Index

Maps are indicated by “m” following the page number.

Abbas (Persian Emperor), 91-92

Aceh, 76-78, 84, 89, 123, 143

Achaemenid dynasty, 29

Aden, 54-56, 68, 136

Air travel, 134-135

Alawiyya, 123 al-Qaeda, 135-136

Amalgamated Map of Great Ming Empire, 18

Amin, Idi, 133

Ancient era, 19-39, 20-21m

Austronesian societies, 25-27

Bantu speakers, East African expansion of,

36-37

evidentiary limitations, 19 food crop dissemination, 38 interregional connections, 24-25 Madagascar, Austronesians in, 37-38 northern navigation, 19-23

Red Sea, 23-24

Roman influence, 28-29

South Asian trade, 29-32

Southeast Asian trade, 32-36

Austronesian societies

ancient era, 25-27

Linyi of coastal Vietnam, 45

in Madagascar, 37-38

Balangingi pirates, 103-104

Baniyas, 80, 88-89, 106

Bantu speakers, 36-37, 38

Batavia, 81, 93, 94

Battle of Plassy, 98

Bengal, 98

Bengal, Bay of, 136-137

Betsimisaraka kingdom, 88, 110

Boat construction and innovation, 11-16 Bombay, 106, 121, 124.

Book of Curiosities (Egyptian text), 17-18 Botanical evidence, 25

Britain

British-Dutch Treaty of 1824, 102 contemporary interests in region, 140-142 naval supremacy, 98-111

Bubonic plague, 39

Buddhism, 30, 34-35, 46, 57, 61

Busaidi dynasty, 97, 107

Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 71-74

Calicut, 59-60, 64, 69-71

Cape Town, 81, 93

Cartography, 16-18

Chagossian community, 141-142, 144-145 China. See also specific dynasties

early modern period trade, 84-85 migrations from, 118-120, 132-133

Ming dynasty voyages, 63-66

Cholera, 125-126

Christianity, 80

Cinnamon, 32-33

Climate change, 137-138 Coffee trade, 82-83

Colonialism

European rivalries and, 80-84. See also specific colonial -powers

impact on indigenous societies, 111-115 Coromandel coast, 30, 46, 60, 84, 89, 91 Crop dissemination, 25, 38

Cyclones, 136-137

Diasporas, 144-145.

Diego Garcia (island), 141-142

Dilmun, 22

Dutch East India Company (VOC), 81-85, 92, 93-95

Early modern period, 69-97, 72-73m

Chinese trade, 84-85

European rivalries, 80-84

indigenous networks, persistence of, 88-97

Ottoman expansion, 74-79

piracy, 86-88

Portuguese exploration, 69-74, 79-80

East Africa

Gama in, 71

Indian migration to, 115-118, 132-133

Islam, expansion in, 49-52

Kenya and Mozambique independence, 132

Ottoman expedition to, 79

slave trade, 52-54, 107-110

Uganda expulsion of South Asians, 133

East India Company (EIC), 81, 91-92, 95-96, 119

Environmental change, 25, 136-138 Euphrates, 22

European colonial rivalries, 80-84 Expansion of Islam. See Islam, expansion of

Fawa"id (ibn Majid), 3-4, 16

Food crop dissemination, 25, 38

Funan, 33-34, 38, 45-46

Gama, Vasco de, 4, 69-71

Gandhi, Mohandas, 118

Geography of ocean, 5-9

Geopolitical significance of region, 140-143 Global warming, 137-138

Golconda, Sultanate of, 89-90

Great Britain. See Britain

Greeks, 2, 28 Guangzhou, 40, 45, 63, 99

Gujarat

continuing role in early modern trade, 88-89

Islamic influence in, 56-58

Melaka community, 62

Mughal conquest of, 78

natives as Mozambique traders, 80

as nineteenth century commercial center, 115

Omani empire role, 106

Zanzibar community, 115

The Gunny Sack (Vassanji), 116

Gupta empire, 30, 38

Hadrami

acceptance of Indonesian identity, 132 chronicle of Portuguese attacks, 74 genealogical memory map, 145 nineteenth-century migration, 120-125 Hajj, 88, 126, 135

The Hakka Epic (Tsang Mang Kin), 144 Harappa civilization (Meluhha), 22-23 Hatshepsut (Egypt), 12, 24

Hinduism

air travel effect on, 135

archaelogical finds, 34 baniyas. See Baniyas Linyi, adoption in, 45 Malabar, relationship with Islam in, 58-59

Portuguese misunderstanding of, 69-70 pre-Islamic Southeast Asia predominance, 61-62

Holden, William M., 1-2, 8 Horn of Africa, 10, 36

Hospitality, 146

Ibn Battuta, 3, 51-52, 57, 59, 63, 66-67 Ibn Majid, Ahmad, 3-4, 16, 67, 74 Imagination, Indian Ocean in, 1-18

cartography, 16-18

geography of ocean, 5-9 indigenous craft, 11-16 surrounding lands, 10-11 traveler accounts, 1-5

Indentured labor, 116-119

Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), 142-143 Indigenous craft, 11-16

Indigenous networks, early modern persistence of, 88-97

Indonesia

Chinese immigration to, 132-133 coffee cultivation, 83

Gowa as trading port, 93

Hadrami.

Islam in, 61

Madagascar settlement by, 2, 9

ships and vessels, 12, 14, 16

slave trade, 84

spice trade, 32, 46, 82

volcanic activity, 137

Intermarriage, 50, 85, 122

Islam, expansion of, 47-63

to East Africa, 49-52

to Persia, 47-49 radicalization, 135-136 Red Sea revival, 54-56 slavery, 52-53 to South Asia, 56-61 to Southeast Asia, 61-63

Ivory trade, 114

Jainism, 30, 56-57

Java, 45-47, 62, 83, 99, 119. See also Indonesia

Jolo, 102 Junks, 15-16, 84, 119-120

Khambhat, Gulf of, 56-57

KIlwa, 49, 51-52

Kisimani (Mafia Island), 137

Krakatoa volcano, ii, 137

Lamu archipelago, 49-50

Lascars (Indian seamen working on British ships), 124-125

Linguistic migration evidence, 26

Linyi (Vietnam), 45

Liss, Carolin, 138-139

Long nineteenth century.

See Nineteenth century

The Lusiads (Camoes), 4-5

Luso-Ottoman rivalry, 75-79

Madagascar, 2, 9, 37-38, 86-87, 111 Majapahit (Java), 62

Malik Ambar, 95-96

Malindi (Swahili coast), 71, 78-79

Manda, 49

Mandela, Nelson, 142-143

Maps

ancient era, 20-21m

early modern period, 72-73m medieval period, 42-43m

Ming empire, 18

nineteenth century, 100-101m twentieth century and beyond, 130-131m

Marco Polo, 3, 57, 63, 66

Masqat, 76-78, 97, 105-106

Masulipatnam (Bay of Bengal), 30, 89-90 Mauritius, 111, 118

Mauryan empire, 29-30

Medieval period, 40-68, 42-43m

Islam, expansion of, 47-63. See also Islam, expansion of

Ming dynasty voyages, 63-66 piracy, persistence of, 66-68 Srivijaya preeminence, 45-47

Tang dynasty expansion, 41-45

Melaka (Malayan Peninsula), 62-63, 64, 76-77, 80, 89, 99

Melaka, Strait of, 35-36, 45-46, 61, 67, 102, 138-139

Migrations in nineteenth century, 115-126

Chinese migration, 118-120 cholera and, 125-126

Hadrami migration, 120-125

Indian migration, 115-118

Ming dynasty voyages, 63-66

memory sites, 143-144 withdrawal after death of Zheng He,

84

Mir Ali Beg, 78-79

Mocha, 78-79, 82-83, 86

Mogadishu, 51-52, 78

Mombasa, 51-52, 78-79, 96, 97, 107, 112 Monsoons, 7-8m, 7-9, 28, 33-34, 136 Mtambwe Mkuu, 50-51

Mughal dynasty, 78, 95-96

Mumbai, 135

Museums, 143-144

Muslim expansion.

Muwallads (Hadramis in Indonesia), 122,

132

Mzee Mombasa Mwambao, 145-146

Nanhai trade, 44-46

Nationalism, 129-135

Natural disasters, 136-137. See also

Monsoons

Navigational techniques, 16

New Julfan Armenians, 91-93

Nineteenth century, 98-127, 100-101m

British naval supremacy, 98-111 colonialism impact on indigenous societies, 111-115

migrations, 115-126. See also Migrations in nineteenth century

piracy, 99-104

Oceanic nomadism, 26

Oil, 128, 134-135

Oman

British domination, 105-106

Busaidi dynasty, 97, 107

East African colonies of, 106-107, 115

Yaarubi dynasty, 96-97

Opium trade, 119-120

Ottoman empire, 74-79, 91

Pacific Ring of Fire, 137

Pasai, 61-62

Pearls, 102, 114, 128

Periplus of the Eryihraen Sea (Greek text), 2-3, 19, 28-31, 36

Persia

Afghan conquest of, 92-93

empire, 29

Islam, expansion in, 47-49

Sassanians, 29, 38

Seleucids, 28, 29

Piracy

early modern period, 86-88 medieval persistence of, 66-68 nineteenth century, 99-104

Pliny the Elder on, 31

Somali pirates, 139-140

twentieth century and beyond, 138-140

Plague of Justinian, 39

Plassy, Battle of, 98

Pliny the Elder, 31-32

Portuguese exploration and colonization, 69-80 entrenchment, 79-80

Luso-Ottoman rivalry, 75-79

Ming voyages contrasted, 65-66

Ptolemy, 16-17, 17m, 28, 33

Qadiriyya Way, 123-124

Qing dynasty, 119-120

Radicalized religion, 135-136

Ramaromanampo (Tom Similaho), 88

Rasulid dynasty, 55-56

A Record of the Buddhist Countries (Faxian), 35-36

Red Sea, 23-24, 54-56, 75

Rhapta (Horn of Africa), 36-37

Romans, 2, 28-34, 36

Royal Navy Antislavery Patrol, 107

Safavid Empire, 90, 91, 92-93

Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian (Indonesian text), 4

Sargon I (Assyrian ruler), 22

Sassanians, 29, 38

Scavenging, 59-60

Sea levels, 137-138

Seyyid Said b. Sultan, 106-107, 110-111 Shadhiliyya Way, 123-124

Shafii school of law, 60-61

Ship construction and innovation, 11-16

Shipwrecks, 59-60

Shirazi tradition, 50-51

Singapore, 99, 120, 138

Siraf, 48-49

Slave trade, 52-54

Atlantic Middle Passage contrasted, 108

British abolition, 116

Dutch use of slaves, 83-84

experiences of African victims, 107-111 pearl harvesting, use in, 102

Sulu Zone, 102-104

Somali pirates, 139-140

South Africa.

Chinese migration to, 120

colonial territory after independence, 112 indentured Indian workers, 118

Muslim missionaries, 124, 135 slavery, 110

South Asia

ancient era trade, 29-32 anti-immigration violence, 133

India and Pakistan independence, 132 initial British outposts, 84

Islam, expansion in, 56-61

Luso-Ottoman rivalry in, 75-76

Southeast Asia

ancient era trade, 32-36

Chinese migration to, 118-120, 132-133

Hadrami migration to, 122-123

Islam, expansion in, 61-63

Japanese invasion of, 129

Luso-Ottoman rivalry in, 75-76

Spice trade, 32-33

Java trader role, 46

Melaka community of traders, 62

VOC attempt to monopolize, 81-82, 84

Zanzibar clove tree development, 107

Srivijaya, 45^7

Steamships, 113-115

Suez Canal construction, 112-113

Sufism,61,94,121-124, 135

Sulu Zone, 102, 111

Surrounding lands, geography of, 10-11 Swahili coast. See East Africa

Tang dynasty expansion, 41-45

Trade. See also Slave trade; Spice trade

British, 84, 99

China early modern period, 84-85 coffee, 82-83

Dutch. See Dutch East India Company (VOC)

Gujarat early modern trade, 80, 88-89 ivory, 114

Nanhai, 44-46

opium, 119-120

Roman, 32

South Asia ancient era, 29-32

Southeast Asia ancient era, 32-36

Traveler accounts, 1-5

Tsunami (December 2004), 137, 138

Twain, Mark, 133-134

Twentieth century and beyond, 128-146, 130-131m

environmental change, 136-138 geopolitical significance of region, 140-143

nationalism, 129-135 piracy, 138-140 radicalized religion, 135-136 remembered pasts, 143-146

Ubaid pottery, 22

UNESCO World Heritage sites, 144

United States, contemporary interests in region, 141

Verenigde Ooslindische Compagnie (VOC, Dutch East India Company), 81, 92, 93-95

Volcanoes, 137

Wang Chih-i, 99, 104

Winds, 6-9

Yaarubi dynasty, 96-97

Yemen

as coffee trade outlet, 82-83

as Ottoman fleet headquarters, 78-79 pirates and, 86

Rasulid dynasty, 55-56

Yuan dynasty, 63

Yusuf al-Maqassari, Shaykh Muhammad, 93-95

Zana-Malata, 87-88

Zanj Revolt, 53-54

Zanzibar, 38, 107, 112, 115, 125-126, 132, 143

Zheng He

Cabral contrasted, 71-74 confrontation with pirates, 67-68 death of, 84

Melaka visitation, 62

memory sites, 143-144 voyages of, 63-65