Index

Aba Bakr, Timurid prince, 71

Abaoji, founder of Kitan empire, 24, 26, 30

Abbasid dynasty

coup against Umayyads, 8, 460

court scholars, 5

defeat of Tang China, 4

and jihad, 464

notion of protected inviolability, 615 ‘slave-military' structure of warfare, 5 use of torture, 170

Zanj revolt, 8, 617-18

Abd al-Malik, caliph, 577

Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani, poem, 620

Abd al-Razzaq al-San‘ani, Mussanaf, 458-9, 461

Abd Allah Ibn al-Mu‘tazz, hunting poet, 613

Abd Allah ibn ‘Umar, 460

‘Abdallah bin Tahir, governor of Khurasan, 68

‘Abdallah, son of ‘Umar bin al-Khattab, 318

Abu Bakr, first caliph, 318, 466

Abu Huraya, Companion, 461

Abu Salama ibn Abd al-Rahman, 464

Abu Shama al-Maqdisi, historian, 177

Abu Zayd al-Sirafi, Accounts of India and China, 609

Abu‘l-Qasim Babur, succession conflict, 75

Adams, Henry, 426

al-‘Adil Tumambay, sultan, 179

Adolphson, Mikael, 376-7, 384, 385

Adrian IV, pope, 482

Adrianople, captured by Ottomans (1362),

95

adultery, punishments for, 176, 178, 336, 596

Aghlabid dynasty, 5

Agincourt, Battle of (1415), 14, 94

Agnadello, Battle of (1509), 274

Aguda, Jurchen Jin emperor, 29

Akapama complex, Andes, 402

akuso, Buddhist warrior monks (Japan), 373-6 contemporary criticism of, 375, 377, 385 defeat of, 384

kinds of violence, 375

Al-Andalus, 486

Alaric II, king of the Visigoths, 80

Alberti, Leon Battista, Della pittura, 656 Albigensian Crusade, 303, 414, 436, 477,

482, 485

Alexios I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor, 288, 308

as arbiter of Christian doctrine, 291, 292, 293, 301

policy of heresy trials, 291, 304

Alexios I Megas Komnenos, king, of

Sinope, 171

Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, 103, 186

Alfred of Surrey, ealdorman, 111

‘Ali bin Abi Talib, fourth caliph, 174, 463 ‘Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad, 617 ‘Alishah, prince of Khwarazm, 72

Altichiero da Verona, 651

Amadeo VI of Savoy, 95

Amboise, Cardinal d', 279

Americas

human sacrifice, 390-409

see also Aztec empire; Inca; Maya; Moche

An Jincang, suicide, 570

An Lushan Rebellion, Tang China, 32, 45, 55, 140, 233

Andronikos I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor, 288, 309

lynching of, 309, 310

Andronikos II Komnenos, Byzantine emperor, 307

Angevins, as kings of Naples, 92

Anglo-French war (1545), 284

see also Hundred Years War

animal hunting

Arabic poetry, 612-13

visual imagery of, 578, 579-81, 585 animal sacrifice

Inca empire, 394

Maya, 524-6

animals

Arabic literature on, 612-15

trials of, 193

Anna Komnene, on heresy trials, 299

Anselm of Lucca, 416

De caritate, 421

Anselm, St, 336

‘Antata ibn Shaddad, Mu‘aUaqa poem, 603

Antioch

burning of heretical texts, 298 crusader state, 89, 300

Apollonius of Tyre, romance, 627 apostasy, Islam, 166, 167

Apros, Battle of (1305), 92

Aquinas, St Thomas, 193, 335,

631

Arab/Islamic world

accounts of, 5

art, 576-99

expansion, 4

regicides, 7

and state formation, 4

trade, 8

see also Egypt; Iran; Islam; Islamic law;

Islamic period; jihad; Muslims; Syria Arabian Nights, 169, 179

Arabic writers see literature, Arabic (Islamic) Aragon, house of, 92

Aragon, kingdom of, 486

Arakawa, Japan, 217 arbitration

institutions of, 200

Japan, 146, 208

archery

Chinese societies, 237

crossbows, 96 horse (Mongol), 231, 241 longbows, 93-4 types of bows, 241

Arian Christianity, 473

‘Arib al-Ma'muniyya, slave woman, 324 Aribert, archbishop of Milan, 482 aristocracy see elites; knights; seigneurial (aristocratic) violence

armies

corvee (forms of), 54

garrisons, 283

Ottoman, 95

Türkmen, 70, 71, 72, 89

see also armies, Europe; armies, Iran; armour; artillery; Byzantine army; cavalry; Chinese army; Mongol armies; nomad armies; soldiers; warriors; weapons

armies, Europe, 79-98

Charlemagne's, 81, 83

domination of great lords, 85

financing of, 272

France, 270

infantry, 86, 92, 268

permanent garrisons, 94

pillaging by, 278-9, 281 professionalisation, 94, 97 rise in permanent armies, 92-5 size of, 270-2

armies, Iran (Middle East)

billeting of troops, 67-71, 75 conscription, 60

corvee (forms of), 54, 60, 61-2 devastation caused by, 71-3 extraordinary levies, 67, 71, 76 garrisons for, 70

na‘l-baha payment to, 66-7, 76 provisioning of, 62-4 recruitment (medieval Iran), 59-61 siege warfare (depictions), 585, 586, 590 use of barat tax cheques, 64-6, 76 see also Mongol armies; nomadic armies armour

leather, 79

plate, 96

Roman, 79

Arnold of Brescia, 303, 482

Arnorr, skald, 112 Arnulfings, 80 Arras, France, 283

monastery of Saint-Vaast, 101, 117 art

battle and warfare, 649-57

China, 536

death and mourning, 593, 594

effect of violent imagery on mind of spectator, 647-9, 657, 662-3

European medieval, 645-73

hell and demons, 596-8

human sacrifice in Americas, 392 hunting scenes, 578, 579-81, 585 iconography of violence, 645-9 imagery of warfare, 648

Iranian designs on paper, 595

Islamic lands, 576-99

art (cont.)

legendary heroes, 581, 585, 586, 587, 593 magical creatures, 588, 593

Maya ritual violence, 532

middle period Iran, 583-8

Orientalist, 164 princely cycle (combat and hunting), 583-8 see also carvings; ceramics; literature; metalwares

artillery

bombards, 96

cannons, 97

effect in battle, 96, 274

Europe, 267 gunpowder and, 96 handguns, 97, 268 iron shot, 267 naval, 267 for siege warfare, 96, 268

Artois, military campaigns in, 281

Ashdown, Battle of (871), 103

Ashikaga Taukauji, 569

and Kemnu Formulary (second shogunate), 148-54, 160 and War of Northern and Southern

Courts, 559

Ashikaga Yoshumitsu, third shogun, 566 assassinations

Arabic, 7, 616

China, 127,128,131

Mongols, 22, 26, 29

asylum, church sanctuary, 188, 334, 341, 495 Ata ibn Ali Rabah, 460, 466

Athanasius of Alexandria, 505

Athens, 92

Augustine of Hippo, St, 473

Against Faustus, 631 concept of just war, 11, 334, 416

Sermon 302: On the Feast of St Laurence, 630

Austin, Lopez, 407

Austregesil, feud with Sichar, 250

Austria, Privilegium Maius (1358), 195 auto-sacrifice see bloodletting

Auton, Jean d', 270, 274

Autun, Battle of (641/2), 79

Auxy, attack on (1472), 280

Avars, in Hungary, Charlemagne's campaign against, 82

‘Ayn al-Qudat, mystic, 173

‘AynJalut, Battle of (1260), 175

Ayyubid dynasty, 6, 91 al-Azmeh, Aziz, 180

Aztec empire (Mesoamerica), 390, 391 and centres of force in human body, 398 compared with Inca, 407-8 cultural origins, 393 domestic religion, 404

Festival of the Flaying Man, 399 human sacrifice, 394-6, 397-400, 407

to accompany dead dignitaries, 403 of children, 392, 399, 405

New Fire Ceremony, 529 population, 395 and war captives, 404 warriors, 405

weakness of state, 407

see also Maya

Badr, battle of (624), 451

Baghdad

billeting of soldiers, 68, 70

Mongol sack of (1258), 33, 589, 590 public violence against women, 314, 324-7

Bahram Gur, Iranian hero, 585 al-Bajuri, scholar, 175 bakufu, Japanese warrior government, 558 Baldwin, count of Hainaut, 86

Balkans

Bogomilism in, 301, 303

Norman expansion into, 300

ball courts, Maya, 523 ballgames, as ritual and sport (Aztec), 406 Balsac, Robert de, 272

Baltic Crusades, 94, 414

bandits

China, 236

Japan, 207, 214, 215, 220

‘roving' and ‘stationary' theory of, 35 and trade routes, 9

Bannockburn, Battle of (1214), 93

Baptistere de Saint-Louis, visual imagery on, 595-6

barat tax cheques, for army

requisitioning, 64-6

Baraz, Daniel, 422

Barber, Malcolm, 485

Barkyaruq, Seljuq sultan, 63, 72 Bartolus of Sassoferrato, jurist, 194

Baruch the German, 477, 489

Basil I, emperor, Imperial Laws, 293

Basil of Seleucia, 663

Basil, St, 496

Basil ‘the Bogomil', trial for heresy, 299, 301 Basra, sack of (871), 617-18

The Battle of Maldon (poem), 105, 110 Battle of virtues and vices, carving, 662

battlefields

casualties, 274, 275-8 corpses left on, 115,118 descriptions and depictions of, 272-5, 649-57

Japanese descriptions, 563

use of chariots, 231

see also siege warfare; warfare

Bavaria, Land law code (1346), 195

Bayan, Mongol commander, 239

Baybars, Mamluk general, 175

Bayeux Tapestry, 650

Bayezid, sultan, 95

Beaumanoir, Philippe de, 194, 196

Bekhter (half-brother of Chinggis Khan), 22

Benedetti, Alessandro, 274

Benedict, St, 336

benefit of clergy, England, 341

Benevento, Battle of (1266), 92

Beowulf, 112

Berhtwulf, king of Mercia, 102

Berke, khan of Golden Horde, 26

Bernard of Clairvaux, St, 436, 474, 661, 662

Berthar, Frankish warrior, 79

Bible

accounts of Herod's massacre of the innocents, 664

accounts of Passion of Christ, 670-3

Bird Jaguar IV, Maya king, 531 birds, for Maya animal sacrifice, 525

Bishr bin ‘Abdallah, 319

Biwarasp the Wise, king of the Jinn, 614-15 Bizhan, Iranian hero, and Manizha, 586, 587 Blacas ewer, 584

Black Death, 10, 476

Blanshei, Sarah, 192

Bloch, Marc, 331, 646

Blois, burning of Jews (1171), 475

Blois, Theobald, count of, 475, 479 ‘blood-eagle' Viking image of, 118 bloodletting (auto-sacrifice), 390 deposits of body parts, 523 instruments for, 392, 517, 533

Maya, 516-23, 533

as rite of passage (Maya), 521

Bobrinsky Bucket, 583, 584

Boccaccio, Giovanni, 642

Decameron, 640-1

Boethius, 79

Bogomilism

in Balkans, 301, 303

trials in Byzantium, 304

Bohemia

Hussite wars, 483

Majestas Carolina (1355), 195

Bohemond of Taranto, in Balkans, 300

Bologna

prosecution of crime, 192

University of, 188

Boroughbridge, Battle of (1322), 93

Borte, wife of Chinggis Khan, 23

Bouin, France, Viking raid, 101

Boulogne, 277

Bourgtheroulde, Battle of (1124), 86

Bouvines, Battle of (1214), 86, 87

Bray, Julia, 314

Bremule, Battle of (1119), 86

Bresin, Louis, chronicler, 283

Brethren of Purity

debate between man and animals, 613-15

On the Classes of Animals, 614

Brittany, duchy of, 261, 444

Brunhild, queen, 250

Brunner, Otto, 258

Bruno of Cologne, 84, 421

Bryhtnoth, ealdorman, 105

Buddhism

loss of influence to Islam, 11

Lotus Sutra, 370

Mantra Kings, 376

martial elements, 376

see also Buddhism, in China; Buddhism, in Japan

Buddhism, in China

conflict with Daoists, 361

and cults of dead warriors, 357

deities, 359

eschatology, 356, 361

and ‘Eternal Mother' sect, 363 fighting monks, 354, 364 literature, 16, 349, 351

Maitreya (Buddha of the future), 361, 362, 364

monasteries, 240, 356

narrative of kingship, 353

non-violence, 350, 539

notion of new age (kalpa), 352

power of prediction, 351

and rebellion (515-517), 352

Red Turban uprising, 362 relations with state, 352, 364 state persecution of, 351, 355-6, 364 supernatural violence, 359 Tantric texts, 354, 359 transfer of merit, 351 uprising (1420), 362

Buddhism, in China (cont.)

view of Chinggis Khan, 361

violence in Chinese tradition, 350-2

White Cloud, 361

White Lotus movement, 361

Buddhism, in Japan, 368-88

byodo (teaching of equality), 383

conflict with native religion (kami deities), 369-71

doctrinal justifications for religious violence, 376-80, 385

doctrinal schools, 371

early introduction, 369

hongaku homon doctrine, 378, 381, 385

Kanko ruiju (Digest of the light of Han), 379 and mappo (period of the final dharma), 375, 377-8

monasteries, 371, 383 aristocratic domination of, 372, 373,

374, 375

conflicts between, 373 suppression of Pure Land Buddhism, 380-1

religious revolts, 381-4

Sanjushi-ka no kotogaki (Notes on Thirty- Four Articles), 378

as state religion, 370-1

and warrior monks (akuso), 373-6, 377, 384 Bukhara, 59

al-Bukhari, Sahih, 461

Bu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, chronicler, 61

Bulgaria

campaign of Constantine V in, 508 dualist heresy, 483

surrender to Ottomans, 95

Bulgars, Byzantium and, 503

Bulghar, market town (on Volga), 106, 111, 610

Bull, Marcus, 330 bureaucracies

China, 125, 141

Europe, 256

Burgundian army, 80, 280 burial rites

and grave goods, 402, 403

and human sacrifice (Americas), 398, 402-4

Rus, 610

suicides, 343

Viking, 111

Burke, Peter, 272

Bursa, fall to Ottomans, 95

Buyid dynasty

in Baghdad, 68

use of torture, 170

Byzantine army, 288 cavalry, 79

European mercenary companies, 92 liturgies for, 503, 506 popular view of, 507 and symbols of the faith, 501-2 Byzantium

access to and enforcement of law, 494 attitudes to violence, 493 and Christian orthodoxy, 289-91 and church view of just war, 498-505 continuity of tradition in, 492-3, 508 ethnic diversity, 288-9, 307 and First Crusade, 300 heresy trials, 288, 291, 308 honour and shame, 507 and legal status of incomers, 306 military role of emperor, 502, 504 persecution of heretics, 289, 302-6, 309 rejection of concept of ‘holy war' (jihad), 505-9

relations with Normans, 287, 300-1, 306

relations with papacy, 304 relations with Saracens, 4 religious character of warfare, 508 role of church, 492 role of emperors as arbiters of doctrine, 289-91, 309

and Sasanid dynasty, 5, 8 traditions of Roman law, 492 and Venetians, 305-6 warfare, 492-509 wars with Persians, 499 see also Byzantine army; Constantinople

Cadoc, French mercenary, 87

Cahokia, St Louis, Mississipian centre, 402 Calais

English garrison, 94 siege of, 444

Callot, Jacques, Les grandes miseres de la guerre, 654

Cambrai, 282

Camille, Michael, 660-1 cannibalism, 391, 393 and human sacrifice, 401-2, 407 canon law, 193

Byzantium, 305, 492

and forced baptism of Jews, 477 Cao Cao, ruler of north China, 544 Capetian rulers of France, 83, 84

Carmen Miserable chronicle (Mongol invasion of Hungary), 19

Carruthers, Mary, 648 carvings

Battle of virtues and vices, 662

Metz ivory book cover, 664, 665

Souillac trumeau, 657-61

Castile (Leon-Castile), kingdom of, 195, 486 prosecution of rape, 339

castles, 86

England, 263

in Europe, 253-6 motte and bailey, 86

Catalonia, Remences rebellion, 7

Catellanus, Andreas, on courtly love, 340 Cathars (‘Good Men and Women'), 303, 414, 436, 481, 482

cavalry

Byzantine army, 79

Chinese steppe, 229

in crusades, 90, 414

European knights, 86, 92, 443 Frankish, 79, 80, 81

French army, 270 high saddle, 84, 96

Muslim heavy (ghulams), 90 nomadic, 4, 32

Ottoman heavy (sipahis), 95 use of stirrup, 80, 84, 96 see also knights

ceramics

Maya, 526, 530

visual imagery, 585-8

Ceresole, Battle of (1544), 273, 275

Cerro de Huistle, Chalchihuites site, 393

Cerro Manati, Mexico, Aztec site, 392 Chaghri, Seljuq prince, 71 ch'ahb (bloodletting, penance), 519

Chang'an, Tang capital, 39

Charlemagne, king of the Franks, 80, 81-3 army, 81, 83

as emperor of the West, 81

Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor, 111

Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 280

Charles II, king of Naples, expulsion of Jews (1289), 479

Charles Martel, king of the Franks, 80

Charles V, emperor, 267, 281

armies, 270, 282

Charles VIII, king of France, 271

Charny, Geoffroi de

Book of Chivalry, 429

and French Order of the Star, 442

on honour, 430, 432-3

on knightly suffering, 438-9

on shame, 435

Charroux, Council of (989), 255

Chateau Gaillard, siege of (1203-4), 87 Chaudhry, Ayesha, 317

Cheng Zhijie, general, 139

chevauchee (burning and pillaging of enemy territory), 14, 93, 261

Chicago School of sociology, 630 child sacrifice, 392, 394, 399, 405

Maya, 526-9, 533

children

beating (to discipline), 336

father's rights over, 337

China

accounts of Mongol invasions, 5 bandits, 236

Buddhist monasteries, 240, 356 campaign against Turk empire, 31 civil wars, 131, 133-4

classes, 230

Classic of Filial Piety, 547

Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings, 549

coups d'etat, 132

dynastic changes, 124, 131-6

early medieval dynasties, 124-5

Eastern Zhou dynasty, 535 education, 537

ethical belief systems, 537-40 ethnic and geographical divisions, 124 Five Dynasties, 130, 233

Former Shu Kingdom, 130

Han dynasty, 134, 543

as honour culture, 535

Jin dynasty, 361

law and order

forced relocation of populations, 14 imperial suppression of sanctioned vengeance, 536-7

maintenance of, 540, 552

legal recognition of supernatural, 365 legal-bureaucratic system, 125, 141 Liang dynasty, 352

literati class, 235, 238, 241, 537

Manchu conquest, 19, 30, 245, 357 Mandate of Heaven ideology, 124, 234, 540-1, 544

Manichaeism, 51, 355, 360

messianic rebellions, 361

military tradition, 13, 126, 536 farmers trained as militia, 228, 231

China (cont.)

and loyalty of military, 230-1

and ownership of weapons, 231, 232, 238, 240

trained violence, 228-46

military violence, 31

Northern Qi dynasty, 132

Northern Wei dynasty, 28, 131

Northern Zhou dynasty, 132 patrimonialism, 125

political ritual in foreign relations,

542- 3, 553

political violence, 123-41

and power, 123-4

proverbs, 46

Qing dynasty, 30

relations with Inner Asia, 3, 541-3, 553 religion and violence, 349-66 religious rebellions, 352-3, 360-2 representations of violence, 531 rise of high culture, 537, 553

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 364,

543- 545

self-mutilation and suicide, 547-50, 553 Shang dynasty, 552 state violence, 136-40, 233

succession struggles, 124, 126-31, 140

Sui dynasty, 7, 132

supernatural

and concept of hell(s), 359, 365 cults of dead warriors, 357 legal recognition of, 365 perception of enemies as demons, 358, 364-6

trade networks, 8, 39

Western Jin dynasty, 127, 240

Yuan dynasty, 238-42, 246

Zhou dynasty, 135

see also Buddhism; China, Ming dynasty; China, Song dynasty; China, Tang dynasty; Chinese army; Daoism; Jurchen; Kitan; Mongols

China, Ming dynasty (1368-1644), 229, 242-5, 246

collective violence, 243

court violence, 243

defeat by Manchus, 19, 30, 245, 357 and ‘Eternal Mother' sect, 363

Great Wall, 244 hereditary military households, 229,

243, 244

and Mongols, 244

and Red Turban uprising, 362

Tumu Incident, 244

China, Song dynasty (960-1270), 8, 43, 47, 56, 234-8

Chanyuan Covenant (1005), 234 culture, 235

Fang La rebellion, 8, 51-5, 360 Former Song dynasty, 127 and Jin, 237 martial arts performances, 235, 236, 237 military, 46-51, 234, 236 baojia system, 235 professional army, 229, 235

Mongol invasions, 4, 5, 238, 357 rebellions against Mongol rule, 242 and rise of Mongols, 237, 357 Southern Song, 236-8 and Tang legal code, 137

China, Tang dynasty (618-90; 705-907), 38-55,

231- 4, 245

An Lushan Rebellion, 32, 45, 55, 140, 233 aristocracy, 44, 537 cultural heritage, 38 defeat by Abbasids, 4 fall of (907), 129, 233 female self-mutilation, 549 fubing system (farmer/soldier), 44-5, 229,

232- 3, 245

Huang Chao insurgency, 8, 38-41, 43 Later Tang dynasty, 130 legal code, 137-8, 364 military violence, 31 police force, 42 political power of eunuchs, 129 and reunification, 133-4 succession conflicts, 128-9 ‘Sweet Dew Incident', 129

Chinese army, 47 conscription, 46, 49 decline under Ming, 244-5 defections and desertions, 49 effect of destruction of aristocracy on,

44, 45

fubing system (farmer/soldier), 44-5, 229, 232-3, 245 hereditary military households, 229, 243 horse archery, 231, 241 and loyalty to dynasty, 230-1 and military ethics, 538 northern dynasties, 126 penalties for failures, 139 professionalisation of, 46, 229 public view of, 49, 50, 537 public works labour, 54

reliance on, 43

Song baojia system, 235 and steppe cavalry, 229, 231 tattooing, 49-50 training, 238, 240, 244 violence of, 31, 46-51, 55

Chinggis Khan (Temujin), 20, 22

Buddhist view of, 361

campaigns, 32

Great Yasa law code, 24 rivalry with Jamuqa, 25 wars between descendants, 21 chivalric violence, 412, 426-45

and chivalric codes, 429

and holy war, 435

and honour, 268, 269

in just cause, 433

and knightly suffering, 438-9 as prowess with honour, 430, 432 religious valorisation, 435-40 and warfare, 268, 441-5

chivalry, 249

chivalric orders, 441, 442

ideology, 430-5 literature of, 429, 437 and piety of knights, 434, 436 as reformist code, 428

Romantic representation of, 426-7 treatises on, 428, 433 see also crusades; knights

Chramnesind, feud with Sichar, 250

Christi Leiden in einer Vision geschaut (German Passion tract, 1350), 670, 673

Christian violence, 470-90

against Christian heretics, 481-5

against Jews, 472-81

against Muslims, 485-8

and construction of other, 470-2 as ethically neutral, 416 ideology of, 471-2

justification of, 334, 489, 496-8

see also Albigensian Crusade; Baltic Crusades; crusading violence Christianity

Byzantine emperors as arbiters of doctrine, 289-91, 309

development of view of Jews as enemies of Christians, 476

and divine justice, 333, 436

and fear of Muslim states, 487-8 hegemony in western Europe, 478, 489 Japan, 384

and loving intention, 416, 421

pacifism of, 333, 435

and penitential warfare, 417 perceived influence of saints, 333 and pilgrimage, 418 problems of doctrine, 290 and suffering, 418 view of Islam, 470, 487

and violence in medieval Europe, 333-5, 416, 424

violent imagery of, 415, 645 and warfare, 3, 413 see also church; crusades; papacy

Christians, conversion to Judaism, 478 Christine de Pisan, 428, 433

Chunqi, consort of Abaoji, 30 church

and aristocratic violence, 255-6

and Byzantine cult of saints, 501

Byzantine theologians, 499

Byzantine view of just war, 498-505 and defensive warfare, 505 denial of burial to suicides, 343 in France, 84

and heresy courts, 478, 483-4, 485 and killing of non-Christians, 88 and knightly piety, 436 and monarchy, 84, 255 and penance, 88

prayers of intercession, 333

reform movement (eleventh century), 417 rejection of view of soldiers as martyrs, 506 and sanctuary (asylum), 188, 334, 341, 495 and social order, 88

and violence in medieval Europe, 333-5 and warfare, 88

see also heresy; papacy

Ciompi Revolt, Florence, 7

Circassian peoples, recruited as fighters, 6 cities

fortified (Europe), 86

Italian, 85, 92, 256

Mongol treatment of, 20

Netherlands, 256

civil wars, 7

and changes of dynasty in China, 131, 133-4 see also Japan, Warring States period civilians

attacks on forbidden in Islam, 466 chivalric warfare and, 440, 441, 443, 444, 445 effect of European warfare on, 278-83, 284 forced relocation of, 14

nomadic violence against, 31-3, 63 violent response to soldiery, 279

Clavijo, battle of, 651, 653

Clement IV, pope, Turbato corde (1267), 478 Clement of Sasima, bishop, 304

Clovis, king of Franks, 79, 80

Cnut, king of England, 105,113,117 Cohen, Esther, 203

coins, Umayyad imagery on, 577 collective (communal) violence

against heretics, 482, 485

against Jews, 476, 478-9

Buddhism and, 353

in Constantinople, 288

lynching of Andronikos I, 309

Ming China, 243

Cologne, burning of heretics, 303 community

and domestic violence, 320

and law enforcement, 192

and legal authority, 191

Commynes, Philippe de, 278

Confucianism, 246, 538-9

benevolence (ren), 538 righteousness (yi), 538, 545 ritual propriety (li), 538 and Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 544

Constance, Council of (1415), 483

Constantine I, emperor, 290, 498

adoption of Christianity, 289, 497

Edict of Toleration (313), 497

Constantine V, emperor, 500, 508 Constantinople

mass arrest of Venetians, 306 massacre of the Latins (1182), 287-8 sack of (1204), 10, 415, 436 siege (1396), 95

siege and fall (1453), 96, 97, 492

see also Byzantium

Cordoba, Umayyad caliphate of, 486 Cordoba, Gonzalo de, 275

corpses, left on battlefield (Viking), 115, 118 Cosse-Brissac, Marshal Charles de, 276,

277

Courtrai, Battle of (1302), 92

Crecy, Battle of (1346), 93, 444

use of cannon, 97

crime

and law in Europe, 185-203 origin of word, 185 penance for, 495 ‘public', 189, 190

in Roman law, as public misdemeanour, 189

see also executions; heresy; homicide; property crime; punishments; rape; suicide

cross, Christian

as crusading symbol, 413 imperial Byzantine military, 501 as symbol of Byzantine warfare, 498, 507 cruelty, Christian view of, 415, 422, 439 crusades, 7, 89-91, 411-24

against heresy, 483

against pagans in northern Europe, 94, 414 Barons' Crusade, 91

and defence of Christendom, 420 definition of, 412 effect on European warfare, 89, 414 Fifth Crusade, 91

First Crusade, 89, 300, 411, 412 and Gesta Francorum, 418 rogue attack on Jews in Rhineland, 474

Fourth Crusade, 10, 91, 423, 503

last (1572-73), 412

and military orders, 90, 412, 420 multinational leagues, 414, 424 penitential character of, 412, 413, 417 and remission of sins, 412, 417 Second Crusade, 421 and symbolism of cross, 413 Third Crusade, 91, 478 crusading violence, 412

against ‘enemies of Christ', 422-3 against non-Christians, 412, 413, 474 brutality of, 414

community function of, 420-2, 423 conceptual justification for, 415 as imitatio Christi, 414, 418-19 as ‘not cruelty but piety', 415, 439 papal authorisation, 412, 414 as spiritually beneficial, 413, 416, 424, 506 and suffering, 418 types of warfare, 414 unauthorised, 415 victory as military triumph, 418 see also Christian violence

Cundi, Tantric goddess, 362 customary law, Europe, 186-90, 193, 194 Cyprus, as crusader state, 412

Daian-ji temple, Nara, 370 dancing, in Aztec festival vigils, 400 Dandolo, Enrico, Venetian doge, 10 Daniel, Norman, 164

Daoism

avoidance of conflict, 539 conflict with Buddhists, 361 and control of supernatural forces, 354 deities, 358 ghost soldiers, 350, 351 and human sacrifice, 354 and portrayal of violence, 16 and self-inflicted violence, 353 and state, 356, 364

texts, 350

Thunder Magic text, 358 and violent apocalypse, 356

Daowu, Northern Wei emperor, 128 Dargazini, Seljuq vizier, 174

David, assault on the Amelakites, 651,

652

David, king of Scotland, 445

Daylami, life of Ibn Khafif, 74 Dean, Trevor, 342

Dehodencq, Alfred, ‘Execution of a Moroccan Jewess', 164

deities

Chinese Buddhism, 359

Daoism, 358

native Japanese, 369-71

deities, Aztec, 392, 396, 397

human sacrifices to, 397-400 re-enactment of death of, 397 transfer of energy to, 398-9, 408 violence of, 396

della Ciarda, Bernardino, 651

demons

China, 358, 364-6, 551

in European art, 596-8

Deventer, Netherlands, Viking raid, 108 Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, 523

Diessenhofen, Heinrich von, chronicler,

476, 480

disease

after battles, 275

plague, 281

disloyalty, as crime in Japan, 156, 157-8

Dolcino of Novara, and Marguerite, heretics, 485

domestic violence

Byzantium, 494

China, 545

community involvement, 320

Europe, 190, 335-8

in Islam, in adab (ethical precepts), 319-24 legal limits on, 336

prosecution of, 190, 202 wife-beating, 313 see also marriage; women

Donnan, Christopher, 398

Dorestad, Frisia, Viking raid, 117

DouJiande, rebel, 133

Dreux, Battle of (1562), 269

Dreyer, Edward L.

du Bellay, Guillaume, 269

du Bellay, Martin, 273, 281

du Rreulx, comte de, 282

duels, judicial, 197

Duplin Moor, Battle of (1332), 93

Duran, Diego, 391

Duverger, Christian, 400

Earley, John of, 432

East Anglia, kingdom of, 103 economies

Japan, 222-4

and nomadic violence, 34-6

Edessa, crusader state, 89

Edward I, king of England, 195

campaigns against Welsh and Scots, 93 expulsion of Jews (1290), 479

Edward III, king of England

campaigns in France, 444

military tactics, 93

Egypt, 10

Fatimid caliphate, 8, 89, 180

Saladin and, 91

Egypt, Mamluk sultanate, 6, 10, 95,

175

metalware, 595

torture and state violence, 168, 175-80

El Palmar, Guatemala, Maya child sacrifice, 526

El Zotz, Guatemala, Maya child sacrifice, 527, 529

Eleanor, lady of Vendome, 261

Elias, Norbert, 249, 331

The Civilizing Process, 629

elites

Chinese aristocracy, 44, 45, 537 culture, 3

early medieval Europe, 249, 250,

257

Japanese, 144, 210, 372, 375 knights as, 87 local powerholders in Iran, 73-5, 76 and provision of armies, 251 relations with kings, 250 and social order, 88 see also seigneurial (aristocratic) violence

Ella, king of Northumberland, 118

Elukin, Jonathan, 472, 489

Enghien, duc d', 273

England

Anglo-Saxon conquest, 79

anti-Jewish riots, 478

aristocratic violence, 262-4

baronial rebellions, 263

centralised state administration, 6,190, 262

Chancery (court of equity), 193 convictions for murder, 340, 341

Danelaw, 103

expulsion of Jews (1290), 479

limits on aristocratic feud (Anglo-Saxon law codes), 252

payment of Danegeld, 105, 110

Peasants' Revolt (Great Rising) (1381), 7 permanent garrisons, 94 procedures for land disputes, 263 royal government, 2, 256 rules of inheritance, 263

treatment of suicide, 343

use of longbow, 93-4

Viking raids, 9, 101, 102, 104-5

see also Hundred Years War

English common law, 186, 187-8 Enryaku-ji monastery, 373, 375, 384

and Pure Land movement, 380, 382 equity, concept of, 193

Ermentarius, abbot, on Viking raids, 104, 117 Erzhu Rong, Northern Wei general, 131 Eschenbach, Wolfram von, Parzival, 627-8 Eteriano, Hugh, Against the Patarenes, 303, 305 Ethelred, king of England, 105, 110 ethnicity

Byzantium, 288-9, 307

China, 124

Eugenios Zigabenos, monk, Dogmatic Panoply, 291, 292

Europe

armies, 79-98

crime and law, 185-203

customary law, 193, 194

and fear of violence, 344

legal records, 332

military power and violence (late medieval), 267-85

personal political power, 264

reputation for violence in Middle Ages, 330-2, 624-6, 645-7

seigneurial (aristocratic) violence, 248-65 state administration, 6, 256

trade, 9

see also art; England; France; Germany;

Italy; literature; Spain

Eusebius of Caesarea, 498

Euthymios of Sardis, 302 executioners

forgiveness of, 197 Islamic jallad, 169 executions and death penalties

Byzantium, 494 hanging, 6 of rebel leaders, 140 for theft, 187 see also executions and death penalties,

China; executions and death penal­ties, Islamic Middle Period executions and death penalties, China cutting in half at waist, 138 decapitation, 137 slicing, 138 strangulation, 137 wrapped in carpet and trampled by horses

(Mongol), 241 executions and death penalties, Islamic

Middle Period, 164-82 by bisection (tawsit), 178 burning, 173, 174 of corpses, 173, 174 crucifixion and gibbeting (salb), 174,

176-7, 620 decapitation, 175 flaying alive, 179-80 hanging, 176 Mamluk Egypt, 175, 182 and parading of body parts, 179 public performance of, 178 stoning heretics, 172-3 sexual crimes, 171,176 thrown from heights, 175 trampling by elephants, 174 exile

punishment in Byzantium, 494 punishment in China, 137

fama (rumour), Roman law and, 199 Fang La rebellion, Song China, 8, 51-5, 360 Fatimid caliphate

Egypt, 8, 89

use of flaying alive, 180

Fei, Western Wei emperor, 132 Feng Changqing, general, 139 Ferdinand, king of Spain, and Queen

Isabella, 478

conquest of Granada, 488 expulsion of Jews (1492), 479

Ferrer, Vincent, friar, 476

feudalism, 253

English ‘bastard', 263

origins of, 81

feuds

in Germany, 200, 201, 258-60

law and, 187

legal regulation of, 200, 342

and peace-making (early Middle Ages), 250-2, 259

and seigneurial (aristocratic) violence, Europe, 248, 249

within nomadic society, 21, 22-7, 33 women and, 23, 249, 250, 254, 261 see also vendetta

fiefs (grants of land and castles), 253

filial piety (China), 548-9

Flanders

comital power, 201

invasion of Hainault, 86

Viking raids, 101

Fletcher, Joseph, 27

Florence

Ciompi Revolt, 7

secondary vendetta, 342 vendetta in, 200

Flori, Jean, 445

‘flyting', poetic jousting competitions, 607 Focillon, Henri, 657

Foix-Armagnac feud, 200

Fornovo, Battle of (1495), 274 fortifications

cities, 86

as place of refuge, 14

see also castles

Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish, 331 Fournier, Jacques, bishop of Pamiers, 477 Fourquevaux, Raimond, baron de, 270 France, 6, 84, 253, 260

army, 270, 271

Carolingian, 81, 188, 251 church in, 255

Compagnies d'Ordonnance, 94 customary law, 193, 194

and dispute resolution (conventum), 253-5 expulsion of Jews (1306), 479 feuds in, 200, 250, 252

Jacquerie rebellion, 7 jurisdictions, 195 local seigneurs (counts/comtes), 253 and Low Countries, 92, 280-3 low-level violence in war regions, 283 mauvais garfons, 279-80 military hospitals, 276

militias, 279

population, 269

prosecution of seigneurial war-makers, 261 remission (of punishment), 192

royal government, 256, 260

royal pardons, 192, 262

seigneurial violence, 260-2 taxation, 270, 272

Viking raids, 101,103,104

violence by women, 338

wars with Habsburg empire, 269-72, 281 see also Albigensian Crusade; Franks;

Hundred Years War

France, John, 416

Francis of Assisi, St, 626

Francis I, king of France, 271

Battle of Pavia, 272, 275

and mauvais garfons, 279

Frankish army, 80

cavalry, 79

size of, 81

Franks, 80, 81

description by Usama ibn Munqidh, 611-12 punishments, 188

succession disputes, 79

see also France

Fredegund, queen, 250

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 91,

486, 488

Muslim bodyguards, 488

freemen, military obligations, 79, 82 Froissart, Jean, 443

Fujiwara leyasu, estate resident, 220 Fukano-myo estate, Japan, 214

Fulda, German monastery, 108

Fulk the Black of Anjou, 88

Fulrad, abbot of Saint-Quentin, 82 Furstenberg, Wilhelm von, 276

Galicia, Irmandinos rebellion, 7

Gao Huan, and Eastern Wei state, 131

Gao Kaidao, rebel, 134

Gao Xianzhi, general, 139

Gaozong, Tang emperor, 128,135, 139 Gaozu, Tang emperor, 128

Garigliano, battles for (1503), 275

Gautier, Leon, 427

Gauvard, Claude, 203, 332, 344

Genghis Khan see Chinggis Khan

Genoa, 10

attack on bastion (1507), 274

Genso, bandit, 220

Geoffrey le Baker, chronicler, 444

Germany, 83,194

church and monarch, 84

customary law, 193

feuding, 200, 201, 258-60 jurisdictional rights, 195 local lordships, 253

political fragmentation, 253, 256

torture and killing of Jews (1348-49), 476 and wars against pagans, 94

Gesta Francorum, on First Crusade, 418

Ghazan, Mongol Il-khan, 63, 65

Ghaznavid dynasty, Khurasan, 6, 60

armies, 61, 71

use of barat tax cheques, 64 ghazwa raiding technique, 14 Ghent, feuding, 201 ghosts

in Chinese literature, 551-2

in Daoism, 350

propitiation of, 351

Ghuzz rebellion, against Türkmen (1153), 73 Gillingham, John, 442

Given, James, 330

Go-Daigo, Japanese emperor, 148, 149

and War of Northern and Southern Courts, 558, 565

Go-Saga, Japanese emperor, 558 Go-Shirakawa, Japanese emperor, 374 Go-Toba, Japanese emperor, 146

‘Golden Book' (Codex aureus) (Gospel Book), stolen by Vikings, 111

Golden Horde, 10, 26

‘Good Men and Women' see Cathars

Gothic Wars (535-54), 79

Gottschalk of Orbais, 481

Goya, Francisco, Los desastres de la guerra, 654 ‘grace par mariage subsequent', 198

Graf, Urs, Schlachtfeld, 654

Granada

Muslim kingdom of, 164, 486

Spanish conquest of (1492), 488

Grand Catalan Company (mercenaries), 92 Gratian, Christian theorist, 416

Decretum (c.1140), 477

Gregory VII, pope, 416, 417

Gregory IX, pope

Decretals, 337

and heretics, 483, 484

Grimnismal (Viking eddic poem), 115 Gringore, Pierre, 272

Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, 479 Guan Yu (god of war), in Chinese art, 536 Guangzhou, massacre (879), 8, 39

Gui, Bernard, inquisitor, 484, 485 Guibert of Nogent, 487 Guiscard, Robert, Norman adventurer, 300 Guise, Cardinal de, 276 Guizhang, act of luan, 47 gunchujo, report of loyal military service (Japan), 559-63, 564, 573 gunpowder

effect on Chinese warfare, 357 first use in Europe, 96 and handguns, 97 problems of, 96

Guthrum, Viking chieftain, 103

Hadith (teachings of Prophet Muhammad), 2, 458-64, 619

martyrdom in, 461-2 and violence, 11 Hadrian IV, pope, 304 Hainaut, invasion by Flanders, 86 Hale, J.

Harald Hardrada, king of Norway, 105 Harner, Michael, 407

Harold Godwinson, king of England, 105, 650 Harris, Marvin, 407

Hasanwayh, Kurdish lord, 74

Hastings, Battle of (1066), 86, 105 Hattin, Battle of (1187), 90 Hauberg stela (Maya), 521 Hawkwood, Sir John, 92 heart sacrifice

of animals (Inca), 394

Aztec, 392, 403 hell(s) see underworld Helmholz, Richard, 336

Henri II, king of France, 267, 276

Henry I, king of England, 86

Henry II, king of England, 86, 441

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 84, 417

Henry of Huntingdon, 117

Henry of Lancaster, 438

Henry of Lausanne, 482

Henry, the Young King (son of Henry II),

432, 437

Heraclius, emperor, 499

Herat, Battle of (1270), 25

heresy

Byzantine trials for, 288, 291, 308 as capital crime in Islam, 173

Christian courts of inquisition, 478, 483-4, 485

conflation of sacrilege and high treason, 293 definition of, 292-8, 481

ecclesiastical justifications of, 482, 485 opinion on punishment by burning, 305 and reform movements, 482

heretics

brutality of violence against, 484 burning at stake, 303, 482 categories of, 295

Christian violence against, 481-5 death penalty for, 484 identification of, 298-301 persecution of, 289, 302-6 punishment of, 334 return to orthodoxy, 471 torture of, 483

Hermogenes of Tarsus, 662

Herod, king, massacre of the innocents, 663-70

heroism

Chinese literary heritage of, 8 legendary heroes in art, 581, 585, 586, 587, 593

Hesdin

attack on (1472), 281

campaign (1522-53), 277, 282

Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 384

Hiranodono estate, Japan, 215, 221 Hiroshi, Kobayashi, 156 historiography

of Byzantium and Sasanids, 5

Middle Ages, 185 nomadic peoples, 5

History of the Song (Songshi), 47

Hojo, Japanese warrior clan, 558, 559

mass suicide by seppuku, 567-8, 570 Hojo Masako, wife of first shogun, 558 Holmbjorn, Swedish chieftain, 113 Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg wars with

France, 269-72, 281

homicide

as crime of passion, 192, 202

and flight of murderers, 340

of husband by wife, 338

intentional, in Islamic law of talio, 166-7 by jealous husband, 322 monetary compensation for, 187, 341 prosecution of (medieval Europe), 340-3 as public crime, 190

punishment (Byzantium), 495 self-defence, 341 serial killing, 342-3 use of ‘murder' for premeditation, 341 and vendetta, 341-2

homicide rates, 332

Honen, Buddhist thinker, 377

and Pure Land Buddhism, 380-1

Hongan-ji, Pure Land Buddhist centre,

382, 384

honour

Byzantium, 507

China, 535

and chivalric warfare, 268, 269

and Germanic feuds, 258

Islamic, 322, 603, 615

and prowess (of chivalric knight), 430, 432

and rights of men over wives, 336

and shame, 433, 434, 507

honourable housemen, Japan, 146, 147

Hoppenbrouwers, Peter, 330

Horik, king of Denmark, 102

hospitality, and king's protection, 188

Hou Jing, Northern Qi military governor, 134

Huaca Rajada tombs, Sipan, Andes, 403

Huai River, China, 238

Huang Chao, 40

death, 40

insurgency (Tang China), 8, 38-41, 43, 233 Hugh, castellan of Lusignan, dispute with William of Poitou, 253-5

Hugh Eteriano, Against the Patarenes, 303, 305 Huizinga, Johan, 269, 330

Huizong, Song emperor, 52

Hulegu, founder of Ilkhanate, 26, 33 human sacrifice

Chinese tales of, 357

Daoism, 354

female, 28

see also human sacrifice, in Americas human sacrifice, in Americas, 390-409

to accompany dead rulers, 403, 527

Aztec, 394-6, 397-400, 407

and blood of victims, 398

and burial rites, 398, 402-4

and cannibalism, 401-2, 407

capacocha child sacrifice, 394 categories of victims, 395, 408 depictions of, 392 and dying like a god, 397-8

human sacrifice, in Americas (cont.)

as entertainment, 406

heart sacrifice, 392, 394, 403

Inca, 394

manufacture of relics, 401

Maya, 398, 403, 527, 529-32 meanings of, 396-400 methods of killing, 396, 527, 529

burning, 529 decapitation, 398 flaying, 399, 531 throat-cutting, 395, 398

objectives of, 408-9

occasions for, 396

and prestige of death, 394, 405 scaffolds in Maya ritual, 530 sensory experience, 530 slaves, 395, 403, 405, 408, 529 and social power relations, 404 and transfer of energy to gods, 398-9, 408 war captives, 395, 399, 404, 408, 529, 531 see also auto-sacrifice (bloodletting); Aztec empire; child sacrifice; Maya; ritual violence

Hundred Years War, 93

and conflicting jurisdictions, 195

England and, 4,14, 263

and property crimes, 203

raiding in France, 443

warfare, 94

Hungary, 95

Mongol invasion, 19

wars with Ottomans, 95-6

Hunt, Margaret, 313

Hus, Jan, 483 al-Husayn ibn ‘Ali, 616 Hyodo, Hiromi, 566

Ibbetson, David, 194

Iberian peninsula

military orders, 420

Muslim conquest, 11, 83, 486

violence against Muslims, 486, 487, 488

Visigothic kingdom, 473

see also Castile; Portugal; Spain

Ibn Abd Rabbih, al- ‘Iqd al-farid, 320

Ibn Abi Shayba, Musannaf, 459, 460

Ibn ‘Abidin, jurist, 167,169

Ibn al-Anbari, poem, 620

Ibn Baqiyya, Muhammad ibn Muhammad, crucifixion of, 620

Ibn Battuta, 9

Ibn Fadlan, chronicler, 111, 178

Account of mission to the Rus, 610-11

Ibn Farhun, jurist, 167

Ibn Hajar, jurist, 174, 178

Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, flogging of,

619-20

Ibn al-Humam, jurist, 167

Ibn Iyas, 180

Ibn al-Jawzi, chronicler, 173, 619

Ibn Kathir, exegete, 455

Ibn Khafif, military governor, 73

Ibn Khaldun, 13

Ibn al-Nafis, Mamluk courtier, 168,

175

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, jurist, 167

Ibn al-Rumi, funeral ode for Basra,

617-618

Ibn Taymiyya, jurist, 167, 169

Ibn al-Zayyat, Abbasid vizier, 170

Ibrahim bin Mas‘ud, Ghaznavid sultan,

174

iconoclasm, as heresy (second crucifixion of Christ), 295, 296, 297

Ifriqiya (Tunisia), 5

Ilkhanate, 26

Ilkhanids, Mongol rulers, visual imagery, 589, 592

‘Inan, slave woman, 323

Inca empire (Andes), 390

animal sacrifice, 394

capacocha child sacrifice, 394

compared with Aztec, 407-8 human sacrifice, 394

see also Akapama; Moche; Nasca incense, Maya, 520

Ine, king of Wessex, law code, 188

Inner Asia

charismatic leaders, 28

and China, 3, 541-3, 553

escalation of violence within, 22-7 factional wars, 30

political violence, 27-30 attempts to curb, 30

rise of empires, 19-22

see also China; nomadic empires

Innocent III, pope, 337

and Albigensian Crusade, 436, 482 on forced conversion of Jews, 477 Maiores ecclesie (1201), 477

Innocent IV, pope, 483

L'Institut Religieux et Militaire des Freres Armes du Sahara, 412

interpersonal violence

law and, 198, 201

Middle Ages, 625

see also collective violence; feuds; homi­cide; vengeance

Iran, 58-77

art, 583-8, 595

local powerholders, 73-5, 76 muqta‘, sultan's representative, 73 shihna military governors, 73 see also armies, Iran; Sistan

Irmandinos rebellion, Galicia, 7

Islam

apostasy, 166, 167

Christian view of, 470

and depictions of violence, 15, 576-99

and figural imagery, 576-7 heresy as capital crime, 173 Hijazi scholars, 460 and inviolability of human body, 615-21 pre-Islamic conception of time, 603 Seljuqs and, 170

in Spain, 11

Sunni-Shi‘a conflicts, 2, 8

and war against non-Muslims, 454-5 and wars with Roman Christians, 499 see also Islamic period; jihad; Qur'an Islamic law (Sharia), 2

capital crimes, 166, 176

discretionary punishments (ta‘zif), 167, 180 doctrine of governance in accordance with Sharia, 169

Hanafi school, 317, 465

Hanbali school, 317, 619 illegitimate violence (hiraba), 467 and international law, 462-3, 464, 467 jihad in, 12, 464-7

and just conduct in war, 466-7

legal rights of women, 317

Maliki school, 317, 461 norms of criminal law, 165-6 and Realpolitik, 464, 467

Shafi‘i school, 465

statutory punishments (hadd), 166, 180 talio, 166-7

and torture, 167, 171, 181

Islamic period

authoritarianism, 169

civil wars, 7

level of violence, 2

Mamluk period, 454

Meccan period, 449-51

Medinan period, 4, 449, 451-7 military governments, 168 political theory, 168-9

pre-Islamic ‘Age of Ignorance', 449

siyasa‘ (capital) punishment, 168,180, 181 source material, 313

‘Sunni internationalism', 165

torture and public execution in Middle Period, 164-82

Isma‘ilis

persecution for heresy, 173

rebellion against Fatimid caliphate (Egypt), ⁸

Italy

Byzantium and, 287, 300-1 city-states, 85, 92, 256

Gothic Wars (535-54), 79, 80

Muslim population in southern, 486 police forces, 340

vendetta, 192, 200, 342

wars, 92

see also Bologna; Florence; Milan; Perugia; Pistoia; Sicily; Venice

ius commune, development of, 189

Ivar, Viking chieftain, 118 Ivo of Chartres, 416, 421 ‘Izz al-Dawla, amir, 620 ‘Izz al-Din Kay Kawus, Rum Seljuq sultan, 170

Jacquerie rebellion, France, 7 al-Jahiz, On the Upstarts, 616-17 James, St, and Battle of Clavijo, 651, 653 Jami‘ al-tavarikh (‘Compendium of

Chronicles'), Persia, illustrations, 589, 590

Jamil ibn Ma‘mar, love poetry, 608 Jamuga, rivalry with Chinggis Khan, 25 Japan, 143-61, 207-26

agriculture, 223

attempted Mongol invasions, 147, 222, 239, 558

bakufu warrior government, 558

Buddhism and violence, 368-88 centralisation, 222, 557

and weakening of central state, 207, 208-11

concept of celestial rule, 558, 564-6

concept of violence in, 143 legitimate and illegitimate, 211, 215,

225 offensive/defensive distinction, 152,

153, 158

public and private acts, 144, 160 wars as change (hen), 565 wars as disorder (ran), 565, 570

Daisho ikki uprising, 382

Japan (cont.)

depiction of mutilation and dismemberment, 556-74

estates, 212-16, 224

border conflicts, 214-16, 225 mobilisation schemes, 216-22 famines, 223

Genko era, 565

Genpei War (1183-5), 146, 374, 558 gunchujo, report of loyal military service, 559-63, 564, 573

hanzei (half-tax decrees), 152, 153

Heian period, 209, 371-6

Hojen Disturbance (1156), 374

ikko ikki uprisings, 382 influence of landowners, 209, 210, 212, 224 Insei period, 376-80

intra-elite conflicts, 144, 372, 375

Jokyu Disturbance (1221), 146

Kamakura period (first shogunate), 146,

208, 209, 211, 222, 380-1

legal formularies, 145

Joei shikimoku, 145, 146-8, 155

Kenmu shikimoku, 145, 148-54

Mikawa ikki, 383

militias and vigilantism, 224

Muromachi period (second shogunate), 149, 381-4

Nara period, 370-1

outcast groups, 213 bandits, 207, 214, 215

patronage networks, 144, 208 population growth, 223 powers of provincial governors, 151-2 punishment of violent disputes, 159, 161 punishments for waging war, 152 religious peasant revolts, 381-4 reward system for warriors, 218, 220,

559

self-redress, 145, 158

and seppuku, 567-71, 574 shogunates, 144, 160 see also Kamakura period; Muromachi per­iod (above)

slave trade (Kyushu), 10

social and economic changes, 222-4 state-sanctioned violence, 143 villages, 212, 221, 224

War of Northern and Southern Courts

(1330s-1390s), 556, 557-9

warriors (professional licensed), 144, 208,

209, 213, 225

see also akuso, Buddhist warrior monks;

Buddhism, in Japan; Japan, Warring States period

Japan, Warring States period (1467-1615) (Time of Civil Wars 1470-1580), 154-9 Chosogabe daimyo house, law code, 146,

156, 157

Christians in, 384 daimyoo (warlords), 145, 155, 158-9

Date daimyoo house, law code, 146, 155, 156,

157, 159

Imagawa daimyoo house, law code, 146, 155, 159, 161

Ishiyama War, 383, 384 military governors, 154 penal law, 155 penalties, 156

Shimabara religious revolt, 384

Takeda daimyoo house, law codes, 146, 159 Tembun War, 382 violent crimes, 155

Yuki daimyo house, law code, 146, 156, 157, 159

Jaume I, king of Aragon and Valencia, 488 Jean II le Bon, king of France, 260, 429 Jean le Bel, chronicler, 442, 443

Jerome, St, on crusading as ‘not cruelty but piety', 415, 422

Jerusalem

crusader state, 89 and Fourth Crusade, 10 sack of (1099), 414 and Third Crusade, 91

Jews

attack on Jews in Rhineland (1096), 474 and ‘blood libel', 475 communal violence against, 476, 478-9 crusading violence against, 412, 415 forcible conversion of, 473, 476-8 mass expulsions of, 479-80 role of state in persecution, 478-9 secular protections, 473, 475 as servi of kings, 473 tales of ritual murder by, 475 and usury, 474

Jiangnan region, China, 52

Jiankang, city of razed (581), 7 siege of (549), 134

Jie, Chinese Xia emperor, 566

Jien, Tendai monk, Gukan-sho, 374, 377 jihad, 11, 448-68

Byzantine rejection of concept of, 505-9 complexity of term, 448

greater and lesser, 463

in Hadith works, 458-64

and international law, 462-3,

464

in legal works, 12, 464-7

military interpretations, 451, 453 non-violent sense (Meccan period),

449-451

Qu'ranic discourse, 11, 448,

450

and Realpolitik, 464, 465

as striving (Qur'an 22:76), 450

theory of offensive, 454, 466

violent reputation, 164

see also Islam; Islamic law (Sharia); Qu'ran

Jingzong, Tang emperor, 129

Jitsunyo, Pure Land movement, 382

Joao II, king of Portugal, 480

expulsion of Jews (1497), 479

John of Damascus, 506

John Grammatikos, iconoclast, 296, 297

John I, Byzantine emperor, 302

John III Vatatzes, emperor, 503

John of Salisbury, 428, 433, 631

John ‘the Italian', trial for heresy, 298, 299,

301

Journey to the West, Chinese novel, 363 jousts

between ‘champions' (France), 269 tournament, 432 judicial systems

accusatorial, 189

and burden of proof, 189

Europe, 256

inquisitorial, 189,197

Japan, 210

source materials, 201

see also justice; law; law codes judicial violence, Japan, 211-12 Jurchen Jin dynasty, 19, 29, 236, 240, 357,

361

armies, 241, 358

Jurchen Jin tribes, 229

Jurfadhaqani, chronicler, 75 justice

abstract, 185, 187

and concept of equity, 193

divine, 333, 436

enforcement of (by ruler), 191

Justinian, emperor

Body of Civil Law (Digest of Roman law), 186, 188, 293

laws on Christian orthodoxy, 290

Kaffa, city of, purchase by Genoa, 10

Kamakura regime, Japan, Joei shikimoku legal formulary, 145,146-8

kami, Japanese native deities, 369-71 and Buddhist honji-suijaku formula, 371

Kammu, Japanese emperor, 371

Kang Daibin, rebel leader, 140

Kanmu, Japanese emperor, 371, 557

Karbala, massacre (680), 463

Karluks, Turkish, 4

Karras, Ruth Mazo, 339

K'atun Ajaw, Maya queen, 532

Kaufringer, Heinrich, The Innocent Murderess, 641-2

Kaykhusraw II, Rum Seljuq sultan, 171 Kennyo, Pure Land leader, 383

K'ex (substitute), Maya concept of, 524

Kharijism (Khawarij) pietist cult of annihilation, 324, 608-9 atrocities by, 609

Khirbat al-Mafjar site, near Jericho, 578,

579

Khubilai Khan, 361

Khurasan, 63

caliphate, 6

conquest by Seljuq Turks, 71

Khusraw II Parviz, Sasanian king, 581

Khwaja Ahrar, 66

Khwarazm-Shah, 32, 63

kinship groups, and feuds, 251

Kirgiz, invasion of Uighur empire, 25

Kirman, Iran, 66

Kitan empire, 24, 34

Kitan peoples, 229

Kitan Liao dynasty

China, 19, 52, 236

war with Song, 234, 357

knights, 87-8

Frankish, 80

piety of, 434

Romantic representation of, 426-7 social origins, 85, 87

see also chivalric violence; crusades

Knights Hospitallers, 90, 420

Knights Templar, 90, 420, 436

Kofuki-ji temple, landowners, 214

Kofuku-ji monastery, 373, 384 burned down, 382 and Pure Land groups, 380

Komnenoi dynasty, Byzantium, 288, 310 and canon law, 305

persecution of heretics, 308

Komyo, Tendai monk, 374

Korea, introduction of Buddhism to

Japan, 369

Kosmas II, patriarch, 304 Kosovo, Battle of (1389), 95 Kumagai Naotsune, gunchujo of, 560, 561 Kurds, and Türkmen nomads, 72 Kuroda estate, Japan, 213, 214, 216

Kyoto, 147, 154, 372, 382

military occupation, 149

La Noue, Francois de, 276

Lambert, Tom, 188 Lanchi Hu people, 140 land stewards, Japan, 146,156

Landfriede, Public Peace agreements, 200, 259 landowners, medieval Japan, 209, 210, 224 absentee, 212, 216

landownership, and serfdom, 88 Langmuir, Gavin, 475, 489 Lanling, Grand Princess, 546 Lateran Council, Fourth (1215), 334 Lateran Council, Third (1179), 88 law

and abstract justice, 185, 187 coercive function, 186, 187 and control of violence, 199-200 and creation of marginal groups, 191 and crime in Europe, 185-203 and definition of crime, 185 early medieval customary, 186-90, 193 negotiating function of, 186, 203 public process of, 190 state and, 185, 189, 201, 257 study of, 188 violent application of, 197 see also English common law; Islamic law;

Roman law

law codes

early Germanic, 187

Europe, 195 Great Yasa, 24 Ine of Wessex, 188

Japanese Warring States period, 154-9 Joei shikimoku legal formulary, 145,146-8 Kenmu shikimoku legal formulary, 145, 148-54

medieval Japan, 211

and private seigneurial feuds, 251 law enforcement, 191

Japan, 211

medieval Europe, 340 law-making, 203 Lay ofKräka, 116

Le Mans, 482

Lea, Henry Charles, 330

Leignitz, Battle of (1241), 91

first use of gunpowder, 96

Leo, castellan of Meung, 256

Leo III, emperor, Ecloga, 500

Leo IV, pope, 417

Leo VI, emperor

Imperial Laws, 293

Tactica, 506, 508

on warfare, 504

Leo Africanus, 179

Leonitios of Balbissa, bishop, 304

Levant

crusader states, 412

crusading tactics, 414

Li Cunxiu, Later Tang emperor, 130

Li Keyong, Later Tang general, 130

Li Quan, bandit, 241

Li Shimin, Tang emperor, 133

Li Siyuan, Later Tang emperor, 130

Li Tan, Shandong governor, 241

Li Yuan, Tang emperor, 133

Liaoshi history, 24

Limor, Ora, 489

Lisbon, conquest of (1147), 421 literature, violence in, 15

as constant in human life, 623-4

Arabic (Islamic), 2, 5, 313, 601-21

adab (ethical precepts), 314

and apocalypse, 604-6

Arabian Nights, 169

ghazal love poetry, 608

hunting poetry, 612-13 illustrated manuscripts, 588

Jami‘ al-tavarikh (‘Compendium of Chronicles'), Persia, 589, 590

Kharijite poetry, 608-9

Mi‘rajnama, 596, 597

Mirrors for Princes, 168, 588

Mun'is al-ahrah fi daqa'iq al-ash‘ar (‘The Free Men's Companion... ') anthology of poetry, 592 on non-human world, 612-15 of remembrance, 606-8 Shahnama, 586, 592-3, 594 on spectacle of violence, 615-21 Tabaqat (biographical dictionary), 316 travellers' accounts of ‘abominations', 609-12

vituperative poetry (hija), 606, 607 warrior poetry, 15, 602

as war against time, 602-4

Buddhist, 16, 349, 351, 356, 361

Byzantine

Christian martyr, 493 hagiographies, 493 military handbooks, 494, 502

Mirrors of princes, 503, 504

Chinese, 349, 359, 363-4, 536

Annals of Lu Buwei, 570

anomaly tales (of supernatural), 551-2

Classic of Filial Piety, 547

depictions of violence, 551

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, novel, 364, 543-5

Shiji, 569

European, 623-43

Beowulf, 112

Boccaccio's Decameron, 640-1

of chivalry, 429, 628 justifiable violence, 628-9, 637-40, 641-2 Kaufringer's The Innocent Murderess, 641-2

lais of Marie de France, 632-5

Mai und Beaflor (justified matricide), 637-40

Nibelungenlied (politically motivated violence), 635-7, 642

Parzival, 627-8

violence in domestic context, 626-7, 632-5

Japanese

Chinese influence in, 566, 568, 569 gunki military tales, 563 Masakadoki, 565

setsuwa, 370

Taiheiki (Records of Grand Pacification),

560, 563-6, 574

Tale of Genji, 569

Tale of the Heike, war tale, 558, 572

Norse skaldic poetry, 112

Viking, 115

Lithuania, 94

Liu Huan, general, 139

Liudprand of Cremona, 501

Livre de jostice et de plet, 197

Llull, Ramon, 428, 433

Lombards, cavalry, 79

London

community and legal authority, 191

St Martin Le Grand church, 334 lordship

as component of political life, 257-8

in England, 263

and political power, 264

and responsibilities for law and order,

257, 264

rights of, 248

Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent, 650

Louis of Hungary and Croatia, king, 654 Louis III, German king, 108

Louis IX, St, king of France, 91, 191,194,

197

limits on private wars, 260

Louis VI, king of France, 256

Louis XI, king of France, 271, 278

Louis XII, king of France, 270, 271, 274

Louise, regent of Savoy, 276 loyalty

Chinese military and, 230-1

as Confucian virtue, 545

and crime of disloyalty (Japan), 156, 157-8 in feudalism, 253

and filial piety (China), 548

oath of allegiance to Byzantium, 306

and reward (Japan), 559-63, 564, 571 seppuku as act of, 570

luan (disorder), concept of, 41-6

etymology, 41

plebianisation of, 55-6

Luo Guanzhong, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 364, 543-5

Luo Menghong, religious reformer, 363 Luoyang, Tang city, 39

Lur people, Iran, 72

MacFarlane, K.

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 270

Maddern, Philippa, 332

Magna Carta (1215), 263

Maguire, Henry, 663

Mahmud, Ghaznavid sultan, 67, 68

Mahmud al-Ilaqi, 172

Mai und Beaflor, tale (c. 1290), 637-40, 642 Maio, amir of Bari, 487

Makhul al-Shami, 460, 464

Malaterra, chronicler, 86

Maldon, Battle of (991), 105

Malik bin Anas, Muwatta, 461, 466 Malikshah, Seljuq sultan, 62, 63, 69,172 Malta, as military order state, 420

Mamalos, burned for heresy, 309

Mamluk sultanate, Egypt, 6, 10, 175 metalware, 595

torture and state violence, 168, 175-80 war with Persia, 95

Mamluks (military slaves of Ayyubids), 91, 175 al-Ma'mun, caliph, 6, 619

Manaulf, Frankish warrior, 79

Manchus, conquest of China, 19, 30

Mandate of Heaven ideology, China, 124, 234,

540-1

Romance of the Three Kingdoms and, 544,

545

Manichaeism

Byzantium and, 303 in China, 51, 355 ‘Teaching of Light', 361

Mansur al-Hallaj, mystic, 173

Manuel I, Byzantine emperor, 302, 303,

306, 308

Marguerite, countess of Comminges, 261 Marie de France, lais, 632-5, 642

Bisclavret, 633

Eliduc, 633-4

Equitan, 632-3

Laustic, 635

Yonec, 634-5

Marignano, Battle of (1515), 268, 275 marriage

China, 546, 550

judicial separation, 337 means of avoiding execution, 198 polygamous (Islam), 318 see also domestic violence; women

Marshal, William, A History of William

Marshal, 428, 441

on piety, 437-8

on prowess and honour, 431-2 on shame, 434-5

Martel-Thoumian, Bernardette, 180 martial arts, China, 245 archery, 231, 237, 241 archery societies, 237 Ming dynasty, 243 public performances, 235,

246

training, 232 wrestling, 242 martyrdom

Christian literature, 493

Christian rejection of soldiers as martyrs, 506 in Hadith, 461-2

Kharijism and, 609 Qur'an and, 457-8, 468 in Shi‘a Islam, 463

Marwanid-Zubayrid conflict, 8 masculinity

China, 8, 535, 547

and domestic role of men, 335, 336 and violence (Japan), 557, 571 see also warriors

massacres

Guangzhou (879), 8, 39 Herod's massacre of the innocents, 663-70 Huang Chao insurrection, 39 of Jews in York, 478 Karbala (680), 463 of the Latins in Constantinople, 287-8 by Mongols, 32 of Muslims in Sicily, 487

Master of the Karlsruhe Passion, panel, 670, 671, 673

Master of the Prayer Books (c.

of imperial consorts (Northern Wei dynasty), 28

Mai und Beaflor, tale (c. 1290), 637-40, 642 al-Mawardi, Ali ibn Muhammad,

The Ordinances of Government, 466 Maya, 515-16 altars, 402, 530 bloodletting (auto-sacrifice), 516-23 ceramic vessels, 526, 530 child sacrifice, 526-9 and divinity of kings, 405 human sacrifice, 398, 403, 527, 529-32 and human souls, 524 incense, 520 memorialisation of war, 531 Motul Dictionary, 519 obligation and repayment, 515, 519, 532 priests, 522 psychoducts, 402 representations of violence, 15 ritual violence, 515-33 depiction of, 532 staged combats, 523 time periods, 522, 527 tombs, 392 use of torture, 400, 531 way spirit beings, 524

Meaux, France, Viking capture of, 103, 111 Mecca

attacked (680), 616 pre-Islamic Ka‘ba shrine, 449, 616 medicine, and treatment of battle injuries, 275-8

Mediterranean, trading rivalries, 10

Mehmed II, sultan, siege of Constantinople,

96, 97

Melitene, burning of heretical texts, 298

Mencius, ConfUcian philosopher, 548

Mercadier, English mercenary, 87 mercenaries, 87

companies, 92

French army, 270

rise of, 85

Mercia, kingdom of, 103

Merovingians, 80 metalware

Mamluk, 595

visual imagery on, 583-5

Metz campaign (1552), 270, 278

Mez, Adam, 181

Mezieres, joust, 269

Michael II, emperor, 302

Michael II, patriarch, 304

Michael III, emperor, 290

Milan

burning of heretics (1028), 482 conquest of (1499), 271 convictions for murder, 340

military hospitals, 276

military orders, 90, 412, 420

and order-states, 420

Minamoto no Yoritomo, and first shogunate,

146, 557

Mingyuan, Northern Wei emperor,

128

Mionoya estate, Japan, 216

Mir Haydar, Mi‘rajnama, 596, 597

Mirrors for Princes

Byzantine, 503, 504

Islamic literature, 168, 588

Moche

elite tombs, 403

human sacrifice, 398

and social power relations, 404 use of torture, 400

Mohi, battle of (1241), 91

Molinet, Jean, 272

monarchs

and consolidation of power, 125

and European church, 255

and European permanent armies, 92-5

Jews as servi, 473

as mediators in feuds, 259

and moral justification of rulership

(China), 123

Muslims as servi, 487

obligations of subjects, 4

personal guards, 94

and punishment for homicide, 188 monarchy

and enforcement of justice, 191

and monopoly of violence, 331 use of fear, 344

monasteries, 108,110, 333

Saint-Vaast, Arras, 101,117 treatment of war wounded in, 276 see also Buddhism, in China; Buddhism, in

Japan

monastic orders, military, 90

Mongke, great khan, 29

Mongol armies

and China, 229

civilian resistance to, 63

military mobilisation and recruitment, 60 military organisation, 6, 239 selective violence against civilians, 20, 32 training, 241

use of barat tax cheques, 65 use of forced labour, 62

Mongol empire (1206-1368), 19 character of rule in China, 239-42, 246 and Chinese culture, 239 failed invasions of Japan, 147, 222, 239, 558 navy, 238 visual imagery, 589 see also China

Mongols

expansion into Song China, 4, 5, 238, 357 feuds and vendettas, 22-4 intra-nomadic conflicts, 25-6 leadership, 239

and Ming dynasty, 244 reputation for violence, 20, 32, 243

monks, as soldiers, 333

Monluc, Blaise de, 269, 273, 275, 276

Mononobe clan, Japan, 369 Mons-en-Pevele, Battle of (1304), 92

Monstrelet, Enguerrand de, Chronique de France, 15

Montpellier, 261

Montsegur, defeat of Cathars at (1244), 483

Moore, R.

morality

Kenmu Formulary emphasis on, 150 women and (Islam), 322-3

Morgan Bible (c. 1250), 651, 652

Moritoki, Akahashi, seppuku by, 569

Mors, Dietrich von, archbishop of

Cologne, 200

Mosul, inlaid metalwork, 584

Mouyu, Uighur khagan, 29 Muhammad bin Tekesh, 63, 73 Muhammad ibn Sa‘d, Tabaqat (biographical dictionary), 316, 318

Muhammad, Prophet

Companions of, 318-19

on greater and lesser jihad, 463

and Hadith, 2, 458-64

on martyrs, 461

Meccan period, 449

Medinan state, 4, 449

persecution by polytheists, 449, 450 prohibition on killing of non-combatants, 466 on treatment of women, 316, 318

Muhammad Siyah Qalam, album of paintings, 596, 598

Mujahid bin Jabr, 456

Mun'is al-ahrah fi daqa'iq al-ash‘ar (‘The Free Men's Companion...'), Persia, 592 al-Muntasir, Samanid ruler, 63

Muqanna‘, prophet, 59 Muqatil ibn Sulayman, 451 al-Muqtadir, Abbasid caliph, 610

Murad I, sultan, 95 murder see homicide

Muromachi regime, Kenmu shikimoku legal formulary, 145,148-54

Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Sahih, 462 Muslims

in Christian military service, 488

Christian violence against, 485-8 conversion to Christianity, 487

Granada, 164, 486

protection of, 486

Sicily, 83, 487, 488

in Spain, 11, 83, 486

in Transoxiana, 4

see also crusading violence; Islam; Islamic period; jihad; Qur'an al-Mu‘tadid, Abbasid caliph, 170 al-Mu‘tasim, Abu Ishaq, caliph, 6, 619 mutilation

depiction of (Japan), 556-74

Islamic law, 167

self-mutilation (China), 547-50, 553

self-mutilation (Maya), 392

severing of extremities (China), 138

see also punishments; torture Myoun, Tendai monk, 374

Nade estate, Japan, 216 Nakatomi clan, Japan, 369 na‘l-baha (payment to foreign armies),

66-7, 76

nambardar, recruitment system, 60

Nanjing see Jiankang

Nantes, Viking attack on, 107

Naples, French expeditions to, 271, 275 Nasca, trophy heads and interments, 401 Near East

crusader states, 412 depictions of violence, 576-99

European crusades, 7 warfare, 4 see also Byzantium; crusades; Iran;

Lebanon; Ottomans; Syria

Negoro monastery (Daidenbo-in), 374, 384 Neo-Confucianism, 246

Nesle, sack of (1472), 280

Netherlands

city governments, 256

Louis XI and, 271 military campaigns in, 92, 280-3 Viking raids, 100, 108, 109 see also Flanders

Nibelungenlied (politically motivated violence), 635-7, 642

Nicaea

fall to Ottomans, 95 and First Crusade, 89

Nicene Christianity, 473

Nichiren

Rissho ankoku-ron (treatise), 380 sect, 382

Nicopolis, siege of (1396), 95

Nihon-gi, court annals, 369

Nikephoros Blemmydes, Mirror of Princes, 503

Nikephoros I, patriarch, iconodule, 297 Nikephoros II Phokas, emperor, 501, 506 Niketas of Byzantium, 506

Niketas Choniates, chronicler, 310

Nikolaos I, patriarch, 509

Nishapur, siege and sack of (1221), 32, 72 Nizam al-Mulk, 62

Noirmoutier island, France, 102 nomadic armies

cavalry, 4, 32 devastation caused by, 71, 72, 76 pasture for horses, 64, 70, 71

nomadic empires, 19-22, 27 economic function of violence, 34-6 succession conflicts, 21, 27-30, 75 taxes and tribute, 35, 36 violence against civilians, 31-3 violence at collapse of, 25

weakness of emperorship, 28

see also Mongol empire; Turk empire;

Uighur empire nomadic peoples endemic violence, 21, 33 historiography, 5, 20-1 move to sedentary agriculture, 27 raids for prestige goods from China, 542 relations with China, 541-3 and supratribal leaders, 26, 34, 35 war between tribes, 21, 25-6 warfare, 3-4, 19, 21, 31-3 see also Inner Asia; Mongols Normandy, English raid in, 443 Normans

conquest of Sicily, 86 expansion into Balkans, 300 expansion into Mediterranean, 287 relations with Byzantium, 287, 300-1 war with Byzantium, 300, 306 Northumbria, kingdom of, 103 Novgorod (Gorodishche), Vikings in, 106 Nuremberg, 197, 339 nushuz (insubordination) of women, 315

Obe estate, Japan, 207, 214 obedience, of women, 316, 320

Oda Nobunaga, Japanese military leader, 375,

383, 384

Oghul Qaimish, widow of Guyuk, 29 Olav Tryggvason, 105

Olson, Mancur, ‘roving' and ‘stationary' bandits, 35

Order of the Star, French, 442 Orkhon inscriptions, 24 Orleans, burning of heretics (1022), 482 Otsu, Yuichi, 565 Otto I, emperor, 84 Ottoman army, 95

janissaries, 95 sipahis (heavy cavalry), 95

Ottoman empire, crusade against (1572-3), 412 Ottomans

penal system, 164,181 and siyasa punishments, 169 wars in Hungary, 95-6 Ottonian rulers of Germany, 83 Oxford, homicide by women, 338 Oxford, Provisions of (1258), 263 Oyama-no-sho estate, Japan, 220

Paekche, king of, 369 Palenque, tombs, 402, 403

Pandey, Gyanendra, 313

Panjikent, Samarkand, murals, 581 papacy

and authorisation of crusades, 412, 414, 436

and Byzantine church, 302, 309

and Christian violence, 417

and heresy, 303

Inquisition, 309

relations with Byzantine emperors, 304 religious persecution, 304

and warfare, 436

see also church

pardons, 202

royal, 192, 262, 341

Pare, Ambroise, surgeon, 274, 277-8

Apologie, 277

Paret, Peter, 653

Paris, Chatelet records, 203

Parma, campaign (1554), 276

Parzival, Wolfram von Eschenbach, 627-8

Pas-de-Suse campaign (1537), 277 Paschal II, pope, 300

Pastoreaux movement (Shepherds' Crusade), 477, 480

Patarene heresy, 303

patronage

Chinese court and government, 126

Japan, 144, 208

Paulician heresy, 303

Pauly, Ulrich, 383

Pavia, Battle of (1525), 272, 274, 275

Peace and Truce of God movements, 199, 255 peasants

feuding in Germany, 259

religious revolts (Japan), 381-4

Peasants' Revolt (Great Rising) (1381), England, 7

Penafort, Raymond, Summa de paenitentia et de matrimonio, 470

penance, 88

for crimes, 495

Maya bloodletting as, 519

Pepin, king of the Franks, 80

Pere III, king of Aragon, 488

Perpignan, siege of (1542), 277

Persia

literature, 589, 590, 592

and Mamluks, 95

wars with Byzantium, 499 see also Iran

Perugia, prosecution of crime, 191

Peter of Bruys, 482

Peter the Venerable, 487

petitions, legal, 202

Philagathus of Cerami, 664, 669 philanthropy, in Byzantium, 496

Philip II Augustus, king of France, 86 Chateau Gaillard, 87

Philip IV, king of France, 195,197, 261 expulsion ofJews (1306), 479

Philip VI, king of France, 262

Philippopolis, fall of (1363), 95

Picardy, Charles the Bold's campaigns in, 280

Pickering, F.

Piedras Negras, 532, 533

Maya child sacrifice, 527, 533 pilgrimage, to Holy Land, 418 piracy, Indian Ocean, 9

Pisano, Giovanni, ‘Massacre of the innocents'

(Pistoia), 665-70

Pisano, Nicola, 666

Pitarch, Pedro, 520

Platel, Jakemon, 197

plunder

chivalric warfare, 435, 442, 443

Germanic feuds, 259

Vikings, 108

Poitiers, Battle of (732), 80

Poitiers, Battle of (1356), 93, 439

Poland, Teutonic Order in, 94 police forces

Italy, 340

Tang China, 42

Pollaiuolo, Antonio, Battle of the Ten Nude Men, 656

Polo, Marco, 9

Pope-Hennessy, John, 650 population

Aztec empire (Mesoamerica), 395

Europe, 332

France, 269

Japan, 223

Portland, Dorset, Viking raids, 9, 101

Portugal, expulsion of Jews (1497), 479 Powell, Edward, 339

pre-Islamic ‘Age of Ignorance', 449

Preaux, John de, 431

Priscillian, bishop of Avila, 481 prisoners of war see war captives proof, burden of, 189 property

confiscation of, 343, 494

crimes, 203

rape as property crime, 339

Prudentius, chronicler, on Vikings, 102,

107, 117

Prussia, and Teutonic Knights, 420

Puglia, 279 punishments, 16 for adultery, 176, 336, 596 amputation, 6 burning, for heresy, 288, 303, 305, 308, 482 Byzantium, 288, 295, 305, 308, 494-5 China

beatings, 137, 355

collective, 138

of officials and military officers, 138-40

Tang dynasty, 135, 137 commuted to monetary payment, 198 cutting off of nose (of adulterous wife), 336 exile, 137 as form of vengeance, 196 for heresy, 334, 484

burning, 288, 303, 305, 308, 482

flogging, 484

penal servitude, 137

public, 190

for rape, 339

ritual humiliation, 198

of sinners (by church), 334

and social status

China, 137

Japan, 217

Roman law, 494

stoning, for adultery, 336 of suicides (post-mortem), 343 for violent women, 338 see also mutilation; torture punishments, Islamic, 326

amputation, 182

concept of siyasa (capital) punishment, 168 corporal, 327

discretionary (ta‘zif), 167 flogging, 176, 619-20

Mamluk, 168

public staging of, 166, 173, 178, 180, 618

sitting backwards on donkeys, 176 Qur'anic, 605 shaming, 176, 182 statutory (hadd"), 166 talionic capital, 166-7 of wives by husbands, 316

al-Qahir, Abbasid caliph, 170 Qansuh al-Ghawri, Mamluk sultan, 176, 180 Qarakhanid dynasty, Transoxiana, 60 Qaramita, religious group, 325

Qatada bin Di'ama, successor, 456

Qi Jiguang, general, 244

qiwama (male supremacy), 316

Quintilian, 663

Qur'an, 2, 313, 327

as apocalyptic text, 604-6 on cessation of war (8:61), 454 on dealing with peaceful states (60:8-9;

4:90), 453

description of heaven and hell, 596 and Hadith works, 2, 11, 458-64, 619 on initiation of hostilities (2:190), 453, 466 Jami‘ al-bayan ‘an ta'wil al-qur'an (exegesis), 315

jihad as striving (22:76), 11, 450

and just cause for military combat, 451-7 and martyrdom, 457-8, 468 non-violent self-defence (42:40-2), 450, 452 and offensive warfare (9:5), 454, 466 on patience and forbearance (42:43;

3:200), 450

permission to fight (22:39-40), 451 principle of abrogation (naskh), 454, 456, 465 punishments, 605

on status of military martyr (3:169;

22:58), 457

statutory punishments, 166

Surat al-Nisa' (4:34) (on right of men to correct wives), 314-19

and time, 605 unbelief as ingratitude, 605 on violation of pacts (9:12-13), 452

war against People of the Book (9:29), 456, 465

see also Islam

Quraysh tribe, Mecca, 449

al-Qurtubi, Muhammad, 451, 453, 455, 456, 458

Qusayr ‘Amra, near Amman, frescoes, 579, 580

Qusun, amir, 179

Rais, Gilles de, serial killer, 342-3

Ralph of Cravent, knight, 84

Ramihrd, heretic, 482

ransoms

for captured noblemen, 269, 442 for prisoners of war, 88

rape

as property crime, 339 prosecution of (Europe), 190, 339 use of term, 332

Rashid al-Din, Persian vizier, 63, 65, 589 on billeting of soldiers, 71

Raub und Brand (plunder and arson), Germanic feuds, 259

Ravenna, Battle of (1512), 268, 275

Raymond VII, count of Toulouse, 483 al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din, 451, 458

rebellions

Chinese religious, 352-3, 360-2

English baronial, 263 popular, 7 suppression of (China), 135, 140 see also An Lushan; Fang La

Reccared, king of Visigoths, 473

Red Cliffs, Battle of (208), 544 refugees (of warfare), to fortified locations, 14

Regino of Prüm, chronicler, 108

Regnault, Henri, ‘Execution without Trial under the Moorish Kings of Granada', 164

regulation of violence

by centralised states, 16, 23 and feuds, 200, 342 law and, 199-200

tournaments, 6, 441

Reinle, Christine, 260

religion

asceticism, 334 and violence, 3, 11-12, 368 see also Buddhism; Christianity; Daoism;

Islam

religious ritual, 390

festivals, 396

see also human sacrifice; ritual violence

Remences rebellion, Catalonia, 7

Renaud of Boulogne, 87

Rennyo, Pure Land Buddhist, 381 representations of violence, 15 in Arabic literature, 601-21

China, 531

depictions of battlefields, 272-5, 563, 649-57 European medieval, 645-73

Islamic art, 15, 576-99

Japan, 556-74

Maya, 15, 532

see also art; literature

revenge see vengeance rewards

for Japanese warriors, 218, 220, 559 and loyalty (Japan), 559-63, 564, 571 shiki rights, 560

see also gunchüjo, report of loyal military service

Rhodes, as crusader state, 412, 420

Richard I, king of England, 91, 478 Richmond Tsang, Carol, 382, 383

Rieux, Pierre de, 276

Riley-Smith, Jonathan, 412

ritual death, as offering to gods, 394, 405 ritual violence

archaeological and iconographic evidence, 390, 398

dedication and sanctification rituals, 402 to enhance transfer of energy to gods, 399-400

festival vigils, 400

frequency of, 406

and gender relations, 406

objectives of, 408-9

occasions for, 396

political and social functions of, 404-406

sources, 391

women and, 406

see also human sacrifice

Robert Curthose, of Normandy, 87

Robert II the Pious, king of France, 482 Robert, Ulysse, 470

Roger Bacon, and gunpowder, 96

Roger, count of Sicily, 86

Rogerius, Carmen Miserabile, 19

Roman empire

and Christianity, 289

discourse on cruelty, 422

disintegration in Europe, 79

Roman law

and fama (rumour), 199

and intention, 193

and ius commune, 189

limited impact, 193-4

punishment and social status, 494 and reintroduction of torture, 197 reinvigoration of, 186-90,

256

and vengeance, 196

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Chinese novel, 364, 543-5

Rome, siege (1527), 268

A Roper's False Wife (homily), 335

Ross, Lia, 342

Ruff, Julius, 630

Ruizong, emperor, 135

Rukn al-Dawla, Buyid ruler, 75

Rum Seljuqs, of Anatolia, 170

Rus Vikings, 106

Ibn Fadlan's mission to, 610

Russia, Viking fur traders, 105

Russian Primary Chronicle, 106

Rustam of Sistan, Iranian hero, 582

Ryogen, abbot, 373

Sabadar movement, Khurasan, 64 sacrilege, and treason (Byzantium), 293 Sa‘d al-Din Kopek, vizier, 171 Sahagun, Bernardino de, 391, 519 Saint-Denis monastery, Paris, Viking raid, 110 Saint-Pol, attack on (1553), 282

Saint-Quentin, siege (1557), 268, 274, 277 Saint-Riquier, abbey of, 280, 281 saints

cult of, 502

relics, 502

Saladin, use of cavalry, 90 al-Salih Salah al-Din, sultan, 178 Sallam the Interpreter, 609

Samanid dynasty, Iran and Transoxiana,

59, 69

San Bartolo, Guatemala, Maya murals, 518, 526

San Romano, Battle of, 650, 651, 655 sanctuary, church, 188, 334, 341, 495 Sanjar, Ghaznavid sultan, 64, 66, 72, 73 Saracens, relations with Byzantium, 4 Sarbi family, Northern Wei dynasty, 128 Sasanid dynasty, and Byzantium, 5, 8, 499 Saul, and the Philistines, 651, 652 Schapiro, Meyer, 657-60

Scotland, English campaigns in, 93 Scott, James C. 212

Scrope, Sir Geoffrey le, 444 Secret History of the Mongols, 22 seigneurial (aristocratic) violence, Europe, 248-65

central Middle Ages, 253-6 constraints on, 264

and dispute resolution (conventum) (France), 253-5

early Middle Ages, 250-2

and feuds, 248, 249

late Middle Ages, 256-8

powers of taxation and justice, 249, 257 and private war, 249, 252

and redress of wrongs, 252 role of church, 255-6 and royal authority, 248 and state violence, 249 see also elites

Seiwa, Japanese emperor, 557 self-defence

and homicide, 341 legal view of, 202, 341 self-inflicted violence

in Buddhism, 351, 353 self-immolation, 353 self-mutilation (China), 547-50, 553 self-mutilation (Maya), 392 and use of human flesh for medicinal purposes, 548, 549

see also suicide

Selim the Grim, Ottoman sultan, 180 Seljuq armies, 70

Seljuq dynasty, 6, 60

in Baghdad, 69, 89,170 and Sunni revival, 170 torture and state violence, 170-5 seppuku, suicide by disembowelment, 567-71, 574

and loyalty, 570

mass suicide of Hojo clan in Taiheiki, 567-8, 570 serfdom, 88 sex, medieval perception of, 339 Shadyakh, garrison city, 68, 70 al-Shafii, Muhammad ibn Idris, 464, 465 Shahrukh, son of Timur, 65, 72 succession conflict, 75 Shakespeare, William, 14 Shao Bo, chronicler, 40, 50 Shaolin Buddhist monastery, Henan, China, 354

Shenzong, Song emperor, 235 Shield Jaguar III, Maya king, 532 Shihab al-Din, Ghurid sultan, 63 Shimabara castle, Japan, 385

Shingon, Buddhist school (Japan), 372, 374 Shinjitsu, warrior monk, 374

Shinran, Pure Land Buddhist, 380, 381 Shirakawa, Japanese emperor, 375 Shitenno-ji temple, Osaka, 370

Shizuo, Katsumata, 158 Shomu, Japanese emperor, 370 Shonyo, Pure Land leader, 382 Shoyo, Japanese warrior, 219 Sichar, feud with Austregesil and Chramnesind, 250

Sicily

control of, 92 deportation of Muslims, 488 massacres of Muslims, 487 Muslim conquest of, 486 Norman conquest of, 86 siege warfare, 81, 86-7 artillery, 96, 268 casualties, 275

Iranian depictions, 585, 586, 590 machinery, 86-7

Mongols and, 32

Siena, prosecutions for murder, 341

Siete Partidas, Castile, 194 Sigemund, bishop of Meaux, 103 Sigismund, king of Hungary, 95 Silk Road, robber-bandits, 9

Sima family, Western Jin dynasty, 127 Sima Qian, historian, 541

Simon of Trent, death (1475), 476 Sistan, Iran, 60, 72

Samanid conquest, 69

skull racks, wooden, 393, 395, 401

Skylitzes, Chronicle, 302 ‘slave-military' state

Abbasid, 5

Mamluk sultanate, 6

sources of manpower, 10 slavery, decline in Europe, 88, 442 slaves

as human sacrifice, 395, 403, 405, 408, 529

taken by Vikings, 108, 111-12

trade for, 10

violence against female (Islam), 323 Smith, Katherine, 415 social status

and punishment, 137, 217, 494

and right to use violence, 2

Soest, feud with archbishop of Cologne, 200 Soga clan, Japan, and adoption of Buddhism, 369-70

Soissons, burning of heretics, 482 soldiers

billeting of, 68, 70, 278

and Christian view of warfare, 497-8, 506 clergy as, 334

European, 85-6, 272

mercenaries, 85, 87, 92, 270 monks as, 333

murders committed by, 283

punishment of, 67

social origins, 85

violence of, 327

see also Chinese army; knights; warriors Song of Roland, 438 Sorde, monastery of, 333 Sorqaqtani Beki, mother of Tolui, 28 Souillac, Abbey of Sainte-Marie, Animal combat with allegorical figures trumeau, 657-61

Spain

army, 94, 270

church in, 255

expulsion of Jews (1492), 479

military orders, 420

Spain (cont.)

Muslim raids in, 83

Reconquista, 11, 420, 486

royal government, 256

see also Iberian peninsula

Spanish Inquisition, 478

Sri Lanka, gamblers, 609

Staraya Ladoga, Russia, Vikings in, 105 state formation, by nomadic forces, 4 state violence, 7

China, 136-40, 233

and European seigneurial violence, 249

Japan, 143

Mamluk Egypt, 168, 175-80

Seljuq dynasty, 170-5

see also warfare

states

and law, 185, 189, 201, 257

and moves to control violence, 16, 23 multiple jurisdictions, 194-6

and need for security, 2

and warfare, 4, 270, 272, 443

Stedinger Crusade, against German heretics, 483

Stephen, king of England, 263

Strayer, Joseph, 193

Strickland, Matthew, 442 suffering

Christianity and, 418

knightly, 438-9

Sufyan al-Thawri, 464

Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis, 256 suicide

China, 547-50, 569 confiscation of property, 343 as crime in Europe, 343

forced, 138

seppuku, 567-71, 574

see also martyrdom; self-inflicted violence Süleyman the Magnificent, Ottoman sultan, 169

Süntel mountain, Battle of (782), 81 supernatural, Chinese

in Buddhism, 359

in Daoism, 354

legal recognition of, 365

in literature, 551-2

supernatural, Maya, way spirit beings, 524 Suso, Henry, mystic, 334

Suzhou, relocation of population, 14 Suzong, emperor, 140

Sveyn, king of Denmark, 105

Swabia, Society of St George, 200

Sweden, Eriksgata (1355), 195

Sword-Brothers of Livonia, 420

Symeon, Bulgar tsar, 509

Syria

and crusades, 91

Mongol invasion (1260), 91

Umayyad dynasty, 8, 459 visual imagery, 578-81

al-Tabari, Abu Ja‘far, 315, 325

al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, 451, 453, 456, 457

Tabriz, killing of merchants, 26

Tabuk, Battle of (630), 456

Tackett, Nicolas, 44

Tagliacozzo, Battle of (1268), 92

Tahir bin Husayn, governor of Bukhara, 59 Tahmasp, shah, Safavid ruler of Iran, 593 Taiheiki (Records of Grand Pacification), Japanese war tale, 560, 563-4, 574 and mass suicide by seppuku of Hojo clan, 567-8, 570

as representation of condition of celestial moral order, 564-6

use of hara (belly), 573

Taira Kiyomori, Japanese commander, 374

Taira warrior house, Japan, 557

Taizong, Tang emperor, 128,138

Taj al-Din, amir, 171

Takezaki Suenaga, Japanese warrior, 148 Takht-i Sulayman, Iran, wall tiles, 588 Talas, Battle of (751), 4

Tale of the Heike, Japanese war tale, 558, 572 Tale of Ragnar's Sons, 118

Talha bin Tahir, Khurasanian ruler, 69 talio, Islamic law of, 166-7

Tametoki, Japanese warrior, 217 al-Tanukhi, Muhassin ibn ‘Ali, 326 al-Faraj ba‘da al-shidda (anthology), 319, 327

Nishwar al-muhadara (anthology), 319, 325 Taq-i Bustan, Iran, reliefs, 581

Tarumi Shigemasa, bandit leader, 207, 220 tattooing, Chinese conscripts, 49-50 taxation

barat tax cheques (army requisitioning), 64-6

France, 270, 272

to fund crusades, 7

to fund warfare, 270, 272, 443

hanzei (half-tax decrees) (Japan provincial governors), 152, 153

in nomadic empires, 35, 36

tribute tax (Song China), 52

tribute tax (to Vikings), 104, 109

Temujin see Chinggis Khan Tendai, Buddhist school (Japan), 372

destruction of, 384

and hongaku homon doctrine, 378, 385 Tenochtitlan

frequency of sacrifice, 406

Temple Mayor, 395, 397

tzompantli platform, 395

Teotihuacan state, 393

Temple of the Feathered Serpent, 393, 403

Temple of the Moon, 403

Teutonic Order, 420

crusade against Baltic pagans, 94 Thanet, Isle of, 102 theft, as capital crime, 187 Theodora, empress, 290 Theodore II Laskaris, 503 Theodoric, Ostrogoth leader, 79 Theodosius, emperor, and Christianity in

Roman empire, 289, 498 Theognostos, Mirror of Princes, 504 Therouanne, siege (1553), 268, 282 Thessalonike, sack of (1185), 310 Thieulaine, Jean, 282 Thionville, siege of (1558), 276 Thomas Aquinas, St, 193, 335, 631 Thomas of Monmouth, 475 Thorfinn, Earl, 112 Tian Guang, suicide, 569 Tiflis, city of, 61 Tikal, Guatemala, Maya child sacrifice,

527

Tilly, Charles, 212

time

Maya periodisation, 522, 527

Quranic, 605

violence as war against (Arabic poetry), 602-4

Timur

military recruitment, 61

use of barat tax cheques, 65

Tinchebrai, battle of (1106), 86

Toba, emperor of Japan, 375

Todaiji temple, landowners, 207, 213, 214, 216 Toghril Beg, Seljuq sultan, 69, 71

Toji temple, landowners, 215, 218 Tokugawa Ieyasu

persecution of Christians, 384

shogunate of, 160

Toledo, councils of, 477

Tolentino, Niccolo Mauruzi da, 651

Toltec state, 393

tzompantli platforms, 393

Tolui dynasty, 21

Tomoe, female Japanese warrior, 572 Toregene Qatun, Mongol regent, 28 torture

in Aztec festival vigils, 400

China, 135

in Egypt, 168,175-80

of heretics, 483

instruments of (Seljuq), 170

in Islamic Middle Period, 164-82 ofJews (Germany), 476 judicial, 167, 181 public, 170-1

rejected by Muslim jurists, 167, 171,

181

Roman law and, 197

tearing out of fingernails (Maya), 400

Viking ‘blood-eagle', 119

see also mutilation

Toulouse, killing of Jews, 477

tournaments, 440-1

melee, 432, 440

regulation of, 6, 441

see also jousts

trade

Arab-Islamic, 8

with Byzantium, 288

China, 8, 39

expansion of, 9

Hanseatic, 94

and slavery 32.190.10

Vikings and, 9, 105

and violence, 8-11

within Europe, 9

trade routes

and robber-bandits, 9

Viking, 106

Transoxiana

Khwarazmshah destruction of, 73 Mongol invasions, 63 Muslim control of, 4

Qarakhanid dynasty, 59, 69

Treadwell, Luke, 578

treason, and sacrilege (Byzantium), 293 trials

of animals, 193

and convictions (medieval Europe), 332, 340, 341

for heresy (Byzantium), 288, 291, 308 Tripoli, crusader state, 89

Trivulzio, Marshal, 279

trophies

display of human (Americas), 393, 401, 531 and magical powers, 401

Troyes, Council of (1129), 420

Tumadir bint ‘Amr, death-song poetry, 602

Tuman Bay II, last Mamluk sultan, 180 Tumu Incident (1449), 244

Tun Bagha, Uighur chief minister, 29

Tuoba Xianbei peoples, Manchuria, 28

and fubing system, 44

Turanshah bin Qavurt, Seljuq ruler, 70

Turcopoles, as light cavalry, 90

Türk empire (551-744), 19, 24

Chinese campaign against, 31

Turkic peoples

recruited as fighters, 6

Türkmen migrations, 71-3, 76

Türkmen armies, 89

at Baghdad, 70

devastation caused by, 71, 72

Turks, ascendancy (thirteenth century), 91-2

Uccello, Paolo, Battle of San Romano, 650-1, 652-3, 655

Uhud, Battle of (625), 457

Uighur empire, 25, 27

succession crises, 29

use of military violence, 32, 140

Umar I, caliph, successor to Muhammad, 4

Umayyad dynasty, Syria, 8, 459

imagery, 577

poetic jousting competitions, 607 underworld (hell)

Aztec view of, 405

Chinese concept of hell(s), 359, 365 graphic descriptions of, 485

Urban II, pope, 416

and First Crusade, 89, 300, 411, 418

Usama ibn Munqidh

Book of Contemplation, 611-12 on hunting, 612

‘Utbi, Ghaznavid historian, 67

Valholl (Valhalla), 115-16

vegetarians, executed in China, 360 vendetta, 341-2

in Italy, 192, 200, 342

revenge violence, 23

secondary, 342

see also feuds

vengeance

atonement of death, 603

Chinese duty of, 535-6

concept of, 196-8

as duty, 23

legal process and, 198-9

see also interpersonal violence

Venice, 10

and Byzantine war with Normans, 306,

307

and Byzantium, 288, 305-6

and mass arrest of Venetians in

Constantinople, 306

navy, 305, 307

prosecution of rape, 339 prosecutions for murder, 341

Vezelay, burning of heretics, 303

Vikings, 100-19

and acquisition of wealth, 108, 109-10, 112-14

attacks on islands, 102

‘berserks' (‘berserkers'), 118

demand for tribute, 104,109 early small raids, 101-2 in eastern Europe, 83, 105-6 and end of Viking Age, 116 gift-giving, 112-14 ideal warrior (drengr), 114-16

larger raids, 102-4

longships, 102,107

and plunder, 108

provisions, 108-9

raids on England, 9, 101, 102, 104-5 reputation for violence, 100, 117-18,

119

tactics, 107

taking of slaves, 108, 111-12 theft of cattle, 102, 108, 109 trading, 9, 105

and Valholl (Valhalla), 115-16

‘Viking burials', 111

weapons, 106

Zutphen raid, 100, 109

‘viking', etymology and use of term, 100 violence

ambivalent nature of, 647 criminalisation of, 2 as culturally contingent, 12 definitions, 123

economic function of, 34-6

and progress towards civilisation, 629-630

and religion, 3, 11-12

theory of, 12-14

and trade, 8-11

ubiquity of, 1, 624-6, 643

Visigoths

Christianity of, 473

defeated by Clovis, 80

in Spain, 80

Vladimir, Grand Prince, 106

Voltaire, 649

Vouille, Battle of (507), 80

Waldenses ascetic movement, 481 al-Walid II, caliph, 578

Walter Milemete, 96

WangJian, Former Shu general, 130

Wang Shichong, rebel, 133

WangXianzhi, insurgency (877-8), 39 WangYansou, censor, 228, 236 war captives

as human sacrifice, 395, 399, 404, 408, 529, 531

ransoms for nobles, 88, 269, 442

War of the Eight Princes, China, 127 warfare

Abbasid ‘slave-military' structure, 5, 6, 10 battles, 81, 86, 443

between nomadic and agro-urban peoples,

3-4, 19, 21, 31-3

between nomadic tribes, 21

Byzantium, 492-509

view of just war, 498-505

changing norms of, 442

changing tactics, 93, 655

and chivalric violence, 268, 441-5

and Christianity, 3, 413, 417, 497-8,

506

church and, 88, 505

effect of gunpowder on Chinese, 357 Hundred Years War, 94 ideological, 89, 90

increased casualties, 15

and just cause, 444-5

late medieval Europe, 267, 269, 443 as legitimate, 625

medieval views of, 630-2 offensive/defensive distinction (Japan), 152, 153

papacy and, 436

professionalisation, 88

‘slave-military' structure, 5

by states, 4, 270, 272, 443

strategies of, 14

taxation to fund, 270, 272, 443 technological changes, 96 types of, 268

Viking tactics, 107

visual imagery of, 648, 649-57

see also battlefields; crusades; plunder; siege warfare; warriors

Wari culture, 401

warriors

aristocratic European, 248

Aztec empire (Mesoamerica), 405

Japanese, 144, 208, 209, 213, 225

Viking ‘berserk', 118

Viking drengr ideal, 114-16 see also akuso, Buddhist warrior monks

(Japan); knights

Water Margin, Chinese novel, 8, 364 al-Wathiq, Abbasid caliph, 609

Watts, John, 189, 195, 202

weapons

bows (China), 241

Chinese ownership of, 231

crossbow, 96

depictions in Islamic art, 576, 588, 589-92

European, 96

longbow, 93-4

Roman, 79

Viking, 106

see also artillery

Weber, Max, 125, 536

Wen, Former Song emperor, 127

Wen, Marshal, plague god, 359

Wendi, Sui emperor, 353

Wenming, dowager empress, 128

Wenzong, Tang emperor, 129 wergild, compensation for murder, 187

Wessex, kingdom of, and Vikings, 102 Westphalia

feuding, 200

Vehmic courts, 195

White Cloud Buddhism, 361

White Lotus Buddhism, 11, 361

William, archbishop of Tyre, 287

William I (of Normandy), the Conqueror, 14,

86, 105

use of mercenaries, 85

William of Newburgh, chronicler, 479

William of Norwich, death of, 475

William of Poitiers, 86

William of Poitou, duke of Aquitaine, dispute with Hugh of Lusignan, 253-5

William of Tyre, 90

women

and aristocratic feuds, 249, 250, 254, 261 China

depiction as shrew in literature,

545-7, 553

women (cont.)

jealous (in literature), 546-7 martial arts, 235

role in succession conflicts, 128, 134-6 self-mutilation, 548-9, 553 suicide, 549-50

disembowelling of pregnant (by

Kharijites), 325, 609 domestic conflicts and tensions, 320 exclusion from concept of warrior violence (Japan), 571-3

expressions of virtue, 548, 549

in Islam

description of wicked, 321 duties of obedience and service of wives, 316, 320

early Islamic violence against, 313-28 legal rights of, 317

and morality, 322-3

nushuz (insubordination), 315 public violence against, 324-7 rights of husbands over (Qur'an), 314-24 limited legal rights of, 337 and matricide of imperial consorts, 28 and medieval perception of sex, 339 and nomad feuds, 23 political role of in Mongol empire, 28 rights of husbands over, 190, 335 and ritual violence, 406 and sack of Basra, 617 sacrificed as impersonation of goddesses, 397, 406

Viking violence against, 111 violence by, 338-40, 572 in literature, 632-5, 641-2

and violence of extremist religious groups, 324

and violence as social control, 322-3, 326 see also domestic violence

Wormald, Patrick, 186

wrestling, China, 242

Wright, Arthur F. 45

Wright, David, 239

Wu, empress, 139, 570

and coup against Tang dynasty, 134-6

reign of terror, 135

Wu, Southern Qi emperor, 127

Wudi, Northern Zhou emperor, 132

Wuqimai, Jurchen Jin emperor, 29

Xianzu, Northern Wei emperor, 128

Xiaowen, Northern Wei emperor, 128

Xiaowu, Former Song emperor, 127 Xiongnu empire, 19

Xuanzong, Tang emperor, 129, 139, 140

Xunzi, philosopher, on military ethics, 538

YangJian, Sui emperor, 132-3

Yangdi, Sui emperor, 138

Yaqut, geographer, 73

Yaxchilan, Maya site, 531, 533

Yazid ibn Mu‘awiya, Umayyad caliph, 616

Yesügei (father of Chinggis Khan), 22

Yoritomo, General of the Right, 160

York, massacre ofJews (1190), 478

Yoshinaka, Japanese warrior, 572

Yoshisada, Nitta, 568

Yugeshima estate, Japan, 218-20, 221

Yusuf Khass Hajib, Wisdom of Royal Glory, 60

Yuwen Tai, and Western Wei state, 131, 140

al-Zamakhshari, exegete, 455

Zanj revolt, against Abbasid state, 8, 617-18

Zara, Christian city of, 10, 415

Zhang Heng, 138

Zhenwu, warrior god, 358

Zhong Kui, deity, 360

Zhongzong, emperor, 135

Zhu Wen, Later Liang emperor, 40

Zhu Yuanzhang, first Ming emperor, 14, 242, 243, 362

Zhuang Chuo, chronicler, 49

on Fang La rebellion, 53

Zmora, Hillay, 259

Zong Ai, Northern Wei eunuch, 129

Zongyan, Former Shu emperor, 130 al-Zubayr, treatment of Asma', 318

Zurich, treatment of suicide, 343

Zutphen, Netherlands, Viking raid on,

100,109