List of Tables
Table 1.1 Monocameral parliaments................................................................. 5
Table 1.2 Bicameral Parliaments......................................................................
9Table 1.3 Bicameral “asymmetrical” Parliaments........................................... 13
Table 2.1 Freedom of mandate....................................................................... 26
Table 2.2 Incompatibilities of the mandate of the deputy............................... 29
Table 2.3 Salary clauses relating to the deputy............................................... 31
Table 2.4 Loss of mandate.............................................................................. 33
Table 2.5 Necessity of mechanism of indemnity............................................. 40
Table 2.6 Scope of indemnity........................................................................ 41
Table 2.7 Immunity exceptions for certain crimes.......................................... 43
Table 2.8 Temporal limit of indemnity........................................................... 43
Table 2.9 Necessity of mechanism of immunity.............................................. 44
Table 2.10 Scope of immunity.......................................................................... 46
Table 2.11 Temporal limits of immunity.......................................................... 49
Table 2.12 Lifting of immunity/indemnity........................................................ 50
Table 2.13 Judicial review of immunity............................................................ 53
Table 3.1 Requirements for political parties................................................... 60
Table 3.2 Protection of political parties.......................................................... 62
Table 3.3 Material conditions for the dissolution of a political party.............
64Table 3.4 Formal conditions for the dissolution of a party............................ 65
Table 3.5 Judicial review of the dissolution of a political party................. 65
Table 3.6 Party financing................................................................................ 67
Table 3.7 Necessity of rule in the constitution................................................ 68
Table 3.8 Necessity of threshold clauses and their mechanism.................. 71
Table 3.9 Level of the threshold...................................................................... 72
Table 3.10 Application to parties or party coalitions.................................... 74
Table 3.11 Threshold on district level............................................................... 75
Table 3.12 Exception if several seats in one constituency are won.............. 76
Table 3.13 Exemptions for minorities in general.............................................. 77
Table 3.14 Allocation of unallocated votes....................................................... 79
Table 3.15 Regulatory level............................................................................. 81
Table 4.1 Exemplary electoral clauses—speaker............................................ 91
Table 4.2 Duties of the speaker...................................................................... 92
Table 4.3 Election of the presidium................................................................ 93
Table 4.4 Duties of the presidium.................................................................. 93
Table 4.5 Election of the committees.............................................................. 96
Table 4.6 Exemplary committee clauses........................................................ 97
Table 5.1 Formation of the investigative committee..................................... 113
Table 5.2 Majority required to instate an investigative committee............. 114
Table 5.3 Subject and scope of an investigative committee..........................
115Table 5.4 Composition of the investigative committee................................. 117
Table 5.5 Powers of an investigative committee........................................... 118
Table 5.6 Limitations and checks upon an investigative committee........... 121
Table 5.7 Interrelations between investigative committee
and judiciary........................................................................................................ 122
Table 5.8 Dissolution of an investigative committee.................................... 123
Table 5.9 Intervals between question time................................................... 130
Table 5.10 Threshold required to initiate an interpellation............................ 132
Table 6.1 Actors of an initiative: Parliaments.............................................. 140
Table 6.2 Actors: Governments—People’s Initiative................................... 143
Table 6.3 Exclusive rights when initiating bills........................................... 145
Table 6.4 Reading of laws............................................................................ 148
Table 6.5 Solution of bicameral conflicts..................................................... 152
Table 6.6 Approval and control of legislative acts...................................... 157
Table 6.7 Statutory reservations................................................................. 164
Table 6.8 Delegated legislation..................................................................... 169
Table 6.9 Judicial review relating to referendums........................................ 174
Table 7.1 Age requirements of Presidents.................................................... 183
Table 7.2 Citizenship requirements for presidential candidates................... 185
Table 7.3 Citizenship requirements for relatives of presidential
candidates...........................................................................................................
187Table 7.4 Residential requirements for presidential candidates.................... 188
Table 7.5 Right to vote of presidential candidates....................................... 189
Table 7.6 Educational and religious requirements for presidential
candidates........................................................................................................... 190
Table 7.7 Incompatibility of presidential candidates................................... 193
Table 7.8 Wording of presidential oath........................................................ 195
Table 7.9 Date of presidential election......................................................... 199
Table 7.10 Pre-selection of presidential candidates........................................ 200
Table 7.11 Direct or indirect presidential elections........................................ 201
Table 7.12 Indirect election of president........................................................ 202
Table 7.13 Majority requirements for presidential elections.......................... 204
Table 7.14 Minimal turnout in presidential elections.................................... 205
Table 7.15 Failing to obtain the required majority in presidential
elections.............................................................................................................. 206
Table 7.16 Length in different political systems............................................. 211
Table 7.17 Length of duration of office.......................................................... 212
Table 7.18 Number of re-elections in different political systems.................... 213
Table 7.19 Prohibition of non-consecutive re-elections.................................. 216
Table 7.20 Exemptions from the limit of re-election...................................... 217
Table 8.1 Control of constitutionality of state action................................... 226
Table 8.2 Crisis powers...............................................................................
229Table 8.3 Executive powers......................................................................... 233
Table 8.4 Historical context of countersigning............................................. 236
Table 8.5 Authority to countersign.............................................................. 237
Table 8.6 Consequences in case of no countersignature............................... 238
Table 8.7 Ceremonial prerogatives............................................................... 239
Table 8.8 Protector of the state and constitution.......................................... 241
Table 8.9 Organisation of office................................................................... 242
Table 8.10 President as mediator................................................................... 243
Table 8.11 Executive powers......................................................................... 244
Table 8.12 Absolute or suspensive veto power.............................................. 248
Table 8.13 Limitation of the veto power........................................................ 249
Table 8.14 Overriding the veto....................................................................... 251
Table 9.1 Organ to dissolve Parliament....................................................... 260
Table 9.2 Conditions for dissolution............................................................ 261
Table 9.3 Limitations of the right to dissolve Parliament............................ 264
Table 9.4 Third power involvement during dissolution.............................. 266
Table 9.5 Initiation of impeachment............................................................. 271
Table 9.6 Misconduct by the President........................................................ 273
Table 9.7 Right of defence for the President................................................. 274
Table 9.8 Review before deciding on impeachment......................................
275Table 9.9 Decision making on impeachment................................................ 277
Table 9.10 Replacement of the officeholder................................................... 280
Table 9.11 Timeframes during impeachment process.................................... 281
Table 10.1 Appointment of head of Government........................................... 297
Table 10.2 Dismissal of Government/single ministers in semi-presidential
systems............................................................................................................... 298
Table 10.3 Conflict resolution mechanisms in case of uncertain
majorities............................................................................................................. 303
Table 10.4 Timeframes when forming Government...................................... 306
Table 10.5 Source of authority for vote of confidence................................... 310
Table 10.6 Single bill or overall policy subject to vote of confidence.......... 312
Table 10.7 Initiation of the vote of confidence.............................................. 314
Table 10.8 Requirements to initiate the vote of confidence........................... 314
Table 10.9 Majority needed for the vote of confidence.............................. 315
Table 10.10 Time restrictions on the vote of confidence.............................. 316
Table 10.11 Legal consequences following a vote of confidence...................... 317
Table 10.12 Legal provisions of a vote of no confidence.............................. 320
Table 10.13 Majority needed to initiate a vote of no confidence.................. 324
Table 10.14 Subject of the vote of no confidence............................................ 325
Table 10.15 Formal requirements of a vote of no confidence........................... 327
Table 10.16 Majority required for a vote of no confidence 328 Table 10.17 Further procedural requirements of a vote of
no confidence....................................................................................................... 329
Table 10.18 Time limitations in between proposal and vote of
no confidence....................................................................................................... 331
Table 10.19 The minister in a vote of no confidence........................................... 332
Table 10.20 The Prime Minister and Government in a vote of
no confidence....................................................................................................... 334
Table 10.21 Timeframe for consequences following a vote of
no confidence....................................................................................................... 338
Table 11.1 Textual allocation within the judiciary......................................... 347
Table 11.2 Accentuated position within the judiciary.................................... 348
Table 11.3 Express separation from the judiciary.......................................... 349
Table 11.4 Nomination of judges by Parliament............................................ 351
Table 11.5 Nomination of the judiciary by Parliament, President and
Government........................................................................................................ 353
Table 11.6 Nomination of the judiciary by Parliament and
Government........................................................................................................ 355
Table 11.7 Nomination of the judiciary by the judiciary itself............................. 356
Table 11.8 Duration of office of judges............................................................... 357
Table 11.9 Decision-making on suspension, dismissal or loss of office of
members of the judiciary by the court................................................................ 358
Table 11.10 Indemnities for judges...................................................................... 361
Table 11.11 Incompatibilities with economic activities or liberal
professions of judges.......................................................................................... 363
Table 11.12 Retroactive control by constitutional or supreme courts............ 365
Table 11.13 Preventative control by constitutional or supreme courts........... 367
Table 11.14 Concrete norm control.................................................................. 370
Table 11.15 Diffuse review of norms by constitutional or supreme
court.................................................................................................................... 374
Table 11.16 Subject of control and standing in individual constitutional
complaints........................................................................................................... 377
Table 11.17 Inter-organ and inter-territorial conflicts.......................................... 382
Table 11.18 Control of elections, mandates and referenda.................................. 386
Table 11.19 Prohibition of political parties by the constitutional
or supreme court................................................................................................. 389
Table 12.1 Distribution of competences amongst the judiciary..................... 396
Table 12.2 Direct appointment: nominating and participating bodies......... 404
Table 12.3 Independence of judges................................................................. 411
Table 12.4 The organisation of public prosecution in a constitution........... 418
Table 13.1 Unitary systems............................................................................ 430
Table 13.2 Regionalised systems................................................................... 433
Table 13.3 Symmetrical federal systems....................................................... 435
Table 13.4 Asymmetrical federal systems..................................................... 443
Table 13.5 Local Government........................................................................ 451
Table 14.1 Types of emergency rules.............................................................. 463
Table 14.2 Authorising a state of emergency.................................................. 465
Table 14.3 Preconditions to call a state of emergency..................................... 467
Table 14.4 Shift of power during a state of emergency................................... 468
Table 14.5 Protection and limitation of human rights under a state of
emergency............................................................................................................ 470
Table 14.6 Restrictions imposed by a state of emergency............................... 472
Table 14.7 Time restrictions on a state of emergency..................................... 473
Table 14.8 Legislative control during a state of emergency............................. 475
Table 14.9 Judicial review of a state of emergency......................................... 478
Table 15.1 Military forces and national security institutions.......................... 491
Table 15.2 Ex-ante control of military missions abroad................................. 497
Table 16.1 Proposing the budget................................................................... 516
Table 16.2 Approving the budget.................................................................. 517
Table 16.3 Amending the budget.................................................................... 519
Table 16.4 Budget deadlock............................................................................ 522
Table 16.5 Expenses exceeding the budget.................................................... 523
Table 16.6 Limitation of public debts............................................................ 528
Table 16.7 Review of allocation of taxation................................................... 530
Table 16.8 Appointment of members of the control chamber........................ 533
Table 16.9 Duration of office of members of the control chamber................ 534
Table 16.10 Establishment clauses for central banks...................................... 538
Table 16.11 The six core characteristics of a central bank................................ 540
Table 16.12 Examples of governing clauses for central banks........................ 541
Table 16.13 Duration of office of central bank members................................. 542
Table 16.14 Appointment of central bank board members.............................. 543
Table 16.15 Appointment procedure and term of office of
the chairperson of a central bank........................................................................ 545
Table 16.16 Accountability of the central bank................................................ 546
Table 16.17 Subconstitutional examples of central bank clauses..................... 547
Table 17.1 Countries with and without referendums...................................... 560
Table 17.2 Bodies competent to call a referendum......................................... 562
Table 17.3 Matters to which referendums may relate.................................... 568
Table 17.4 Feature of the text submitted for a referendum............................. 571
Table 17.5 Time restrictions on referendums.................................................. 574
Table 17.6 Quorum required for a successful referendum............................... 576
Table 17.7 Legal effect of a referendum.......................................................... 577
Table 17.8 Judicial review of a referendum..................................................... 579
Table 18.1 Organs and thresholds to initiate an amendment.......................... 590
Table 18.2 Passing the amendment................................................................. 592
Table 18.3 Timeframe for legislative advice and adoption of
an amendment clause........................................................................................... 596
Table 18.4 Approval by referendum............................................................... 598
Table 18.5 Implementation of the amendments.............................................. 599
Table 18.6 Immutable sections of a constitution............................................. 602
Table 18.7 Moratoriums of constitutional amendments................................. 606
Table 18.8 Involvement of the constitutional court in the amendment
process......................................................................................... 607