Footnotes

1 Legend has it that Nizam al-Mulk, Omar Khayyam, and Hassan-i-Sabbah were childhood friends. When Nizam al-Mulk came to prominence, he offered help to both. Khayyam rose to prominence as an astronomer and poet.

2 Joseph Montville of the US Department of State coined the term, to contrast it with official diplomacy.

3 However, Carter often has seemed too friendly to dictators and too certain of his own rectitude, and therefore something of a loose cannon.

4 afdop.org/ and kucinich.house.gov/Issues/Issue/?IssueID=1564

5 Of course, the conclusion is uncertain. There is a joke about a charm that keeps wild polar bears away from Florida, the proof that it works being the lack of polar bears there.

6 Rome’s buildup against Carthage and China’s current one against the United States are two additional examples widely separated in time.

7 Currently, at 4.2 murders per 100,000 the US ranks 108 in the world. Honduras ranked first at 91.6 per 100,000 murders per year.

8 Chicago Police Department, Murder Analysis and FBI Uniform Crime Reports.

9 Sederer, L. (January 2013) Tragedy of Mental Health Law, Wall Street Journal

10 Rich et. al, (March 1990). Guns and Suicide: Possible Effects of Some Specific Legislation. The American Journal of Psychiatry

11 In 2010, there were 40 murders in Switzerland involving guns of all types. There are 420,000 fully automatic SG550 “assault rifles” with large capacity magazines and ample ammunition in Swiss homes, owned by trained men of the Swiss militia.

12 Like good news, the successes (below) tend to be forgotten in the face of the failures.

13 This section is based on a conversation with the Director of the UN System Staff College in Turin, Italy, which includes a nine-element Peace and Security Program in its offerings.

14 Israel-Palestine (since 1948), Kashmir (since 1949), Cyprus (since 1964), Golan (since 1974) and Israel-Lebanon (since 1978).

15 East Timor, Kosovo, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Congo, Ethiopia and Eritrea, Sierra Leone, and Western Sahara.

16 Interventions still must be financially, logistically, militarily, and politically feasible.

17 This does not imply that pacifism is exclusively rooted in Christianity. The classical Greek playwright Euripides (Trojan Women, Hecuba) was a pacifist. In China, Mo Zi, opposed any form of aggression. One of Islam’s most famous and influential philosophers was Al-Ghazali, a pacifist. There are similar examples from virtually every religion and civilization.

18 Christian Science Journal, February 2003.

19 The domestic equivalent is restitution or victim offender mediation. Its opposite is vigilantism, which is most common when law enforcement is weak or corrupt.

20 One famous QIP was the rebuilding from one end by the Muslims and from the other by the Croats of the bridge at Mostar in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Built in 1566, destroyed in 1993, reopened in July 2004, it had long been a tourist attraction. It is on a Bosnian stamp along with Emir Balic, thirteen times the winner of the sometimes-fatal headfirst diving contest from the bridge to the water 20 meters (65 feet) below.