Index

Abdulhamid II, Ottoman Sultan 268, 273, 277 abolitionism 10

abortion 571

abuse

‘cycle of 158

see also child sexual abuse; sexual violence

Aceh, northern Sumatra

Dutch war of conquest with 24

Gayo Expedition (1900-1903) 25

Achebe, Chinua 252

Action Aid 605

Adana, 1909 massacre of Armenians 276 adultery, charges against rape victims 152 aerial bombing

Cambodia 514

of cities 286

Vietnam 514

aeroplanes, in warfare 2 al-Afghani, Jaffar 134 al-Afghani, Tayyib 134 Afghanistan 141 jihad 132, 552

Mujahadeen movement 117

Soviet Union invasion 131, 552

Taliban in 13, 110, 117

US invasion (2001) 117, 553

war in (from 2001) 134, 136

and recruitment of fighters 132

Africa

anti-colonial nationalism 300

child marriage 183

child prostitution 183

European need for labour 249

expansion of African states 249

First World War internment camps 391

‘forgotten wars' in 605

French empire 2, 474

HIV/AIDS in children 182

influence on Europeans 251

interpersonal violence and indigenous beliefs 199

media reporting 604

and Second Cold War 462

see also British Empire; Congo, DRC; Kenya; Nigeria; Rwanda; South Africa; Sudan

African Americans (former slaves) 89, 546-547

Freedmen's Bureau 546

lynchings 173, 265, 548

see also racial violence, United States African historiography 248-253

and interdependence of Europeans and Africans 249, 257

treatment of violence 250

view of Europeans 249

age of consent 149, 169-170

Britain 149,171-172

India 174

overridden by marriage 170

prostitutes in Japan 339

Agulhon, Maurice 348

Ahern, Bertie, Irish Taoiseach 631 Ahmedabad, Gujarat, massacre (2002) 119 Aidit, D.

Ainsworth, Harrison 571

Akbar, Mughal ruler of India 116

Ak^am, Taner 393

AKP (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi), Turkey 263 and national-Islamist authoritarianism 280

Al-Qaida organisation 135, 552

in Middle East 553

and self-sacrifice (suicide bombing) 135

and September 2001 attacks in USA 553 Alabama, Scottsboro Boys 101

Alawis (Alawites), in Syria 272

Albania, and First Balkan War (1912) 378

Aleppo, 1850 anti-Christian pogrom 274

Alevis (Shia Muslims), in Anatolia 272 jihad against 276 military campaign in Dersim (1937-38)

272, 279

Alexander II, Tsar 537, 539

Alexander III, Tsar 539

Algeria 129, 250

civil war 134

France and 194, 249, 254, 258

links with Holocaust 254

rise of FIS 134

Algerian War (1954-62) 399

and terrorism 550

Aliens Restriction Act (1914) 391

Alison, Miranda 163

Allende, Salvador, President of Chile 14

Alpaugh, Micah 363

Alsace, expulsion of Germans from 298

American Anarchist Fighters group 545

American Civil War (1861-65) 10, 89,

90-91, 546

photography 600

American Humane Association (1876) 214

American Mutoscope & Biograph

Company 582

American Psychiatric Association 151

American Revolutionary War 89, 534

Ames, Jessie Daniel, ASWPL 100,101

Amin, Hafizullah, Afghanistan 131

Amnesty International 605

Amritsar

Golden Temple 111 massacre (1919) 76-77, 300 anarchists

and leftist revolutionaries 551 publicity of trials 541 and working classes 539 anarcho-terrorism 539-542

France 541

motivations 540-541

and propaganda of the deed 540, 544

Russia 541-542

United States 542-545

Anderson, David 398

Anfal campaign in Kurdistan (1988) 139, 281 animals

objections to mistreatment of 210, 212 sanctions on violence against 7, 209-218 see also hunting

anthropology, theories about Indian castes 72 anti-Semitism, and violence 191

apaches, French youth gangs 562, 567

Apia Harbour, Samoa 36

New Zealand firing at peaceful protest march (1929) 38

apologies, for violence 629-634, 635 child abuse 631-633

demands for 630, 633

Aquinas, Thomas 534

Arab nationalism 140

Arafat, Yasser 130, 133

Araguete-Toribio, Zahira 621

Arendt, Hannah 246-260

and ‘boomerang thesis' 253-258 on concentration camps 386, 393, 394 and Conrad 252

and decolonisation 248, 252 on imperialism 253, 258 On Violence (1970) 248, 260

The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) 246, 248 and power 258-260 on totalitarianism 253, 256 view of Africa 251-253

Argentina

duelling 190 homicide rates 197 memorials 18

Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 13 power of armed forces 500 treatment of murder 199 and Triple Alliance 496

Ariege, France, War of the demoiselles (1829-32) 353

Arkansas, mob violence 98 armed forces

Latin America 497 political power of 494, 495, 497 see also French army; Germany army;

Indian army; Japanese Imperial Army; Red Army; US army

Armenia

1895 massacre 268, 269, 276, 279 1909 Adana massacre 276 lack of international sanctions 270 and state confiscations 270

Armenian genocide (1915) 267, 278, 282, 286, 290, 370

commemoration with photographs 622-623

deportations to Syrian camps 375, 392 Armenian Question 267

Armenian Revolutionary Federation 277 Armenians, in Ottoman Empire 270

arson 90

Artemovsk, murder of Jews in underground shafts 323

artillery, and deaths in First World War 293 asabiyya (group solidarity) 126

Ashin Wirathu, Buddhist monk 121 Asia

anti-colonial nationalism 300

Cold War in 454, 456-458, 465 extreme cinema 584 see also Cambodia; China; India; Japan;

Korea; Pacific Ocean; Vietnam Asia-Pacific War (1941-45) 13, 38, 329-331 Askin, Kelly Dawn, ICTY 162 Aslan, Reza 552 al-Assad, Bashir, Syria 138, 139 al-Assad, Hafez, Syria 130, 133 Association of Southern Women for the

Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL) (1930) 100

Assyrians, in Ottoman Empire 270 genocide (1915-16) 278

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 264, 278

see also Kemalism

Atlantic Charter (1941) 549 atrocities

Balkan War 379

Boxer Uprising 56

Evangelical inquiry into Pacific 31 German First World War 288, 291, 295, 311 Indian Mutiny 71

Japanese at Nanjing 160, 335

see also atrocities, Nazi; massacres atrocities, Nazi 288, 295, 304-323

discovery of mass graves 319 murder of Jews at Babi Yar 311 photographic evidence 315

Soviet reports of 304, 306, 311, 316-323

Soviet witnesses to 305, 312-315 see also Auschwitz; Holocaust

Atta, Muhammad 135

Atwan, Adel Bari 138

Augustine, St 534

Auschwitz 382, 616

gas chambers 310

Soviet reports of 321

tourism at 624, 625

Australia

arrival of First Fleet (1788) 235 Bringing Them Home report (1997) 177 frontier violence 234, 243 and Gallipoli campaign 289 homicide rates 196 indigenous connection to land 236 internment of Germans 294 legal system 31

memorial to executed Tasmanians 627 native police forces 240, 241, 242, 243 native-on-native killing 195 and New Guinea 36

Northern Queensland indentured labourers 34

payback killings 236

penal settlement at Sydney 29, 31 reconciliation movements 628 relations with indigenous people 233 removal of mixed race children

(‘The Stolen Generations') 10,177, 632 retribution for wreck of ship Maria 238 Returned Service League parades 16 seizure of Aborigine lands 388 settler violence 234

use of martial law in New South Wales 238 Australian Army

exhumation and identification of soldiers 619

reburial of soldiers 620-621

Australian Reconciliation Convention (1997) 633

Austria, extreme cinema 584 Austria-Hungary

internment and deportation of enemy aliens 390

Jews 388, 573

Viennese uprising (1848) 408 authoritarianism

Costa Rica 495

Indonesia 444

Ottoman Empire 273

populist, Mexico 499

Turkey 263, 280

Avery, I.W.

Ayodhya, India, Hindu attack on mosque (1992) 118, 119

Azzam, Abdullah, and Afghan jihad 132

Ba'ath party 130, 280

Babi Yar, massacre of Jews 311

Bacon, Henry, The Fascination of Film Violence 596

badger-baiting 208, 211

Baghdad Burning, blog 611 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, IS 139, 140

Baise-moi (2000 film) 583

Bakunin, Mikhail, on anarchism 540

Bali, cockfighting 216

Balkan League 378

Balkan Wars 277

First (1912) 276, 278, 378

Second (1913) 379

Balkans 367

diversity in 373, 377

and expulsion of Muslims 378 in First World War 289 independence movements 267 and nation-state building 368

Second World War 381

and Turkish nationalism 378

Western cultural assumptions about 368 see also Bosnia; Bulgaria; Greece; Macedonia; Serbia; Thrace; Yugoslavia

Baltic states, rise of nationalism 300 banditry

bands of brigands 574

Belgium 196

in China 42, 49, 412, 414

Latin America 195

Bangladesh

child marriage 182

independence 112 al-Banna, Hassan, Muslim Brotherhood

130

Baqr Sidqi, Iraq 128

Barbie, Klaus 256

Barbusse, Henri, Le Feu (1916) 297 bare-knuckle fighting 209, 219

Barkan, Elazar 630

Barker, Martin 585

Basarin, John 620 al-Bashir, Omar, Sudan 133

Batista, Gen. Fulgencio, Cuba 502

Battle of Blair Mountain, USA (1921) 543

Bauman, Zygmunt 374, 386 bear-baiting 208, 211 behaviourism 429 beheadings

of corpses 28

Iraq, hostages 598

and parade of heads 347, 352, 359, 443 symbolism of public 359

Beijing, Monument to the National People's Heroes 16

Beik, William 357

Belgium

banditry 196

First World War casualties 288

German occupation 289 refugees from 391

Belich, James 229, 230

Belize (British Honduras), treatment of murder 199

Ben-Gurion, David 267

Bengal, famine (1942) 84 Benhabib, Seyla 259 Benjamin, Walter 247 Berghoffen, Debra 163 Berkman, Alexander 544

Berlin

Center for Cold War Studies 452 police force 577

Red Army mass rapes 154 street violence 562 Berlin, Treaty of (1878) 277, 281 Bernal, Martin 253 Berthier de Sauvigny, Louis, murder of (1789)

352, 353, 356, 357-358

Bessel, Richard 305

Bhindranwale, Sant Jarnail Singh, Sikh activist

110, 112

Bhutan, Buddhist nationalist state 121 Bhutto, Benazir 153

assassination 118

Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali 117

Biafra, war of secession (1967-70) 11 Bigelow, Kathryn, Strange Days 584 Bilbo, Theodore, US senator 101 Bin Laden, Osama 132, 135, 140, 552 and USA 553

Birmingham, Alabama, civil rights protest campaign (1963) 104

Birt, John 610 Bismarck, Otto von 539 bison, on Canadian prairies 232 Bite (2015 film) 594, 595 BJP (Bharitiya Janata Party), India 118 diaspora support for 122 as government 119

Black Hole of Calcutta 70, 74

Black Panthers (US) 105 blockades, and famine 286 blood, and symbolism of violence 618-619 Blood Feast (1964 film) 594 blood sports, working classes and 212 Blood Swept Land and Seas of Red exhibition

618

bodies commemoration for unrecoverable 291 exhumation and identification of soldiers

619-620

reburial of soldiers 620-621

and respect for the dead 617

Bodu Bala Sena (BBS) movement, Sri

Lanka 121

Boer/Xhosa wars 231

Boko Haram Islamist movement, Nigeria 139 bombardment

artillery 292

of cities 286

Bonnie and Clyde (1967 film) 588

‘boomerang thesis'

Arendt and 253-258

definition 257

Booth, John Wilkes 547

Borglum, Gutzon 17

Bosnia

propaganda value of rape 150

Srebrenica massacre (1995) 4

Boston Marathon bomb attack 553

Bounty, HMS, mutineers on Pitcairn Island 27 Boxer Uprising (1900)

China 53-58

Eight Nations Expeditionary Force and 55 murder of Chinese Christians 56, 57 Red Lanterns Shining girls movement 55 violence of suppression 56 boxing, rules for 219

Boyle, Danny, 127 Hours 595

boys

school beatings 575

as victims of sexual abuse 171

Brailsford, H.

Brazil 495

criminal control of cities 506

homicide 189, 194

independence from Portugal (1822) 493 interpersonal violence 194 power of armed forces 500 and Triple Alliance 496

Brett, Judith 630

Briggs, Carolyn 627

British Army, crime and punishment in 574

British Board of Film Classification 592 British Empire 2, 228

acquisition of land for settlement 228, 235-236

civilising mission of 227, 239

and concept of protection of indigenous people 234

death tolls in frontier violence 243 expansion 242

frontier violence 227-244

imposition of law and administration 228 legal treatment of murderers 199

‘logic of elimination' of indigenous peoples 228

military response to indigenous resistance 236 paramilitary policing 239-242 settler colonisation 229, 242 treaties and warfare 229-235 use of martial law 237-239

Brokaw, Tom 602

Brooks, Roy L. 629

Broome, Richard 243 brothels

Japanese ‘comfort stations' 339-341

Japanese Recreation and Amusement

Association (RAA) 340-341

Japanese recruitment for 339, 340

used by occupying Allied forces in Japan 341-342

see also prostitution

Broughton, Jack, rules of boxing 219

Brown Berets, Chicano youth in

California 105

Brownmiller, Susan, Against Our Will 148 brutalisation

concept of 298

of Europe 254

Buchenwald concentration camp 404

Buck-Morss, Susan 253

Buddhism

and nationalism 110

as political majority 13

and political violence 120-122

Bulgaria 367, 374

claims to territory 380

displacement of Greek population 380, 381 First World War 380

and Jews in Macedonia-Thrace (‘Belomorie') 382

Second World War 381

war with Greeks in Thrace 379-381

Bulgarian Exarchists 377 bull-baiting 208

campaign to prohibit 210-211 bull-fighting 208

Spain 215, 581

bull-running 208

Tamil Nadu 208

Burke, Edmund 532

Burton, Antoinette, The Trouble with

Empire 227

Bushfield, Samuel, and cockfighting 214 Byrd, James, murder in US (1998) 107

Caceres, Berta, murder 506

Cairo 274

Calabria, 'ndrangheta 565

Calcutta

Muslim-Hindu violence 84

riots (1945-46) 83

California, racial violence against Asians 100

Cambodia 510-530

1975 Constitution 517

agricultural exports 512

agricultural policy 521-528

communist factions in 513

and CPK increase in rice production 524-525

engagement in global economy 512, 521 food controls and rationing 527-528 homicide rates 204

independence (1953) 513 infrastructure 516

Khmer People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP) 513

Killing Fields 12, 510

labour for irrigation schemes 525

and Non-Aligned Movement 512, 516-521

S-21 security centre 510

social classifications 526-527

‘Standard Total View' (STV) 511

terror campaign 528-530

US covert bombing campaigns 514

work schedules and quotas 527

see also Khmer Rouge

cameras see photography; video

Camorra, Naples 565

Canada

homicide rates 196

Indian Act (1876) 233

indigenous reserves 233

National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls 178

Royal Commission into Aboriginal People (1996) 178, 632

settlement and negotiation with indigenous people 232-233 Canetti, Elias 360

Cannes Film Festival 585, 595 cannibalism

during Chinese Great Leap Famine 423-424 by Japanese servicemen 329

by Magellan's crew 23

by Maori 30

Pacific islands 26, 27

Cape Colony, South Africa

frontiers 230

Khoisan cattle raids 236

native police force 240, 241

use of martial law 238, 239 capitalism

and imperialism 259

and power 259

Capra, Frank, Mission to Moscow (1943) 318

Carbonari terrorist group 535

Carlyle, Thomas 347

Carnegie Corporation 544

Carnegie International commission, on

Balkan War atrocities 379

Carnot, Sadi, President of France 541 Carrigan, William and Clive Webb 97, 100 Carzou, Jean-Marie, An Exemplary

Genocide 622

Casement, Roger

‘Congo Horrors' report (1904) 9

execution (1916) 12

Cassagnau, Ivan 288

Castan, Nicole and Yves 361

Castle, William 594

Castro, Fidel, Cuba 502 casualties see death tolls

Catholic Church, and child abuse by clergy

176-177, 631

Catholic missionaries, in China 52, 60 Caucasus, rise of nationalism 300 cause and effect (Arendt) 246 cell phones see mobile phones

Cemal Pasha, Ottoman proconsul in Syria

128

censorship 318

of accounts of rape 152

Indonesia 428, 444

of violence in films and games 15, 590-593 ceremonial, as exhibition of power 68 Cesaire, Aime 470

Challaye, Felicien 471, 473

Chandler, David 513

charivari 563

Charleston, S.

Chauri Chaura, India, killing of Indian police officers (1922) 77

chemical weapons 3, 291

First World War 290

Japan 337

used in Iraq 139

see also poison gas

Chemin des Dames offensive (1917) 289 Cheoung Ek, Cambodian killing field 510

Chicago

Haymarket Riot (1886) 543-544

mob violence 98

child marriage 174, 182

India 174-175

child pornography 181, 183

child sexual abuse 8, 168-185

and age of consent 169-170,171-172

boys as victims 171

continuing global concern 169, 182-184 definitions 169-170

detection and prosecution of 184

effect on child 181

focus on (1970s and 1980s) 180-182

and focus on ‘sexual psychopath' 178-180 in institutions 176-178

lack of records 168

legal controls on 170

media reporting 182

mob violence against 173

and moral panic (1980s) 182

public apologies for 631-633

research on 180

sex tourism 183

sex trafficking 183

and trauma 180, 184

unreported 170, 175

Victorian moral perspective 171-173 within the family 175-176,185 child-soldiers 158 children

abuse of indigenous 177-178

beating of schoolboys 575

and boundaries of childhood 169,171 cannibalism of 424

and collective violence in China 421 exposure to mediated violence 15 female genital mutilation 184 HIV/AIDS in Africa 182

killed by Nazi soldiers 304, 313, 314 massacres of (First World War) 288 prostitution of 171, 172, 183 rights of 8

Chile 495

CIA operation in 14

massacre of strikers (1907) 498 memorials 18

and War of the Pacific (1879-84) 496 China, imperial 44(map)

anti-Japanese demonstrations (1919) 300 banditry 42, 49

Boxer Uprising (1900) 53-58

cockfighting 216

demons 46

Eight Trigrams Uprising (1813) 43

Europeans in port cities 193

and hippie movement 198

and Japan 16, 33

labourers in Japanese mines 333

laogai camp system 401-402

lineage feuds 53

lineage organisations 42

martial arts 53, 222

kung fu 222

millenarianism 43

Muslim rebellions 51-52

nationalism 16

natural disasters 53, 54

Nian armed bands 49-50

North China Famine (1876-79) 49

Opium Wars 31

population

depopulation (Taiping rebellion) 49 gender imbalance 44 growth 44

and religion

Christianity in 52-53 eschatology of Eternal Venerable

Mother 43, 59

martial arts networks 53

religious militarisation 43 religious violence 41-66

secret societies 42

sworn brotherhoods 42, 50

Taiping Rebellion 41, 45-49

White Lotus Rebellions (1796-1804) 43 see also China, People's Republic of; China, Republic of; Nanjing; Qing dynasty China, People's Republic of (from 1949) 41, 408-424

agricultural collectivisation 417

Anti-Hiding Campaign (grain and food) 419

fall in grain production 419

banditry 412, 414

criminality 423

Cultural Revolution (1966-69) 62 ethnic autonomous regions 62, 65 Falungong movement, campaign against 63-65

Great Leap Famine 417-424

Great Leap Forward 12, 417 hatred in 410

illegal logging 412

and Korean War 457

Lolo tribes in Xikang province 413

China, People's Republic (cont.) Mao Zedong personality cult 62 Monument to the National People's Heroes, Beijing 16

Nanjing Massacre Museum 16 Nationalist army resistance 408 Peasant Association (village militia) 410 People's Commune 417, 418-419 Public Security Police 410 Rectification Campaign 420 rehabilitation of Japanese prisoners 336 and religion

expulsion of Catholic missionaries 60 and New Religious Movements 64 religious rehabilitation 63 Religious Services Law (2006) 65 suppression of religious groups 59-62 removal of moral constraints 410, 424 resurgence of ethnic violence 65, 412-415 sectarian violence 423 and standardisation of martial arts 222 and Tibetan revolt (1959) 61-62 train robberies 423 see also Chinese Communist Party (CCP) China, Republic of (1912-49) 41, 58

armed groups 58 Communist insurgency 59 and Paris Peace Conference (1919) 300 see also Taiwan

Chinese, in America

Chinese American Citizens Alliance 100 racial violence against 89, 92, 95 Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Campaign to Suppress Counter­Revolutionaries 409, 415 and cases of suicide 416 ‘grain procumbent policy' 415-416, 417 killing quotas 409

Land Reform (1950-53) 409, 410, 415 public meetings to promote terror 420 ‘struggle meetings' 418 ‘thought reform' 416 and uncontrolled violence 411, 418-419 use of total terror 408, 417 use of violence by local officials 411, 415, 418

view of religion 59 Christian missionaries

in Africa 250

and colonial violence 9

India 116

see also Catholic missionaries; Protestant missionaries

Christianity

in China 52-53 conversion to 22 eschatology of 269 and Sunni eschatology 283 see also Catholic Church; Orthodox Church Christians, Sunni Ottoman violence against 274, 276, 280

Churchill, Winston 78, 319

CIA (US Central Intelligence Agency), Operation Condor (in South America) 14, 18

Cimino, Michael 570 cinema 15, 580-596

behavioural act of violence 586 British wartime 318 changing norms of violence 588-593 computer-generated imagery (CGI) 590 definition of extreme violence in film 583-586

depiction of gun violence 588-590 depictions of sexuality 582 early films 580-583

and evidence of Nazi atrocities 315 films of executions 582 graphicness and duration of violence 586-588

physiological reactions to 580, 593-595 portrayal of murderers 569 ratings and censorship 590-593 recreations of violent events 581 regulation 582 and special effects 583 stories of violent crime 562 technological advances 585

The Battle of the Somme documentary 297

Circassian peoples, deported from Russian Caucasus 375

cities

bombing of 286 criminal control of (Latin America) 506

Civil Disobedience Movement, India 78 civil rights movement, United States 104-107 and black power violence 105-106 early campaign 99 Freedom Rides 104 and Nazi propaganda 102 tactics and targets 104

Truman's Presidential Committee on 103 violence against 105

civil wars

Algeria 134

Colombia 495, 503

Iraq 138, 139

Japan 327

Latin America 494

Lebanon 130,132, 281

Mexico 498, 499

Nigeria 11

Samoa 35

Spain 621

Syria 138,139, 263, 281, 282, 605 civilians

and Armenian genocide 290

and Chinese Muslim rebellions 52 deaths in battle of Okinawa 331 First World War 286, 288, 289 Islamist legitimisation of violence against 136

Islamist throat-cutting of 269

Korean War 457

mass killings as strategic objective 305 propaganda and images of war 297, 311 treatment in war 3, 295, 390

see also internment camps; massacres civilisation

imperial role in 227, 239, 471

to justify violence 9, 10

Cixi, Empress of China 55

Clark, Laurie Beth 624

class

Cambodia 526-527

and sport 207, 213-214

and wife beating 575

see also elites; middle classes; working classes

Classification and Ratings Administration (USA films) 591

Claudy, Carl H.

Clegg, Stewart 511

cockfighting 208

in Asia 216-217

bans on 216

hidden 211, 212

prohibition (1849) 211

Cohen, Stanley, States of Denial 610

Cold War (1945-89) 14, 449-465

and American racial violence 103

American understanding of 451-452 Cambodia and 512-513

as contest of power 449

and decolonisation 450, 458-462

global politics of 460 historiography 452 as imaginary war 449

Japan and 461

Latin America 501-503

and Middle East 128, 129 plurality of 461-462, 463 political violence 459 proxy wars 14 regional (peripheral) violence 450, 461, 464

Second (Africa) 462

Cole, Tim 625

collective violence

China

people-beating squads 421 uncontrolled 411 within villages 410

domestic jihad justification of 265 Levant 265-266, 283 see also jihad; Ottoman Empire

France 347-364

appropriation of state power of punishment 356

cultural anthropology of 351-355 decapitations and parade of heads 347, 352, 359

and deliberate cruelty 351 emotional agenda 357-358 and humiliation 358 improvised courts 356 and mutilations 359-362 reactive and proactive 349 and social tensions 351 and targeted victims 352, 354, 358 Latin America 490, 497 and power 490-491 see also mass violence; mob violence Colombia 496

civil wars 495

‘La Violencia' 503 homicide rates 203 and Panama 501 War of the Thousand Days 499 colonialism 470

‘civilising mission' of 227, 239, 471 and economic development 475 French theory of 486

and independence movements 2, 10

and interpersonal violence 193 memorials to violence of 626-627 and propaganda 5

and psychology of colonised 80 settler 228

and violence against colonised peoples 9 see also imperialism; indigenous people

colonies

concentration camps in 388, 398 see also Africa; British Empire; French Empire; India

commemoration 616-635

of colonial violence 626-627

of conflict 15

First World War memorials 291, 618

of holocaust 18, 616

as implicit violence 73-75

and inclusion of enemies 16 media and 616

memorial to victims of lynching 88 modern forms of 635 with photographs 622-623 pilgrimages 623-626, 635 for unrecoverable bodies 291 of victims of state-building 17 war memorials 17, 292 see also memorials

commerce

Dutch 24 effect on Pacific islands 28 communalism, and Indian nationalism 80-82 communication

cell phones 201, 598 digital 1, 4, 598, 612 and promotion of violence 6 social media 5

and state control 2

see also information; internet; media; newspapers; records

Communist parties

Middle East 130

see also Chinese Communist Party; Khmer Rouge

Communist Party of Indonesia see PKI concentration camps 386-405 colonies 388, 398

definitions 387 economic function 389, 396, 402 guerrilla warfare and 389, 399 Hannah Arendt on 386, 393, 394 imagery of 387

as ‘laboratories of human behaviour' 393 as ‘model form of government' 402 nation-states and 393

Nazi 394-395, 404 pilgrimages to 623-626 and politics of occupation 403 Soviet Gulag 395-397 terminology 397 transnational nature of 386, 389, 397

and unwanted elements 404

use by totalitarian regimes 397

see also Auschwitz; Holocaust; internment camps; POW camps; refugee camps Confucianism, moral framework removed by CCP 410, 424

Congo, Democratic Republic of (DRC) female violence 156

forgotten war in 605

sexual violence 160

Congo Free State 9 Congress Party, India 119

Connor, Eugene ‘Bull', police chief 104 Conquest of Violence (Critchley, 1972) 561 Conrad, Joseph, Heart of Darkness 250, 252 consent

age of 149, 169-170

proof of 152

and sexual violence 149, 154, 156 constitutionalism, Western support for in Levant 270 contentious politics, and mass violence 431-432, 445

Contet, Pierre 484

Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Population (1923) 298

Cook, Captain James 26, 27

murder of 27

Corbin, Alain 355, 360

Corbucci, Sergio, Django 592 Corday, Charlotte 534

Corder, William 569

Corman, Roger, The St Valentine's Day

Massacre 589, 590

Corntassel, Jeff 633 Cornwall, Frank, Samoa 35

Corsica, homicide rates 188 Cortes, Hernan 22

Costa Rica 495, 496 coups d'etat

Iraq 128, 129

Middle East 129,137

Cowan, James 243

CPK (Communist Party of Kampuchea) see Khmer Rouge

crime passionnel 193

punishment of 193

Crimean War, charge of the Light Brigade 599 criminal behaviour, social causes of violence 8 criminal gangs 198, 202, 566-568 international 199, 203

Latin America 505

names of 567

and youth cult 568

criminal violence 561-578

definitions 564

and homicide 563, 568

relics of 569

statistics on 564, 578

street robbery 562

vicarious thrill of 561-564

see also homicide

criminals

aliens and immigrants as 573-574 appearance (physiognomy) 571 as monsters 572

romanticised 565-566

self-publicity and memoirs 569-570 soldiers as 574-575

theories about 570-573

Croatia, and Serbian Chetniks 381

Cromer, Lord 248

Cuba 493, 504

Ladies in White 13

liberal-democratic revolution (1959) 502

US intervention (1898) 501

culture see cinema; media; paintings; popular culture; popular literature

Cummins, Gordon 569

Cummins, Paul 618

CUP (Committee of Union and Progress) (Young Turks) 270, 273, 277

and atrocities in Thrace 380

putsch (1913) 278

and relocation of non-Turkish national

groups 375

and Turkish nationalism 375, 378

Custer, George Armstrong 92 Czolgosz, Leon 544

Dalai Lama, exiled 61-62

Daniels, Roger 400, 401 Darfur, mass rape 152, 160

Das, Veena 161

Davis, Natalie Zemon 353

De Witt, Lt.

death penalty

move towards abolition of 4

see also executions and death penalties death squads, state 13 death tolls

Armenian genocide 290

Cambodia 511

China 336

Anti-Hiding Campaign 421

campaign against counter­revolutionaries 409 famine 422

Cold War 459

Latin America 503

Cuban revolution 502

First World War

French 287, 289

German army 287

Japanese servicemen (Asia-Pacific war) 329-331

Mexican civil wars 499

Ottoman public violence (1914-23) 281 Partition (1947) 85, 112

Reign of Terror (French Revolution) 534 Russian terrorist attacks (1905-10) 542 Second World War 305

Taiping Rebellion 47

Triple Alliance war (1864-70) 496

Vietnam War 514 white supremacist victims 546

‘death tourism' 624

Debord, Guy, The Society of Spectacle 604 decapitation see beheadings decolonisation

Arendt's view 248 and Cold War 450, 458-462

defeat, culture of, after First World War 299

Delaware, USA, age of consent 172 Delhi Durbar (1911) 74 democracy

Indonesia 428, 445

Latin America 492, 503-507 middle classes and 539 in Middle East 128, 133, 137 and terrorism 534-537 and violence (France) 362-364

Democrat Party, US

and Jim Crow era 94

and white supremacist violence 91 Denis, Claire, Trouble Every Day 583 Denmark, extreme cinema 584 Dersim, massacre of Kurdish Alevis (1937) 272, 279

desecration, crimes of 288, 314

Despentes, Virginie and Coralie Trinh Thi,

Baise-moi 583

destruction

of buildings and monuments, First World War 288

Chinese villages 336

Detroit, race riot (1943) 103

Dhofar, guerrilla war in 127

diasporas

support for religious nationalist movements 122-123 and terrorism 122

Dickens, Charles, Oliver Twist 573

Die Freiheit (Freedom) anarchist newspaper 540 Dieulefils, Pierre 472 digital technology 1

and dissemination of news 598, 612

and instant communication 4

Dikotter, Frank 409

Dinant, Tschoffen Wall Massacre 288 diplomacy

and Eastern Question 267

as realpolitik 271

Turkey and Lausanne Treaty (1923) 271 ‘disappearances', of opposition citizens 13, 504 disease

sexually transmitted 28

smallpox 28

transmission to Pacific islanders 28

Django (1966 film) 592

DNA testing 617, 619 documentation of genocides 3 and state control 2

Dodson, Mick 628 dog-fighting 208 ban on 211 hidden 212

domestic jihad see collective violence;

Ottoman Empire

domestic violence

and child sexual abuse 175-176, 185 criminalisation 7 punishment 575

Dominican Republic 501

Dompierre-sur-Mer, France 360

Donald, Michael, lynching of (1981) 106

Dovzhenko, Aleksandr, ‘Battle for Our Soviet Ukraine' 316, 320

Drevet, Camille 474

Drieu de la Rochelle, Pierre 291 drones (armed robots) 2 drowning, death by, Japanese servicemen 330 drug addiction

and homicide 202

and organised crime 203

drug trade

international 203

Latin America 505 drugs, Japanese use in China 337 Du Bois, W. E. B. 93

Dubrulle, Paul 292

duelling 189-190

pistols 190

rapiers 190

Dumas, Alexandre (fils), Les femmes qui tuent... 572

Dumezil, George 293

Dumont, Bruno, Twentynine Palms 583

Dungan rebellion, northwest China 51

Dunning, William Archibald 90

Durham, colliery strike (1891) 576

Durtain, Luc 474

Dutch East India Company, and Jakarta

24

duty of care, principle of 7

Dworkin, Andrea 148

Dyer, General Reginald 76, 77, 300

Dyer, Leonidas, anti-lynching legislation 99

Earner-Byrne, Lindsey 631

East India Company 70, 572

East Indies, Dutch rule 24

East St Louis, massacre (1917) 98

Easter Island see Rapa Nui

Eastern Front, First World War 287

Eastern Question 264, 273

ethno-religious social unrest 267 economy

‘Cuban model' of development 502 development debt 518

export-driven growth (Latin America) 497 illegal (Latin America) 505 import-substitution

Cambodia 522-523

Latin America 501, 503

see also commerce

Ecuador 496

Edelstein, David 584

Edison Company, films 581

Edwards, Jason 630

Eguchi Keiichi 338

Egypt 127, 130

2011 uprising 137

Gama'a Islamiya 134

homicide rates 197

Muslim brotherhood 128,130,137 recognition of Israel 131

Sinai Peninsula 137

Ehrenburg, Ilya, Soviet writer 304, 321-323

German interest in 321, 323 on Nazi atrocities 304, 311 radio appeal (1941) 316

Red Army evidence of atrocities 313, 323

El Salvador

independence 496

rural rebellion (1932) 498

US intervention 503

elites

co-option of Indian 74

rejection of violence 190

Emergency Detention Act (1950, USA) 400 enemies

commemoration of 16

‘enemy aliens' in wartime 387, 390 representations (demonisation) of 294-295 within the state 2, 3, 11, 13, 498, 503

Engle, Karen 163

English Civil War 534

Enlightenment

and idea of nation-state 115

and rhetoric of imperialism 37-38

Entman, Robert 611

Enver Pasha, Ismail 378

Epirus, Albanian-speaking Chams 383

Equal Justice Initiative (EJI), Lynching in

America (2015 report) 88

Equatorial Africa, French treatment of servants 474

Erbelding, Marthe, murder of 563

Erdogan, Recep Tayyip 263, 280 eschatology

China 43, 59

of IS/ISIS (Islamic State) 269, 283

modern Wahhabism 272

projections in Ottoman Empire 266

and violence 269-272

Essebsi, Beji Caid 137

ethnic cleansing

Bhutan 121

Gujarat 120

Macedonia and Thrace 377-384

of native populations 388

rape and 162

Soviet Union 375

in suppression of Chinese Muslim rebellions 52

see also genocide

ethnic nationalism 11

and political use of rape 153

ethnic violence

China 65, 412-415

Europe 191

Poland 298

see also racial violence

Europe

‘brutalisation' of 254

criminal violence 561-578

hunting 216

interpersonal violence 190-192

Islamist attacks in 136

left-wing movements 131 modernisation 273 and rule of law 273

see also Eastern Question; European per­iphery; France; Germany; Italy; Netherlands; Spain; United Kingdom European periphery (rimlands)

delineation 372

diversity of 373

as fault lines 372

genocides 367-384

Western forms of nationalism 373

see also Balkans; Bulgaria; Greece; Macedonia; Ukraine

European Union, and Turkey 280 Evangelicals, British, and inquiry into atrocities in Pacific 31

Evans, Raymond 243

An Execution by Hanging (1898 film) 582 executions and death penalties

filmed 582

mass public (Indonesia) 443

public 581

strangulation, China 41

see also beheadings; punishments

Falola, Toyin 251

Falungong (Dharma Wheel Practice), campaign against 63-65

families see children; domestic violence;

women

famines

Bengal 84

and blockades 286

China 49, 417-424

India 73

Fanon, Frantz 80, 469, 550

Fantasia International Film Festival 594 Farge, Arlette 351

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) (US), Counter Intelligence Program 106 fear

American fear of terrorism 542, 545 culture of 295

of ‘fifth columnists' 391

and myth of ogre 295

see also moral panic

Fefer, Itzik 317

female genital mutilation (FGM) 184

feminism

and focus on child sexual violence 180, 631 and view of rape 148

Fenton, Roger, The Valley of the Shadow of Death (1855) 599

Ferdinand VII, King of Spain 493

Ferrero, Lorenzo 570

Ferri, Enrico 563 feuding 565

and homicide rates 188

‘fifth columnists', fear of 391

fighting

bare-knuckle 209, 219

with fists 191

with knives 191, 192, 197, 565

lethal outcomes 197

sports 218 working-classes 191 see also sports film see cinema Fincher, David

Seven 584

Zodiac 590

Finkelhor, David, Sexually Victimized

Children 180

Finlason, W. R. 237

Finnane, Mark 630

First World War 286-301

Armistice (1918) 297

centenary commemorations 618 civilians 286, 288, 289 and culture of fear 294

cultures of violence 293-297 demobilisation 298

and ethnic changes in Balkans 375 exhumation and identification of soldiers

619, 620-621

extreme violence of 287 historiography of 286 images and words 287, 291 industrial warfare 287, 291 internment camps 388, 390 legacy of violence 300-301 mass rapes 160

Middle East 128

and Ottoman Empire 270, 278, 369 in Pacific 36-37

and post-war conflicts 298

prisoners of war 390

refugee camps 391

soldiers' experience of warfare 289, 291-293

soldiers' war journals 288, 296

United States 97 war of movement (early stages) 287 weaponry 290-291, 293 see also Germany

FIS (Front islamique du salut)

Algeria 134

and GIA (Groupe islamique arme) 134 flamethrowers, First World War 290 Flinders Island, Tasmania 389

FLN (National Liberation Front), Algeria 550 Foner, Eric 91

food controls and rationing

Cambodia 527-528

China 419, 422

see also famine

forced labour

Belgium 289

Cambodia 527, 528

Chinese camp system 402

in concentration camps 389

Japanese prisoners of war 334 mistreatment of workers 35

Operation Anvil 398

Pacific region 33, 35

Foucault, Michel 247, 255, 257

Foulon de Doue, Joseph, murder of (1789) 352, 356, 357-358

Fowler, Will 494

France

accusations against Maggi company 295 and Algeria 194, 249, 254, 258 concentration camps 399

anarcho-terrorism 541

ancien regime 347

collective violence 347-364

colonial ministry 477, 484-485, 486-488

Corsicans 573

crime

female criminality 572 homicide rates 563 serial killers 197 street crime 562

crime passionnel 193

democracy and violence 362-364

duelling 189

Flour War (1775) 353

‘Grande Peur' (1789) 350, 352

Le Chapelier law (1791) 350

nature of violent protest in 348

and Ottoman Empire 274

and Pacific colonies 32

police use of violence 576

political protest 348-351

political violence 356-359

remobilisation (1917) 296

rural strikes 350 Second Empire 355 Second Republic 348, 349 September Massacres (1792) 352, 356, 361, 362

sub-state conspiratorial groups 535 and Taiping rebellion 47

Third Republic and democracy 347 tradition of animal sports 215 urban growth 349 view of Germany as enemy 294 War of the demoiselles (1829-32) 353 see also French Empire; French Revolution La France Australe, article on Kanaks 478 Franco-Prussian War (1870) 355 Frederick, John 177 French army

and collective violence 357

First World War casualties 287, 289 French cinema, trend to extreme violence 583 French Empire 468-488

in Africa 2, 474

central government investigations into abuses 486-488

colonial administration 254, 480, 484 colonial judicial system 480-486 international criticism of brutality 483 need for labour 472, 475-480 postcards of killed rebels 471 reports of abuses 471 and state use of violence 470 treatment of indigenous people 469, 472, 473, 478-480 vigilantism 481 violence by settlers 470 see also Cambodia; Indochina; New Caledonia

French, Philip 583 French Revolution 348 collective violence 347 Reign of Terror 534 and use of terror 534

Frick, Henry Clay 544 Friedlander, Saul 394, 623 Friedman, David, Blood Feast 594 Fromelles Military Cemetery 620 frontiers

British Empire 227-244 lawlessness 273 Middle East 132 see also European periphery

Frontiers, Battle of the (1914) 287

Fujiwara Akira 329

Furet, Francois 286

Gabon

Awalo murder case 481-482

protests at French mistreatment 474 torture and murder of Massima 483-484

Gaddis, John Lewis 459

Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara, Buddhist monk 121 Galleani, Luigi, anarchist 545

Gallipoli campaign 289, 292

exhumation of mass graves 620

Gallup Poll, US (1955) 451-452

Galtung, Johan 610

Galtung, Johan and Mari Holmboe Ruge, ‘The Structure of Foreign News' 606 gambling, and sports 208, 214 Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma)

and Civil Disobedience Movement 78

and Congress 80

and Hindu nationalism 118

and Muslims 80

and negotiations with Britain 78, 79

Non-Cooperation Movement 76, 77 Gardner, Alexander, Photographic Sketch Book of the War (1865-66) 600

Garibian, Sevane, in Human Remains and Violence 618

‘garotters', London (1862) 562

Garrioch, David 362

Gaspar Noe, I Stand Alone 583 al-Gaylani, coup d'etat Iraq 128

Geifman, Anna 542

Gemenos, France, murders 359 gender, and rape 149, 156-157 A Generation (Pokolenie) (1955 film) 590 Geneva Conventions, failures of 3 genocides 162, 257

documentation of 3

European periphery (rimlands) 367-384

First World War 290

geographic range 371

and ‘indigenous question' 249

origins of 369

rape as strategy 160, 161

as systemic 371

theories of 254

‘third world' post-colonial 371

UN Convention on 290, 622

Yezidis 276

see also Armenian genocide; Bulgaria; Cambodia; ethnic cleansing; Herero people; Holocaust; Rwanda genre, and film violence 589 geography, role of 367-368 Georgia, US, segregation laws 94 Gerlach, Christian 430 germ warfare, Japanese use of 337 German army

demonisation of 295

Einsatzgruppen commandos 307, 309 First World War atrocities 288, 291, 295, 311 indoctrination 310 invasion of Belgium 288, 295 and Nazi ideology 308, 309

German East Africa 249 German Southwest Africa concentration camps 389 see also Namibia

Germany duelling 189 fairy tales 581 First World War

casualties 287 effects of 298 fear of Russians 294 French view of as enemy 294 humiliation of defeat 299 internment of enemy civilians 390 rumours of enemy aliens 295 Spartacist uprising (1919) 298 and Turkey 271

Weimar Republic 299 handguns 192 homicide rates 563 military culture 257 Red Army Faction 551 Ringvereine criminal gangs 566, 569 and Samoa 35 serial killers 198 see also Berlin

Germany, Third Reich campaign against Judeo-Bolshevism 306, 307-310, 318

efficiency of operation 2 Freikorps 298, 300 Fremde Heere Ost office (FHO) 321-322 General Plan Ost 376

Ministry of Propaganda 5

Nazi policies 255 occupation policy 307 and Second World War 304-323 and Soviet evidence of atrocities 321-322 transgression of moral norms 305 Volksgemeinschaft camps 394 see also Holocaust

Gewald, Jan-Bart 250

Ghana

leopard attack murders 199

marital rape 158

Gibbs, Nancy 603

Gibney, Mark 630

Gide, Andre 471

Gilligan, James 415

Girard, Rene 296

Giuliano, Salvatore 570 globalisation

Cold War politics 460

of ideology 14

and imperialism 1

of interpersonal violence of 199-204 Goebbels, Joseph 308, 318 Gokalp, Ziya, pan-Turkism 267, 277, 279 Gordon, Linda 176

Goring, Hermann, ‘Green Folder' policy directive 310

Gormley, Paul 584, 593

Government of India Act (1935) 82 Goya, Francisco, The Disasters of War 600 gradualism 539

Graham, Hugh Davis 106

Grain, Nicolas-Joseph 357

Grant, Ulysses S., US President 547 Greco-Turkish War (1919-22) 298 Greece 374

Allied support for ultra-nationalists 383

ELAS liberation movement 383 homicide rates 188 population exchange with Turkey 298, 376, 380

population in Thrace 380 ritual knife fights 565 and Salonika Jews 382

Second World War 383

and Slavophone communities in Macedonia 383-384

war with Bulgarians in Thrace 379-381 Greek Patriarchists 377

Greene, Graham, Brighton Rock 567

Greensboro, N. Carolina, Ku Klux Klan gun attack (1979) 106

grenades 293

Griffin, Susan, ‘Rape, the All-American Crime' 148

Griffith, D. W., Birth of A Nation 100

Gromaire, Marcel 291

Guam 23, 34

Guantanamo Bay internment camp 388, 401 Guatemala 155, 160

and Mexico 496

US interventions 502, 503 guerrilla warfare

concentration camps and 389, 399 indigenous people 236

by Kurds in Turkey 281

Gultung, Johan, Peace Research Institute Oslo 327

gun violence

film depictions of 588-590

mass shootings 106, 553

guns

accidents with 192

in American schools 2

for interpersonal violence 192 machine 291

regulation of ownership 192

Gurr, Ted Robert 106

Guru Ka Bagh, Amritsar, Sikh protest at (1922) 79

Haarmann, Fritz, serial killer 198 Haber, Fritz 291

Hague Convention, failures of 3

Haiti 253, 501

Haitian Women's Solidarity Group 165 political use of rape 153

Hajime, Kondo 158

Hale, Sir Matthew 157

Haley, Sarah 91

Hall, Bruce 250

Hall, Catherine 626

Halliday, Fred 459

Halloween (1978 / 2007 film) 584 Hama, Syria, Islamist uprising (1982) 131 Hamas organisation 126, 136

Hamburg, S. Carolina, massacre of black militiamen 92

Hamidism (Turkish Muslim nationalism) 268, 277

hangings, public, by Nazis 313, 314 Hara Yoshimichi 334

Hardy, Georges 486 Harriman, W. Averell 320 Hautefaye, France, torture and murder of nobleman 355, 357, 361, 363

Hawai'i

annexation by USA 34

Cook at 27

Great Mahele (1848) 33

imported labour 33

Kamehameha ruling family 28, 30 monarchy 34

New England missionaries 30, 33

sugar plantations 33-34

Hayashi HirofUmi 331

Hayes, Bully, labour recruitment in Pacific 35 Hazareesingh, Sudhir 348

Heffner, Richard 591

Hegel, G. W. F. 458

Heizen, Karl, and theory of terrorism 536 Hentig, Hans von 155

Herero people, German genocide (1904-08) 255, 257

Hezbollah, Shia movement 132

and Syrian civil war 138,139

Hideo Nakata, Ringu 584

Hierl, Konstantin 395 highwaymen 574

Hill, Billy, Boss of Britain's Underworld 570 Himmler, Heinrich, SS 307, 308, 309, 397 Hindu nationalism, India 110, 118-120

and Gujarat massacre (2002) 120 Hinduism

and diversity 114

and Indian national culture 114

hippie movement, and interpersonal violence 198, 201

Hirsch, Marianne 626

Hitchcock, Alfred, Psycho 594

Hitler, Adolf 114, 255

and extermination of Jews 376 war against Judeo-Bolshevism 308 see also Holocaust

Ho Chi Minh trail 514

Hobsbawm, Eric 348

Hobson, J. A., Imperialism: A Study (1902) 259 Hofstadter, Richard 89

Holden, Robert 445

Holder, Cindy 633

Hollywood

Production Code 582, 590, 591

see also cinema

Hollywood's Movie Commandments 582 Holocaust 370, 376, 382

links with conquest of Algeria 254

Nazi concentration camps 394-395, 404 and non-Jewish victims 306 pilgrimages to sites of 623-626 remembrance of 18, 616 return of ashes 623 see also Auschwitz

Holodomor (Ukraine) 370

Homestead strike, USA (1892) 543 homicide 187-204

crime passionnel 193

homicide (cont.)

criminal gangs 198

and drug addiction 202

in intimate relationships 197

Latin America 506

legal definitions 568

lives saved by medical intervention 201, 203 by poisoning 197

serial killers 197-198

of strangers 202

women as victims 202

and youth gangs 202

see also interpersonal violence homicide rates

calculation 188

collection of statistics on 189

and lifestyle 201 methodologies 200-201 non-European 196-197, 203-204 trends in Europe 187, 196, 563 inner and outer European zones 188 homosexuality

age of consent 169

classified as disorder 151

as criminal offence 151

linked with paedophilia 179

and rape 151

Honduras 496

homicide 506

Hong Xiuquan, Taiping Rebellion 45-47 Hongi Hika, Maori leader 29 honour

in colonial interpersonal violence 195 concept of women's 155 and duelling 190

and masculinity 361 honour killings 7 Horeck, Tanya, and Tina Kendall, The New

Extremism in Cinema 594

Hornung, EJ., Raffles 570 horror films, graphic depictions 584 Hostel films, Eli Roth 584, 587-588

Howard, John, Australian Prime Minister 633 Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda 630

Huard, Raymond 359

Hufton, Olwen 362

Hughes, Charles Evans, and National Conference on Lynching (1919) 99

Hughes, John, on mass violence 429

Hui, Chinese Muslims 51, 52

Hull, Isabel 257, 258 human rights 260, 429

development of discourse 4, 6

national laws on 4

Human Rights Watch, and Gujarat massacre (2002) 119

human trafficking

of children 183

in Japan 338

humiliation see public humiliation

Hungary 367

Red Army mass rapes 152, 154

Hunter, Stephen 596

hunting 208

criticism of 210

with dogs 208, 215-216

tigers, India 75

Hunting Act (2004) 215

Huntington, Samuel 429

I Stand Alone (1998 film) 583

ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) 163

ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia) 162,163

identity

lack of, in European periphery 373 national cultural, India 114

ideology

globalisation of 14

and Indian nationalism 78

Latin America 492

secular 266

see also political ideologies

Ieng Sary, Khmer Rouge 517

and Non-Aligned Movement 519-521 Ilbert Bill (amendment to Indian Criminal Procedure Code) 75 immigrants, as criminals 573-574 immigration, United States 100, 106, 545 imperialism

Arendt's view of 253, 258

and capitalism 259

and globalisation 1

rhetoric of enlightenment 37-38

see also colonialism implicit violence 86, 490

in memorials 73-75

In My Skin (2002 film) 583

Inarritu, Alejandro G., The Revenant 595 incest, laws against 175 indentured labour

‘blackbirding' (kidnapping) 35

Northern Queensland 34 independence movements

Balkans 267

colonial 2, 10

Ireland 12, 551

and terrorism 550

see also national liberation movements

India 68-86

Amritsar massacre (1919) 76-77

Calcutta riots (1945-46) 83

child marriage 174-175

Christian missionaries 116 cockfighting 217 colonial use of excessive force 69, 76-77 coloniser-on-native violence 195 communalist violence 80-82, 84

Criminal Tribes Act (1871) 72

Deccan riots (1890s) 71

durbars 74

economy 73

famines 73

Government of India Act (1935) 82

Hindu nationalism 110, 118-120 homicide rates 197 and Ilbert Bill (1883) 75 independence 10, 85 inter-war anti-colonial violence 77 interpersonal violence 195-196 legitimacy of colonial state violence

69-72, 79

Moplah Rebellion (1920s) 71 native-on-native killing 195 paramilitary groups 81, 85

Partition (1947) 11, 84-85, 112, 160 penal code 195

Pink Sari Gang vigilante group 164

Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1960) 217

rebellions (as illegitimate violence)

69-72, 82

Rowlatt Act (1919) and imposition of martial law 76, 77

rule of law 68, 69, 75

Salt March 79

Santal Rebellion (1850s) 71

secular colonial rule 110, 116

Sikh separatism 110-112 statues to British ‘heroes' 74 tiger-hunting 75 traditional view of religion 113, 116 use of martial law 237 see also BJP; India, independent; Indian National Congress

India, independent

Armed Forces Special Powers Act (1958) 86 and Hyderabad 85

and Kashmir 85

and legitimate monopoly of violence 68, 85-86

mechanisms of violence 69 treatment of regional insurgencies 85-86 Indian Army (British) 70, 71

deployment 71

and Peshawar protesters 82

Indian National Army (INA) 83

Indian National Congress

formation (1885) 75

government ministries 82

and Quit India Movement 82 religious divisions in 80

and Second World War 82

Indian nationalism 68

and ideology 78

and political violence 78 see also Hindu nationalism; Sikh nationalism

Indian Penal Code, amendment (1891) 174 Indian Penal Code (1860) 70

Indian police, state violence inflicted by 81 Indian Rebellion (Indian Mutiny) (1857) 5, 70 Indian Scalping Scene (1895 film) 581 indigenous people

abuse of children 177-178

assimilation 234

and colonial hierarchy 469, 471

in colonial paramilitary police forces 240-242

concept of protection 234

cultural re-education 228

and disease 28

fighting sports 218

first encounters 21, 23, 24, 235

French colonial treatment of 469, 472, 474-475

guerrilla warfare 236

imposition of British jurisdiction 228 and interpersonal violence, Africa 199 Latin America 497

‘logic of elimination' of 228, 479

and memorials 17

Natal landholding (‘Shepstone system') 231 racialised violence against 89, 92 resistance by 230, 235-237, 241, 243, 486 revenge violence by 30, 37 seizure of land from 33, 235 stereotypes of ‘savagery' 26 treaties and warfare with 229-235 violent control of 31 see also Maori

individual(s)

and empathy with victims 15

rising power of 6-8

risk of violence to 18

stories of experience of violence 15 Indochina 32

campaign against De Tham (1908) 472 colonial Vietnamese murder cases

482-483, 484

First Indochina War (against France) 455, 459, 513

French colonial treatment of Vietnamese

454, 473

treatment of domestic servants 473-474

see also Cambodia; Vietnam

Indonesia 268, 427-446

aksi occupation of land by farmer groups 437-439

anti-communist violence 427-446

context 432-436

denial of killings 429 interpretations of 429-432 mass executions 443-444 middle classes and 444 military coordination of 428, 441-443 popular support for 427, 428 torture 444

anti-democratic actions of Sukarno 436 arc of political contention 436-445 authoritarianism 444

ban on Masyumi Islamic party 436 democratic transition 428, 445

economy 432-433, 444

institutions 434

Irian Jaya campaign 435

Kostrad (mobile military force) 435

and land reform 437

Madiun rebellion, East Java (1948) 434

and Malaysia 436, 441

and patron-client relations 432

PKI call for elections 437

politicised bureaucracy 432, 434

populist politics 433

power of military 434-436

social mobilisation 434

socialism 432, 434

and United Liberation Movement for West

Papua 11

see also PKI; Sukarno

Indonesian Farmers Union (BTI) 433, 437, 438

Industrial Revolution 1

and machine-breaking 349

and state power 536

industrial warfare

First World War and 287, 291

removal of interpersonal violence 293 information

power/knowledge nexus, India 72-73 rapid transmission of 5

see also communication; records institutions, state

and individuals 6

Indonesia 434

Latin America 492, 497-501, 504 secular nature of 115

International Labor Defence (ILD), Lynching Negro Children in Southern Courts 101

International Labour Organization (ILO), and French empire 483

international law

global frameworks on conflicts 3

and prosecution of war crimes 3

and rape 160, 161

rape as breach of humanitarian law 162 rape as crime against humanity 163 International Military Tribunal, for Far East (1946) 3, 160, 335

International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg trials (1945) 3, 160, 306

internet

film streaming 584

and interpersonal violence 202

news images 609 internment camps 393

for ‘enemy aliens' 387, 390

First World War 294, 390

United States 399-401

see also concentration camps interpersonal violence 578

duelling 189-190

in Europe 190-192 globalisation of 199-204

in India 75, 195-196

and industrial warfare 293

and internet 202

legal constraints on 4, 7, 563 and macho culture 202

in war 159

see also fighting; homicide; sport

Intifada see Palestine

Iqbal, Muhammad 113

Iran

1979 revolution 127, 131

and Syrian civil war 138

violence in 127

Iran-Iraq war (1980-88) 132, 281

Iraq 138

Anfal campaign in Kurdistan 139, 281

Barzani rebellion (1961) 126

civil war 138, 139

coups d'etat 128, 129

hostage beheadings 598

IS in 13

US occupation (2003) 136, 263, 281, 603 Ireland

Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (2000) 177, 632

historical child abuse 631 homicide rates 188

Republican independence movement

12, 551

war of independence (1919-21) 298 Irgun, Zionist terrorist group 549 Irian Jaya, Indonesian campaign 435, 437 Irish Republican Army, Provisional 551 Irreversible (2002 film) 595 IS/ISIS (Islamic State)

emergence of 13, 138, 272

eschatology of 269, 283

genocide of Yezidis 276

religious violence (jihad) 263

use of media 553

Islam

in China 52

Deoband reform movement 117 eschatological traditions 266, 269-272, 283 forced conversions to 269, 276 and justification of mass violence 267 and martyrdom 271, 553 in Pakistan 117 political doctrine 125 radicalisation of 142, 283 socio-religious hierarchies 266 Sunni-Shiite divide 263, 282 see also Islamism

Islamic terrorism 13-14, 552-553

influence of 553

see also jihad, jihadis

Islamism

as alternative to left-wing discourse 131 appeal of 134

hegemonic development in Levant 280 religious orthodoxy and social conservatism 135

rise of radical 131, 135, 552-553

see also jihad, jihadis

Israel

creation of state of (1948) 114, 126, 128, 270

Egyptian recognition of 131

religious shift (after 1967) 280

wars 281

Yom Kippur war (1973) 132

Zionism 266

Italy

duelling 189

Fascist concentration camps 398 homicide rates 188,196, 563 internment camps 390 invasion of Libya (1911) 278

Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana 16 police use of violence 576

Red Brigades 551

Iyengar, Shanto 611

Izvekov, V., Red Army soldier 313

Jack the Ripper 573

persistence of genre 569

Jacoby, Karl 107

Jakarta 24

Jalal, Ayesha 113

Jallianwalla Bagh (Amritsar) massacre (1919)

76-77

Jamaat-e Islami, Pakistani Muslim party 113 Jamaica, use of martial law 237

James, Selwyn, South of the Congo (1943) 252 Janes, Regina 356, 359

Janowitz, Morris 106

Japan 326-342

Allied occupation 341-342 child labour 332 and China 16 civil war (1868-9) 327 and Cold War 461

Constitution (1947) 340

Dutch commercial access to 24 and German Micronesia 37 homicide rates 189 imperial ambitions 32 legal incapacity of women 338 martial arts 220-222

ju-jitsu (KodokanJudo) 222

kendo 222 naginata (for girls) 222 sumo-wrestling 220-221 sword-fighting 221 wrestling 220

Meiji period 326, 328, 338 patriotism 332 penal reforms 326 post-war pacificism 342 rise of nationalism 221

Satsuma Rebellion (1877) 327

Japan (cont.)

Second World War

atomic bombing of 598

and Burma-Thailand railway 334

ethnic minorities as guards for prisoners of war 334

Information and Propaganda Department 5

and Pacific War 13, 38

Recreation and Amusement Association (RAA) 340-341

violence of imperialism/militarism

327-334

violence of racism 334-338

violence of sexism 338-342

see also Japanese Imperial Army

Showa period 327

Taisho period 327 Tokugawa Shogunate 24, 32, 221, 326 use of colonial labour 333 use of violence 33, 326

war with China (1894-5) 327

war with China (1937-45) 33, 335-337

war with Russia 294 Yasukuni Shrine 16

Japanese American Citizens League (1929) 100

Japanese Americans, internment 103 Japanese Imperial Army

conscription 327-329

death toll (Asia-Pacific war) 329-331 discipline and punishment in 329 ethnic minorities in 328

killing of Chinese 334, 336 military sexual slavery (‘Comfort Women')

7, 158, 339-341, 633

size 328

suicide attacks 330-331

Three-All campaigns 335-337 use of chemical and biological weapons 337

Japanese Imperial Navy 328

suicide attacks 330-331

Jaspers, Karl 403

Jay, Peter 610

Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC),

Moscow 316

Jews

anti-Semitic violence 191

Austria-Hungary 388, 573

Balkans 382

and concept of national culture 114 forced into ghettos 307 perceived as criminals 573

rape of women in extermination camps 151

in Russia 290, 309

see also concentration camps; Holocaust jihad, jihadis (Islamic militants) 263, 552-553

in Afghanistan 132, 552

against Yezidis 275, 276

coercive nature of power of 140 domestic jihad 265-266, 283 and generational changes 133, 140 internationalism of 552

Lesser Jihad 552

and martyrdom 271, 553

military camps 135

and modern Levant wars 281, 283

and regional conflicts 138

rise of 132, 135

and Sharia law 276

see also Al-Qaida; IS/ISIS (Islamic State);

Islamic terrorism

Jim Crow era, United States 94-102

Jinnah, Muhammad Ali 110

call for semi-autonomous state 113

and national cultural identity 114

and secularity 115

Joffre, Joseph, Marshal 289

John Paul II, Pope 605

John of Salisbury 534

Johnson, Lyndon Baines, US President, National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence 106

Jones, Heather 390

Jones, Jonathan 618

Jordan, Black September repression (1970) 126, 130

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminal Behavior (1940) 155

journalism and journalists 5, 610-612

and interpretation 612

and spectacular violence 602-604

written 599, 609

see also media; photography judicial systems

and definition of rape 148, 149

failure of (Latin America) 506-507

French colonial 480-486

and legal constraints on interpersonal violence 4, 7, 563

Judt, Tony 459

Junger, Ernst, ‘Battle as Inner Experience' (1922) 297

Kaddafi, Muammar, Libya 130

Kaiser, Hilmar 393

Kalakaua, King of Hawai'i 34

Kaldor, Mary 165, 449, 463

Kalyvas, Stathis 457

Kano Jiguro 222

Karakozov, Dmitri 537

Karmen, Roman 319

Kashmir 85

Katma (Ghatma) camp, Syria 392

Katyn, murder of Polish officers at 306, 318 Katzenmusik 563

Keane, Fergal

on DRC 605

on Rwanda 611

Keegan, John, The Face of Battle (1976) 286 Kemalism (Turkish nationalism) 264, 267, 278 and lack of social contract 280 and pan-Turkism 279 rejection of political Islam 279, 282 as secular ideology 266 and ‘Turkish History Thesis' 279

Kempe, Henry 181

Kennedy, John F., film of assassination 598 Kenya, Mau Mau uprising 398 Kerch, German execution of civilians 311 Kerner Commission, report on US urban riots (1968) 106

Khaled, Leyla 133

Kharkov 313

mass grave 316

Khmer Rouge (Communist Party of

Kampuchea, CPK) 510 agricultural policy 521-528 campaign against perceived enemies

528-530

‘Four-Year Plan' 521, 524 import-substitution policy 522-523 ‘Report of Activities... (1976)' 523 Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea

(military wing) 516

rise of 515

Standing Committee 517

see also Cambodia

Khoisan peoples, Cape Colony 231

Khomeini, Ayatollah 133

Kick-Ass (2010 film) 590

Kiernan, Ben 516

Kim Ham-Bin, Cambodian victim 510

Kim Jee-woon, A Tale of Two Sisters 584

King, Martin Luther 104

Kipling, Rudyard

‘Gunga Din' 73

Kim 74

Kiribati Islands 26, 35

Knauth, Percy 404

knife fighting 191,192,197

Knights of the White Camelia 546

Kodnani, Maya, and Gujarat massacre

(2002) 119

Kolsky, Elisabeth 195

Korea

and ancestral commemoration of war 452 annexed by Japan (1905) 33, 329

economic development of South Korea 462 sexual slavery in Japan 634

Korean War (1950-53) 451, 453, 457-458, 459 civilians and 457

family displacement and divisions 458 pre-emptive and retaliatory violence 457

Koreans, in Japanese mines 333

Kosovo 379

Kotov, Ivan Ivanovich 312

Kramer, Paul 94

Krasnodar, trial of Soviet collaborators 312

Kravchinsky, Sergei 537

Kray brothers 567

Kropotkin, Peter, propaganda of the deed 540

Ku Klux Klan 100, 105, 546

1970s attacks 106

as domestic terrorism 545

murder of civil rights volunteers 105

Kurdistan 126

Kurds

and demand for independent

Kurdistan 12

guerrilla wars in Turkey 281, 604

and Turkish War of Independence 278

Kürten, Peter 569

Kutz, Kazimierz 590

La Rochelle, murders 359

labour camps

Chinese People's Communes 402, 418

Nazi 394

see also concentration camps

Lacenaire, Pierre-Francois 570

Lacquer, Thomas 617

Ladrones Islanders 23

LaFeber, Walter 450, 459

Lamballe, Princess de, torture and murder

358, 361

Lang, Fritz, ‘M' (film) 569

Laos

child marriage 183

and Viet Cong trails 514

Las Casas, Bartholome de 25

The Tears of the Indians 23

Latierce, M., murder of 351

Latin America 490-507

ban on cockfighting 216

banditry 195

changing boundaries 496 chronology 490

Cold War insurgencies 501-503 commissions of inquiry (‘truth commissions') 504

criminalisation of state 505

defined 490 democratisation 492, 503-507 development of state institutions 492,

497-501, 504

failure of criminal justice systems 506-507 homicide rates 196, 203

independence era (great rupture) (1808-24) 493

indifference to rule of law 490, 505 international wars 496

mass violence 459

military dictators 497-498, 502 mobilisation for development 492, 501 patrimonialism 490, 495

state formation period 491, 492-497 uprisings and civil wars 494

US support for counterinsurgencies 502-503

see also Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Guatemala; Mexico; Nicaragua; Uruguay

Latreille, Gabriel, and son Gonzague 354, 359, 362

Laubreaux, Alin, article in Le Messager (New Caledonia 1920) 478

Lausanne, Treaty of (1923) 264, 267, 271, 280, 281, 298

and expulsion of Muslims from Thrace 384 and population exchanges 376, 380 Lawrence, John, statue 74

Le Cour Grandmaison, Olivier 254

Coloniser, exterminer 254 reviews of 256

Le Van Da, murder of 482

League of Nations 37

and French empire 483

and mandate system 37

League of United Latin American Citizens (1929) 100

Lebanon 126, 138

civil war 130, 132, 281

Israeli invasion (1982) 132

Leconte, Leon, beating of Chief Tieou 468-469

Lee, Steven 457

Lee Young-soo 634

Lefebvre, Georges 363

left-wing political movements

crisis of (1980s) 131

in Middle East 126,128, 129, 130

terrorism 551

LEHI, Zionist terrorist group 549

Leimena, Johannes, Indonesia 437

Lemkin, Raphael 290, 370, 375

Leopold, King of Belgium 9

Lesotho, medicine murders 199

Levant 263-283

defined 263

lack of social contract in 264, 266, 282 modern wars 281

public violence (domestic jihad) 265-266, 281, 283

see also Iraq; Lebanon; Ottoman Empire; Syria; Turkey

Levi, Primo 300, 616

Lewis, Herschell Gordon, Blood Feast 594 Leyte Gulf, Battle of (1944) 330

Li Jingquan, Sichuan province 420

Liady, Russia, liberation of 313

Liaison Society for Returnees from China 337 liberalism 260

in Latin American states 497

Libya 129,139

de facto partition 138, 139

Italian invasion (1911) 278

proposed Italian ‘extermination camp' 398 under Kaddafi 130

Licht, Fred 601

Lie, John 115

Liebknecht, Karl 298 lifestyle

and fall in homicide rates 201

urban street culture 202

Ligue des Droits de l'Homme 474

on colonial abuses 471, 487

criticism of colonial murder trials 485 protest at Gabon murder case 481 report on slavery in New Caledonia 475, 477, 486

response to report 478-480

and treatment of Kanak workers 476 Lili'uokalani, Queen of Hawai'i 34 Lilly, J. Robert 160

Lincoln, Abraham, US President 547

Little Big Horn, Battle of (1876) 92

Liu Wenhui, Xikang province warlord 413 Locke, John 115, 534

Lombroso, Cesare

Criminal Man (1876) 570

Lezione de medicina legale 157

The Deliquent Woman 571

Lon Nol, General, Cambodia 515 London

areas built with slavery compensation money 626

crime and policing 562

London Bridge attacks (2017) 553

Round Table Conference (1931) 78, 79

Tower of 619

London Prize Ring Rules on boxing 219 Londres, Albert 471

Long Night's Journey into Day (documentary) 628

Los Angeles, Zoot Suit Riots 103

Los Angeles Times, bombing (1910) 543

Lu Dingyi, Minister of Propaganda 416 Lucas, Colin 352, 356, 359

Ludlow massacre, USA (1914) 543

Lumière brothers, The Arrival of a Train 593 Lundestad, Geir 450

Luo Ruiqing 402

Lusitania, sinking of 291

Lustig, Robin 602

Luxemburg, Rosa 298

Luxor, Egypt, attack on tourists (1997) 134

Lynching Scene (1895 film) 581 lynchings 95, 265, 548 of child abusers 173

Cleo Wright 102

decline (late 1930s) 101

during First World War 98

Emmett Till (1955) 103

federal anti-lynching law (1937) 101 and first anti-lynching legislation 99 of Mexicans 88, 97-98

Michael Donald (1981) 106

national memorial to victims (US) 88 as public spectacle 95

ritualistic 95

see also mob violence; racial violence Lyttleton, Oliver 398

Ma Rulong, Muslim leader 51

Macabre (1958 film) 594

McDougall, James 250

Macedonia 367

genocidal ethnic reordering 377-384 independence (1991) 384

Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO) 383

Jews 382

rising political violence 377

Slavophone communities in 383-384 see also Thrace

Mackie, Vera 634

McKinley, William, US President 544

MacKinnon, Catharine 148, 161

MacLauchlan, Alice 630

Madagascar, French ‘Old Colonist's view of 479

Madame Tussauds museum 569

Madras, India, statue of General Neill 74 mafia

post-Soviet Russia 565

Sicily 565, 573

Magadan Gulag camp 395

Magellan, Ferdinand, voyage to Pacific 22 magic and sorcery, in China 42, 43, 53, 56, 59 Maguire & Baucus, film distributors 581 Maizles, Etta 313

Majdanek death camp, Poland 319

Malacca

Dutch conquest (1641) 24

Portuguese conquest (1511) 22

Malaya

communist insurgency 551

‘villagisation' 399

Malgara, Thrace, genocidal massacres 379 Mali, jihadist state 139

Mamdani, Mahmood 251

Mandrin, Louis, smuggler 566

Manila to Acapulco trade, Spanish treasure ships 23

Mann, Michael 430

Mannheim, Hermann 568

Mantena, Karuna 251

Mao Zedong

Anti-Hiding Campaign (grain and food) 419 and People's Commune 417

personality cult 62

and use of violence 408

Maoism, religious characteristics of 62

Maori

attack on Boyd whaling ship 30

and British colonisation 21

and Dutch 24

response to colonialism 25

and Treaty of Waitangi 32, 230

maps, mapping

Balkans 377

and states 367

Marat, Jean-Paul 534

Maria, shipwreck, Australia 238

Marighella, Carlos 551 marital rape 157

Marne, Battle of the 292

Marquesas Islands, French annexation (1842) 32

Marquez, Gabriel Garcia 459 marriage, overriding age of consent 170 Marten, Maria, murder of 569 martial arts 209

China 53, 222

Japan 220-222 martial law

India 76, 77, 237

as instrument of terror 238

and summary powers of detention 239 use in British settler colonies 237-239 Martin, Richard, Act to prevent cruelty to cattle and horses (1822) 211

Martin, Terry 372 martyrdom, in Islam 271, 553

Marx, Karl, on revolutionary terror 408 Marxism 539

and ethno-nationalist terrorism 551

and imperialism 259 masculinity

and honour 361

and violence 361

mass rape 7, 159

of Christians in Ottoman Empire 278

Darfur 160

First World War 160

former Yugoslavia 161

Red Army 152, 154

Rwanda 151, 160

Second World War 160

by Turkish bashi-bazouks 380 mass violence 1

behaviourist explanation 429

contentious politics approach 431-432, 445 Fort Hood shootings (2013) 553

human rights perspective 429

Islamic justification of 267

Latin America 459

and political participation 430

see also collective violence; Indonesia; mob violence

massacres

Amritsar (1919) 76-77, 300

Armenia 268, 269, 276, 279

on Australian frontiers 237

Chile (1907) 498

of civilians in wartime 295

East St Louis (1917) 98

El Salvador (1932) 498

of ethnic Hui in China 412

First World War 288

France, September (1792) 352, 356, 361, 362 Gujarat (2002) 119, 120

Hamburg, S. Carolina 92

Kurds (1937) 272, 279

Latin America 504

Ludlow, USA (1914) 543

of Mexicans in south Texas 97

Nanjing 47, 48

Oradour-sur-Glane 307

Partition 112

Rosewood, Florida (1923) 100

San Bernardino, USA 553

Srebrenica (1995) 4

Thrace 379

Tlatelolco, Mexico (1968) 504

Tschoffen Wall, Dinant 288

Tulsa, Oklahoma (1921) 100

Wilmington (1898) 94

Wounded Knee (1876) 92

Massoud, Ahmad Shah, Afghanistan 141 Matsunaga, Jennifer 629

Maudadi, Maulana Abul Ala 113 Mbembe, Achille 251

Meaux, France, September Massacres (1792)

352, 356

Mecca, occupation ofKa'ba by Islamist group (1979) 131

media 598-613

archives of violence 14, 598

celebrity stories 604 depictions of violence 5, 71 and economics of production 604 and forms of commemoration 616 illustrated magazines 297 reporting of violent crime 578 responses to 609-612 reticence of news editors 601 social 5 spectacular violence 602-604, 613 see also cinema; internet; journalism;

newspapers; photography; propa­ganda; television; video medicine, and deaths from homicide 201, 203 Meier, August 106

Meiji emperor, Japan 326

Melbourne, Australia, memorial to executed

Tasmanians 627

memorials see commemoration

memory

identification 608

proximity and repetition 608

and response to violent images 607-609 of trauma 625

men

as rape victims 151, 156 sexuality and aggression 148 single (‘bare branches') in China 45 and sport 207, 218 see also masculinity

Mesrine, Jacques, L'Instinct de Mort 570 Metropolitan Police force, London 562 Mexicans and Mexican Americans, lynching of 88, 97-98

Mexico

1917 Constitution 499

1968 Tlatelolco massacre 504

civil war (1910-20) 498

collective and interpersonal violence 194 counter-revolution (Cristero War)

(1926-29) 499

criminal justice system 506 ‘disappearances' 504 duelling 190

and Guatemala 496

homicide rates 189, 196, 203

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) 499 marital rape in 158

‘Plan de San Diego' manifesto 97

sexual violence 151

use of pronunciamiento 494

war with United States (1845-48) 496 Mezentsov, Nikolai 537

Mhadli, Sana Youssef 136

Micronesia 23 middle classes

and anti-communism 444

and liberal democracy 539

and personal experience of violence 6 Middle East

anti-colonial riots 127

and Cold War 128, 129 conflicts of 1990s 133-135 coups d'etat 129, 137 and democracy 128, 133, 137 effect of violence on social structure

140-141

enlargement of 139 fragmentation 139 frontiers as ‘bordered power containers' 132 historical cycles 127-130

influence of intelligentsia 128, 129 left-wing political movements 126, 128,

129, 130

Muslim Brotherhood and 552

nature of violence in 125-142

regional instability 141

revolutions (2011-12) (‘Arab Spring') 137-140

scale of sectarian war (2010s) 138

sectarian affiliations 140

trans-border affiliations 138

as ‘Tri-Continental Region' 129, 133 tribal loyalties 127, 140

violent ‘national resistance' 129

weak states 140

see also Iran; Iraq; Islam; Islamism; Israel; Levant; Ottoman Empire; Palestine; Saudi Arabia; Syria; Turkey Mikhoels, Solomon 316 military dictators, Latin America 497-498, 502 military transhumance

expansion of 138

to Pakistan and Afghanistan 132 millenarianism, China 43 Miller, Web, journalist 79 Millett, Kate, Sexual Politics 148 mines, in warfare 290 Minsk ghetto, mass killings 313 Le Miroir, French weekly 297 missionaries see Catholic missionaries;

Christian missionaries; Protestant missionaries

Mississippi

black disenfranchisement 94

Citizens' Councils 104, 105 lynching of Emmett Till (1955) 103

White Line terror campaign (1875) 91 Mississippi White Knights 105 Missouri, lynching of Cleo Wright 102 mob violence

against Armenians (1895) 268

against child abusers 173

against Chinese 89, 92

dynamite attacks (Birmingham, Alabama) 104, 105

and National Emergency Committee Against Mob Violence (US) 103

Ottoman domestic jihad 276

tarring and feathering (US) 90

torture 95

United States 88, 95

and vigilantes 97

see also arson; collective violence; lynching; mass violence; racial violence mobile phones

and call for assistance (in homicides) 201 mobile phones (cont.)

photographs and videos on 598

Modi, Narendra, Indian Prime Minister 119 and Gujarat massacre 119

Moeller, Susan 610

Molly Maguires, US underground group 542 Moneys, Alain de, murder 355

Mongolia, Japanese sale of opium in 337 monotheism, origins in Levant 266 Montgomery, Alabama, memorial to victims of lynching 88

Moore-Gilbert, Bart 76

moral panics 545, 562

about child sexual abuse 182

Moro, Aldo, Italian Prime Minister 131

Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Philippines 11

Morocco 127

Morozov, Nikolai 538

Morsi, Muhammad, Egypt 137

‘Moscow Strikes Back' (film 1941) 317, 320 Mosse, George 255, 298

Most, Johann, and justification for terrorism 540

Mostert, Noel 231

Motion Picture Association of America 590

Mountbatten, Earl, Viceroy of India 114 Moyd, Michelle 249

Mufti, Aamir, Enlightenment in the Colony 113 Mühlhahn, Klaus 387, 389

murder see homicide

museums, and relics of criminal violence

16, 569

Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt 128, 130, 137 and radical Islamism 552

Muslim League, India 83, 84, 113

Muslim rebellions

China 51-52

violence against civilians 52

Mussolini, Benito 16

mutilations

cutting off ears 27, 52

female genital 184

post-mortem 352, 443 symbolism of 359-362

mutually assured destruction, Cold War

449, 450

Myanmar (Burma)

Buddhist violence 121

and Muslim Rohingya 13

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) anti-lynching committee 98

formation (1908) 96

interracial alliances 100

Lynching Goes Underground (1940) 101

National Conference on Lynching (1919) 99

Silent Protest Parade (1917) 98

Thirty Years of Lynching, 1889-1918 report 99

Truman address to 103

Naga insurgency, India 85

Nahdatul Ulama (NU) Islamic party, Indonesia 437

Namibia 255

see also German Southwest Africa Nanjing (Nanking)

Japanese atrocities (1937) 160, 335

storming of (1864) 47, 48

as Taiping capital 46

Nanking, Treaty of (1842) 32

Naples, Camorra 565

Nasif Pasha, Ottoman general 274

Nasser, Gamal Abdel 128, 130, 133 Nasution, General A. H. 437 nation-states

and cultural homogenisation 368, 377, 381, 393

Enlightenment view of as secular 115

as European concept 113 former colonies 12

and marginalisation of religion 114

and minorities 374

and monopoly of ‘legitimate' violence 11-14, 68, 85-86

political function of commemoration sites 16

and transnational terrorism 13-14 trappings of 11

see also state formation; state violence national development programmes, former colonies 12

National Emergency Committee Against Mob Violence (US) 103

national liberation movements 2

Algeria 550

Greece 383

see also independence movements; PLO nationalism

anti-colonial 300, 460

Arab 140

and Buddhism 110

development of 374

rise of 2, 221, 300

see also ethnic nationalism; Hamidism; Indian nationalism; Kemalism

Native Americans

American Indian Movement 105 forced relocation 388

racial violence against 89, 92

NATO, and Turkey 280

'ndrangheta, Calabria 565

Necker, Jacques 352

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Indian Prime Minister

85,110

Discovery of India (1946) 114,115

and national cultural identity 114

and secularity 115

Neshoba County, Mississippi, murders 105

Nestorian Christianity, in China 52 Netherlands

and Cape Colony 231

and duelling 189, 190

emphasis on commerce 24 extreme cinema 584

homicide rates 200

and Indonesia 432, 436

and Japan 24

and Pacific exploration 24

plantations in East Indies 33

Neuilly, Treaty of (1919) 380

New Caledonia 472

French penal settlement 32

Kanak insurrection (1878) 486

Leconte case 468-469

Ligue des Droits de l'Homme in 477 recruitment of Kanaks as plantation labour 475, 478

New Guinea 21

Australian occupation 36

gold rush 37

New Hebrides 472, 476

New York, Wall Street bomb (1920) 545, 549 New York Times 317, 320, 600

New Zealand

colonial violence 25

deaths in frontier violence 243 discovery 24

effect of colonialism on indigenous warfare 29

‘Flying Column' attacks on Maori 237

Maori raids 236

Musket Wars (1820-40) 29 native police force 241 occupation of Samoa 36, 37

Treaty of Waitangi (1840) 32, 230

use of martial law in North Island 238, 239 see also Maori

New Zealand Wars (1840s-1916) 21

First Taranaki War (1860-64) 21 Newinson, C. R. W. 291 newspapers

and criticism of French colonial administration 481-482, 485

mass daily 4

names for youth gangs 567

power of written reports 609

reporting of crime 562, 563

Nga Puhi, New Zealand tribe 29

Ngo Viet Ly, murder of 482

Nian Rebellion, China (1851-68) 49-50

Nicaragua

independence 496

Sandinista Front 502

US interventions 501, 502

Nice, France, attack (2016) 553, 605

Nicholas II, Tsar 541

Nigeria

Boko Haram Islamist movement 139

child marriage 183

civil war (1967-70) 11

independence 11

leopard attack murders 199

Nikolaev, Lev 314, 316

Nobles, Melissa 629, 630

Noe, Gaspar, Irreversible 595

Nolte, Ernst 397

Non-Aligned Movement 517-518

5th Summit Conference, Sri Lanka 518

Cambodia and 512, 516-521 Non-Cooperation Movement, India 76, 77 Non-Detention Act (1971, USA) 401 non-violence

American civil rights movement 104

Gandhi and 76, 77, 80

and political violence 78, 79

resistance in Samoa 38

North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA) 181

North Carolina, black disenfranchisement 94 Northern Ireland 551

nuclear disarmament 6 nuclear weapons 2, 449

Nuon Chea, Khmer Rouge 517

Nuremberg trials (1945) 3

and rape 160

Nussbaum, Martha 120

Nyiramasuhuko, Pauline, Rwanda 156

Offences Against the Person Act (1875) (UK) 171 Okinawa, Battle of (1945) 331-332

Okuda Akiko 338

Oliver, Roland 249

Olympic Games

boxing 219

women's boxing 220

Omar, Mullah, Taliban 141

Omura Masujiro 328

127 Hours (2010 film) 595

Only God Forgives (2013 film) 590 Onoyo, Ferdinand, Une vie de boy 474 Operation Anvil, Kenya 398

Operation Barbarossa (German war against Soviet Union) 308, 309

opium, Japanese use in China 337 Oradour-sur-Glane, Nazi massacre at 307 Orthodox Church

Bulgarian-Greek divisions 377 forced conversion of Muslims to 379

Orwell, George 464

Nineteen Eighty-Four 449

O'Sullivan, Timothy 600 al-Otaybi, Juhayman 131

Ottoman Empire 263-283

and Berlin Treaty (1908) 277

Constitution (1876) 273

CUP regime (from 1913) 278, 279 decline of 368, 377 diversity 264, 266, 273 domestic jihad against Christians 274, 276, 280

envy of non-Muslims (zimmi) 275 eschatological traditions 266, 269-272 European influence and 273 and First World War 270, 278 and France 274

jihad against non-Muslims 268, 270, 272, 274, 276

lack of democratic rule of law 274

last decade (1912-22) 264, 270, 277-281 and Macedonia 378

millet system 266, 275

and Muslim nationalism (Hamidism) 268, 277

power of imperial myth 282

power of 264, 273

Protestant missionaries in 270 public domestic violence (1915-16) 278 reaction to Western modernity 267, 268 refugees from Balkans and Caucasus in 276, 375

refugees from in Europe 274 state toleration of jihad 276 Sunni Islam view of state 267

Tanzimat reform state (1839-76) 266,

273, 275

Reform Edict (1856) 273

Turanism 270, 277

Young Turk Revolution (1908) 277

see also Turkey

Ouest-africain fran^ais newspaper 481-482 Ouzounian, Naomie 392

Overy, Richard 404

Pacific Ocean 21-38

application of British law to shipping and crews 31

economic exploitation 28, 29, 30

European exploration 21, 22, 24

First World War 36-37

French colonies 32

indigenous warrior culture 26

plantation economies 33-35

port towns 28, 29

Second World War 38, 329

see also Australia; China; Hawai'i; Japan; Kiribati; New Guinea; New Zealand; Philippines; Samoa; Tahiti paedophilia

justification of 181

linked with homosexuality 179

Page, Wade Michael, attackin Milwaukee 122 paintings, of war 600, 612

First World War 291

Pak Yong-sim, Korean ‘comfort woman' 340

Pakistan

call for independence 83

Hudood Ordinances on rape 152

Muslim violence in 117-118

opposition to independence 113

Partition (1947) 11, 84-85, 112, 160

political use of rape 153

Taliban in Baluchistan 117

Palestine 126, 128, 549, 551

First Intifada (1987-93) 126

Gaza Strip 137

Second Intifada (2000-04) 125, 126

Palestinian movement

fragmentation 130

see also PLO

Palestinian refugee camps 132

militants in 126

Tel al-Zaatar 130

Palmer, A. Mitchell 545

pan-Islamism 268

Panama, US and 501

Panthay Rebellion, Yunnan province, China 51

Paraguay, war with Triple Alliance 496

Paris

apaches (youth gangs) 562, 567

Bataclan theatre attack (2015) 140, 598

Charlie Hebdo attacks (2015) 140, 553

Commune (1871) 363

mob violence 363

Paris Peace Conference (1919) 300

Paris, Texas, mob violence 95

Park, Chan-wook, Oldboy 584

Park You-me 634

Parks, Rosa, civil rights campaigner 91

Partition (1947) (India and Pakistan) 11,

84-85,112

sexual violence 160

Pashtun tribal community, Afghanistan, Taliban and 117

Pathe Freres, History of a Crime film 582 patriarchy, women's fight against 7 patrimonialism, Central America 490, 500 Patterson, Orlando 96

Patterson, Robert, Citizens' Council 105

Peckinpah, Sam, The Wild Bunch 588

Peill, Arthur, missionary, Boxer Uprising 56

Penn, Arthur, Bonnie and Clyde 588

Penn, Nigel 231

Perry, Matthew, US naval captain 32

Persian Gulf war (1991) 281

Peters, Carl 248

Le Petit Journal 572

Le Petit Parisien newspaper 563, 572

Philippines

Mactan island 23

Moro Islamic Liberation Front 11

US conquest of 34

US racialism 93

The Photo-Era journal 582

photography

American Civil War 600

commemoration 622-623

early 599

evidence of Nazi atrocities 315

and French postcards of killed rebels 471

images and sounds of violence 4

mobile phones 598

and record of brutality 79

war 297

Picasso, Pablo, Guernica 612

pilgrimages, of commemoration 623-626, 635 Pinker, Steven 18, 561

Pinochet, Augusto, Chilean dictator 14

Piper, Tom 618

pistols, duelling 190

Pitcairn Island 27

PKI (Communist Party of Indonesia)

45th anniversary celebrations 427, 440 call for elections 437

kidnapping and killing of six generals

430, 441

relations with military 440-441

relations with Sukarno 434

and rural confrontation 439-440 support for 433, 434

PKK, Kurdish 136

‘Plan de San Diego' (Mexican manifesto) 97 plantation economies

Hawai'i 33-34

imported labour for 33

New Caledonia 475, 478

Pacific 33-35

PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) 126,

532, 551

military defeat (1982) 132

poison gas 291

factory on Okuno Island, Hiroshima 332

First World War 290

gas chambers 310, 319

gas vans 310, 312

used by Japanese in China 336, 337

poisoning 197

as women's means of killing 571

Pol Pot 511, 517

purges 529

on rice production 524

see also Cambodia

Poland

ethnic violence (1919) 298

German invasion (1939) 307

Red Army move into (1944) 319

rise of nationalism 300

police forces

American 103, 104

colonial 240

armed and mounted 240, 241 native 241, 243 criminal assault against 576 Indian 77, 81 recording of criminal violence 564 relations with press 562 urbanisation and 536 use of violence 576-577 Polish-Soviet war (1919-21) 300 political ideologies

Cold War and 14, 460

political ideologies (cont.)

and national development movements 12

and state violence 13

and terrorism 534-537

political violence

France 356-359

and Indian nationalism 69, 78

Latin America 504 politics

militarisation of 494, 495

morality andjustice in, since SecondWorld War 630

Pomaks (Bulgarian-speaking Muslims) 379 popular culture

representations of violence in 15, 581 ridicule of police 576

see also cinema; media; popular literature popular justice, against local transgressions 563

popular literature

melodramas 569

pre-First World War 294

romanticised villains 566

stories of violent crime 561, 581

war photos in 297 population exchange, Greece and Turkey (1923) 298, 376, 380 population growth, and risk of violence to individual 18 populist-authoritarianism, Mexico 499 Porfirio Diaz, Gen. Luis de la Cruz,

Mexico 498 pornography

child 181, 183

and sexual violence 165

Portugal

and conquest of Malacca (1511) 22

and conversion to Christianity 22

and independence of Brazil (1822) 493 power

and capitalism 259

and ceremonial 68

and ideology in Latin America 492 of media 609

and public violence 490-491

and violence 258-260, 271 Pravda

on Nazi atrocities 311

publication of German policy directives 310 Price, Richard 233

Prince, Stephen 586, 588 prisoners of war

and Burma-Thailand railway 334

First World War 390

Nazi treatment of Soviet 309, 323

POW camps 390

rules on treatment 3

prisons 8

Chinese People's Communes 418

rape in American 156, 165

reforms 164

see also concentration camps; internment camps; labour camps

Prix Goncourt 297

Procknow, Greg 511

Production Code Administration, Hollywood 583

pronunciamiento, as means of political change, in Latin America 494

propaganda 5, 296

demonisation of enemy 295

Nazi 5,102, 306, 311

printed 4

rape as 150

Western suspicion of 318 propaganda of the deed 540, 544 property crime 561

Prost, Antoine 299 prostitution 7

child 171, 172, 183

criminal women as 571-572

Japan 338

Japanese ‘comfort women' 7, 158, 339-341

New Zealand 29

see also brothels

Protection of Animals Act (1835) 211 Protestant missionaries

in China 52

Hawai'i 30, 33

in Levant (American) 269

in New Zealand 29

psychiatry, and measures against child sexual abusers 179

Psycho (i960 film) 594

public humiliation

in China 422

and collective violence 358

of non-Muslims 276

sexual violence i64

public opinion, on consequences of violence 6 public violence see collective violence Puerto Rico 493

Pullman strike, USA (1894) 543 Pulp Fiction (1994 film) 584

Pulteney, Sir William, Bill against bull-baiting

210

punishments

abolition of violent 4, 578

British Army 574

changing view of 8

chopping of hands (Congo) 9

corporal 7

for crime passionnel 193

exile 41

food deprivation (China) 422

tarring and feathering (US) 90

within family 575

see also mutilations; torture

Punjab state, India

division (1960s) 111

Unionist Party 113

Puritans, and animal sports 210

Puzo, Mario, The Sicilian 570

al-Qadir, Amir ‘Abd 251

Qianlong, Emperor of China 43

Qing dynasty (1644-1911) 41

decline of 49

fall of 58

and religious offences 41

Taiping opposition to 46

Qotb, Sayyid, Muslim Brotherhood 130

Quandt, James 583

Queensbury Rules on boxing 219

Quit India Movement, repression of 82

race

European notions of 250

and white supremacy 10

racial violence

1970s and 1980s 106

interracial violence in India 75

Japan 334-338

see also ethnic cleansing; racial violence, United States

racial violence, United States 88-107, 173

against Chinese 89, 92, 95

against emancipated African Americans 89, 546-547

against Mexicans 88, 97-98

against Native Americans 89, 92

and civil rights movement 104-107 memorialisation 88

nature and definitions of 106

by police 104

race riots 97

and Second World War 102

and sexual violence 91, 172, 173

see also lynchings; mob violence

Ransome, Arthur 373 Rapa Nui (Easter Island) 26 rape 166

in American prisons 156, 165 and charge of adultery 152 children born of 153, 163 and credibility of victims 150 as crime against humanity 163 discrimination against victims 150, 154 ‘domestic interaction' after 155 and evidence 150

and evidence of resistance 155

and gender 149, 156-157

as genocidal strategy 160, 161 homosexual 151 and lack of consent 149 marital 157 and masculinity 161 perpetrators as victims 158-159 personal harm of 153 physical coercion 149, 152 as political weapon 153 proof of lack of consent 152 racialisation (US) 173 shame and guilt of perpetrator 150, 158 as ‘victim-precipitated' crime 154-155 victim's fear of reporting 150 violence of 154-156 as war crime 7

as weapon of war 150, 151, 162

of women in Chinese Anti-Hiding Campaign 422

see also mass rape rape crisis centres 165 rapiers, duelling 190 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh movement 118, 120

Rather, Dan 602 ratting 208 Rauschning, Hermann, ‘Conversations with Hitler' 310

Ravot d'Ombreval, Nicolas, Paris police 353 Raw (2016 film) 595 rebellion

as illegimate violence 69-72

response of military dictator states 498 Reclus, Elisee 367

Reconstruction, post-Civil War (US) 90-91 depictions of 90

records

of child sexual abuse 168

Indian census 72

of Indian rebellions 71

records (cont.)

media archive of violence 14, 79, 598 police 564

Red Army

advance into Germany (1945) 304 evidence of atrocities 313, 323

as liberators 320

mass rape by (Second World War) 152, 154

Meetings of Vengeance 315

publication of Nazi atrocities 312

Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof), Germany 551

Red Barn murder (1827) 569

Red Brigades, Italy 551

‘Red Shirt' militias, South Carolina 91

‘Red Summer' of violence, 1919 (US) 98,100

Refn, Nicholas Winding, Only God Forgives

590

Reformation 534

refugee camps, First World War 391 refugees

deaths in Macedonia-Thrace 382

First World War 286, 290

from Middle East wars 132, 140

from Southeast Asia 106

Reichenau, Field Marshal von 310, 315 religion

and identity in European periphery 373 monotheism 266

political power of 282

and use of animals in sport 210

see also Buddhism; Catholic Church;

Christianity; eschatology; Hinduism; ideology; Islam

religious leaderships

political influence of 12-13

and political power 13

religious movements

appeal of 46

diaspora support for 122-123

and political use of rape 153 utopianism 46

religious orders, abuse of children 8 religious violence

China 41-66

definitions (China) 42-43

India 110,118-120

Pakistan 117-118

and secularism 123

and self-affirmation 263

South Asia 110

see also Islamic terrorism; Islamism

Reservoir Dogs (1992 film) 584

revenge violence collective 357 by indigenous people in Pacific 30, 37 by ships' crews 28

Revue Franco-Annamite 485

Reynolds, Henry 243

Rhodes, Cecil 248, 258

right-wing political movements, Middle

East 128

rights

of children 8

individual 534 traditional 534 see also civil rights movement; human rights

Ringelblum, Emmanuel 307

Ringvereine criminal gangs, Germany 566, 569 riots

India 71, 83

Middle East 127 subsistence (France) 349, 362

United States 96, 97, 106

Robben Island, South Africa 239

Robbins, James 602

Robespierre, Maximilien 534

Robinson, Geoffrey 431

Rocquevaire, France, murders 359

Rodrigo, Javier 403

Rohingya Muslim minority, Myanmar 121

Romania 374

Rome, homicide rates 188

Romer, Michal 301

Roosevelt, Franklin D., US President 400

Roosevelt, Theodore, US President 34 and lynching 101, 102

Rosen, Hannah 91, 111

Rosenfeld, Isaac, ‘The Meaning of Terror' (1949) 402

Rosewood, Florida, massacre (i923) i00

Rosi, Francesco 570

Rostov, Nazi atrocities 311

Roth, Eli, Hostel films 584, 587-588

Rothberg, Michael 626

rough music 563

Rowlatt Act (1919), India 76 and Gandhi's Satyagraha 77

Royal Indian Navy, mutiny (1946) 83

Royal Navy, flogging 574

RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) (1824, 1835) 211

Rubio-Marian, Ruth 633

Rude, George 348, 363

Rudwick, Elliott 106

rule of law

Europe 273

India 68, 69, 75

and lack of democracy in Ottoman Empire 274

Latin American indifference to 490 Russia

Combat Organization 541 deportation of Circassian peoples 375 duelling 189

homicide rates 199

samosud 564 scorched earth policy in First World

War 290

Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) 541

The People's Will conspiratorial terrorist organisation 538

‘war communism' (1918-21) 300 see also Soviet Union

Russia, post-Soviet

mafia in 565

and Syrian civil war 138,139

Russian Revolution (1917) 2, 298

refugees from 391

terrorism of 537-539

Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) 327

Rwanda

female violence 156

genocide (1994) 4, 598 mass rape 151, 160

Sachsenhausen 310, 397

sacred time

concept of 43, 59

Maoism as culmination of 62

al-Sadat, Anwar 130

assassination 131

Saddam Hussein 133

Sahlins, Peter 354

Salonika, Macedonia, deportation of Jews to Auschwitz 382

Samoa 35-36

Chinese indentured labourers 36 civil war (from 1870s) 35

Mau resistance movement 38

New Zealand occupation of 36, 37 non-violent resistance 38 plantations 35

samosud, Russia 564

San Bernardino, USA, massacre 553

San people, Cape Colony 231 sandalwood, Pacific islands 28

Sandler, Kevin S. 591

Sant Fateh Singh, Sikh leader 111

Sanyai, Deberati 624

Saudi Arabia

and Syrian civil war 138

Wahhabism 272

and Yemen 138

Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, Hindu

Mahasabha 118

Saw series of films 584 scampenate 563

Schama, Simon 347

Schinderhannes (Johannes Buckler), robber 566

schools

corporal punishment 7, 575

guns in American 2 Schumann, Dirk 299 Seaton, Jean 612

Carnage and the Media 601 secessionist movements

suppression of 11

see also civil wars; independence move­ments; national liberation move­ments; nationalism

Second World War 304-323

Balkans 381

behaviour of Red Army 152, 154 government information management 5 India and 82-83

and internment 399-401

mass rape 160

Pacific Ocean 38, 329

rape of Jewish women in camps 151

United States 102

see also Germany, Third Reich; Holocaust; Japan

secularism

of British rule in India 110, 116

Enlightenment and 115

and religious violence 123 security forces, state 11

and internal enemies 13

see also armed forces; police forces self-control, violence as loss of 7 self-sacrifice see martyrdom; suicide bombing Seoul, Association for Cold War Studies meeting 452

Seraw, Mulugeta, murder in US (1988) 107 Serbia 374

and Croat Ustasha state 381

German invasion (1915) 290

mass rape by Serbian forces 161, 163

and propaganda value of rape 150

Sergei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke 542 serial killers 197-198 servants, beating of

India 75

Indochina 473-474

Seven (1995 film) 584 sexual equality, and sexual violence 165 sexual violence 7, 147-166 against children 168-185 and consent 149 definitions 147-150 former Yugoslavia 161 Japanese, in China 33,160 language of 151 laws against 164, 165 military brothels 7, 33, 158, 633 perpetrators 148, 150, 179 as victims 158-159 physical coercion 149 public humiliation 164 racialisation of, southern US 91, 172, 173 range of 149 silence and reporting of 150-153 society and 166 solutions to 164-165 victim-blaming 164 victims 148, 150 and war 159-164, 286 by women 156 see also mass rape; pornography; prostitu­tion; rape

Shane (1953 film) 588 Sharfstein, Daniel 92 sharia law

and domestic jihad 276

and sexual activity 170 Shark Island, Namibia 389 Shetty, Salil 605 Shiism

eschatology 282 Mahdism 283

Shinto, Japan 13 Sicily, mafia 565, 573 Sierra Leone 160

child prostitution 183

Sihanouk, Norodom, Prince of Cambodia, and alliance with CPK 515

Sihanouk Trail, Cambodia 514

Sikh nationalism 110-112

and 1960s demands 111

1980s conflict with government 110,111 diaspora support for 122 religion and 111

Sino-Japanese War, First (1894-5) 222, 327

Sino-Japanese War, Second (1937-45) 33, 335-337

Sion, Brigitte 624

Sirik Matak, Prince Sisowath, Cambodia 515 al-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, Egypt 137

Skold, Johanna 632

slave markets, Mesopotamia 278 slavery

abolition of 10, 626

compensation money 626

and ‘consent' to rape 155

Dutch colonialism and 24

in French colonies 475, 477, 486

sexual, Japanese Imperial Army 7, 158, 339-341, 633

see also forced labour; indentured labour Sleeman, Captain W. H. 572

Slocum, J. David 585

Slutsky, Boris, on Red Army mass rape 154 Smaal, Yorick 175

Smithson, George 570

Snyder, Timothy 370-371

Snyder, Zack, Watchmen 590

social contract

essential to modern coexistence 264 failure in Levant 264, 266, 282 lacking in Kemalism 280

Social Darwinism 10

applied to nations 294

in Middle East 128

social media 5 socialism

Indonesia 432, 434

revolutionary (China) 12

working-class and 539

Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), Russia 541

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (USA) (1866) 214

soldiers

as criminals 574-575

fear of resistance in invasions 295

and nature of First World War combat 289, 291-293

post-war indifference to violence 299

Red Army letters to Ehrenburg 323

US Army 102, 159

war journals and letters 288, 296

Soleilland, Albert 563, 572

Solomon Islands, child marriage 183

Solovetski Islands, Gulag 395

Somalia 133

Some Like It Hot (1959 film) 589, 590

Somme, Battle of the (1916) 291, 292

film footage 598

South Africa

colonial frontiers 230-232

concentration camps 387

gang rape 153 homicide rates 203

Robben Island 239

Soweto 598

Truth and Reconciliation Commission 628 see also Cape Colony

South America see Latin America

South Dakota, USA

Mount Rushmore National Memorial 17

Wounded Knee Memorial 17

South Korea, economic development 462 Soviet Union (USSR)

and Afghanistan 131, 552

censorship of accounts of rape 152 and Cold War 14, 449

dissemination of evidence of Nazi atrocities to West 305, 316-323

ethnic deportations 375

Extraordinary State Commission (ChGK) on Nazi crimes 311

German invasion (1939) 307

Gulag camps 395-397

and Kemalist Turkey 279

moral outrage at Nazi atrocities 304, 310 occupation policy 307

political meetings after liberation 315 and propaganda on Nazi atrocities 306, 311 and Second World War 304-323 ‘special settlements' 395, 397 see also Red Army; Russia

Soweto, South Africa 598

Spain

Basque separatists (ETA) 551 bull-fighting 215, 581 end of empire (1898) 34, 493 Francoist concentration camps 397 and Pacific 23

Spanish Civil War, exhumation and identification of victims 621 spectacular violence representation of 602-604 see also cinema; media

sports 207-223

animal combats 208, 210, 215

move towards prohibition 209-218, 223 bare-knuckle fighting 209, 219 boxing 219 and gambling 208, 214 human combat 209, 218-223 humanitarian reformers and 209, 212 hunting 208

martial arts 209, 220-222

regulation of 207, 209, 218, 223

team (non-contact) 209

and tradition 215, 216-217

wrestling 220

see also hunting

Springfield, Illinois, riot (1908) 96, 97 Srebrenica massacre (1995) 4

Sri Lanka

Buddhist violence 121

diaspora support 122

and Tamil separatists 13, 122

Stalin, Joseph

and ethnic deportations 375

and German military orders 310

post-war Western view of 306

response to German fascism 306

Stalinism, compared with Nazi Germany 314 Stallone, Sylvester, The Expendables 590 Starke, Wilhelm 574

starvation

of Chinese peasants in Anti-Hiding Campaign 420

deaths of Japanese servicemen from 329 of deported Armenians 278 see also famine; food

state of emergency

use of 86, 392

see also martial law

state formation

Latin America 491, 492-497

see also Israel; nation-states

state violence

and civil wars 11

implicit 73-75, 86, 490

as legitimate 11-14, 69-72, 85-86

as means of total control (China) 417, 424 see also Chinese Communist Party

states

and concentration camps 393

control of populations 2 criminalisation of (Latin America) 505 management of information (propaganda) 5, 296

measures against revolution 535-536

and public apologies for violence 629-634 violence against enemies within 2, 3, 11, 294-295, 498, 503

see also institutions; nation-states; terror, state use of

Stead, W. T. 573

‘Maiden tribute' articles 172

Stephen, James, Colonial Under-Secretary 237

Stevens, George, Shane 588

Stevenson, Robert Louis, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 569

Strange Days (1995 film) 584

strikes

Chile 498

Durham (1891) 576

France 350

USA 543

Struve, Pyotr 300

Subandrio, Indonesia 437

submarine warfare, sinking of Lusitania 291 subsistence crises 352

and riots 349, 362

Sudan 133, 604

Sue, Eugene 571

Suharto, General, and operation against PKI

430, 441-443

Suhrawardy, H. S., Bengal Premier 84 suicide

to avoid violence in revolutionary China (1953-54) 415-416

kamikaze attacks by Japanese servicemen

(1944-45) 330-331

self-immolation 63

suicide bombings 126, 135

Sukarno, President of Indonesia 433

ban on political parties 436

leadership of 435-436

and PKI anniversary celebration 427, 440

Suny, Ronald 393

Sutcliffe, Peter 569

SVAC (Sexual Violence in Armed

Conflicts) 160

Swain, Shurlee 632

Sweden, boxing 219

Sydney, Australia, British penal settlement

29, 31

symbolic violence 533, 534, 554

Syria 130, 272, 392

2012 uprising 138

civil war 138, 139, 263, 281, 282 escalation 139

news coverage 605

Kurdish areas 139

and Lebanon 139

Tahiti

French annexation (1842) 32

Pomare ruling family 28

Wallis expedition to (1767) 27

Tahitians, on Pitcairn Island 27

Taiping Rebellion (Heavenly Kingdom of

Great Peace) (1850-64) 41, 45-49 appeal of 46 ban on vices 46 death toll 47 effect of suppression 49

Taiwan, as Japanese colony 328

Takashi Miike, Audition 584

Talaat, Mehmed (Pasha) 277, 279

Taliban 141

in Afghanistan 110, 117

and Haqqani network 118

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 13

Ministry for the Promotion of Virtue and

Prevention of Vice 13

Tallien, Jean Lambert 534

Tamil Nadu, bull-running 208

Tamil separatists, Sri Lanka 13

Tan Zhenlin 418

Tannenberg, Battle of 292

Tarantino, Quentin

Pulp Fiction 584

Reservoir Dogs 584

Tarnovskaia, Maria 193

Tartan Films 584

Tasman, Abel, and New Zealand 24

Tasmania 234, 238, 239

Taylor, Col Philip Meadows 572

Te Morere, Battle of (1864) 21

Te Whiti O Rongomai, Maori 21 technology

DNA testing 617, 619

military 2

transport 1

and violence 1-6

see also communication; digital technology; weaponry

television

power of image 609

violent crime on 562

see also cinema

terror, state use of 13, 533

Cambodia 528-530

China 408, 417, 420

French Revolution 534

Soviet Union 549

totalitarian regimes 549

terrorism 408, 532-554

and Algerian War (1954-62) 550

and cell organisation 538 definitions 532

and diasporas 122

ethno-nationalist insurrections 549, 551 evolution of 533

and ideology of democracy 534-537

and independence movements 550 international 532

Islamic 13-14, 552-553

origin of term 532-533

Russian revolutionary 537-539, 542

as strategy 533

sub-state actors 533, 535

sub-state conspiratorial groups 535, 538, 549 symbolic nature of 533, 534, 554 target assassination 537

see also anarcho-terrorism; jihad

Terry, Karen 176

Texas, Fort Hood mass shooting (2013) 553

Thailand, child prostitution 183

Thalerhof camp, Graz 391

The Arrival of a Train (1896 film) 593

The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (1894 film) 581

The Expendables (2010 film) 590

The Hanging of William Carr (1897 film) 582

The Revenant (2015 film) 595

The St Valentine's Day Massacre (1967 film) 589, 590

The Street Fighter (1974 film) 591

The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974/ 2003 film) 584, 592

The Wild Bunch (1969 film) 588, 594

Theatre du Grand Guignol, France 581

Thiepval, war memorial 292

Third World

and Cold War 450

Western news coverage 606

Thompson, E.P. 353

Thrace

exchange of Greek and Bulgarian populations 380

genocidal ethnic reordering 377-384

Greco-Bulgarian conflict 379-381

rising political violence 377

see also Macedonia

‘thugs', and Thuggee 572

Tiandihui (Heaven and Earth Society), China 50

Tianjin, China, attack on French church 53

Tianjin, Treaty of (1858) 52

Tibet, suppression ofLhasa revolt (1959) 61-62 Tieou, Chief, New Caledonia 468-469 Tikhomirov, Lev, People's Will 538

Till, Emmett, lynching of (1955) 103

Till-Bradley, Mamie 104

Tilly, Charles 348, 363

The Times, on Belgian refugees 391

Timor 160

Tohu Kakahi, Maori 21

Tominaga Shozo 336

Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494) 22

Toronto Film Festival 595

torture

Indonesia 444

Latin America 504

mass (Ottoman Empire) 278

mob violence 95

state use of 13

see also torture, China

torture, China

Anti-Hiding Campaign 420

campaign against counter-revolutionaries

409

of fellow villagers 410

methods of 415, 419

People's Communes 419

use by local officials 411

‘torture porn' films 584

Toure, Samori 251

Toynbee, Arnold 373

trauma

of child sexual abuse 180, 184 memories of 625

Traverso, Enzo, Origins of Nazi Violence 247

Trepov, Fyodor 537

Triad brotherhood, China 50

Tribune Republicaine 485

Triple Alliance, war against Paraguay 496

Troianovskii, Mark, filmmaker 312

Trotsky, Lev (Leon) 539

Trouble Every Day (2001 film) 583

Truman, Harry S., US President, presidential

Committee on Civil Rights 103

Truth and Reconciliation Commissions 623, 628-629, 630

Tshushima, Battle of (1905) 294

Tulsa, Oklahoma, massacre (1921) 100

Tumarkin, Maria 625

Tunisia, 2011 uprising 137

Tupamaros group, Uruguay 551

Turanism, political messianism 270

Turkey

anti-Kurdish war policy 281, 604

and Armenian genocide 271

and European Union 280 foundation of Republic (1923) 267 and Gallipoli campaign 289

Turkey (cont.)

Kemalist putsch (1980) 280 and NATO 280

persistence of Ottoman political-religious tradition 271, 279

population exchange with Greece 298, 376, 380

return of political Islam 280

and Syrian civil war 138

turn to authoritarianism 263, 280 violence in 127

war with Greece (1919-22) 298

War of (Turkish-Muslim) Independence (1919-22) 278

see also Kemalism; Ottoman Empire Turkism 277

Tuskegee Institute, US, lynching database

95, 98

Twentynine Palms (2003 film) 583

Tyrrell, Peter 632

Ukhtpechlag Gulag camp 396

Ukraine 605

Ukraine in Flames (film 1944) 316, 320 underworld see criminal gangs UNICEF, on child sexual assault 168,183 United Kingdom

and age of consent 149, 171-172

Belgian refugees 391

and colonial independence 10

criminal gangs 567

duelling 189

extreme cinema 584

ferocity of warfare by 70

fist-fighting 191

homicide rates 563

House of Commons Select Committee on indigenous people (1837) 234, 240

and hunting with dogs 215-216

and internment camps 387

Irish migrants 573

and Kenyan concentration camps 398

Ministry of Information 5, 318

moral panic about child sexual abuse (1980s) 182

and Opium Wars with China 31

‘penny dreadfuls' 581

police force Occurrence Books 564

and religious minorities in India 113 remobilisation (1917) 295

and Samoa 35

Sikhs 122

and South African concentration camps 387

and Soviet evidence of Nazi atrocities

317, 318

and sport with animals 207, 209, 218

and Taiping rebellion 47

see also British Empire; India

United Nations (UN) 3

Charter (1945) 549

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948) 290, 622

Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) 182

limits of power of 4 peacekeeping forces 3

Resolution 1820 (on rape as war crime)

⁷

United States of America abolition of slavery 10 age of consent 149, 172 anarcho-terrorism 542-545 anti-federalism 548 arrest of Germans as spies 295 attack on Sikh gurdwara 122 black migration to North 96 child sexual abuse

moral panic about (1980s) 182

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) 93

Civil Rights Act (1964) 105

Civil War (1861-65) 10, 89, 90-91, 546, 600

Reconstruction 90-91, 546, 547 and cockfighting 214 duelling 190

fear of foreign terrorists 542, 545 First World War 97, 296 foreign relations

annexation of Hawai'i (1898) 34 and Cold War 449, 461 colonial acquisitions 93-94 covert bombing of Cambodia 514 and Cuba 502

geopolitical policy 136, 513

and Indonesia 436, 442 international reputation 97, 102 and Japan 32

and Korean War 451, 457

military interventions in Central

America 500-501

and proxy wars 14

and Samoa 35

and South America 14

support for Latin American counterinsurgencies 502-503

and Vietnam War 513-515

war with Mexico (1845-48) 496 homicide rates 196 hunting 216

Immigration Act (1917) 545

immigration restrictions 100, 106

Indian Wars 92

industrialisation 92

and international communism 318, 453 internment of Japanese-Americans 399-401 and Islamic terrorism 553

andJewish Antifascist Committee (JAC) 316 labour movement 544

labour-related violence 542-543

New Deal 101

Office of War Information 5

and race

enforcement of colour line 93-96

Jim Crow era 94-102, 548

race riots 97

racial police violence 104

racial violence 88-107, 173

segregation and disenfranchisement in

South 92, 94

rise of religious right 280

Second World War 102

Sedition Act (1918) 545

and Soviet evidence of Nazi atrocities 317, 318, 320

Voting Rights Act (1965) 105

Weatherman/Weather Underground 551 white supremacist terrorism 545-549 attacks on Republicans 546, 547

youth cult 568

see also US Army

Uruguay 551

and Triple Alliance 496

US Army

black servicemen 102

Winter Soldiers' Investigation (1971) 159 women servicemen 159

US Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education (1954) 104

USSR see Soviet Union

Ut, Nick, Vietnam image 601, 604

Uyeno Nisaku, murder of Vietnamese worker 482

Vacher, Joseph 569

Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, Indian Prime

Minister 119

Valin, Claudy 359

Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) 234

use of martial law 238, 239 Van, Marina de, In My Skin 583 Vancouver, George 30 Varaize, Charente-Inferieure 351 Varges, A. L. 79

Vast Yang religious uprising, China 58 Vaughn, Matthew, Kick-Ass 590 vendetta, southern Europe 565

Venezuela 496

abolition of elections 504 military dictators 500

Veracini, Lorenzo 229

Verdun, Battle of (1916) 291, 292 Verges, Jacques 256

Versailles, Treaty of 298, 299 Vickery, Michael, on Cambodia 511 Victoria, Queen, patron of RSPCA 212 video, home industry 592 video games 15

Video Recordings Act (1984) 592

Vietnam 453-457

ancestral remembrance 453

Communist Party 513 family displacement and reconciliation 454 First Indochina War (against France) 455, 459, 513

influence on Cambodia 513 Nguyen Penal Code 152 xoi dau experience 456-457

Vietnam War (Second Indochina War) 159, 455, 456, 513-515, 598 image of Napalm 601 US aerial bombing 514 use of trails in Laos and Cambodia by Viet Cong 514

vigilantes

France 481

lynchings by 101 and mob violence 97 and sexual abusers 164

Villeseque, Narbonne, murder of the Latreilles 354, 359, 360, 362

Viola, Paolo 356, 359 violence

causes of 1, 15

changing justification for 9-11 definitions of 326 and democracy 362-364 and eschatology 269-272 increase and decline in 18, 561, 563 and masculinity 361 personal experience of 5 and power 258-260, 271

violence (cont.)

social rejection of 4, 6

structural 327

vicarious 14-18

see also collective violence; interpersonal violence; mass violence; mob vio­lence; racial violence; religious vio­lence; sexual violence; state violence Virtual Reality 15

Vishwa Hindu Parishad organisation

118

vitriol (sulphuric acid), use in crime passionnel 193

vivisection, by Japanese in China 337 Vorkuta Gulag camp 396

Vovelle, Michel 348

Wachsmann, Nikolaus, KL 394 Wahhabism (radical Sunni movement)

272, 282

Waitangi, Treaty of (1840) 32, 230

Maori infringements 238

Wajda, Andrzej, A Generation 590 Wallerstein, Immanuel 462

Wang Lishi 416

war

and battlefield violence 289

bayonet attacks 293 definition of battle 292

distinction between combatants and noncombatants 286

international limits on 3

length of battles 292

media reports of 598

and perpetrators as victims 158

and post-war crime 574, 575

propaganda value of rape 150

and sexual violence 157,159-164, 165 silence of rape victims 151

and thresholds of violence 287

see also American Civil War; civil wars; First World War; guerrilla warfare; industrial warfare; internment camps; Korean War; Second World War; Vietnam War; weaponry war crimes, courts and tribunals 3, 312 war memorials

as product of civil society 17

Thiepval 292

see also commemoration

War of the Pacific (1879-84) 496 Warsaw ghetto 307 Watchmen (2009 film) 590

Wavell, Lord, Viceroy of India 83

Way of Penetrating Unity (Yiguandao) movement, China 60, 61

weaponry

artillery 293 biochemical 3, 337

British forces in settler colonies 236 drones 2 for duels 190

First World War 290-291 grenades 293 hand-to-hand combat in war 293 indigenous Pacific islands 26 machine guns 291 missiles 2

nuclear 2, 449

used for Japanese kamikaze attacks 331 see also chemical weapons; guns; poison gas Weatherman/Weather Underground,

USA 551

Weber, Eugen 348

Wegner, Armin 622

Wells-Barnett, Ida B., anti-lynching crusader

91, 95, 96

Werth, Alexander, journalist 313, 320

West Papua, Indonesia, secessionist movement 11

West, the

and homogenisation of European periphery 376, 377

influence of Soviet anti-fascism on 305 post-war anti-totalitarianism 306 and Soviet evidence of Nazi atrocities

316-323

Westad, Odd Arne 450

Western Front, First World War 287 whaling

American 32

and missionaries in Hawai'i 30

in Pacific 29, 30

Wharton, Edith 289

whip, used against plantation workers

35

White Line pro-Democrat group, US 91

White Lotus Rebellions, China 43

white supremacy 10 anti-civil rights violence 105 in post-Civil War America 89-93 terrorism 545-549 women and 91 see also mob violence

White, Walter F., NAACP report 99, 102

Wiener, Martin 195, 199

wife beating 575

Wilder, Billy, Some Like It Hot 589 Williams, Linda 593, 594

Wilmington, N. Carolina, massacre (1898)

94

Wilson, Woodrow, US President 98, 296,

300

Windham, Sir William, and Bill against bull­baiting 210

Winter, Jay 617 Wolfe, Patrick 228, 243

Wolfsfeld, Gadi, Media and the Path 611 women 7-8

and American white supremacists 91 brutalisation of, in Pacific region 26 and crime passionnel 193

and criminal gangs 566

as criminals 571-572

female genital mutilation 184

global movement for independence 7 hidden violence against 604 and honour killings 7

Japanese violence against 338-342 massacres of (First World War) 288 in Ottoman Empire 275

as prostitutes in New Zealand 29

Red Lanterns Shining movement, Boxer Uprising 55

return of kidnapped women to Hawai'i by Vancouver 30

sale of female children in China 44

serial killers of 569

in sport 207, 219

status as victims of sexual violence 157 support for Armenian massacre (1895) 269 as symbols of family and national honour 8

treatment of wartime collaborators 575 as victims of murder 202

see also domestic violence; feminism; pros­titution; rape; sexual violence Women in Black feminist group 162 Woodward, Isaac, police attack on 103 workers, ban on violence against 7 working classes

and anarchists 539

and blood sports 212

fighting 191

reduction in violence 197

and socialism 539

state reforms and 539

World Health Organization (WHO) 151

on child sexual assault 168, 169

World Trade Center attacks (September 11,

2001) 14, 136, 532, 553

pictures of 598, 601

Wounded Knee, massacre (1876) 92

Wright, Cleo, lynching of 102

Wright, Richard 548

Wu, Harry 401

Wyschogrod, Edith 464

Xhosa peoples 235, 237

and use of martial law 238, 239 wars with 231

Yalta conference (1945) 376

Yamato, Japanese battleship 331

Yan Jingming, governor of Shandong province 50

Yang Kuaisong 409

Yang Xiuqing, Taiping leader 47

Yani, Indonesian army commander

440

Yaqub Beg, Chinese Muslim rebel 51

Yassin, Sheikh 133

Yellow Cliff Teaching (Huangya jiao) movement, China 50

Yellow Yang religious uprising, China 58

Yemen 126

war 127, 138, 281, 605

Yezidis

ISIS genocide of (2014-17) 276

jihad against 275, 276

in Ottoman Empire 270

Yonne, Charles, murder of Vietnamese coolie

482-483

Yoshimi Yoshiaki 332

Young Turk Revolution (1908) 277

Young Turks party see CUP

Ypres, third Battle of (1917) 292

Yuan Shikai, governor of Shandong

56

Yuasa Ken 336

Yugoslavia, former, war (1991-99) 150,

161

Yunnan province, China, Panthay Rebellion 51

Yuxian, governor of Shanxi 56

Zangrando, Robert 103

Zarkov, Dubravka 150

al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab 135

Zasulich, Vera 537

al-Zawahiri, Ayman 135

Zeng Guofan, Hunan Army 47

Zervas, Colonel 383

Zhou Enlai, Chinese Premier, and Sihanouk 515

Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad, Pakistan and conservative Islam 117 Hudood Ordinances on rape 152

Zimmerer, Jürgen 254, 255

Zionism

and Irgun terrorism 549

as secular ideology 266

Zodiac (2007 film) 590

Zuo Zongtang, Qing general 51