Notes
CHAPTER 1
1. Alan Villiers, Sons of Sinbad: An Account of Sailing with the Arabs in Their Dhows, in the Red Sea, around the Coasts of Arabia, and to Zanzibar and Tanganyika: Pearling in the Persian Gulf: and the Life of the Shipmakers, the Mariners and Merchants of Kuwait (New York: Scribners, 1940), 26, 14.
2. Ibid., 4.
3. William M. Holden, Dhow of the Monsoon: From Zanzibar to Oman in the Wake of Sindbad—A Memoir of a Man’s Adventure in His Youth (Baltimore: Publish America, 2005), 34.
4. Ronald Latham, trans. and ed., The Travels of Marco Polo (London: Penguin, 1958), 43.
5. G. R. Tibbetts, Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese (London: Luzac and Company. For the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1971), 192, 195.
6. Landeg White, trans. and ed., Luis Vaz de Camoes—The Lusiads (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 6, Canto One, Stanza 15.
7. Ibid., 12, Canto One, Stanza 45.
8. Holden, Dhow of the Monsoon, 148-49.
9. The first poem is quoted in Himanshu Prabha Ray, The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 53; the second is translated by Vaidehi and is available online at http://sangampoemsinenglish.wordpress.com/bartering-in-sangam-tamil/.
10. Ahmed Sheikh Nabhany, Sambo ya Kiwandeo: The Ship of Lamu Island, ed. Gudrun Miehe and Thilo C. Schadenberg (Leiden: Afrika-Studiecentrum, ca. 1979), 9-10. The daradaki was a forked stick used to twist the fiber rope after it had been poked through a hole in the plank from inside the boat in construction; ushumbi means a makeshift sail.
CHAPTER 2
1. Lionel Casson, The Periplus Maris Erythraei (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 63 (§21).
2. James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. 2: The Eighteenth Dynasty (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001 [1906]), 117, §286-88.
3. The Karndmag i Ardashir i Babagdn (‘Book of the Deeds of Ardashir son of Babag’), trans. Darab Dastur Sanjana, 1896, chap. 4, line 8: http://www.avesta.org/pahlavi/karname.htm, brackets in original; the definition of “Bokt-Ardasir” is from http://www.iranicaonline.org/ articles/bokt-ardasir-mid.
4. Casson, Periplus, 77, 79 (§43-46).
5. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, trans. John Bostock London (Taylor and Francis, 1855), 6.96, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D26#note-link34.
6. Ibid., 12.42.
7. Quoted in Kenneth R. Hall, A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2011), 59.
8. The phrase is quoted in Wang Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade: Early Chinese Trade in the South Chinese Sea (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003), 34 and n.32.
9. James Legge, A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his Travels in India and Ceylon (a.d. 399-414) in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline (ebooks@adelaide, 2010 [1886]), http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.aU/f/fa-hien/ f151/, chap. 40.
CHAPTER 3
1. Quoted in George F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times, revised and expanded by John Carswell (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 77.
2. Quoted in Wang Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade: Early Chinese Trade in the South Chinese Sea (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003), 94. All text in square brackets are Wang Gungwu’s insertions.
3. Quoted in ibid., 95.
4. Quoted in ibid., 73.
5. Quoted in ibid., 75.
6. Quoted in ibid., 93.
7. Quoted in Kenneth R. Hall, A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2011), 130.
8. Quoted in Tansen Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400 (Honolulu: Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawai’i Press, 2003), 221.
9. Quoted in Hall, Early Southeast Asia, 131.
10. Translation available at http://noblequran.com/translation/surah31.html.
11. Quoted in Abdul Sheriff, Dhow Cultures of the Indian Ocean: Cosmopolitanism, Commerce and Islam (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 157.
12. Quoted in ibid., 158.
13. Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354, ed. and trans. H. A. R. Gibb (London: Darf Publishers, 1983 [1929], 110-11.
14. Ibid., 111.
15. Ibid., 112-13.
16. Buzurg ibn Shahriyar Ram’Hormuzi, The Book of the Wonders of India: Mainland, Sea and Islands, ed. and trans. G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville (London: East-West Publications, 1981), 103.
17. Quoted in Roxani Eleni Margariti, Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 153-54.
18. Quoted in ibid., 157.
19. Quoted in Ranabir Chakravarti, “Nakhudas and Nauvittakas: Ship-Owning Merchants in the West Coast of India (c. ad 1000-1500),” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 43, no. 1 (2000): 52.
20. Quoted in ibid., 53.
21. Ibn Battuta, 234.
22. Ibid., 237.
23. Quoted in Ranabir Chakravarti, “Rulers and Ports: Visakhapattanam and Motupalli in Early Medieval Andhra,” in Mariners, Merchants and Oceans: Studies in Maritime History, ed. K. S. Mathew (New Delhi: Manohar, 1995), 67.
24. Quoted in Hall, Early Southeast Asia, 294.
25. Quoted in ibid., 301.
26. Ronald Latham, trans. and ed., The Travels of Marco Polo (London: Penguin, 1958), 237.
27. Ibn Battuta, 287-88.
28. Quoted in Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 141-42.
29. Quoted in ibid., 170.
30. Quoted in G. Rex Smith, “Ibn al-Mujawir on Dhofar and Socotra,” [1985] reprinted in Smith, Studies in the Medieval History of the Yemen and South Arabia (Aldershot: Variorum, 1997), 3: 86.
31.
Latham, Marco Polo, 298.32. Ibn Battuta, 229-30.
33. G. R. Tibbetts, Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese (London: Luzac and Company Ltd., for the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1971), 202.
34. Quoted in Wang, The Nanhai Trade, 98.
35. Ibn Battuta, 276.
36. Quoted in Xu Ke, “Piracy, Seaborne Trade and the Rivalries of Foreign Sea Powers in East and Southeast Asia, 1511 to 1839: A Chinese Perspective,” in Piracy, Maritime Terrorism and Securing the Malacca Straits, ed. Graham Gerard Ong-Webb (Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies; Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2006), 225.
37. Quoted in Edward L. Dreyer, Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433 (New York: Pearson/Longman, 2007), 55.
38. Quoted in Margariti, Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade, 1.
CHAPTER 4
1. “Modern History Sourcebook: Vasco da Gama: Round Africa to India, 1497-1498 ce,” http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.asp, §11. From The Library of Original Sources, ed. Oliver J. Thatcher (Milwaukee: University Research Extension, 1907), 5: 26-40.
2. Ibid., §12, 35.
3. Ibid., §27.
4. Quoted in R. B. Serjeant, The Portuguese Off the South Arabian Coast: Hadrami Chronicles (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963), 43.
5. T. A. Chumovsky, Tres Roteiros Desconhecidos de Ahmed ibn-Madjid O Piloto Arabe de Vasco da Gama (Moscow: Academia de Ciencias da U.R.S.S., 1957), 47-48 (author’s translation). Cape Guardafui marks the northeasternmost headland of northeast Africa, opposite Socotra Island.
6. Quoted in Giancarlo Casale, The Ottoman Age of Exploration (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 112.
7. Quoted in ibid., 101.
8. Quoted in ibid., 128.
9. Quoted in ibid., 125.
10. Quoted in ibid., 158.
11. Quoted in R. J. Barendse, The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2002), 130.
12. Quoted in Nancy Um, The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009), 101.
13. Quoted in Jennifer Wayne Cushman, Fields from the Sea: Chinese Junk Trade with Siam during the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, 1993), 131.
14. Quoted in Barendse, The Arabian Seas, 477.
15. Quoted in Serjeant, The Portuguese Off the South Arabian Coast, 124-25.
16. “A Journal or Account of William Daniel His Late Expedition or Undertaking to Go from London to Surrat,” in The Red Sea and Adjacent Countries at the Close of the Seventeenth Century as Described by Joseph Pitts, William Daniel, and Charles Jacques Poncet, ed. William Foster (London: Hakluyt Society, 1949), 69.
17. Quoted in Barendse, The Arabian Seas, 165.
18. Quoted in Sanjay Subrahmanyam, “Persians, Pilgrims and Portuguese: The Travails of Masulipatnam Shipping in the Western Indian Ocean, 1590-1665,” Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 3 (1988): 516.
19. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Baron of Aubonne, Travels in India, trans. V. Ball (London: Macmillan, 1889), 255.
20. Quoted in Lakshmi Subramanian, “Of Pirates and Potentates: Maritime Jurisdiction and the Construction of Piracy in the Indian Ocean,” UTS Review 6, no. 2 (2000), 21.
21. Quoted in Sebouh David Aslanian, From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 49.
22. Quoted in ibid., 51.
23. Quoted in ibid., 206.
24. Quoted in Anthony Reid, Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2000), 135.
25. Quoted in Kerry Ward, Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 206.
26. Both quotes in Patricia Risso, Oman and Masqat, an Early Modern History (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986), 14.
27. “Anonymous: A History of Mombasa c.1824,” in G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville, The East African Coast: Select Documents from the First to the Earlier Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), 217.
CHAPTER 5
1. Quoted in Michael Pearson, The Indian Ocean (London: Routledge, 2003), 196.
2. Quoted in ibid., 214.
3. Quoted in James Francis Warren, The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State, 2nd ed. (Singapore: NUS Press, 2007 [1981]), 164.
4. Quoted in Donald B. Freeman, The Straits of Malacca: Gateway or Gauntlet? (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003), 180.
5. Quoted in Xu Ke, “Piracy, Seaborne Trade and the Rivalries of Foreign Sea Powers in East and Southeast Asia, 1511 to 1839: A Chinese Perspective,” in Piracy, Maritime Terrorism and Securing the Malacca Straits, ed. Graham Gerard Ong-Webb (Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies; Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2006), 230.
6. Quoted in Gerald S. Graham, Great Britain in the Indian Ocean: A Study of Maritime Enterprise 1810-1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), 377.
7. Ibid., 329.
8. All three quoted in Warren, The Sulu Zone, Appendix Q, 297.
9. Quoted in Warren, The Sulu Zone, 241-42.
10. Quoted in Warren, “The Iranun and Balangingi Slaving Voyage: Middle Passages in the Sulu Zone,” in Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World, ed. Emma Christopher, Cassandra Pybus, and Marcus Rediker (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 60.
11. Quoted in ibid., 62.
12. Quoted in Graham, Great Britain in the Indian Ocean, 394-95.
13. The entire treaty is reproduced in Charles Rathbone Low, History of the Indian Navy (London: Richard Bentley and Son, 1877), 1: 364, who specifically draws attention to the significance of this Article on p. 365.
14. Quoted in Pearson, The Indian Ocean, 199.
15. Quoted in Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 37.
16. William Heude, A Voyage Up the Persian Gulf, and a Journey Overland from India to England in 1817... (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1819), 21.
17. Captain G. L. Sulivan, Dhow Chasing in Zanzibar Waters and on the Eastern Coast of Africa: Narrative of Five Years’ Experiences in the Suppression of the Slave Trade (London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1967 [1873]), 112.
18. In A. C. Madan, trans. and ed., Kiungani; or, Story and History from Central Africa. Written by Boys in the School of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa (London: George Bell and Sons, 1887), 44.
19. Quoted in Edward A. Alpers, “The Story of Swema: Female Vulnerability in NineteenthCentury East Africa,” in Claire C. Robertson and Martin A. Klein, eds., Women and Slavery in Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 212.
20. In Madan, Kiungani, 112.
21. Petro Kilekwa, Slave Boy to Priest: The Autobiography of Padre Petro Kilekwa, trans. from Chinyanja by K. H. Nixon Smith (London: Universities’ Mission to Central Africa, 1937), 10.
22. British Library, India Office Records, Mss Eur/F126/17, Sir Lewis Pelly Journals, Sir Lewis Pelly Journals, “Memo: of a voyage on board a Dingee (Sindee Boat) undertaken in the year 1841, from Kurachee to Bombay.”
23. Quoted in Thomas R. Metcalf, Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 165.
24. Quoted in Gjisbert Oonk, The Karimjee Jivanjee Family: Merchant Princes of East Africa 1800-2000 (Amsterdam: Pallas, 2009), 24.
25. M. G. Vassanji, The Gunny Sack (Oxford: Heinemann, 1989), 9.
26. Quoted in Marina Carter and James Ng Foong Kwong, Forging the Rainbow: Labour Immigrants in British Mauritius (Mauritius: Alfran, 1998), 32.
27. Quoted in ibid., 51.
28. Quoted in Carter, Lakshmi’s Legacy: The Testimonies of Indian Women in 19th Century Mauritius (Rose-Hill, Mauritius: Editions de l’Ocean Indien, 1994), 51.
29. Quoted in Leonard Blusse, “Junks to Java: Chinese Shipping to the Nanyang in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century,” in Chinese Circulations: Capital, Commodities, and Networks in Southeast Asia, ed. Eric Tagliacozzo and Wen-Chin Chang (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 221.
30. Quoted in Carl A. Trocki, “Singapore as a Nineteenth-Century Migration Node,” in Connecting Seas and Connected Ocean Rims: Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and China Seas Migrations from the 1830s to the 1930s, ed. Donna R. Gabaccia and Dirk Hoerder (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 206.
31. Quoted in Claudine Lombard-Salmon and Ta Trong Hiep, “De Batavia ä Saigon: Notes de voyages d’un marchand Chinois,” Archipel 47 (1994): 163 and 169 (author’s translation of the French from theirs of the Chinese text).
32. Quoted in Anne K. Bang, Sufis and Scholars of the Sea: Family Networks in East Africa, 1860-1925 (London: Routledge Curzon, 2003), 24.
33. Abdallah Salih Farsy, Baadhi ya Wanavyoni wa Kishafi wa Mashariki ya Afrika/The Shaf’i Ulama of East Africa, ca. 1830-1970, trans. and ed. Randall L. Pouwels (Madison: University of Wisconsin African Studies Center, 1989), 150.
34. Quoted in Bang, Sufis and Scholars, 60.
35. Quoted in Nile Green, Bombay Islam: The Religious Economy of the West Indian Ocean, 1840-1915 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 110.
36. C. E. B. Russell, General Rigby, Zanzibar and the Slave Trade (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1935), 79, 337.
37. Richard Burton, Zanzibar, City, Island and Coast (London: Tinsley Brothers, 1872), 2: 345-46.
CHAPTER 6
1. Wallace Stegner, “Discovery! The Story of Aramco Then—Chapter 1: Contact,” Saudi Aramco World 19, no. 1 (1968): 11-12, http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com.issue/196801/ discovery.the.story.of.aramco.then-chapter.Lcontact.htm.
2. Stegner, “Discovery!—Chapter 5: The Pioneers,” Saudi Aramco World 19, no. 5 (1968): 16-23, http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com.issue/196801/discovery.the.story.of.aramco.then-chapter.5.the.pioneers.htm.
3. Mark Twain, Following the Equator, A Journey around the World (1898), Project Gutenberg EBook #2895, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2895/2895-h/2895-h.htm#ch62.
4. Quoted in Sir Reginald Coupland, The Exploitation of East Africa, 1856-1890: The Slave Trade and the Scramble (London: Faber and Faber, 1939), 56.
5. A. J. da Silva Costa, Guia do Canal de Mozambique (Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1878), 11-12 (author’s translation).
6. “The History of Kua, Juani Island, Mafia,” in G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville, The East African Coast: Select Documents from the First to the Earlier Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), 299.
7. Carolin Liss, “The Roots of Piracy in Southeast Asia,” Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability, http://nautilus.org/apsnet/the-roots-of-piracy-in-southeast-asia/.
8. Michael G. Frodl and John M. Manoyan, “Somali Piracy Tactics Evolve; Threats Could Expand Globally,” National Defense, NDIA’s Business and Technology Magazine, April 2010, http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2010/April/Pages/SomaliPiracy TacticsEvolve.aspx.
9. Quoted in “Piracy in Somalia,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia.
10. Mohamed Ahmed, “Somali Sea Gangs Lure Investors at Pirate Lair,” Reuters US, December 1, 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5B01Z920091201.
11. Quoted in Neil Tweedie, “Britain Shamed as Exiles of the Chagos Islands Win the Right to Go Home,” The Telegraph, May 6, 2006, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/4200066/ Britain-shamed-as-exiles-of-the-Chagos-Islands-win-the-right-to-go-home.html.
12. Quoted in David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S. Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 195.
13. Michael Wesley, “Sea of Discontent Threatens More Than Asian Unity,” The Australian, July 27, 2012, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/sea-of-disconmtent-threatens- more-than-asian-unity/story-e6frg6ux-1226436149216.
14. Quoted in http://www.iorarc.org/about-us/background.aspx.
15. The Charter is available as a pdf file at http://www.iorarc.org/basic-documents.aspx.
16. Joseph Tsang Mang Kin, The Hakka Epic (Port Louis: President’s Fund for Creative Writing in English, 2003), 24, 91-92.
17. Recorded in Vine, Island of Shame, 37.
18. Quoted in Thangam Ravindranathan, “Politics and Poetics of the Namesake: Barlen Pyamootoo’s Benares, Mauritius,” in India in Africa, Africa in India: Indian Ocean Cosmopolitanisms, ed. John C. Hawley (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008), 181.
19. “Mzee Mombasa’s Story,” UTS Review: Cultural Studies and New Writing 6, no. 2 (2000): 181-85. Mzee Mombasa was interviewed with the assistance of a translator by Stephen Muecke in Mombasa on October 9, 2000.
Further Reading
GENERAL HISTORIES
Barendse, R. J. The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2002.
Barendse, R. J. Arabian Seas, 1700-1763. 4 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
Chaudhuri, K. N. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
McPherson, Kenneth. The Indian Ocean: A History of People and the Sea. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Pearson, Michael. The Indian Ocean. London: Routledge, 2003.
Risso, Patricia. Merchants and Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995.
Sheriff, Abdul. Dhow Cultures of the Indian Ocean: Cosmopolitanism, Commerce, and Islam. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
DOCUMENTS
Casson, Lionel, ed. The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.
ANCIENT PERIOD
Hall, Kenneth. A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2011.
Ray, Himanshu Prabha. The Winds of Change: Buddhism and the Maritime Links of South Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Sidebotham, Steven E. Berenike and the Ancient Spice Route. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.
Wang, Gungwu. The Nanhai Trade: Early Chinese Trade in the South China Sea. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.
BECOMING AN ISLAMIC SEA
Dreyer, Edward L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2007.
Horton, Mark, and John Middleton. The Swahili. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
Hourani, George. Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Revised and expanded by John Carswell, 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Levathes, Louise. When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Margariti, Roxani Eleni. Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
Tibbetts, G. R. Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese. London: Luzac and Company for the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1971.
EARLY MODERN PERIOD
Aslanian, Sebouh David. From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.
Casale, Giancarlo. The Ottoman Age of Exploration. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Das Gupta, Ashin. The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500-1800: Collected Essays of Ashin Das Gupta. Compiled by Uma Das Gupta. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Das Gupta, Ashin, and M. N. Pearson, eds. India and the Indian Ocean Trade, 1500-1800. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Miran, Jonathan. “Space, Mobility, and Translocal Connections across the Red Sea Area since 1500.” Northeast African Studies 12, no. 1 (2012): ix-xxvi.
Pearson, Michael N. Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
Pearson, Michael N. The World of the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800: Studies in Economic, Social, and Cultural History. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2005.
Reid, Anthony. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. Volume 2. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
Um, Nancy. The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009.
Ward, Kerry. Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY
Alpers, Edward A. Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa: Changing Patterns of Trade to the Later Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
Alpers, Edward A. East Africa and the Indian Ocean. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2009.
Bhacker, M. Reda. Trade and Empire in Masqat and Zanzibar: Roots of British Domination. London: Routledge, 1992.
Clarence-Smith, William Gervase, ed. “The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century.” Special Issue of Slavery & Abolition 9, no. 3 (1988): 1-222.
Goswami, Chhaya. The Call of the Sea: Kachchhi Traders in Masqat and Zanzibar, c.1800-1880. Hyderabad, India: Orient Black Swan, 2011.
Graham, Gerald S. Great Britain in the Indian Ocean: A Study of Maritime Enterprise 1810-1850. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
Green, Nile. Bombay Islam: The Religious Economy of the Western Indian Ocean, 1840-1915. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Larson, Pier Martin. Ocean of Letters: Language and Creolization in an Indian Ocean Diaspora. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Metcalf, Thomas R. Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
Miran, Jonathan. Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.
Prestholdt, Jeremy. Domesticating the World: African Consumerism and the Genealogies of Globalization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
Sheriff, Abdul. Slaves, Spices, and Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770-1873. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1987.
Warren, James Francis. The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State. 2nd ed. Singapore: NUS Press, 2007.
THE LAST CENTURY
Bose, Sugata. A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.
Gilbert, Erik. Dhows and the Colonial Economy of Zanzibar, 1860-1970. Athens: Ohio University Press; Nairobi: EAEP, 2004.
Oonk, Gijsbert. The Karimjee Jivanjee Family, Merchant Princes of East Africa, 1800-2000. Amsterdam: Pallas, 2009.
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Websites
The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean World
http://exhibitions.nypl.org/ africansindianocean/index2.php
The website contains a series of essays, dozens of images, several maps, and clips from documentaries to illustrate the dimensions of the African diaspora in the countries of the Indian Ocean. Based on an exhibition at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library.
The Indian Ocean and Global Trade www.saudiaramcoworld.com/ issue/200504/default.htm
Saudi Aramco World, a glossy magazine published by the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, includes accessible stories about the history of the Indian Ocean. It includes many photographs, maps, a timeline, and a searchable index to all previous issues of the magazine.
The Indian Ocean in World History www.indianoceanhistory.org
Organized by Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center, Oman. Provides instructional materials for teaching about this region in the context of world history, including maps and a video introduction of a dhow sailing upon Indian Ocean waters.
Indian Ocean Trade www.oxfordbibliographies.com/browse? module_0=obo-9780199846733
A bibliography by Edward A. Alpers for Oxford Bibliographies Online, African Studies. Includes dozens of source citations with short descriptions of the place of Africa in the trade of the Indian Ocean.
The Indian Ocean World Centre http://indianoceanworldcentre.com/ Hosted at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the site provides information on the research and teaching activities of this important center of Indian Ocean scholarship, as well as links to other digital sources.
The Sealinks Project www.sealinksproject.com
Information on current research, publications, and presentations on early Indian Ocean history by members of the Sealinks Project at Oxford University, a large multidisciplinary project involving collaboration with individuals and institutions around the Indian Ocean and beyond. It studies the earliest maritime connections that linked and gradually transformed societies around the Indian Ocean. The project draws upon the methods of archaeology, genetics, linguistics, and paleoenvironmental studies to understand the first steps toward globalization in the Indian Ocean world, exploring the interplay between the cultural and biological factors that came to shape societies, species, and environments in the region.