References

Babbitt, E. Principled Peace: Conflict Resolution and Human Rights in Intra-State Conflict, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2005.

Donnelly, J. & Howard, R. E. (eds.) International Handbook of Human Rights, New York, Westport, London: Greenwood Press, 1987.

Glendon, M. A. A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, New York: Random House, 2001.

Lederach, J. P. Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies,

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute for Peace, 1997.

Sieghart, P. I. The International Law of Human Rights, Oxford, NY: 1990.

Tomuschat, C. Human Rights Between Idealism and Realism, Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Waltzer, M. Just and Unjust Wars, New York: Basic Books, 1977.

Weston, B. H. “Human Rights” in R. P. Claude and B. H. Weston (eds.) Human Rights

in the World Community, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.

Zartman, I. W. & Rasmussen, J. L. (eds.) Peacemaking in International Conflict: Meth­ods & Techniques, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997.

Notes

1. Natural law or law of nature: normative legal theory that argues that the basis of law should be morality. Natural law argues that just laws are innate in nature, and therefore, no legal construction, such as a Bill of Rights, can create those laws, but only discover them. See for example chapter 2 in S. Samuels, Law, Politics, and Society, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006.

2. Rousseau’s political ideas are articulated mainly in the book Principles of Political Right (1762).

3. Legal positivism (as opposed to “natural law”) is a school of legal thinking basically arguing that laws are constructions of human beings, and therefore there is no connection between law and morality. For a comprehensive overview of the development of legal ideas from early antiquity until recent years, including the major arguments of different theorists, see Penner, Schiff, and Nobles (eds.), Introduction to Jurisprudence and Legal Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002; J.

4. For more on the development of the notions of human rights throughout history, see Chapter III, “Theoretical Foundations of Human Rights,” in R. A. Falk, Human Rights and State Sovereignty, New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1981; D. Kretzmer, and E. Klein, (eds.), The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002; M. Ishay, The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.

5. For detailed analyses on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, see Glendon, 2001, pp. 173-191; Tomuschat, 2003, pp. 24-83; J. Morsink, The Universal Decla­ration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting, and Intent, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, p. 8.

6. For more on self-determination with regard to the promotion of human rights, see Chapter 2 in D. P. Forsythe, Human Rights and World Politics, Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1989.

7. For more on the relation of human rights and culture, see A. Pollis, and

P. Schwad, (eds.), Human Rights: Cultural and Ideological Perspectives, New York: Praeger, 1979; A. A. An-Na'im, Human Rights in Cross-Cultural Perspectives:

A Quest for Consensus, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992 and Chapter 3 in J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

8. For a comprehensive critique of the so-called western concept of human rights, see A. Sen, “Universal Truths: Human Rights and the Westernizing Illusion,” Harvard International Review, 20:3, 40-43.

9. See, for example, M. P. Lama, “Conflict Resolution as a Pre-Requisite for Regional Cooperation and Development” In G. W. Kueck and D. D. Khanna (eds.), Conflict Resolution, Human Rights and Democracy, New Delhi: Shipra Publications, 2003, pp. 224-241.

10. See, for example, S. Byrne and L. Keashly, “Working with Ethno-Political Conflict: A Multi-Modal Approach,” in Woodhouse, T.

11. Lynne Rienner, 1992; T. Risse, S. C. Ropp, and K. Sikkink (eds.), The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999; S. Horowitz and A. Schnabel (eds.), Human Rights and Societies in Transition: Causes, Consequences, Responses, New York: United Nations University Press, 2004.

12. See “Ethnic Conflict, Minority Protection and Conflict Resolution: Human Rights Perspectives,” an Interdisciplinary Discussion held at the Rockefeller Foundation Conference Center, Bellagio, Italy, 2001. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Law School Human Rights Program, 2004.

13. See, for example, T. Forsberg, “The Philosophy and Practice of Dealing with the Past,” in N. Biggar (ed.), Burying the Past, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univer­sity Press, 2003, pp. 65-84.

14. December 9, 1948: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.

15. See “The Responsibility to Protect,” Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, December 2001.