INDEX

Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, 83, 84-86, 118

See also Saffah

Abbas the Great, 188, 189, 219 Abbasid age/khalifate

Ali descendants and, 87

Baghdad and, 87-89 bodyguards (mamluks), 121—122, 123, 124

bureaucracy, 121

description, 120-121, 121 (fig.) econo my/commerce, 86, 88 orthodox Islam and, 87

overview, 86—89

Persian mini dynasties, 123, 125

Persian viziers, 122-123 philosophy and, 100, 105-106

Shi’ism and, 86-87, 120

Turk barbarians and, 122, 123-124 Abbasid revolution, 82, 83, 84, 85(fig.) Abduh, Mohammed, 268, 308, 354 Abdul Rahman/the Third, 118, 120 Abdul Wahhab, 252-254, 255, 295 Abdullah (Hashimite), 311 Abdullah (Othman’s foster brother),

56, 58

Abraham, prophet, 17, 20, 284, 322 Abu al-Abbas, 83

Abu Bakr

Mohammed and, 21, 22, 31

Othman (khalifa) and, 54

as successor/beliefs, 33, 36, 38-40,

41, 43, 49, 56, 71

Abu Muslim, 82-83, 84, 85, 85(fig.), 86

Abu Sufyan, 54, 57

Abu Talib, 18, 21

Abyssinia and Mohammed’s followers,

54

Adultery, 50

Adventures ofHajji Baba of Ispahan, The (Morier), TJ1

Afdal, al-, 139-140

Afghanistan

9/11 and aftermath, 347, 351-352 abandonment by Europe/U.S., 347 Anglo-Afghan wars, 239, 240 “Great Game” (Russia/Britain), 236,

237(fig.), 238-239, 240-241, 310, 335

independence, 268, 307 secular modernism, 304, 305, 307, 308

Soviet Union invasion, 344, 346

Taliban, 11, 308, 347, 352

Wahhabism, 306, 307

Water Carriers Son, 307-308

Aflaq, Michel, 313, 330

Age of Discovery, 202

Age of Justice, 185

Agha-i-Sayyaf, 352

Ahmad Shah Baba, 238

Ahmadinejad, 355

Ahriman, 9

Ahura Mazda, 9, 10

Aims of the Philosophers, The (Ghazali),

111

Akbar the Great, 191-193, 195,

230- 231

Ak^am, Taner, 294

Akkadians, 5-6

Al Azhar University, 120, 263, 268, 308

Alamut fortress, 129-130

Alaudin Mohammed, 151-152

Albert of Aix, 139

Albigensians, 199

Alchemy of Happiness, The (Ghazali), 113 Alexander the Great, 11

Algeria

France’s takeover, 244-246, 285

Islamic Salvation Party, 344

Ali

assassination, 65

Ayesha and, 61—63

as imam, 70, 71

Mohammed and, 21, 22, 36-37

Mu’awiya and, 60, 63-65, 72

Omar and, 41, 42

Othman and, 52, 58, 60

Sabbah’s beliefs on, 130

Shi’i/Shi’ism and, 64, 70, 71, 82, 184, 186

succession conflict and, 36—39, 41, 52, 59-60

as successor/beliefs, 33, 59-65

Sufism and, 168

Ali, Mohammed, 242-243, 254-255

Ali, Tariq, 351

Ali Shah, Mohammad, 278-279

Aligarh movement.

Sir (of Aligarh) “Allah” meaning, 20 Alp Arslan, 127 Amanullah, 268, 304, 307 Amir Kabir (Mirza Taqi), 276, 305 Amo rites, 6 Amr ibn al-A’as, 43, 56 Amra bin Abdul Rahman, 114 Ansar (“the Helpers”), xv, 23 Ansary, Tamim childhood/background, xiii—xiv,

xv—xviii

world history/Islamic world and, xiv—xxii

Antony, Mark, 13

Apostate Wars, 39-40

Arab nationalism, 292, 297-298

See also Pan-Arab nationalism

Arab Revolt (World War I), 296-297,

296(fig.), 311

Arabian Nights, 88-89

Arabic language, 77, 124

Arabs

early trade, 1, 2(fig.), 3-4, 17

as Semitic, 17 violence and, 29-30

Arafat, Yasser, 330

Aramaic language, 80

Aristotle, 100, 101, 111, 204 Armenians

assassination of three Pashas, 299 massacre of, 290, 293-294 in Ottoman Empire, 179, 288-290 Arslan, Kilij, 137-138 Asharite school, 110

Asia Minor

before/following Crusades, 168—169 Sufism and, 168, 169-172 See also Ottoman Empire

Assassins, Cult of, 129-131, 142-143,

146, 155 Assyrians, 6 Aswan Dam, 325, 326 Atatürk, 301-304 Atlantic Charter, 333 Attila, 150 Aurangzeb, 194-195, 231 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 282, 292,

303

Ayatollah definition, 229 Ayesha, 31, 61-63, 113-114 Azam Khan, Prince, 262-263 Azzam, Abdullah, 332

Baath party, 313, 326, 327-328, 331,

332, 344, 346

Baath Socialist Party, 330-331 Babur, 189-191, 219 Babylon/Babylonian empires, 6, 7 Bacon, Francis, 211

Badr battle, 26, 27, 55 Baghdad building, 87-88 during Abbasid age, 88-89 Mongols’ destruction/killings, 155-156, 172

Baldwin, King of Edessa, 142 Balfour, Arthur James, 298, 313 Balshazzar, 6—7

Banna, Hassan al-, 268, 308-309,

327

Banu Hashim clan, 18, 83, 295 Banu Qurayza, 27-28 Baraka of Mohammed, 71 Barbarossa, Frederick, 147 Basilic cannon, 175 Battle of the Camel, 61-63 Battle of the Moat, 27-28, 55 Bayazid I, 173-174, 179, 180 Baybars, Zahir, 156, 157

Bearden, Milton, 347

Behistun, 8

Bektash, 169

Berke, 157

Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 343

Bin Laden, Osama, 332, 344, 351

Bismarck, Otto von, 281

Bolsheviks, 292, 299, 304

Book of Kings, The (Shanamal Firdausi), 124-125, 186, 188

Book of Unity, The (Kitab-al-

Tawhiell Wahhab), 255

Borsoki, al-, 143

Boyle, Robert, 211

British Petroleum (BP), 315

Buddhism, 11, 12, 13, 23, 99, 117, 165

Bukhari, 95-96

Bush, George W., administration, 349, 351

Buyid family, 122-123

Byzantine Empire/Byzantines, 14—15, 15(fig.), 43, 47

Caesar, Julius, 12, 13

Calligraphy, 114, 188, 197

Camel, Battle of, 61-63

Canning, Stratford, 287

Capitulations to Europeans, 285—287

Catherine the Great, 236

Chaldeans, 6-7

Chaldiran battle, 187-188, 219 Charlemagne, 124, 203

Chemistry foundations, 102,211

Chengez Khan background/description, 150,

151-152, 154

invasions, 151, 152-153, 160, 185

China

before Islam, 3, 4, 12 industrialization/labor and, 270—271

Mongols and, 150, 151

Christian fundamentalists, 350—351

Christianity

early expansion, 13

monastic orders, 165—166

Roman Empire split and, 14,

205-206

significant events of, 23

See also Crusades; Orthodox

Christianity; Roman Church

Churchill, Winston, 315

Civil War, U.S.

“Clash of civilizations,” 148, 218, 353

Class divisions (1900s)

cultural divisions, 339, 342-343 description/effects, 336-339, 340, 342-343, 350

Clive, Robert, 233-234, 235

Cold War effects, 317, 325, 326, 328,

334-335, 338-339, 346, 347, 351

Collection of All Histories (Rashid al-

Din), 149

Columbus, Christopher, 177, 202,

215

Committee for Union and Progress (CUP), 291,292-293, 294, 298-299, 302

“Composite” bows, 152

Comte, Auguste, 277-278

Constantinople

Byzantine fire, 176

description, 14, 99, 176, 176(fig.)

Ottomans’ taking, 175—177 symbolic significance, 174—175 See also Istanbul

Constitutionalism

democracy and, 276-277

Iran, 276, 277-279

Ottoman Empire, 288, 290, 291

Turkey, 302

Copernicus, 210, 211

Cordoba, 118-119

Cornwallis, General, 235

“Cradle of civilization,” 4

Crassus, 13

Crosthwaite, Sir Charles, 240

Crusades

alignments, 141-142

Assassins and, 142—143

Christian pilgrimages and, 135—136, 137

crusader states, 139, 141, 144, 148 first contact, 137-138

Fourth Crusade, 147

“Franj” term, 137

Jerusalem, 137, 140-141, 142, 146-147

jihad proponents, 142, 143, 144 landless noblemen and, 136, 137

Muslim disunity, 138-140, 142

Muslim unity, 142, 143-148

Nicaea fall, 137, 138

Northern Crusade, 199 overview/effects, 148-149, 200 residues of, 199

Second Crusade, 144 slaughter/atrocities by Franj, 139, 140

theater of, 141 (fig.)

Third Crusade, 147

trade following, 149

Curtin, Philip D., 3

DaVinci, Leonardo, 194, 203

Dabashi, Hamid, Til

Daniel, 7

Daquq, 138

Dar al-Funun, 261, 276

Dar al-Islam

Dar al-Harb vs., 44, 327, 347 description, 29-30, 44

D’Arcy, William Knox, 314, 315

Darius (“the Great”), 8-9, 10

David and Goliath, 156

Democracy

Atlantic Charter, 333 constitutionalism and, 276—277

Iran, 278-279, 333-334

Islam-West relationship (today) and, 349, 351-353, 355, 356

Jamaluddin-i-Afghan, 263-264

oil and, 335-336

Turkey, 302

Deobandis, 307, 308, 343, 344

Dervishes, 169, 170

Descartes, Rene, 211

Desert Storm, 345

Devshirme program, 173, 180, 222-223, 286

Diaz, Bartholomew, 215

Din-i Illahi (“the God Religion”), 193 Diocletian, 13

Dress code, 197, 303, 304-305

Dulles, John Foster, 334

Duval, Pierre, 244

East India Companies/Company,

232-233, 234-235, 258

Egypt

cotton market and, 243—244

defeat of Mongols, 156-157 following World War I, 312-313 French/British competition over, 243, 244, 285

mamluk rule, 157, 242-243

Mohammed Ali and, 242-243, 254-255

Napoleon and, 241-242

status, 157

See also Nasser, Gamal Abdul

Eisenhower, Ike, 326, 334

End of History and the Last Man, The (Fukuyama), 346

Engels, Friedrich, 275 English longbow, 213 Ethnic cleansing, UN definition, 294 Eunuchs, 227, 228

Europe (1291-1600 CE)

Americas and, 215, 216, 219 books’ significance, 203—205 crusading spirit, 199—200 kings’ significance, 213, 214 mercantilism, 215—216 merchants’ status, 203 nation-state emergence, 212—214 patrons of art, 203

Protestant reformation/reformation, 206-210, 212, 216, 247,

248- 249

science developments, 210—211, 212, 216

seafaring prowess, 200—201, 202-203,216

trade/route to Indies, 200-203, 201(fig.), 214-215

university beginnings, 204—205

Europe (1500-1800 CE)/Islamic world

European advisors, 219-220, 226, 229, 230

European competition, 230,

231- 233

European dominance summary, 246,

249- 251

“Great Game,” 236-239, 237(fig.), 240-241

India trade, 218-219, 232-233 internal politics and, 232-233 military technology and, 219—220 private European companies, 231-233

relationship complexity, 217—218 sea routes, 218(fig.) trade, 218-219, 218(fig.), 220, 223-225, 230, 231-233

Europe at time of Crusades innovations/effects, 134—135 land inheritance, 136 Muslims’ view of, 133, 148, 149 subsistence living, 133—134 See also Crusades

Faisal, 311, 316 Farabi, al-, 101

Farangi Christians, 200 Fatehpur Sikri, 193

Fatima, 21, 37, 38, 87, 120, 184 Fatimids/khalifate, 120-121, 121 (fig.),

129, 140, 145

Fatwas, 161 Fedayeen, 131, 155

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 280-281, 284 Firdausi, 124-125, 186, 188

Firmest Bond, The (journal), 265 Fly swatter affair, 244

Fourteen Points (Wilson), 310, 314,

319, 320, 333 Franj Wars, 148

See also Crusades

French Revolution, 241, 254 Fukuyama, Francis, 346, 347

Gabriel, angel, 19 Galen, 211 Galileo, 102, 211

Gama, Vasco da, 218-219 Gandhi, Mahatma, 266 Gelvin, James L., 287 Genghis Khan.

George-Picot, Francois, 297, 297(fig.) Ghazali, 110-113, 114-115

Ghazan, Mahmoud, 157-158 Ghazi emirates/orders, 171—172 Ghaznavid dynasty, 124-126, 150 Gibbon, Edward, 140

Gillespie, April, 345

Ginsberg, Alan, 170

Gokalp, Ziya, 292

Gold from Americas, 215, 216, 219, 224

Golden Age of Islam, 87, 120

See also Abbasid age; Umayyad khalifate, Andalusian

“Great Game, The,” 236-239, 237(fig.), 240-241, 310, 335

Great Indian Mutiny (1857-1858), 239-240, 258, 262

Great Wall of China, 150, 270

Greco-Buddhist art, 11

Greek language, 77

Guilds, 168, 182, 223-224, 273-274

Guns’ first use, 157

Hadith, 94-96

Hafsa, 114

Haganah, 322

Hager, 17

Hajj as Islamic pillar, 92

Hallaj, al-, 109-110

Halliday, Denis, 346

Hamas, 344

Hamid, Sultan, 267

Hamid II, Sultan, 291

Hamzah, 57

Hanafl school, 98

Hanbali school, 98, 105-106

Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 6 Hanifa, Abu, 98

Harems, 226-228

Haroun al-Rashid, 89

Harvey, William, 211

Hashimites

description, 83, 84 rebellion against Umayyads, 83, 84, 87 World War I and, 295-297, 298,

311-312, 316

Hassan (Alis son), 65, 68, 71

Hassan Sabbah, 129-131, 142

Hebrew language, 80

Henry the Navigator, Prince, 201-202

Herder, Johann, 279, 280, 283

Herf, Jeffrey, 350

Herzl, Theodor, 284, 321

Hess, Moses, 321

Hezbollah, 344

Hidden Imam, 184-185, 186, 229,

341

Hijra, 22-24

Hind, 57

Hinduism/Hindus, 9, 118, 125, 165,

193- 194

Hisdai ibn Shaprut, 120

History of the Prophets and Kings

(Tabari), 34-35

Hulagu, 155-156, 161, 172

Humanists, 205

Hume, David, 111

Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453), 212

Huns, 150

Huss, Johann, 207

Hussein

martyrdom, 68-70, 69(fig.), 71-72,

340

Shi’ism and, 70, 71-72, 82, 187,

254

Hussein, Saddam, 331, 344-345, 346, 351-352

Ibn al-Athir, 161

Ibn al-Haytham, 211

Ibn al-Nafis, 211

Ibn Hanbal, 98, 105-106, 164

Ibn Ishaq, 33-34

Ibn Khaldun, 5

Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 112, 204

Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 102, 204, 211

Ibn Taymiyah, 161-165, 249, 252

Idolatry, 9-10, 30, 253, 254

Ijma, 97, 263, 264

Ijtihad, 97, 247-248, 267

II-Khan dynasty, 159

Imam

Hidden Imam, 184-185, 186, 229,

341

meaning, 70—71

Shi’ism and, 70-71, 82, 129, 184-185, 186, 340, 341

Incoherence of the Incoherence, The (Ibn Rushd), 112

Incoherence of the Philosophers, The (Ghazali), 111

Independence movements overview, 317-319

India

British rule, 233-235, 239-240, 257-259, 262

bullet grease issue, 239 fragmentation of, 117, 231 Great Indian Mutiny (1857-1858),

239-240, 258, 262

Hindu/Muslim relationship, 231,

239

independence, 318-319

Moghul Empire and, 191, 192, 193-194

trade with Europeans, 200, 218-219,

232- 233

Indulgences of the Church, 208

Industrialization

China and, 270-271

Industrial Revolution/Europe, 269-270, 272-273, 274, 276

Iran (after 1840s), 276

Islamic world and, 270, 271, 273-276

social context and, 270—276

women and, 274

Intifadas, 332

Iran

American hostages, 343

Book of Kings, The (Firdausi) and, 125, 186

British/Russian zones of influence,

238

CIA coup/Shah, 334

education, 261, 276

European deals/control, 236—238 industrialization, 276

nationalism and, 187, 310, 334 oil, 314-315, 334

Qajar dynasty, 230, 236-238, 261, 278-279, 304, 314-315 revolution background/outcome, 339-341, 343-344, 346

secular modernism, 261, 276, 277-279, 304, 305, 333-334, 355

Shi’ism, 185, 186, 187

views of U.S., 334-335 war with Iraq, 344—345

See also Safavids of Persia

Iraq

creation, 311, 316

Kuwait annexation/effects, 345—346 oil, 316

Saddam Hussein, 331, 344-345, 346, 351-352

UN sanctions, 345-346

U.S.

Isfahan, 189

Ishmael, 17, 20

Islam

broad meaning of, 356—357 community vs. personal salvation, 166, 209, 351

description/lifestyle (seventeenth century), 195-198, 196(flg.)

at end of Omar’s khalifate, 47, 48-49

growth of, xvi(fig.)

shared references, 197-198 stories/lessons and, xxi—xxii as “the world,” 117, 119, 133, 142, 198

three khalifates, 118-119, 120-121, 121(fig.), 128-129

Islam beginnings

battle success reasons, 47-49 battles, 25-28, 37, 43-46, 55, 57, 74 conversions to, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29-30

documentation/stories, 33—35

as political entity, 24—25 religious freedom and, 22, 39,

46-47, 48, 78

See also specific individuals

Islam in Modern History (Smith), xvii

Islam-West relationship (today) democracy and, 349, 351-353, 355, 356

incompatibilities, 353—356 religion and, 350-351, 356

views of each other, 349—353 women’s role, 354—356

Islamic doctrine/law

after Mohammed’s death, 93 argument by analogy, 50, 96—97, 105-106

core creed and, 78

during Mohammed’s life, 92 five pillars, 91-92

Omar and, 49, 50-52 shades of gray and, 103, 113 structure, 359(fig.)

See also Hadith; Qur’an; Scholars; Shari’a; Ulama

Islamic Jihad, 332, 344

Islamic Salvation Party, 344

“Islamic Socialism,” 326, 330

Ismail (Egypt), 243-244

Ismail (Safavid), 185-188

Isma’ilis (Seveners), 129, 184 Israel

birth, 322-323, 323(fig.)

U.S. support, 341

See also Palestinian-Israeli conflict;

Zionism

Istanbul, 177, 178

See also Constantinople

Ivan the Terrible, 235-236

Ivan the Third, 235

Jahan, Shah (Just King), 194 Jalaludin-i Rumi, 170-171 Jamaluddin-i- Afghan background, 261-262 career/beliefs, 252, 262-268, 278 influence/disciples, xvii, 268, 308,

340

“non-aligned movement,” 266 pan-Islamism, xvii, 265, 267, 309,

327

tobacco concession/boycott,

266-267, 268, 278

Janissaries, 173, 177, 180, 222-223 Jawali, 141-142

Jerusalem

Crusades, 137, 140-141, 142,

146-147

Muslim conquest of, 46—47 Jews

discrimination of, 178-179, 289,

320, 321, 324

early history, 6, 17, 25, 27-28 Nazis and, 320, 321, 324 orthodox Judaism, 356 See also Israel; Palestinian-Israeli

conflict; Zionism

Jihad

Ali/Ayesha conflict and, 61—62 Crusades and, 142, 143, 144

Ibn Taymiyah views, 162—163 meanings, 30, 44, 61-62, 73, 354 Omar and, 44, 73

Umayyad Empire and, 73

Wahhabism, 256-257

“Jihadists,” 332, 342, 344, 346-347

Jizya, 47, 178, 192, 195

Junayd, al-, 107, 110

Juzjani, 153

Ka’ba temple, 20, 30, 295

Kabir (poet), 193-194

Kalendar/Kalendari brotherhoods,

169

Kant, Immanuel, 279-280

Karbala and Hussein, 69-70, 69(fig.), 71-72, 82

Kashmir, 319

Kemal, Mustafa.

Kerouac, Jack, 170

Khadija, 18, 20, 21, 36-37, 113

Khaled bin al-Walid, 26, 43 Khalifates

Rightly Guided Khalifas, 33, 65-66,

75

three khalifates, 118-119, 120-121, 121(fig.), 128-129

See also specific khalifates

Kharijites, 65, 81-82 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 340-341,

343-344, 345

Khosrow, Kay, 13

Khusrow, Anushervan, 13

Khwarazm-Shahs kingdom, 151—152

Kindi, al-, 101, 175

Kipling, Rudyard, 236

Kitab~al~ Tawhid (The Book of

Unity!Abdul Wahhab), 255

Knights Hospitaller, 199

Kurds/Kurdish language, 319

Kuwait and Iraq, 345—346

Language

nation-states and, 213, 214

See also specific languages

Latin language, 203-204

Lawrence, Thomas Edward (“Lawrence of Arabia”), 296

League of Nations, 311

Lebanon

France and, 311

Israeli invasions, 344

Leibniz, Gottfried, 357

Lenin, Vladimir, 304, 307

Lepanto battle (1571), 221

Levant, 49, 80, 144, 149

Lewis, Bernard, 159

Lincoln, Abraham, 283

Luther, Martin, 207-208, 212

Madrassas, 128, 258

Mahdi (“expected one”), 175, 185, 268 Maher, Bill, 164

Mahmud, Sultan, 124-125, 126

Malik, Ibn, 98

Malik Shah, Sultan, 127-128, 132

Maliki school, 98

Malouf, Amin, 130

Mamluk rule, Egypt, 157, 242-243

Mamluks, 121-122, 123, 124, 157

Mandates plan, 310-313, 312(fig.)

Mansur as khalifa, 86, 87

Manzikert battle (1071 CE), 127,

136

Marathas, 231

Maronite Christians, 311

Marwan, 58-59

Marx, Karl, 275

Masud, Sultan, 125-126

Mathematics, 5, 6, 101

Mathnawi Ma’nawi (Jalaludin-i Rumi), 170-171

Mazzini, Joseph, 281-282, 283

Mecca

battles with Medina, 25-28

Mohammed’s birth/early life, 18—22 pilgrimages, 21, 30-31, 68 religion as business, 18, 21

Medicine foundation/innovations, 6, 102, 211

Medina

Mohammed’s work in, 22—23,

24-25, 28, 48

Pact of Medina, 22-23, 26

See also Yathrib

Mediterranean world

before Islam, 1, 2(fig.), 3-4

Middle World and, 3-4, 12

Mehmet, Sultan/“the Conqueror,” 174-175,177

Mercantilism, 215-216

Meritocracy, 157

Mesopotamia, 4, 5-7, 8-9

Michelangelo, 194, 203

Middle World

before Islam, 4-13, 14-15, 15(fig.)

Mediterranean world and, 3—4, 12

“Middle East” and, 1, 3

overland routes, 2(fig.)

Milestones (Qutb), 327

Mirza Habib, 277

Mirza Taqi (Amir Kabir), 276, 305

Moat, Battle of the, 27-28, 55

Modernity

description, 250, 251

See also Secular modernism

Moghul Empire

art/architecture, 193-194

decline, 231-241

Din-i Illahi (“the God Religion”),

193

guns/gunpowder and, 191

Hindus and, 192, 193, 195, 230-231

India and, 191, 192, 193-194 intolerance/restoration of Islam,

194- 195, 231

overview/leaders, 189—19 5 religious/universal tolerance, 192-193, 230-231

territory, 189

See also specific areas!countries

Mohammed

baraka of, 71

birth/early life, 18-22

death, 31

miracles and, 74

move to Yathrib (Medina), 21-22 plots against, 21, 22, 25-26, 28, 72 revelations, 19-20, 23 sermons/beliefs, 20-21, 24-25, 27,

29, 30-31, 48, 54, 57-58, 81 work in Medina, 22-23, 24-25, 28,

48

Monads, 357

Moneylending, 289

Mongols

origins/lifestyle, 150, 152 technology/strategy, 152, 160 See also specific individuals

Mongols/Islamic world

Assassins and, 143, 155 conversion to Islam, 157—158, 159, 249

defeat by Egypt, 156-157 impacts, 154, 160-168, 249 invasions/genocide, 27, 152—161, 154(fig.)

Montesquieu, Charles, 277-278 Morier, James, 277

Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 334, 339 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 254 Mu’awiya

Ali and, 60, 63-64, 64-65, 72 Ayesha and, 61

Othman and, 57, 58, 60

selecting successor, 67

Syria/Egypt rule by, 57, 64

Umayyad Empire and, 65, 67, 75-76, 85

Mufti of Jerusalem, 324

Mujahideen-e-Khalq, 340

Mumtaz Mahal, 194

Murat I, 173

Muslim Brotherhood description/expansion, 268,

308-310, 326-327, 332, 344

“jihadist” offshoots, 332, 344 Mu’tazilites, 103-106, 110

Muzaffar al-din, 278

Nadir Shah, 308, 310, 344

Nanak, Guru, 193, 195

Napoleon Bonaparte, 241-242, 244, 254, 280-281

Napoleon III, 281

Nasiruddin, 266, 267

Nasser, Gamal Abdul

background, 324-325

as Egyptian leader, 325-329, 330, 334 Nation-states

artificial/imperialist borders and, 310-314, 318-319

emergence, 212-214 language and, 213, 214

Nationalism

Austro-Hungarian Empire, 282 description, 279-280

Germany, 280-281

Italy, 281-282 nation-state vs., 279 nation-statism vs., 319, 320

Ottoman Empire, 282, 291-292

Pakistan’s birth and, 261, 279, 318-319

politicians’ use of, 310, 314

Nationalism (continued/)

Turkey, 302

U.S. Civil War and, 282-283

See also Arab nationalism; Pan-Arab nationalism; Zionism

Nebuchadnezzar, 6

Nelson, Lord, 241

Newton, Isaac, 211

Night of Power (Lailut al-Qadr), 23 9/11 attacks/effects, xvii, 347, 349, 351-352, 355

Nineveh, 6

Nizam al-Mulk, 127-129, 132 Non-Aligned Movement, 266, 326 Nuruddin, 144—145, 146

Occultation, 184

Occupied Territories, 329, 332 Oil

1973 embargo, 341-342 democracy and, 335—336 foreigners’ control, 314—316 nationalizing industry, 334 politics of, 334-335 social impacts, 335-338, 342 technocracy vs.

uses, 315, 316, 335

See also specific countries

Old Man of the Mountains, 142 Omar

death, 47, 51-52 description/background, 21, 31, 36, 40-41, 81

as successor/beliefs, 33, 40, 41-44, 45-47, 48, 49, 50-52, 55, 56, 71, 73, 94, 96, 114

“The One,” philosophical concept, 99-100

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 341—342

Orthodox Christianity, 14, 205, 235

O th man (khalifa)

assassination/murderers, 59, 60, 61, 62 background/description, 21, 53—55 as successor/beliefs, 33, 52, 55—59,

73, 75

Othman (Ottoman), 172

Ottoman Empire

architecture, 180, 194

Armenians, 179, 288-290 beginnings, 172

Constantinople and, 175—177 devshirme program, 173, 180,

222- 223, 286

Eastern Orthodox community in, 179

European friction, 220

expansion of territory, 173—178, 183 guilds/Sufis connection, 168, 182,

223- 224, 273-274

janissaries, 173, 177, 180, 222-223 Jews move to, 178-179 millet system, 178-179, 290 nationalism, 282, 291-292 ruler as khalifa, 183

Safavids of Persia and, 183, 187-188 secular modernism, 261, 287-288, 290-291,292-293

social order, 178-182

Sufism, 168, 169-172, 178,

181-182, 223, 223-224, 273-274 tax system/“farms,” 180-181,

242-243, 286-287, 289

Timurs victory, 173-174, 179

See also specific areas/countries

Ottoman Empire decline

capitulations to Europeans, 285—287 constitutionalism conflict, 288, 290,

291

corruption/bribes, 224—226 Deportation Act, 293-294 expansion cessation, 222—223 guild system, 223-224

inflation, 225, 226

losses of territory, 292-293 massacre of Armenians, 290, 293-294 princes/succession, 227—228

revenue decline, 222

speed of, 220-221

Sultan’s harem and, 226-228

Tanzimat (reorganization measures), 286-287

trade/raw materials and, 223, 224

Vienna and, 221-222, 223 viziers power, 228

World War I and, 293-295, 296(flg.), 297, 297(fig.), 298-299

Pact of Medina, 22-23, 26

Pahlavi. See Reza Shah Pahlavi Pakistan birth, 261, 279, 318-319 Palestine Liberation Organization

(PLO), 330, 332, 344

Palestinian-Israeli conflict

1948 war, 323-324

Arab refugees (Palestinians), 324, 330, 344

following World War II, 313-314, 320

fourth war (Yom Kippur), 341

Jewish terrorism, 321-322

Jews move to Palestine, 284—285, 320-321

other Arabs and, 322-323, 328 partition, 322-323, 323(fig.) public relations, 324

Six Day War/consequences, 328, 329-333

terrorism, 321-322, 332

See also Israel; Zionism

Pan-Arab nationalism, 313, 326, 327-328

See also Arab nationalism

Pan-Islamism

Jamaluddin, xvii, 265, 267, 309, 327

Muslim Brotherhood, 309

Paper invention, 88

Parthians, 11—13

Pasha, Talaat/Enver/Djemal, 293, 294,

299

Pasteur, Louis, 211

Peace of Augsburg (1555), 212

Perlman, S. J., 309

Persian Empire

history, 7—13

peak of, 188-189

Persian language, 77, 124, 194

Persian viziers, 122-123

Persian Wars, 10

Persians

description, 80, 84 qanats, 154

Umayyad Empire and, 80, 81, 82,

83, 84, 85(fig.)

See also Safavids of Persia

Peter the Great, 236

Peter the Hermit, 138

Phillip II, France, 147

Philosophers of Islam overview, 99—106 science vs. theology, 102—106, 110-113, 114 scientific foundations, 101—102, 211-212

studying other philosophies, 99—102, 110-111

universe schema, 100—101

Plato, 100, 101,204

Plotinus, 99-100

Polo, Marco, 130, 200

Prayer (Muslims), 91, 92, 196, 275

See also Salaat (namaz)

Prostitution, 50

Protestant reformation/reformation, 206-210, 212, 216, 247, 248-249

Pushto language, 310

Qadisiya battle, 44-46

Qajar dynasty, 230, 236-238, 261, 278-279, 304, 314-315

Qiyas, 50, 96-97, 105-106

Qizilbash, 184, 185-186, 195-196,219 Qur’an

compiling, 49, 93, 94

definitive edition preparation, 55—56, 93

interpretation and, 93—94, 354 language of, 24—25

Mu’awiya’s use in battle, 64

qira’ut, 29

tawhid and, 103-104

See also Hadith; Scholars

Quraysh tribe/members, 18, 21, 25-28, 44, 54

Qutb, Sayyid, 327, 328, 332, 343

Rabia al-Basri, 107-109, 110

Radical Islamists (today)

dress-code policy, 304—305

past and, 148, 163

secular modernism fall and, 346—347

See also specific groups', specific individuals

Radulph of Caen, 139

Rajputs, 195

Rashid al-Din Fazlullah, 149, 155 Rida, Rashid, 268, 308

Rashidun, 33

Razi, Abu Bakr al-, 104-105

Reform movements (Islam)

approaches overview, 251—252 reasons for, 247-251

See also Secular modernism; specific individuals', specific movements

Refutation of the Materialists

(Jamaluddin), 264

Renan, Ernest, 265

Reuters, Baron Julius de, 237-238

Revival of the Religious Sciences, The

(Ghazali), 113, 114-115

Reza Shah Pahlavi (father), 304, 310, 333-334

Reza Shah Pahlavi (son), 334, 339-340

Richard I (Lionheart), England, 147

Ridwan, 138

Rightly Guided Khalifas, 33, 65-66, 75

Roman Church

Bible interpretation, 203, 206, 207,

209

heretics and, 205, 206

hierarchy, 206 individual salvation, 166, 207-208,

209, 351

reform/Protestant Reformation,

206-210, 212, 216, 247, 248-249

Roman Empire

bodyguards, 122 decline/division, 13-14, 119, 121 legacy of, 303-304

Parthians and, 12—13

See also Byzantine Empire

Romanus Diogenes, 127

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 316, 333

Rothschild, Lord Lionel, 298

Rumi, Jalaludin-i, 170-171

Ruqayya, 54

Russia expansion/“Great Game,” 235-239,

237(fig.), 240-241, 335

Orthodox Christianity and, 235

Rustum, Sassanid commander, 44-45

Sadat, Anwar al-, 341

Safavids of Persia

art/architecture, 188-189, 194

decline, 228-230

Europeans and, 228, 229, 230 guards (Qizilbash), 184, 185-186,

195- 196, 219

leadership, 183-184, 228-229 overview, 183-189

Shi’ism and, 184-187, 229

Sunnis and, 229-230

Saffah, 86, 87

See also Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib

Said, Edward, xx

Salaat (namaz) as Islamic pillar, 91

Saladin, 144-146

Salafism, 163, 164-165

Samanid dynasty, 124

Sancho (the Fat), King, 120

Sargon, 5-6

Sassanid dynasty, 13, 14—15, 15(fig.)>

37, 43-46, 186

Saud, Aziz ibn (1900s), 311-312

Saud, Aziz ibn (early 1800s), 254-255

Saud, Mohammed ibn, 253-254,

295

Saudis/Saudi Arabia

beginnings, 311—312

U.S. oil deal, 316

Wahhabism, 295, 306, 316, 331

World War I, 295, 296, 297, 298

SAVAK, 340

Sawm (roza) as Islamic pillar, 92 Sayfi Heravi, 153

Sayyid Ahmad, Sir (of Aligarh) background, 257-259 secular modernism and, 252,

259-261, 264, 269, 305

Scholars (Islamic)

beginnings, 50, 94-99

See also Hadith; Ulama

Science

Chaldeans, 6

Europe (1291-1600 CE), 210-211, 212, 216

failure in Islamic world, 102—106, 110-113, 114, 212, 264-265

Islamic philosophers and, 101—102, 211-212

Scientific method, 211

Scientific Society, Aligarh, India, 260-261

Secular modernism

in 1920s, 301-306

Afghanistan, 304, 305, 307, 308

Arab nationalism and, 297—298

Ataturk, 301-304 dress-code policy and, 303, 304 fall of, 343-347

Iran, 261, 276, 277-279, 304, 305, 333-334, 355

Jamaluddin-i-Afghan, 252,

262-268

Ottoman Empire, 261, 287-288, 290-291,292-293

Qajar Shahs of Iran, 261

Sayyid Ahmad, Sir (of Aligarh), 252, 259-261, 264, 269, 305

Six Day War and, 331

Turkey, 301-304 womens role, 303, 304

See also specific groups', specific individuals

Selim the Grim, Sultan, 187-188

Seljuks/Seljuk era, 126-128, 128(flg.), 131, 132, 135, 150, 151

September 11 attacks/effects, xvii, 347, 349, 351-352, 355

Shafi’i, Imam al-, 98

Shafi’i school, 98

Shahadah as Islamic pillar, 91

Shahanshah, 186

Shajar al-Durr, 156, 157

Shams-³ Tabrez, 170

Shanama {The Book ofKingslFir&zxisiT 124-125, 186, 188

Shari’a definition/description, 97 Shariati, Ali, 340

Sharif Hussein Ibn Ali, 295-296

Sheikh al-Islam (“Old Man of Islam”), 179

Sherley, Robert/Anthony, 219-220 Shi’i/Shi’ism

Abbasids and, 86-87, 120

Ali and, 64, 70, 71, 82, 184, 186 beginnings, 39, 70-71, 81 beliefs/description, 39, 70, 71-72 Husseins martyrdom and, 70, 71—72,

82, 187,254

II-Khan dynasty, 159 imam significance, 70-71, 82, 129, 184-185, 186, 340, 341

Iran, 185, 340-341, 343-344

Persians and, 82, 83-84, 185

Twelvers, 184, 185, 186

Umayyad Empire and, 82

Wahhabism and, 254, 257

See also Fatimids/khalifate; Safavids of Persia

Shirk, 255

Shura, 52, 67, 263-264

Siddhartha Gautama, 23

Siffin battle, 63-64

Sikhs, 193, 195, 231,250

Sinon (Assassin), 146

Sinon (Ottoman architect), 180

Siraj al-Dawlah, 233

Six Day War/consequences (1967), 328, 329-333

Slavery, 51, 202, 217, 282-283

Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, xvii

Soviet Union fall, 346

Spanish Inquisition, 178—179

Spiritual Manuscript, The (Jalaludin-i Rumi), 170-171

Steam engines, 254, 270, 271, 315 Stephenson, George, 271

Suez Canal/Zone, 243, 308-309, 312, 325-326, 334

Sufi brotherhoods, 165-166, 169, 171, 182, 183-184

Sufism

Asia Minor, 168, 169-172 dervishes, 169, 170 description/spread, 106—110, 165-168, 193-194, 196, 202

futuwwah ideals, 166-168, 171

Ghazali, 112-113 ghazi orders, 171-172

Ottoman Empire, 168, 178, 181-182, 223-224, 273-274

Wahhabism and, 257

Suleiman the Magnificent/the

Lawgiver, 183, 221-222, 223 Sumer/inventions, 5—6

Sunnis, 39, 71, 97-98, 185, 186, 187

Sykes, Mark, 297, 297(fig.)

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 297, 297(fig.), 298, 311

Syria

France and, 311, 313

Napoleon and, 242

Tabari, Ibn Jarir al-, 34-35

Taj Mahal, 194 Talha, 62

Taliban, 11, 84, 308, 347, 352 Tancred, King, 141, 142

Tarzi, 268

Tawhid, 103-104, 255

Tazieh, 187

Templars, 199 Term limits, 192

Terrorism

Assassins, 130, 131, 132, 143

Bush war against terrorism, 349, 351-352

Palestinian-Israeli conflict, 321-322, 332

See also specific events', specific groups Teutonic Knights, 199 Thirty Years’ War, 212 Time of Ignorance, 133 Timur-i-lang (Tamerlane), 160, 173_174_} 179_} 185, 249

Tobacco concession/boycott, 266—267, 268, 278, 315

Tode Mongke, 157

Toynbee, Arnold, xiii

Treaty of Balta Liman (1838), 286 Treitschke, Heinrich von, 281, 283 Turkey

becoming nation-state, 301, 310 demotion of Islam/clergy, 301—302, 303

secular modernism, 301—304 women’s role, 303

See also Ataturk

Turkish language, 301, 302, 303 Turko-Mongol tribes, 150

Turks

Abbasid age and, 122, 123-124 attacks on Ghaznavid area, 126 Seljuks/Seljuk era, 126-128, 128(fig.), 131, 132, 135, 150, 151

in seventeenth century Islamic world, 195-196

Uhud battle, 26-27, 37, 55, 57

Ulama

becoming member of, 98—99 beginnings, 50, 94-99 science and, 104—106 social power of, 98, 105

Um Kulthum, 54

Umayyad Empire

Abbasid revolution, 82, 83, 84,

85(fig.)

Arabization by, 77, 80 beginnings, 65, 72, 73 expansion, 74, 75, 76(fig.), 78, 79 inequalities/social gradients,

80-81

Islamification by, 77-78, 80 Mu’awiya and, 65, 67, 75-76, 85 overview, 72-86, 76(flg.)

Persians and, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,

85(fig.)

See also specific individuals Umayyad khalifate, Andalusian,

118-119, 120-121, 121(fig.) Umayyads

description, 54, 60, 72-73 Othman and, 54, 56-57 slaughter of, 85-86, 118

Umm al-Darda, 114

Umm Hakim, 114

Umma birth/definition, 23 Universal Declaration of Human

Rights (UN), 333 University beginnings, 204—205 Urban (engineer), 175 Urban II, Pope, 137, 138 Urdu language, 239, 258, 259 Usamah ibn Munqidh, 148

Vandals, 80

Vesalius, Andreas, 211 Vikings, 136, 200-201

Volksgeist, 280, 281

Wafd political party, 268 Wagner, Richard, 281 Wahhabism

beginnings, 252-255

Deobandis, 307, 308, 343, 344

Wahhabism (continued)

enemies/jihad, 256-257

Saudis/Saudi Arabia, 295, 306, 316,

331

spread, 306-307, 331

tenets of, 255-257

Waqfs, 77, 98

Waqqas, Sad ibn Abi, 43, 44 Washington, George, 233, 235 Water Carriers Son, 307-308

Watt, James, 254, 271

Watts, Alan, 111-112

Weitzman, Chaim, 321

Wilson, Woodrow, 310-311, 314, 319,

320, 333

Womens role

before 1000 CE, 18, 50-51,

113- 114

change around 1000 CE,

114- 115

dress code, 197, 305

education, 51

gender role separation, 114—115, 197, 274, 354-355

Islam-West incompatibilities on, 354-356

secular modernism, 303, 304 seventeenth century, 196—197 stability/instability and, 115

Sultan’s harem, Istanbul, 226—228

Works ofShams-i Tabrez, The (Jalaludin-i

Rumi), 170

World War I

European theater, 294

Hashimite family, 295-297, 298 mandates plan, 310-313, 312(fig.)

Ottoman Empire and, 293-295, 296(fig.), 297, 297(fig.), 298-299

Saudis and, 295, 296, 297, 298

World War II, 317

World Zionist Congress, 284

Wycliffe, John, 206-207

Xerxes, 10

Ya’qubi, 88

Yaqut al-Hamawi, 154

Yarmuk battle, 114

Yathrib

Mohammed’s move to, 21—22

See also Medina

Yazid, 67-70

Young Turks, 290-291, 304, 305

Zaghlul, 268

Zaidi sect (Fivers), 129, 184

Zakat as Islamic pillar, 92

Zangi, 144

Zawaheri, al-, 332

Zia al-Haq, 343

Zionism

beginnings, 283-285, 298

European anti-Semitism and, 298, 320, 324

Jewish claim, 284, 322

nationalism differences, 283—284

See also Israel; Palestinian-Israeli conflict

Ziyad, 75-76

Zoroaster, 9—10

Zoroastrianism, 9—10, 13, 49

Zubayd, 62