Office, 66, 72, 106-8, 115, 151, 173, 179, 228, 244-5

Flint, J., 71

France, 11, 19, 24, 47, 50-1, 53,

55, 57-8, 71-3, 78, 92,

103- 5, 113, 115-16, 130,

209, 212-13, 215, 217 franc zone, 96

French capital, 50, 227

French empire, 71, 216

French policy towards China,

109- 10, 227

French wars, 212

Frank, A.

free merchants, 37

Furber, Holden, 36

Gallagher and Robinson, 1, 4,

9, 43, 47, 60, 67, 74-5, 77, 210-11, 213, 215, 218, 247

Gandhi, M., 170

GATT, 195

General Strike of 1926, 222 gentlemanly capitalists, 4, 9, 20-2,

30, 35, 38, 67, 84, 87, 89, 91-3,

104- 6, 108, 117, 124-5, 131-2, 135, 208-10, 212, 217, 221, 226-7, 230, 242

Georgia, 35

Germany, 10-11, 50-1, 53-8, 69, 71, 73-4, 78, 105, 116, 177-8, 200, 213-14, 217, 219, 231

German empire, 55

German policy towards China,

110- 15, 227

Gilpin, Robert, 234, 236

Gladstone, Lord, 68

global history, 1-2, 9, 11, 13-14, 44, 116-17, 139, 187, 198, 200, 212 globalism, 9-10, 44, 50, 54, 58-60 globalization, 2, 4, 6, 9, 14, 49, 52, 200, 213, 225, 229, 247

history of globalization, 1, 14, 'modern' globalization, 4 post-colonial, 233

Glorious Revolution, 239

Gold Coast, 217

gold mining industry, 77

gold standard, 146, 152, 170-1, 190, 193, 234-5, 240, 242

Goldie, 73

Gramsci, Antonio, 87

Granville, Lord, 67

Great Depression

of 1873-96, 69-72, 216

of 1929, 144, 152-4, 157, 171, 192

'great divergence', 198-9, 237, 239

'Greater Britain', 219

Greater East Asian Co-prosperity

Sphere, 56

Grey, Sir Edward, 106

Haggie, Paul, 171

Hamashita, Takeshi, 6

Hancock, David, 21,

Hankey, Sir Maurice, 178

'have-not powers', 178

Hayashi, Senjuro, 180 hegemonic power (hegemony),

2-3, 10, 48, 58, 181, 186, 192, 195, 226

Hoare-Laval plan, 178

Hobsbawm, Eric, 69

Hobson, J.A., 74, 187, 191, 194, 236 'home charges', 147, 157

Home Counties, 239

Hong Kong, 189, 191, 196-7

Hopkins, Tony, 1, 14, 44, 67, 73, 84, 94

Hutton, Will, 3

Hyam, Ronald, 73

Imperial British East Africa Company,

66, 74, 217

'imperial century', 43

imperial federation, 221

Imperial Preference, 147, 149, 214, 235, 239-40

Imperialism,

comparative history of, 225 'constructive', 220 co-operative financial, 11,

112-17, 227

economic, 10, 79

Edwardian, 54

gentlemanly, 11, 83, 85, 88-9,

92, 103, 105-7, 109-10, 112-16, 232

'industrial', 220, 244

'inter-', 226

of free trade, 1, 10, 43, 47, 60,

105, 200, 210, 212, 234

Imperialism - continued

railway in China, 112-16 socialist, 89 sub-, 53, 211 theories of, 88

independent currency policy, 146 India (British India), 12, 19-20, 22,

24, 26-9, 35-6, 38, 49, 55, 57, 60,

92, 95, 129, 131-2, 137, 143, 152-5, 157, 174, 188, 191-2, 199, 209, 218, 231, 235, 245

'fiscal autonomy', 8

Government of India, 8, 147, 156, 159, 241

India Act of 1935, 178

Indian Army, 26

Indian Empire of rule, 55

Indian merchants, 37, 160, 162, 188

Indian National Congress, 170

Indian raw cotton, 7, 159-60,

Indian Round Table Conference, 170, 173, 178

Indian rupee, 8, 146, 156, loss of India, 225, 233 the Mutiny (1857-58), 48 route to India, 67

Indo-China, 58 Indo-Japanese trade negotiations (1933-34), 151, 159-60, 162

Indo-Japanese cotton treaty, 159 Indonesian Republic, 130 industrial capitalism, 12, 124-7, 187-8 industrial decline, 125, 186-7, Industrial Revolution, 125, 128,

198-200, 210, 231, 237-9 industrialization

Asian, 12-13, 146-9, 188, 191,

208, 236

Chinese, 8

East Asian, 8, 13, 186, 189-96,

234, 246

global, 13, 187, 189, 191,

195, 199-200

import-substituting, 145, 147-8, 193, 234-5, 240

Indian, 147, 149, 192

Japanese, 7, 150-2, 185, 192, 198, 237, 241

'late start' countries, 234

informal empire, 1, 4-5, 10-11,

13, 23, 43, 48, 53, 60, 78-9,

84, 129, 172-3, 193, 210-11, 213, 217, 220, 225

Japanese informal empire (influence), 5, 225

Ingham, Geoffrey, 73

Institute of East Asian Studies, 151 international gentrification, 30 International Order of Asia, 2, 8,

12, 143-6, 161, 182 international public goods, 3 intra-Asian trade, 6-7, 9, 13, 37, 143,

185, 188-9, 192, 194, 197

Invergordon Mutiny, 170-1, 175 Ireland, 55, 219

Ishizawa-Hart Agreement, 161 Italy, 57, 177-8, 214

Jagan, Cheddi, 133

Jamaica, 178

Jameson Raid, 76-7, 218

Japan, 7, 49, 55-8, 78, 105, 128, 170, 189, 194-5, 199-200, 208, 214, 235, 239

Foreign Ministry, 160-1

Japan Cotton Spinners' Association, 156, 159-60

Japanese historians, 6, 12, 143, 145 Japanese perspectives, 6, 225 Japanese rule in Korea, 230

Javanese sugar, 161

Jiaozhou Bay, 104, 110

John, Bruce, 68

Jones, Creech, 223

Jordan, Sir John, 108-9, 113-14

Kagotani, Naoto, 12, 208, 214, 230, 232, 237, 239-43, 246

Kawagoe, Shigeru, 181

Kawakatsu, Heita, 6

Kemmeller Commission, 147 Kennedy, Paul, 78

Kenya, 74, 217, 233

Keynesianism, 155, 223

Kibata, Yoichi, 12-13, 208,

239, 241, 243-46

Kirk, 217

Korean War, 195

Krozewski, Gerold, 10-11, 207-8, 221-5, 246

Kruger, 66, 75-7, 219

Kurata, Keizo, 159

labour-intensive and resource-saving industries, 146, 195-7, 199

Labour Party and government, 89, 91-2, 223

Lancashire, 146-7, 154, 180, 186, 189, 191, 241

landed aristocracy, 88, 186, 199

Latin America, 1, 78, 154, 214, 218

League of Nations, 55, 178 legitimate commerce, 215-16 Leith-Ross, Sir Frederick, 175, 244

The Leith-Ross Mission, 147, 176, 243-4

'lender of last resort', 234

Lenin, 51, 190

Leopold II of Belgium, 72-3, 216-17

Lloyd George, 172

Locarno system, 55

London, 8, 31, 57, 59

London money market, 7

long eighteenth century, 211

long nineteenth century, 211

'long peace', 196

long swings, 44

Luxburg, Count, 114

Macartney, Lord, 127, 230-1

The Macartney embassy, 126-7, 226, 230-1

MacDonald, Ramsay, 172, 244

Mackinnon, William, 72-4

Macmillan, H., 92

Malaya, 83, 90, 152, 161, 174, 181, 194, 233, 241

Manchester, 6

Manchuria, 12, 49, 155, 169

Manchukuo, 175-6

Manchurian Incident, 170-2, 175-6

Marshall, Peter. J., 36, 37

Martin, G., 73

Marx, Karl, 125, 230

Marxist (Marxism), 11, 125, 186, 208, 229, 246

'mature creditor', 234 mercantile state, 209 merchant bankers, 7, 228 Middle East, 1, 43, 46-7, 50,

55-6, 95 'Military-Industrial Complex',

197

Milner, 219, 221 Ministry for Economic Affairs, 86 Mitsui Bussan, 160 monied interest, 28

'moral rearmament', 222 Mozambique, 219 multilateralism, 10, 86, 89, 96,

237, 242 Munro, T., 72

Nakayama, Seizaburo, 160 Napoleonic wars, 45 nationalism (nationalist movements),

117, 144-6, 181, 197, 232-3 Asian, 174

Chinese, 13, 55, 104, 172-3, 177, 244

colonial, 59, 175, 233 economic, 8

Indian, 131-2, 147, 170-4, 179 Navigation System, 27 navy (naval power), 23-4, 27, 55, 171, 173

Nawa Touitsu, 145 Near East, 48, 50-1, 53-4, 154 neo-colonialism, 135, 233, 246 Netherlands (Holland), 130, 146,

160, 242 Newbury, Colin, 68, 73, 'new' imperial history, 246-7 New Probity, 210 New World, 237-8 New York, 34

New York money market, 7

New Zealand, 46, 48, 66, 230

Treaty of Waitangi, 46 NIEs, 199

Nigeria, 217, 230

Norman, Sir Montagu, 176, 245 North America, 9, 20, 23-4, 27, 33,

38, 45, 50, 70, 95, 129, 198 loss of America, 20, 23, 25, 27, 38 North American elite, 30-1, 34

O'Brien, Patrick, 2, 3, 238 official mind, 13, 78, 146, 233

Old Colonial System, 212

Old Corruption, 210-11 open door, 104-5, 115 open elite, 43 opium, 127, 231

Opium Wars, 127, 129 Osterhammel, Jurgen, 5, 11, 112 Ottawa Agreement of 1932, 147-9, 157, 193, 235, 239, 241-2 Ottoman Empire, 46, 51-2, 218, 226, 228, 234

Oxbridge, 223

Oxford History of the British Empire, 1, 68

'Pacific penetration', 103 Pacific region, 19, 24, 48, 52, 196 Pakistan, 137

Palmerston, Lord, 48, 54, 230 pan-Asiatic movements, 174 patronage system, 209-10

Pax Americana, 3, 225

Pax Britannica, 3, 7, 9

'peripheral gentlemanly capitalism', 209, 245

Petersson, Niels, 11, 208, 226-8, 232, 246

Philadelphia, 34

Phimister, Ian, 10, 207, 215-21, 244, 246

Platt, D.C.M., 94

Poland, 245

Pomeranz, Kenneth, 198, 200, 237-9, 247

Porter, Andrew, 67-8, 215 Portuguese escudo zone, 96 postmodernism, 246 proto-industrialization, 198 Public Record Office, 137

quota system, 179-80

railways, 11, 46, 49, 104, 106-10, 112-16, 127, 232, 244

Raj, 241 Realpolitik, 51

regime,

Cold War, 13, 195, 197

free trade, 190-1, 236 gentlemanly capitalist, 235-6 open, 3, 234 protectionist-preferential, 237 sterling-linked East Asian monetary, 194 relational history, 2 relational power, 1-2, 5, 116 Rene Gira

Repulse, 171 Rex, Count, 111 Rhineland, 177 Rhodesia, 79

Robinson, Sir Hercules, 76 Rothschild, Lord, 68, 219 Royal Geographic Society, 47 Royal Institute of International Affairs, 149

Royal Niger Company, 66, 217 Rubinstein, W.D., 222 Russia, 47, 50-1, 53-5, 58, 78,

103, 105

October Revolution (1917), 128

Russian empire, 55

Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), 105 Russo-Japanese war loans, 7

Salisbury, Lord, 51, 53, 68, 74-5 Sansom, Sir George B., 12, 150-1, 153-5, 162, 174, 241-2

Sato, Naotake, 180

Sato diplomacy, 180-1 Satow, Sir Ernest, 104 Saul, Samir, 215 Savorgan de Brazza, 73 Scandinavia, 193, 219 Schumpeter, J., 87 'second colonial occupation', 215, 233

Second Industrial Revolution, 69, 78 Selborne, Lord, 75, 77, 218, 220-1

Selborne Memorandum, 10, 75,

79, 211, 218-19, 221 Seligman, Sir Charles, 176 Senegal, 71, 73 service economy, 66, 236-7 Seven Years' War (1756-63), 19, 24

Shanghai, 172-4, 197

Shanghai Incident, 172-3

Shantung, 174

Shunhong, Zhang, 11-12, 208, 227, 229-33, 246

silver-currency, 6, 147, 192

Simon, Sir John, 173

Singapore, 171, 175, 181, 189, 196

Sino-Japanese war,

1894-95, 51, 226

1937-45, 12, 56, 170, 181, 194, 229

slave trade, 216

Smuts, Jan Christian, 220

social darwinism, 71

Soong, T.V., 147

South Africa, 5, 10, 53, 65, 74-6,

79, 218-21, 246

the Cape, 66, 79

Great Trek, 46

mfecane, 46

the Rand, 49, 74, 76, 220

South African Republic, see Transvaal

Union of 1910, 220-1

South African war (1899-1902), 66-7, 75, 218, 220

United States of South Africa, 75 South Carolina, 35

Southeast Asia, 7, 48, 52, 58-9, 95, 143-4, 155, 157, 187, 194, 196-7

Soviet Union, 12, 56-7, 128-30, 232-3 Spain, 19, 24

Steele, Ian, 31

sterling area, 5, 12-13, 86, 90, 93-6, 148-9, 169, 171, 177, 179, 193, 208, 235, 239-40, 243

sterling balances, 239, 241 sterling bloc, 6, 241

sterling crises, 92, 234, 240

Straits Settlements, 7

Strange, Susan, 2, 94 structural power, 1-2, 5, 7-8,

11, 44, 94, 116-17

Suez Canal, 67-8, 70, 216

Suez crisis of 1956, 85, 90

Sugihara, Kaoru, 6, 7, 13, 149, 153-5, 208, 214, 232-9, 241, 246

Sweeney, Kevin, 32

Taiwan (Formosa), 143, 161, 196 Takahashi, Korekiyo, 155 Tanganyika, 74, 217

Tangku Truce, 172

tariff

autonomy, 8, 146-7, 234, 241 reform, 54, 221, 236

Tel-el-Kebir, 68

Thatcher, Margaret, 84, 224

The Times, 68, 172

Third British Empire, 56

Tirpitz, 55 tobacco planting, 34

Tomlinson, B.R., 149 'totalizing project', 247

Toyo Menka, 161 'transnational history of empire', 11 'transoceanic imperial elite', 9, 31 Transvaal (South African Republic),

10, 74-7, 79, 218-20 Treasury, 91, 175, 220, 223,

242-3, 245

Treaty Ports, 226, 231 triangular relations, 240 tributary trade system, 6

Tucker, Josiah, 210

Uganda, 74

Uitlanders, 76 unequal treaties, 106, 129, 146, 235 ungentlemanly capitalists, 89,

115, 228

United African Company, 217

United Nations, 130

United States of America, 3, 9-10, 13,

37, 57, 69-70, 78, 92, 94, 96, 104, 113, 117, 128, 130, 145, 148-9, 151, 153-4, 171, 176, 180-1, 190, 192-3, 195-7, 207, 214, 219, 237, 240, 245

'unlimited supplies of labour', 199 'unofficial mind' of imperialism, 210-11

Versailles system, 178

'Wall Street-Treasury Complex', 197 War of American Independence, 27-8 Ward, 230

Washington system, 55-6

Weber, Max, 87 welfare state (welfarism), 10, 94, 224 Weltpolitik, 53-4

West Africa, 48, 66, 68, 70-73, 90, 215-17

West-Central Africa, 72-3 West Indies (Caribbean), 23-4, 27, 178, 209, 238

Western Impact, 6-7, 198, 200 Westminster, 35, 43

Westminster Statute of 1931, 170 white dominions, 55, 60, 179, 190, 192, 219, 234-5, 242 Whitehall, 43, 73, 106, 186, 223 Williams, Eric, 237 world economy, 2-3, 5-6, 9-10, 13, 49, 60, 86, 156, 186-7, 189-90, 194, 197-8, 224, 234-5, 242 world-system, 45, 60, 144-5,

British world-system, 54, 56, 60

Chinese-centred, 6

World Trade Centre in New York, 229, 247

World Wars

1914-18 (The First), 11, 54, 103, 151, 186, 189, 213-14, 222, 228, 234, 237

1939-45 (The Second), 5, 10, 129-30, 135, 144, 148, 151, 182, 194, 197, 199, 207, 232, 243, 246

Yangtse River, 128, 174

'yen bloc', 193-4

Young, A.N., 147

Zanzibar, 72-3, 216-17