Notes

Introduction: How Does Peace Have a World History?

1 I. Bloch, The Future of War, trans. R. Long (Ginn, 1903), Ixv.

2 T. Livius, Histories, trans. A. de Selincourt (Penguin Classics, 2002), 401.

3 L. Lincoln, Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 6 (Rutgers, 1990), 410.

4 C. Clausewitz, On War, trans. J. Graham (Penguin,1982), 197.

5 B. Fogarty, War, Peace, and the Social Order (Westview, 2000), 1.

6 M. Weddle, Walking the Way of Peace (Oxford, 2000), 7.

7 K. Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, trans. M. Bullock (Yale, 1953), 1-2.

1. Survival of the Peaceful: Prehistory to the First Civilizations

1 L. Sponsel, “The Natural History of Peace: The Positive View of Human Nature and its Potential,” in A Natural History of Peace, ed. T. Gregor (Vanderbilt, 1996), 96-128, p. 100.

2 J. Goodall, The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior (Harvard, 1986), 357.

3 T. Kano, “The Bonobo’s Peaceable Kingdom,” Natural History, 11 (1990), 62-71, p. 70.

4 S. C. Strum, “Baboons may be Smarter than People,” Animal Kingdom, 88: 2 (1985), 12-22, p. 22.

5 F. de Waal “The Biological Basis for Peaceful Coexistence: A Review of Reconciliation Research on Monkeys and Apes,” in A Natural History of Peace (supra), 37-70, p. 58.

6 S. Kuroda, “Social Behavior of the Pygmy Chimpanzee,” Primates, 21 (1980), 181-97, p. 190.

7 G. Kemp, “Nonviolence: A Biological Perspective,” in A Just Peace Through Transformation: Cultural, Economic and Political Foundations for Change, eds C. Alger and M. Stohl (Westview, 1988), 112-26, p. 118.

M. Roper, “A Survey of the Evidence for Intrahuman Killing in the Pleistocene,” Current Anthropology, 10: 4 (1969), 427-58, p. 448.

Sponsel, “The Natural History of Peace,” 95-6.

H. Spencer, Principles of Biology, vol. 1 (Appleton, 1864), 14.

H. Kellerman, Group Cohesion: Theoretical and Clinical Perspectives (Grune and Stratton, 1981), 166.

C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (Broadview, 2003), 524.

P. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Kessinger, 2004), 10.

R. Bigelow, The Dawn Warriors: Man’s Evolution Towards Peace (Little, Brown, 1969), 4.

B. Knauft, “The Human Evolution of Cooperative Interest,” in A Natural History of Peace (supra), 71-94.

R. Firth, Primitive Economics of the New Zealand Maori (E. P. Dutton, 1929), 422.

D. Fabro, “Peaceful Societies: An Introduction,” Journal of Peace Research, 15:1 (1978), 67-83.

R. Eisler, The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our Future (Harper and Row, 1987).

R. Potts, Early Hominid Activities at Olduvai (Aldine de Gruyter, 1988), 251.

R. Leakey and R. Lewin, Origins: What New Discoveries Reveal about the Emergence of Our Species (Macdonald and Jane’s, 1977), 248.

Knauft, “The Human Evolution of Cooperative Interest,” 75.

Sponsel, “The Natural History of Peace,” 109.

Church Missionary Society, Proceedings of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East, vol. 7 (Church Missionary House, 1836), 159.

L. Warner, A Black Civilization: A Social Study of an Australian Tribe (Peter Smith, 1937), 156-7.

I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology (Aldine de Gruyter, 1989), 421.

B. Fogarty, War, Peace and the Social Order (Westview, 2000), 149.

R. Cohen, “Warfare and State Formation: Wars Make States and States Make Wars,” in Warfare, Culture and Environment, ed. R. Ferguson (Academic Press, 1984), 329-58, p. 338.

C. Freeman, Egypt, Greece and Rome (Oxford, 2005), 20.

Isaiah 5:8.

D. Christie, “Reducing Direct and Structural Violence: The Human Needs Theory,” Peace and Conflict, 3 (1997), 316-23. The concept of structural vio­lence originates with J. Galtung, “Violence, peace and peace research,” Journal of Peace Research, 3 (1969), 167-91.

S. Moscati, The Face of the Ancient Orient: A Panorama of Near Eastern Civilizations in Pre-Classical Times (Quadrangle Books, 1960), 25.

D. Snell, Life in the Ancient Near East (Yale, 1997), 109.

Freeman, Egypt, Greece and Rome, 107-8.

F. Heichelheim, An Ancient Economic History: From the Palaeolithic Age to the Migrations of the Germanic, Slavic and Arabic Nations vol. 1, tr. J. Stevens (Sijthoff, 1957), 166.

Snell, Life in the Ancient Near East, 106.

J. Hertzler, The Social Thought of the Ancient Civilizations (McGraw-Hill, 1936), 79.

S. Moscati, Ancient Semitic Civilizations (Putnam, 1957), 80.

Peace in the Ancient West: Egypt, Greece and Rome

E. James, The Ancient Gods: The History and Diffusion of Religion in the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean (Putnam, 1960), 263.

R. Platt and M. Hefny, Egypt: A Compendium (American Geographical Society, 1958), 7.

T. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt (Routledge, 1999), 51.

V. Childe, The Most Ancient East: The Oriental Prelude to European Prehistory (Knopf, 1929), 218.

F. Heichelheim, An Ancient Economic History: From the Palaeolithic Age to the Migrations of the Germanic, Slavic and Arabic Nations vol. 1, tr. J. Stevens (Sijthoff, 1957), 446.

“The Maxims of Ptah-Hotep,” in J. Lewis, The Mammoth Book of Eyewitness Ancient Egypt (Carroll and Graf, 2003), 17.

S. Glanville, The Legacy of Egypt (Clarendon, 1942), 73.

A. David, The Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce (Routledge, 1996), 29, 33, 45.

A. Weigall (1923), The Life and Times of Akhnaton Pharaoh of Egypt (Kessinger, 2004), 27.

C. Lamberg-Karlovsky and J. Sabloff, Ancient Civilization and Trade (U of New Mexico, 1975), 105.

C. Ogden, From Tribe to Empire: Social Organization among Primitives and in the Ancient East, (Paul, Trench, Treubner, 1926), 331, my ital.

J. Modrzejewski, The Jews of Egypt: From Rameses II to Emperor Hadrian, tr. R. Cornman (Jewish Publication Society, 1995), 30, my ital.

R. Gabriel and D. Boose, The Great Battles of Antiquity: A Strategic and Tactical Guide to Great Battles That Shaped the Development of War (Greenwood, 1994), 85.

Modrzejewski, 325.

Ogden, From Tribe to Empire, 325-6.

Ibid., 295.

C. Kerenyi, Prometheus: Archetypal Image of Human Existence, trans. R. Manheim (Bollingen Foundation, 1963), 100-1.

Iliad, 9.514-15.

Iliad, 5.889-91

R. Gabriel and K. Metz, From Sumer to Rome: The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies (Greenwood, 1991), 132.

Epilogue of the Odyssey, 24.485-6.

Hesiod, Works and Days, 225-9.

E. Wilkins, The Delphic Maxims in Literature (University of Chicago, 1929), 1. E. Cook, The Odyssey in Athens: Myths of Cultural Origins (Cornell, 1995), 132.

Xenophon, Anabasis, 3.1.38

G. Norlin, trans. Isocrates, vol. 1 (Heinemann, 1928), 185.

M. Finley, The Greek Historians: The Essence of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon and Polybius (Viking, 1959), 482.

Plutarch, Pericles, 17.1.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, 5.26.

G. Grundy, Thucydides and the History of His Age, vol. 2 (Blackwell, 1948), 220.

Thucydides, 5.26.2.

Thucydides, 8.132.

Porphyry, De vita pythagorica, 36.372.

Herodotus, vol. 1, trans. W. Beloe (H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1830), 73.

B. Sandywell, Presocratic Reflexivity: The Construction of Philosophical Discourse c. 600-450 BC (Routledge, 1996), 264-5.

L. Edelstein, “The Hippocratic Oath: Text, Translation and Interpretation,” in Ancient Medicine, eds O. and L. Temkin (Johns Hopkins, 1967), 60. Alcidamas, Rhetoric, 3.3.4.

Xenophon, Memorabili, 4.2.15-16.

Plato, The Republic, 2.373a.

Plato, The Laws, 7.803d; 8.829a.

Ibid., 1.626a.

G. Zampaglione, The Idea of Peace in Antiquity, trans. R. Dunn (University of Notre Dame, 1973), 131.

C. Smith, Early Rome and Latium: Economy and Society c. 1000 to 500 BC (Clarendon, 1996), 212.

Tacitus, Life of Agricola, 3.25.

N. Machiavelli, Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livy, trans. N. Thomson (K. Paul, Trench and Co., 1883), 219.

O. Thatcher, The Roman World (University Research Extension, 1901), 9-11. Plybius, Histories, 4.74.3, my ital.

Cicero, Pro Sestio, 45.98. J. Johnson, Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry (Princeton, 1981), xxi-xxxv.

De republica, III, 23 and 25.

Seneca, Epistola ad Lucilium, 2.21.

Flavius Arrianus, Discourses of Epictetus, 3.13.40-1.

Ovid, Fasti, 1.711-22.

Eutropius, Breviarium historiae romanae, 9.17.

Falvius Vopiscus, Vita Probi, 20.

Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, 2.126.

J. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis AD 96-99 (Routledge, 2002), 47, 13ff.

A. Claridge, Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (Oxford, 1998), 19.

Peace in the Ancient East: India, China and Japan

Kautalya, The Arthashastra, trans. L. Rangarajan (Penguin, 1992), op. cit. W. Polk, Neighbors & Strangers: The Fundamentals of Foreign Affairs (University of Chicago, 1997), 232.

B. Nanamoli and B. Bodhi, trans., The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya (Wisdom, 1995), 533-6.

G. Deng, The Premodern Chinese Economy: Structural Equilibrium and Capitalist Sterility (Routledge, 1999), 88, 99-103.

L. Chang et al., The Four Political Treatises of the Yellow Emperor (University of Hawaii, 1998), p. 62.

Wei Z., et al., eds. Emperor Kangxi’s Instructions on State Management (Expatriates’, 1995), 45.

R. Huang, China: A Macro History (Sharpe, 1997), 19.

M. Lewis, Sanctioned Violence in Early China (State University of New York, 1990), 92-3.

Y. Lo, “The Formulation of Early Confucian Metaphysics,” in Imagining Boundaries: Changing Confucian Doctrines, Texts, and Hermeneutics, eds K. Chow et al. (State University of New York Press, 1999), 57-85, p. 70-1. Confucius, The Analects, trans. S. Leys (Norton, 1999), 77.

W. de Bary et al., eds, Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 1 (Columbia, 1960), 115; my rendition cf. E. Pound, The Great Digest and The Unwobbling Pivot (Peter Owen, 1968), 30-1.

J. Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, trans. J. Foster and C. Hartman (Cambridge, 1999), 81.

Chang, Four Political Treatises 175.

Dao De Ching, ch. 57.

B. Watson, The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu (Columbia, 1968), 191. Mozi, trans. W. Mei (Probsthain, 1929), 2.

Gernet, History of Chinese Civilization, 145.

Ibid., 119.

Ibid., 132.

Ibid., 133.

M. Hane, Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey (Westview, 1991), 118.

K. Henshall, A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 16.

R. Borgen, Sugawara No Michizane and the Early Heian Court (University of Hawaii, 1994), 228.

H. Ichiro, “Japanese Folk-Beliefs,” American Anthropologist, 61 (1959), 405-24.

M. de Visser, “The Tengu,” Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. 36 pt. 2 (1908), n.p.

B. Burke-Gaffney, “Jaodori,” Harbor Light, 2:9 (1987), 7.

C. Blomberg, The Heart of the Warrior: Origins and Religious Background of the Samurai System in Feudal Japan (Sandgate, 1994), 83.

Ibid., 81.

K. Friday, Samurai: Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan (Routledge, 2003), 29-32.

Ibid., 38.

H. Cortazzi, ed., Mitford’s Japan: The Memoirs and Recollections, 1866­1906, of Algernon Bertram Mitford, the first Lord Redesdale (Athlone, 1985), 160.

J. Hall, “Japanese Feudal Laws III: The Tokugawa Legislation, Part I,” Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. 38:4 (1911), 288.

K. Kawaiumi, Japan and World Peace (Macmillan, 1919), 13.

J. Behrman, “Transformation of Society: Implications for Globalization,” Making Globalization Good: The Moral Challenges of Global Capitalism, ed. Dunning (Oxford, 2003), 121-45, 138.

C. Haguenauer, “La danse rituelle dans la ceremonie du chinkonsai,” Journal Asiatique June(1930), 324-50.

Blomberg, Heart of the Warrior, 197.

W. de Bary, ed., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 1 (Columbia, 1958), 347.

I. Nobutaka et al., Shinto: A Short History (Routledge, 2003), 170-1.

Monotheistic Peaces: Judaism, Christianity and Islam

Zampaglione, The Idea of Peace in Antiquity, 192.

Gen. 21: 22-32.

Josh. 9:15.

Isa. 27:5.

I Chr.; 28:3

Job 22:21.

Isa. 32:16-17.

Isa. 11:6 and 57:21.

Isa. 2:4.

Philo, “On the Change of Names,” in Philo, trans. R. Marcus (Harvard), 267. Luke 2:14.

Matt. 5: 9, 38-39, 43-5.

Matt. 7:12.

Luke 10: 5-6.

Matt. 26:52.

John 16:33.

John 24:27.

Eph. 2:17; Col.1:9-20.

Gal. 3: 28.

I Cor. 14: 33.

Eph. 2:14.

II Cor. 5:18-19.

Thess. 5:3.

Justin, “The First Apology,” in The Ante-Nicene Fathers: The Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325, vol. 1, trans. and ed. A. Roberts et al. (The Christian Literature Publication Co., 1885), 159-88, 163.

Tertullian, Ad martyres, quoted in Zampaglione, The Idea of Peace in Antiquity, 246.

J. Dymond, An Inquiry Into the Accordancy of War with the Principles of Christianity (Friends Books, 1892), 50.

Zampaglione, The Idea of Peace in Antiquity, 248.

Clement, Christ, the Educator, trans. S. Wood (Catholic University of America, 1954), 35.

Quoted in Zampaglione, The Idea of Peace in Antiquity, 251.

Ibid., 252.

Ibid., 257.

Ibid., 265.

Z. Karabell, Peace Be Upon You: The Story of Muslim, Christian and Jewish Coexistence (Knopf, 2007), 13.

Qur’an 20.47 and 14.23.

Qur’an 59.23 and 10.25.

Qur’an 2.224.

Qur’an 28:36.

Qur’an 8.61.

Qur’an 49.9.

Qur’an 49.10.

Qur’an 4.90.

Qur’an 2.11.

Qur’an 4.91.

Qur’an 4.94.

Ibid., p. 22.

J. Kelsay, Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics (Westminster/John Knox, 1993), 47, orig. ital.

J. Kelsay and J. Johnson, eds., Just War and Jihad: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on War and Peace in Western and Islamic Traditions (Greenwood, 1991), iii.

M. Bamyeh, The Social Origins of Islam: Mind, Economy, Discourse (University of Minnesota, 1999), 224.

M. Sicker, The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna (Praeger, 2000), 10.

Qur’an 2: 256.

G. Hawting, The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661­750 (Routledge, 2000), ch. 1.

Sicker, Islamic World in Ascendancy, 2.

Ibid.

S. Qasha, Christians in the Muslim State (Dar al-Malak, 2002), 67.

Medieval, Renaissance and Reformation Peaces

Augustine, City of God, vol. 2, trans. M. Dodds (Edinburgh: Clark, 1871), 319; my rendition cf. Zampaglione, 301.

Ibid., 405.

Ibid., 57.

Quoted in Zampaglione, The Idea of Peace in Antiquity, 299.

E. Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Collier, 1899), 270. Saint Benedict, The Rule of Saint Benedict (Vintage, 1998), 62.

D. Alighieri, On World-Government, trans. H. Schneider (Liberal Arts, 1957), 13.

Ibid., 22.

Quoted in M. Bishop, Petrarch and His World (Indiana, 1963), 286.

N. Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. N. Thomson (Paul, Trench, 1882), 115-16. Ibid., 57.

N. Machiavelli, Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livy, trans. N. Thomson (Paul, Trench, 1883), 219.

Ibid., 431.

Erasmus, “On the War against the Turks,” in The Erasmus Reader, ed. E. Rummel (University of Toronto, 1990), 316-19.

The Adages of Erasmus, ed. W. Barker (University of Toronto, 2001), 323.

T. More, Utopia (Rickerby, 1852), 174.

Ibid., 183.

Ibid., 156.

M. Mullett, Martin Luther (Routledge, 2004), 75.

M. Wagner, Petr Chelcicky: A Radical Separatist in Hussite Bohemia (Herald, 1983), 89.

P. Brock, Political and Social Doctrines of the Unity of Czech Brethren (Mouton, 1957), 55.

C. Grebel, Letter to Thomas Muntzer, September 1524.

J. Stayer, Anabaptists and the Sword (Wipf and Stock), 172.

A. Weinberg and L. Weinberg, eds, Instead of Violence: Writings of the Great Advocates of Peace and Nonviolence Throughout History, (Grossman, 163), 438l.

G. Fox, Journal of George Fox, ed. J. Nickalls (Cambridge, 1952), 65.

Ibid.

Ibid., 405.

Ibid., 398-404.

Peace, Peacemaking and the Ascent of Nation-States

T. Hobbes, Leviathan (Routledge, 1886), 64.

Ibid., 93.

Ibid., 65.

C. de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Law, trans. T. Nugent (Colonial, 1900), 59.

Ibid., 127.

Ibid., 316.

J. Locke, Two Treaties on Government (Routledge, 1887), 191.

Ibid., 250, 219.

Ibid., 258-9.

Ibid., 287.

Ibid., 302.

J. Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. G. Cole (Dutton, 1950), 9.

Ibid., 66.

Ibid., 12.

Ibid., 3.

Ibid., 140.

C. Ady and E. Armstrong, A History of Milan under the Sforza (Methuen, 1907), 62.

E. Cruce, Le Nouveau Cynee, trans. T. Balch (Allen, Lane, and Scott, 1909), 85.

Ibid., 9, 3.

H. Grotius, On the Laws of War and Peace, trans. F. Kelsey (Carnegie, 1925), 28.

Montesquieu, 5.

J. Scott, ed., The Classics of International Law (Clarendon, 1934), 175.

G. de Martens, Summary of the Law of Nations Founded on the Treaties and Customs of the Modern Nations of Europe, trans. William Cobbett (Philadelphia, 1795), 3-5.

Ibid., 5.

W. Grewe, The Epochs of International Law, trans. M. Byers (Walter de Gruyter, 2000), 380-1.

Ibid.

Constitution of the International Law Association, Article 3www.ila- hq.org/html/main_constitution_english.htm accessed June 1, 2008.

G. Finch, The Sources of Modern International Law (Hein, 2000), 77.

J. Ralston, International Arbitration: From Athens to Locarno (Stanford, 1929), 191.

Bulletin du premier congrès universel de la paix (Paris, 1889), 10-13.

Statutes of the Inter-Parliamentarian Union, Article 2, http://www.ipu.org/ strct-e/statutes-new.htm accessed October 25, 2007.

N. Politis, Neutrality and Peace, trans. F. Macken (Carnegie, 1935), 12.

P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (Clarendon, 1996), 25, 46.

F. Hartmann, ed., Basic Documents of International Relations (McGraw-Hill, 1951). 16.

Ibid., 11-12.

J. Solana, “Securing Peace in Europe,” NATO Publications (November 12,

1998) www.nato.int/docu/speech/1998/s981112a.htm accessed June 1, 2008.

H. Wheaton, Elements of International Law (Philadelphia, 1846), 3.

I. Kant, The Critique of Pure Reason, trans. J. Meiklejohn (Collier, 1901), 548.

I. Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (Prentice Hall, 1997), 54.

I. Kant, The Philosophy of Law. An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence as the Science of Right, trans. W. Hastie (Clark, 1887), 229­30.

W. Phillips, The Confederation of Europe: A Study of the European Alliance, 1813-1823, as an Experiment in the International Organization of Peace (Longmans Green, 1920), 5.

I. Kant, Perpetual Peace, trans. L. Beck (Liberal Arts, 1957).

“The Herald of Peace, ” in Les Etats-Unis d’Europe 1:46 (1868), 182.

F. Passy, Guerres et congrès ou le socialisme international: Extrait de l’Economiste belge, (Paris, 1899), 5-6.

Passy “Ligue internationale et permanente de la paix” (Paris, 1868), 77-87.

S. Cooper Patriotic, Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815-1914 (Oxford, 1991), 61.

E. Mead, Official Report (London, 1908), 88.

A. Schou, Nobel: The Man and His Prizes (Norman, 1951), 477.

W. Channing, The Works of William E. Channing (American Unitarian Association, 1894), 673.

Ibid., 676.

R. Emerson, The Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 10 (Houghton Mifflin, 1914), 117.

R. Emerson, Essays (Houghton Mifflin, 1883), 87.

R. Emerson, The Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 7 (Houghton Mifflin, 1912), 221.

H. Thoreau, “Civil Disobedience,” in Walden and Other Writings (Modern Library, 1950), 635-63, p. 644.

Ibid., 647.

L. Tolstoy, War and Peace, trans. L. and A. Maude (Oxford, 1998), 667. Ibid., 669-70.

Ibid., 476.

L. Tolstoy, What Is Art? (London, 1924), 332.

L. Tostoy, The Kingdom of God Is Within You and Peace Essays (Oxford, 1951), 19.

L. Tostoy, The Law of Love and the Law of Violence (R. Field, 1938), 38.

R. Christian, trans. Tolstoy’s Letters vol. 2 (Scribner, 1978), 707-8.

Baha Ullah, Gleanings from the Writings of Baha’u’llah, trans. S. Effendi (Baha’i Publishing), 250

Ibid., 119.

H. Balyuzi, Baha Ullah: A Brief Life (G. Ronald, 1963), 69.

Paris Talks: Addresses Given by ‘Abdu’l-Baha in 1911 (Baha’i Publishing, 2006), 120-1.

‘Abdu’l-Baha, The Promulgation of Universal Peace (Baha’i Publishing, 1982), 371; Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Baha (Baha’i World Center, 1978), 249.

Colonial and Imperial Peace and Peacemaking

A. Roy, “The New American Century,” The Nation, 278: 5 (2004), 11.

J. Olson et al., eds, Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism (Greenwood, 1991), 627.

E. Bourne, eds, The Voyages of the Northmen (Scribner’s, 1906), 112, 114.

O. Dickason, The Myth of the Savage, and the Beginnings of French Colonialism in the Americas (University of Alberta, 1997), 29.

F. Sullivan, trans., Indian Freedom: The Cause of Bartolome de Las Casas, 1484-1566, A Reader (Rowman and Littlefield, 1995), 354.

B. Dobree, William Penn, Quaker and Pioneer (Houghton Mifflin, 1932), 145.

G. Weltfish, The Lost Universe: Pawnee Life and Culture (University of Nebraska, 1977), 175.

Ibid.

B. Johansen, The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition (Greenwood, 1998), 81.

J. Roach, Cities of the Dead: Circum-Atlantic Performance (Columbia, 1996), 120.

J. Parry, The Audiencia of New Galicia in the Sixteenth Century: A Study in Spanish Colonial Government (Cambridge, 1948), 6.

J. Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law (Clarendon, 1934), 348.

J. Thomson, Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-Building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe (Princeton, 1994), 35.

C. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600-1800 (Knopf, 1965), 24-5. “Dead payes” are cash given to the families of those killed while on commis­sion. P. Griffiths, The British Impact on India (MacDonald, 1952), 51.

J. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-79, vol. 30 (Government Printing Office, 1939), 71; The Federalist: A Collection of Essays by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison (Colonial, 1901), 58.

T. Jefferson, Writings, vol. 8, ed. P. Ford (Putnam, 1892-99), 4.

J. Elliot, Jonathan, The American Diplomatic Code, vol. 2 (Privately Printed, 1834), 179.

J. Foster, American Diplomacy in the Orient (Houghton Mifflin, 1903), 395. A. Dennis, Adventures in American Diplomacy, 1896-1906 (Dutton, 1928), 24.

U. S. Congressional Record v. 31 (Government Printing Office), 3789.

V. Purcell, The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study (Cambridge, 1963), 70.

D. Preston, The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China’s War on Foreigners (Walker, 2000), 206.

Ibid., 307.

P. Clyde, United States Policy Toward China: Diplomatic Public Documents, 1839-1939 (Duke, 1940), 216.

J. Blaine, Political Discussions, Legislative, Diplomatic, and Popular (Henry Bill, 1887), 429.

The Annalist, 23 (1921), 159.

U. S. Congressional Record v. 39, 19.

S. Nearing and J. Freeman, Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism (Viking, 1925), 247.

Types of Restricted Sovereignty and of Colonial Autonomy (Government Printing Office, 1919), 6-7.

Foreign Relation (1912), vxiii.

Modern Economics of Peace and Peacemaking

C. von Clausewitz, On War, trans. J. Graham (Penguin, 1982), 197.

Le Roman politique sur l’etat present des affaires de l’Amerique ou Lettres de M * * * a M * * * sur les moyens d’etablir une paix solide et durable dans les Colonies et la Liberte generale de Commerce Exterieur (Amsterdam, 1756), 332.

J. Necker, De l’Administration des finances de la France (Dijon, 1784), vol. III, ch. 36, n.p.

L. Loubere, Louis Blanc: His Life and His Contribution to the Rise of French Jacobin-Socialism (Northwestern, 1961), 67.

A. Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Collier, 1909), 445.

J. Bentham, “Principles of International Law,” in The Works of Jeremy Bentham, vol. 8 (Tait, 1839), 552.

Ibid., 556.

J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Clarendon, 1879), 2.

Ibid., 215.

D. Ricardo, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Murray, 1821), 153.

J. Mill, Principles of Political Economy, with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy, vol. 2 (Appleton, 1897), 136.

H. Paul, A History of Modern England, vol. 4 (Macmillan, 1905), 85.

G. Schmoller, The Mercantile System and its Historical Significance (Kelley, 1989), 78-9.

F. Bastiat, “Harmonies economiques, ” (Fuvres completes, vol. 6 (Guillaumin et Cie, Paris, 1864), 385.

L. Walras, “La paix par la justice sociale et le libre echange,” (Fuvres com­pletes, vol. 7 (Economica, 1907), 467-70, p. 467.

F. Coulomb, Economic Theories of Peace and War (Routledge, 2004), 58.

H. Saint-Simon, Selected Writings on Science, Industry, and Social Organization, ed. K. Taylor (Holmes and Meier, 1975), 34.

Ibid., 36.

G. Hegel, Philosophy of Right, trans. T. Knox (Clarendon, 1942), 215.

D. Moellendorf, “Marxism, Internationalism, and the Justice of War,” Science and Society, 58:3 (1994), 264-86.

Coulomb, Economic Theories of Peace and War 121.

J. Monnerot, Sociology and Psychology of Communism (Boston: Beacon, 1953), 27.

G. Woodcock, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: A Biography (Routledge, 1956), 278.

H. Clegg, A New Approach to Industrial Democracy (Blackwell, 1960), 20.

J. Dunlop, Collective Bargaining: Principles and Cases (Irwin, 1949), 32.

D. Cole, The Quest for Industrial Peace (McGraw-Hill, 1963), 67, 96. Ibid.

Ibid., 98.

Peace in the Twentieth Century, Part I: 1900-1945

G. Herman, The Pivotal Conflict: A Comprehensive Chronology of the First World War, 1914-1919 (Greenwood, 1992), ix; R. Pearce, “The Origins of the First World War,” History Review, 27 (1997), 12-31, p. 21.

J. Choate, The Two Hague Conferences (Princeton, 1913), 9.

B. Adams, Nothing of Importance: A Record of Eight Months at the Front with a Welsh Battalion, October 1915 to June 1916 (Stevenage, 1988), 303. J. Rae, Conscience and Politics (Oxford, 1970), 250.

J. Atkin, A War of Individuals: Bloomsbury Attitudes to the Great War (Manchester, 2002), 3.

6 B. Russell, “The Philosophy of Pacifism,” Collected Papers vol. 13, ed. R. Rempel et al. (Allen and Unwin, 1985), 147-8.

7 N. Griffin, ed., The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell: The Public Years, 1914-1970 (Routledge, 2002), 260.

8 B. Hamann, Bertha von Suttner: A Life for Peace, trans. A. Dubsky (Syracuse, 1996), xv.

9 J. Addams, Peace and Bread in Time of War (Macmillan, 1922), 8.

10 G. Bussey, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom: 1915-1965 (Allen and Unwin, 1965), 163.

11 S. Weil, “Reflections on War,” in Formative Writings (University of Massachusetts, 1988), 224.

12 N. Mandela, “The Sacred Warrior,” Time Magazine, 100 Person of the twentieth Century www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_ warrior13a.html accessed June 1, 2008.

13 United Nations, Sixty-first General Assembly Plenary, 103^rd Meeting (AM), June 15, 2007, GA/10601.

14 R. Baker, Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement (Doubleday, 1922), 23-42.

15 A. Link, Wilson the Diplomatist (New Viewpoints, 1974), 122.

16 Covenant of the League of Nations, Article 3.

17 Biography for the Nobel Peace Prize, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ peace/laureates/1925/chamberlain-bio.html accessed October 27, 2007.

18 G. Craig, Germany, 1866-1945 (Clarendon, 1978), 685.

19 Andre Franqois-Poncet, after a conversation with Adolf Hitler, ibid., 689.

20 J. Vinson, The Parchment Peace (University of Georgia, 1950).

21 W Willoughby, China at the Conference: A Report (Johns Hopkins, 1922), 43.

22 M. Hudson, The Verdict of the League: China and Japan in Manchuria (World Peace Foundation, 1933), 15-16.

10. Peace in the Twentieth Century, Part II: 1945-1989

1 P. Hejl, “Communication and Social Systems: Evolutionary and Developmental Aspects,” in Human by Nature: Between Biology and the Social Sciences, eds P. Weingart et al. (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 392-417, p. 407.

2 A. Parsons, From Cold War to Hot Peace: UN Interventions 1946-1994 (Penguin, 1994).

3 “The Russell-Einstein Manifesto” (1955), Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs www.pugwash.org/about/manifesto.htm accessed June 1, 2008.

4 In I. Abrams et al., Nobel Lectures: Peace, 1951-1970 (World Scientific,

1999), 262.

5 L. Pauling, No More War! (Dodd, 1958), vii.

6 USA Today/CNN Gallup Poll www.usatoday.com/news/polls/2005-11-15- iraq-poll.htm accessed June 1, 2008.

7 “Declaration of Conscience Against the War in Vietnam” in S. and A. Lynd, eds, Nonviolence in America: A Documentary History (Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), 270-1.

8 T. Dupuy and G. Hammerman, eds, A Documentary History of Arms Control and Disarmament (Bowker, 1973), 470-471.

9 D. Whittaker, United Nations in Action (UCL, 1995), 243.

10 R. Launius, Frontiers of Space Exploration (Greenwood, 1998), 9.

11 D. Eisenhower, British Broadcasting System television interview, August 3, 1959.

12 B. Epstein, Political Protest and Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direct Action in the 1970s and 80s (University of California, 1991), ch. 3.

13 E. P. Thompson, “1980s,” The Nation (January 10, 2000), 44.

14 P. Kelly, “Women and Ecology,” in Women on War: Essential Voices for the Nuclear Age, ed. D. Gioseffi (Simon and Schuster, 1988), 309-316, p. 312.

15 M. Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World (Harper and Row, 1987), 247.

16 R. Thakur, Peacekeeping in Vietnam: Canada, India, Poland, and the International Commission (University of Alberta, 1984), 50.

17 L. M. Goodrich and E. Hambro, Charter of the United Nations: Commentary and Documents (World Peace Foundation, 1946), 53.

18 Ibid., 334.

19 J. Humphrey, Human Rights and the United Nations: A Great Adventure (Transnational, 1983), 53.

20 Charter of the United Nations, Article 13.

21 Statutes of the International Law Commission, Article 1, http://untreaty.un. org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/statute/statute_e.pdf accessed June 1, 2008.

22 M. King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (Harper and Brothers, 1958), 217.

23 L. Eades, The End of Apartheid in South Africa (Greenwood, 1999), p. 159.

24 D. Tutu, God Has a Dream: A Vision of Hope for Our Time (Random House, 2005), 120.

11. The Presents of Peace

1 F. Fukuyama, “The End of History?,” The National Interest, 16 (1989), 2-18, p. 3.

2 J. Derrida, Specters of Marx, trans. P. Kamuf (Routledge, 1994), 9.

3 C. Kinnvall, “Analyzing the Global-Local Nexus, in Globalization and Democratization in Asia: The Construction of Identity, eds C. Kinnvall and

K. Jonsson (Routledge, 2002), 1-19, p. 5.

4 B. Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, 1993).

5 W. Perdue, Terrorism and the State: A Critique of Domination through Fear (Praeger, 1989), 198.

6 T. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000), 248; and The World is Flat: A Brief History of the 21^st Century (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 491.

7 J. Behrman, “Transformation of Society: Implications for Globalization,” Making Globalization Good: The Moral Challenges of Global Capitalism, ed. J. Dunning (Oxford, 2003) 108-44, p. 115.

J. Pieterse, Globalization or Empire? (Routledge, 2004), 164.

G. Monbiot, “Stronger than Ever,” Guardian (28 January, 2003).

Europe Solidaire Sans Frontieres’ website, www.europe-solidaire.org/spip. php?article472 accessed June 1, 2008.

S. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (Simon and Schuster, 1996).

J. Schmidt and J. Hersh, eds, Globalization and Social Change (Routledge,

2000), xiv.

T. Adorno, Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords (Columbia, 2005), 247.

J. Habermas, “New Social Movements,” Telos, 49 (1981), 33.

M. Marshall, “Measuring Systemic Peace” (Center for Systemic Peace and George Mason University) http://www.systemicpeace.org/conflict.htm accessed June 1, 2008. Graph used with permission.

“Global Peace Index,” Vision of Humanity, www.visionofhumanity.com/ introduction/index.php accessed June 1, 2008.

J. Coakley, “The Resolution of Ethnic Conflict: Towards a Typology,” International Political Science Review, 13 (1992), 343-58; J. McGarry and B. O’Leary (1993), “Introduction: The Macro-Political Regulation of Ethnic Conflict,” in The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Case Studies of Protracted Ethnic Conflicts, eds, ibid., (Routledge), 1-40.

V. Havel, “Peace: The View from Prague,” New York Review of Books (November 21, 1985), 30.

Pieterse, Globalization or Empire 52.

UN Peace-Building Commission http://www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/ index.html accessed June 1, 2008.

“Terrorism,” The Columbia Encyclopedia.

M. Hardt and A. Negri, Empire (Harvard, 2000), 411.

S. Benjamin and S. Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror: Radical Islam’s War Against America (Random House, 2003).

E. Vencat, “Giving Peace a Chance: In an Unprecedented Letter, Muslim Leaders Across the Globe Invite the World’s Christians to the Table,” Newsweek (October 11, 2007), www.newsweek.com/id/42707/output/print accessed June 1, 2008.

S. McBride, “Nuclear Terrorism,” in Terrorism and National Liberation, ed.

H. Koechler (Peter Lang, 1988), 35-40, p. 35.

N. Smith, The Endgame of Globalization (Routledge, 2005), 10.

Heavily adapted from J. Darby and R. MacGinty, “The Management of Peace,” in The Management of Peace Processes (supra), 253-59.

W. Arkin and R. Fieldhouse, Nuclear Battlefields: Global Links in the Arms Race (Ballinger, 1985), 2.

P. Waterman, “Social Movement Unionism: A New Model for a New World Order?” Review 16:3. 1993.

M. McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy (University of Toronto, 1962), 43.

M. McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (McGraw Hill, 1964).

C. Raab and C. Bellamy, “Electronic Democracy and the ‘Mixed Polity’: Symbiosis or Conflict?,” in Electronic Democracy: Mobilisation, Organisation, and Participation Via New ICTS, eds R. Gibson et al. (Routledge, 2004), 17­43, p. 18.

33 Behrman, “Transformation of Society,” 130.

Conclusion: The Pyramid of Peace: Past, Present and Future

1 A. Maslow, Motivation and Personality (Harper and Row, 1970).

2 S. Hembleben, Plans for World Peace through Six Centuries (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943).