ENDNOTES
Introduction
1. E. H. Schell, December 31, 1947, Letter to Ralph E. Freeman, PASP 87 (MIT).
2. This terminology comes from Morgan and Rutherford 1998.
Chapter 1: Childhood
1.
The archival record of Paul's early years is thin. There is a brief exchange of letters with his teacher and neighbors dating from the 1970s, but otherwise the sources appear to be confined to his own reminiscences in autobiographical essays and interviews. Fortunately, these are numerous, because of his habit of lacing publications with autobiographical remarks. Unfortunately, these are typically brief and often lack details with which to pin down the events recounted. The most substantial pieces relating to his early life and his family background are: a long unpublished and untitled “Autobiographical fragment” (undated, PASP 149 [Autobiographical]); an unpublished, handwritten, and incomplete “Brief history of the Samuelsons” (undated, PASP 149 [Autobiographical]); a piece he wrote in March 1989, “Portrait of the scholar as a young pup” (PASP 149 [Autobiographical]); and a short piece, with a significant part of its two handwritten pages crossed through, “Roots,” written in 1987 (PASP 149 [Autobiographical]). It is possible that the striking through may have been done by a typist, indicating passages that had been copied. Had he intended to delete all the material struck through, it is not clear why the document would not have been thrown away. There were also numerous remarks made in various interviews. He had clearly thought about his past, having some clear memories of his childhood, but never brought the material together into a single narrative.2. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Autobiographical fragment, PASP 149 (Autobiographical). Ch. 1, p. 9.
3. The exact relationship of “Uncle Jimmy” to Samuelson is not clear.
4. Given his father's change of name, it is not clear whether these are merely the names by which Samuelson knew his aunts and uncles or the names given by their parents.
Samuelson lists five names, saying that he believed there may have been another sister. Sarah's name and all the birth dates are taken from the 1910 U.S. Census.5. Samuelson writes Hankanson, but that would appear to be a misspelling.
6. This is the arrival date given in the 1910 Census. Samuelson's account simply refers to the Edwardian decade.
7. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Autobiographical fragment, PASP 149 (Autobiographical), Ch. 1, p. 11.
8. The 1920 Census gives Frank's immigration date as 1908, though note that transcription errors are not uncommon in such records.
9. Samuelson's account suggests she may have been closer to fifteen, though he made it clear he did not know her age.
10. Samuelson, Autobiographical fragment.
11. A later copy of the birth certificate is in PASP 149 (Personal).
12. Samuelson, Portrait of the Scholar, p. 4.
13. P. A. Samuelson, March 6, 1976, Letter to Anna Buchfuehrer, Lester Gordon, and Ethel Ruth, PASP 152 (Personal).
14. Samuelson, Autobiographical fragment. He is not completely clear on the period, saying that he was there till age five, but also that this idyllic period ran from 1916 to 1924.
15. Samuelson, Portrait of the Scholar.
16. Ibid, p. 4.
17. Samuelson, Autobiographical fragment.
18. Samuelson, Portrait of the Scholar.
19. The text says “doining.” He clearly typed the letter himself and there are many handwritten corrections.
20. P. A. Samuelson, March 6, 1976, Letter to Anna Buchfuehrer, Lester Gordon, and Ethel Ruth, PASP 152 (Personal).
21. Ibid.
22. 40 might be 70. The letter is handwritten.
23. E. Ruth, March 5, 1976, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 152 (Personal).
24. Note that Samuelson's memory of the letter may be imperfect, in that he talked of being in third grade, whereas she was clearly claiming to have taught him in first and second grades.
25. This information was provided by a family member.
26. Samuelson 2009a, p. 45.
27. The relationship is not known: he was age thirty-five.
The household also included a Jenny Hopheins (age 51).28. The source for this is a family member. Samuelson does not mention it.
29. Samuelson, Brief History of the Samuelsons.
30. E. Ruth, March 5, 1976, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 152 (Personal).
31. Samuelson, Autobiographical fragment; see also P. A. Samuelson, December
31, 1951, Letter to Robert Summers, PASP 71 (Summers family).
32. Samuelson, Autobiographical fragment.
33. Hyde Park Herald, June 23, 1982, p. 11.
34. Hyde Park Herald, September 8, 1933.
35. Hyde Park Herald, November 1, 1929, p. 22.
36. Hyde Park Herald, November 28, 1930, p. 1.
37. Hyde Park Herald, December 5, 1930, p. 16.
38. This account of the Chicago school system is taken from Tyack et al. 1984:69
39. Hyde Park Herald, May 26, 1933, p. 1.
40. Hyde Park Herald April 12, 1945, p. 8.
41. Hyde Park Herald June 17, 1959, p. 13.
42. Hyman 2012.
43. Orear 2004, p. 64.
44. Reed and Smith 1925, p. 342, citing Shoesmith 1916.
45. Schorling 1915, p. 658, quoting an advance version of Shoesmith 1916.
46. Mathematical Association of America 1932, p. 308.
47. Schorling 1915, p. 658, quoting an advance version of Shoesmith 1916.
48. Hyde Park Herald, December 23, 1959, p. 12. She was later commemorated by the naming of an elementary school after her.
49. Samuelson et al. 1996, p. 970.
50. Samuelson 2009a, pp. 1103-1104.
51. P. A. Samuelson, 1992, [Answers] by Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 152 (Walker), p. 2.
52. Samuelson 1930.
53. Samuelson, Portrait of the Scholar, p. 3.
54. P. A. Samuelson, June 11, 1996, Letter to Norman Davidson, PASP 25
(D, 1991—2009, 2 of 2). This exchange is also discussed in chapter 4 this volume.
55. Samuelson 1972a; Samuelson, Autobiographical fragment.
56. For example, Samuelson, Autobiographical fragment, Ch. 1, pp. 5, 8.
57. Samuelson, Autobiographical fragment.
58. Samuelson 2009a, p. 45.
59. Samuelson, Autobiographical fragment.
60. Samuelson 2002b, p. 30.
61. Samuelson, Autobiographical fragment, Ch. 1, p. 5.
62. Ibid., Ch. 1, p. 4. A picture of Samuelson, age three, makes it clear that his account of his appearance was no exaggeration!
63. Ibid., Ch. 1, p. 5.
64. Radcliffe was Harvard's womens' college.
65. Samuelson, Autobiographical fragment, Ch 1, p. 5.
66. P. A. Samuelson, July, 1987, Roots, PASP 149 (Autobiographical).
67. Ibid. Sophie had married Fred Mendelsohn in the summer of 1914.
68. I owe this idea to Bradley Bateman.
69. This belief led him to be impatient over details about his education. This is illustrated by an exchange with Donald Walker, in which Samuelson was sent a list of thirty-six questions ranging over six pages about his mathematical and economic training (P. A. Samuelson, 1992, [Answers] by Paul A Samuelson, PASP 152 [Walker]; D. A. Walker, 1992, Paul A. Samuelson on some aspects of the origins and evolution of his economic ideas, PASP 152 [Walker]). Samuelson’s response was five pages, in which he explained, essentially, that he was self-taught in mathematics. He refrained from responding to most of the detailed questions Walker had asked, even though many of them would have been easy for him to answer. There was an explanation he wanted to offer, involving a well-rehearsed account of his life, and although he did add interesting details (for example, about Beulah Shoesmith and his mathematics education at Hyde Park School), he had no interest in details that were not part of that narrative.
70. P. A. Samuelson, December 31, 1951, Letter to Robert Summers, PASP 71 (Summers family), p. 6.
Chapter 2: The University of Chicago, 1932
1. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Autobiographical fragment, PASP 149 (Autobiographical), Ch. 2, p. 1.
2. Samuelson 2002a.
3. Ibid, p. 48.
4. Ibid., p. 48.
5. Keniston et al. 1934, p. 415.
6. Ibid., p. 282.
7. Ibid., p. 283.
8. Ibid., p. 284.
9. Ibid., p. 291.
10. Ibid., p. 361.
11. Ibid., p. 362.
12. Gideonse, Kerwin, et al. 1931, p. 30.
13. R. M. McIver, quoted in Gideonse, Kerwin, et al. 1931, p. 5.
14. Suzumura 2005, p. 332.
15. Sumner 1906, p. 99.
16. Ibid., p. 80.
17. Ibid., p. 87.
18. Gideonse, Kerwin, et al. 1931, p. 96.
19. Slichter 1931, p. 16.
20. Gideonse, Kerwin, et al. 1931, p. 101.
21. Barnett 2004, p. 529.
22. Biographical data on Director are taken from Van Horn 2010a; Van Horn 2010b.
23. Slichter 1931, p. 16.
24. Ibid., pp. 9-10.
25. Ibid.
26. Barnett 2004, p. 529. This would appear to be a reference to chapter 4, “The Mechanism of Pricing,” the first section of which is titled “Arithmetical Treatment of the Problem of Equilibrium.”
27. P. A. Samuelson, 1992, [Answers] by Paul A Samuelson, PASP 152 (Walker), p. 2.
28. Barnett 2004, p. 529.
29. See entry by Ronnie J. Phillips in 2006. Though relieved of the course in 1927, when he took over the course on money, he had presumably picked it up again, perhaps when Director arrived.
30. P. A. Samuelson, March 31, 2003, Letter to Roger Sandilands and David Laidler, PASP 67 (Sandilands).
Chapter 3: Natural and Social Sciences, 1932—1933
1. P. A. Samuelson, January 9, 2008, Letter to Stephen Stigler, PASP 71.
2. Coulter 1932, p. 1.
3. Ibid., p. 3.
4. Ibid., p. 163.
5. Ibid., pp.181-189.
6. M. Crawford Samuelson, July 12, 2002, Interview with Paul A. Samuelson, Direct.
7. Coulter 1932, p. 277.
8. Ibid., p. 277.
9. P. A. Samuelson, January 9, 2008, Letter to Stephen Stigler, PASP 71.
10. Coulter 1932, p. 334.
11. Ibid., p. 339.
12. East 1927, p. 175.
13. Ibid., p. 176.
14. Ibid., p. 179.
15. Lemon and Schlesinger 1932, chapter 41. Quotation taken from Lemon and Schlesinger 1934, p. 186.
16. Lemon and Schlesinger 1934, p. 187.
17. P. A. Samuelson, June 24, 1996, Letter to Norman Davidson, PASP 25 (D, 1991—2009, 2 of 2). Samuelson noted that in economics it was known as the Le Chatelier-Samuelson Principle.
18. Gideonse, Johnson, et al. 1932, p. xi.
19. Thouless 1936.
20. Ibid., pp. 250—251.
21. Ibid., p. 237.
22. Ibid., p. 240.
23. Ibid., pp. 244-245.
24. Angell 1932, p. 187.
25. Salter 1932, p. xiv.
26. Ibid., p. 13.
27. Bonar 1911, Ch. 3.
28. Ibid., p. 59.
29. Ibid., p. 61.
30. Gideonse, Johnson, et al. 1932, p. 4.
31. Ibid., pp. 4-5. A third quotation has been omitted because of its length.
32. Ibid., p. 15.
33. Ibid., p. 21.
34. Ibid., p. 38.
35. Ibid., p. 50.
36. Ibid., p. 55.
37. Clark 1936, p. 268. Paragraph italicized in original.
38. See chapter 5 this volume.
39. Samuelson 1972b.
40. Samuelson 1951a, p. 14.
41. Gideonse, Johnson, et al. 1932, p. 129.
42. Ibid., p. 155.
43. Ibid., p. 160.
44. Ibid., p. 200.
45. Ibid., p. 215.
46. Ibid., p. 218.
47. Ibid., p. 220.
48. Ibid., p. 205.
49. Ibid, p. 205.
50. Ibid., pp. 244-245.
51. P. A. Samuelson, May 1933, Diary, PASP 149 (Autobiographical), p. 1.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid., p. 2.
54. Samuelson 1972a.
55. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Autobiographical fragment, PASP 149 (Autobiographical), p. 7.
56. Ibid., p. 3.
57. On February 9, 1933, the resolution “This house will under no circumstances fight for King and country” was passed with a large majority.
Chapter 4: Social Scientist to Mathematical Economist, 1933—1934
1. Biographical details are taken from Eggan 1963.
2. Eggan 1962.
3. Cole 1931.
4. This information is taken from http://www.asanet.org/about/presidents/ Leonard_Cottrell.cfm. Cottrell became president of the American Statistical Association in 1950.
5. University of Chicago 1932, p. 108.
6. Schuman 1932a, 1932b, 1932c.
7. Schuman 1934b, 1934a, 1934c.
8. Schuman 1934c, p. 42.
9. P. A. Samuelson, May 1933, Diary, PASP 149 (Autobiographical), pp. 11—12.
10. Ibid., p. 9.
11. Samuelson 1992, p. 239.
12. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Autobiographical fragment, PASP 149 (Autobiographical), p. 8.
13. University of Chicago 1932, p. 31.
14. P. A. Samuelson, 1934, The Limitations of Collective Bargaining (Economics 240), PASP, Box 152. Other student essays are not included in the publications list.
15. Ibid., p. 1. “its own self’ is in the original.
16. http://www.spring-valley.il.us/history/john_mitchell.htm.
17. P A. Samuelson, Limitations of Collective Bargaining, p. 2.
18. Ibid., p. 4.
19. Ibid., p. 5.
20. Ibid., p. 9.
21. P A. Samuelson, June 11, 1996, Letter to Norman Davidson, PASP 25 (D, 1991—2009, 2 of 2).
22. N. Davidson, June 18, 1996, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 25 (D, 1991—2009, 2 of 2).
23. P. A. Samuelson, June 24, 1996, Letter to Norman Davidson, PASP 25 (D 1991—2009, 2 of 2).
24. P. A. Samuelson, 1992, [Answers] by Paul A Samuelson, PASP 152 (Walker), p. 2.
25. This is based on the course description from Econ 209 in the announcements for 1933-34.
26. P. A. Samuelson, 1934, The Relationship Between Changes in Exchange Rates and General Prices, PASP 135.
27. Ibid., p. 5.
28. The only Chicago economist cited is Theodore Yntema, but he is someone whom Paul never mentioned in his recollections.
29. See chapter 5 this volume.
30. Samuelson, Relationship Between Changes in Exchange Rates.
31. Ibid., p. 8.
32. Ibid., p. 9.
33. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Autobiographical fragment, PASP 149 (Autobiographical), p. 6.
34. Ibid, p. ¿¿.
35. Stigler 1988, p. 25.
36. Samuelson 2003, p. 463.
37. Ibid., p. 463.
38. Ibid., pp. 463—464.
39. P. A. Samuelson, May 1933, Diary, PASP 149 (Autobiographical), p. 12.
40. Ibid., p. 14.
41. Ibid., p. 20.
42. Ibid., p. 22.
Chapter 5: Economics at Chicago, 1932—1935
1. Barnett 2004, p. 531.
2. Ibid., p. 526. Though he remembered his class notes, there is no evidence that he had them and had consulted them.
3. P A. Samuelson, Undated, Money at the University of Chicago, PASP 133.
4. Samuelson 1968, p. 2.
5. Ibid., p. 1.
6. Barnett 2004, p. 530.
7. Ibid., p. 527.
8. See Laidler 1999, Ch. 9.
9. Hart 1935.
10. See the discussion in Laidler 1999, chapter 9, especially pp. 231ff.
11. Wright 1932.
12. Douglas 1932, p. 8.
13. Ibid., p. 21.
14. Douglas 1934, p. xv.
15. Ibid.
16. The preface is dated January 31, 1935.
17. Douglas 1935, p. 79. The tense of the verb has been changed.
18. Ibid., pp. 80-82.
19. Ibid., p. 85.
20. Samuelson 1991a, p. 542.
21. Samuelson 1972c, pp. 5-6.
22. Ibid., p. 11.
23. Viner 2013.
24. Samuelson 1972c, p. 7.
25. Ibid., p. 7.
26. Ibid., p. 8.
27. Viner 1931.
28. Samuelson 1972c, p. 9.
29. This was circulated as the first essay in Knight 1933.
30. Knight 1933, p. 8.
31. Ibid, p. 14.
32. Ibid., p. 15.
33. P. A. Samuelson, September 14, 1994, Letter to Donald Dewey, PASP 25.
34. Knight 1982, p. 30.
35. Knight 1922.
36. Ibid., p. 459.
37. Ibid., pp. 472-473.
38. Ibid., p. 475, italics in original.
39. Ibid., p. 477.
40. Knight 1923, p. 580.
41. Ibid., pp. 580, 584.
42. Ibid., p. 582.
43. Ibid., p. 587.
44. Ibid., p. 598.
45. Ibid., p. 600.
46. Ibid., p. 583.
47. Ibid., p. 601.
48. Knight 1997.
49. Ibid., p. 71.
50. Ibid., p. 73.
51. Ibid., p. 74.
52. Ibid., p. 92.
53. Ibid., p. 97.
54. Ibid., p 97.
55. Ibid., p. 133.
56. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Autobiographical fragment, PASP 149 (Autobiographical).
57. The handwriting of the word secured is not clear, and the omitted words include one that is hard to read. The “composition of prices notion” may refer to the theory, going back to Adam Smith and before, that prices can be explained by adding up their components, wages, profits, and rents. P. A. Samuelson, May 1933, Diary, PASP 149 (Autobiographical), pp. 27-28.
58. P A. Samuelson, 1992, [Answers] by Paul A Samuelson, PASP 152 (Walker), p. 4.
59. Samuelson, Autobiographical fragment, p. 7.
60. Ibid., p. 7.
61. P. A. Samuelson, January 8, 1997, Letter to Donald Dewey, PASP 25; Samuelson 1991a, p. 537; P. A. Samuelson, February 8, 2000, Letter to Marc Nerlove, PASP 55 (N, 1991-2009).
62. Samuelson 1951a, p. 14, n1.
Chapter 6: First Term at Harvard, Autumn 1935
1. J. Viner, April 15, 1935, Reference for PAS for SSRC, PASP 74.
2. Samuelson 2003, p. 464.
3. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Autobiographical fragment, PASP 149 (Autobiographical), p. 12.
4. Ibid., p. 14.
5. Ibid., p. 12.
6. The catalog lists both Crum and Frickey as teaching this. However, Tsuru ( 2001, p. 118) and Samuelson (P. A. Samuelson, January 26, 1999, Letter to Stephen Stigler, PASP 71) remember Crum as teaching it. He probably taught the first term and Frickey the second.
7. Most likely Yule 1911. Samuelson identifies the author but not the text.
8. P. A. Samuelson, January 26, 1999, Letter to Stephen Stigler, PASP 71.
9. Keller and Keller 2001, pp. 22—26.
10. They are discussed in detail below.
11. Frickey 1942; Burns 1944.
12. Bullock et al. 1927.
13. Bullock and Crum 1932, pp. 136-137.
14. Ibid., p. 138.
15. Mason 1982.
16. Crum 1932.
17. Crum 1938.
18. P. A. Samuelson, January 26, 1999, Letter to Stephen Stigler, PASP 71.
19. Mason 1982, p. 413, The exception was Chamberlin, who became chairman in 1938 for three years.
20. This is discussed further elsewhere.
21. Samuelson 2011b, p. 1.
22. Morgan 1990 assigns Persons and his A, B, C curves a prominent place in the history of econometrics.
23. See Chamberlin 1961.
24. Samuelson 2004b, p. 4.
25. P A. Samuelson, September 26, 1989, Letter to Henry Rosovsky, PASP 63. This is discussed further in chapter 15 this volume.
26. Samuelson 2004b, p. 5. Names that Samuelson mentioned as being on the reading list were John Stuart Mill, Alfred Marshall, Chamberlin, and Robinson.
27. The typeface and style of the paper suggest it is early, and the reference, without giving details of the source, to one of Chamberlin’s chapters suggests it was written for him. A footnote in which Samuelson accuses Chamberlin of misintepreting Pareto (Section III, note 2) contains the marginal remark, “Where do I suggest this?,” clearly written by Chamberlin. Further evidence is provided in that P. A. Samuelson, February 1936, A fragmentary note on the equilibrium of the firm, PASP 151, dated Winter 1935/36 refers to an earlier paper on the indeterminacy of duopoly, which is presumably this paper or a variation of it. The paper is not complete, though what is labeled “Section III” seems fairly self-contained. It is possible that the title quoted may be the title of a note attached to the main paper. The pages are, unfortunately, not all numbered and there is some uncertainty about their order.
28. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Notes on the similarity between duopoly and bilateral monopoly, PASP 152, Section III, p. 5.
29. Ibid., p. 9.
30. Ibid., p. 9.
31. Ibid., p. 4; emphasis in Samuelson’s original.
32. A footnote cited Bowley and Hicks.
33. Samuelson, Notes on the similarity, p. 1.
34. The reference is to Chamberlin 1933, p. 52, n2.
35. Samuelson, Notes on the similarity.
36. Unless Samuelson revised the paper later, and the copy in the archive bears the date of the revision, this could not be the paper that Kaldor heard Samuelson present.
37. He also noted, in a footnote, second-order conditions.
38. P. A. Samuelson, February 1936, A fragmentary note on the equilibrium of the firm, PASP 151, p. 7, n3. The italic (originally underlining) is clearly Chamberlin’s.
39. Ibid., p. 24. The parenthesis is Samuelson’s. The implication, as his previous paper had made clear, was that he was doubtful about whether there were non-arbitrary restrictions that could result in a determinate solution.
40. Though he did not cite him, this must have been an allusion to Hotelling’s paper on spatial competition.
41. Samuelson, Fragmentary note, pp. 28—29.
42. Ibid., pp. 29—30. He notes how little work there was on this, citing Ramsey 1928 and Leontief 1934c.
43. Samuelson, Fragmentary note, p. 29.
44. Ibid., p. 30.
45. Ibid., p. 1.
46. Leontief (1925), translated as Leontief 1977, chapter 1, pp. 3-9.
47. Leontief 1936c.
48. Ibid., p. 105.
49. This point is noted by Dorfman 1973, p. 432.
50. Leontief 1935.
51. Samuelson 2004b, p. 5.
52. Tsuru 2001, p. 116.
53. The classic example is someone who eats a lot of potatoes because he cannot afford bread. If the price of potatoes rises, the person becomes even poorer and has to eat even less bread and hence more potatoes.
54. Samuelson 2004b, p. 6.
55. Tsuru 2001, p. 122.
56. The following discussion of the course is based on L. A. Metzler, 1938, Notes on Leontief’s Econ. 116, Session 1937-8, LAMP Box 7 (Econ 116).
57. Ibid.
58. The reading list is written on completely different paper and does not necessarily date from the beginning of the course: given what Samuelson said about Leontiefs course, it might not even have been dictated by Leontief. However the observation in the notes that theory cannot be used both to derive results and to check them suggests that Leontief was thinking in terms of estimating demand functions.
59. Samuelson 2004b, p. 6.
60. Samuelson 1972a, p. 163.
61. Tsuru 2000, p. 7.
62. Samuelson 1990a, p. 312.
63. Tsuru 2000, p. 7.
64. Tsuru 2001, chapter 7.
65. S. Tsuru, September 17, 2000, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 73, p. 5.
66. Suzumura 2006.
67. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Marion Crawford’s Life, Direct, p. 6.
68. R. Bishop, February 16, 1978, Marion Crawford Samuelson, Direct, p. 4;
R. M. Bergson, February 16, 1978, Marion Crawford Samuelson, Direct, p. 1; E. C. Brown, February 16, 1978, Marion Crawford Samuelson, Direct, p. 1;
R. M. Solow, February 16, 1978, Marion Crawford Samuelson, Direct, p. 1.
69. M. Crawford Samuelson, July 12, 2002, Interview with Paul A. Samuelson, Direct.
70. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Marion Crawford’s Life, Direct, p. 1. See also Crawford Samuelson, Interview with Paul A. Samuelson, p. 1.
71. R. Bishop, February 16, 1978, Marion Crawford Samuelson, Direct, p. 2.
72. Crawford 1937.
73. Ibid., p. 28.
74. Ibid., pp. 29-30.
75. Ibid., p. 30.
76. E. B. Wilson, March 22, 1939, Letter to Griffith Evans, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 32 (E).
77. Harris 1941, p. viii.
78. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Marion Crawford’s Life, Direct, p. 3.
79. Tsuru 2001, p. 118.
80. Crawford Samuelson, Interview with Paul A. Samuelson.
81. Ibid.
82. R. Bishop, February 16, 1978, Marion Crawford Samuelson, Direct, p. 3.
Chapter 7: Joseph Alois Schumpeter
1. This account of Schumpeter’s life before he moved permanently to Harvard draws heavily on McCraw 2007.
2. P. A. Samuelson, 1991, Afterthoughts on Schumpeter, PASP 68 (Schumpeter), p. 635.
3. Das Wesen und Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalokonomie (1908), translated as The Nature and Essence of Economic Theory (Schumpeter 2010).
4. Leontief 1950, p. 105.
5. Translated into English by Frank Taussig's son-in-law, Redvers Opie, just before Samuelson arrived at Harvard.
6. McCraw 2007, p. 98.
7. Ibid., pp.130-131.
8. Discussed elsewhere. American Economic Association 1935.
9. Samuelson 1951b, p. 101.
10. Ibid., p. 100.
11. Triffin 1950, p. 413.
12. Ibid.
13. Samuelson 1951b, p. 101.
14. Ibid., p. 102.
15. W. Stolper, 1935, Notes on Ec. 11, 1934-5 (Schumpeter), WSP 2002-0207 Box 19 (Theory).
16. Hicks 1932; Robinson 1933a; Chamberlin 1933.
17. Triffin 1950, p. 413,
18. Quoted in Swedberg 1991, p. 117.
19. Schumpeter 1939, p. 31.
20. Ibid., p. 32.
21. Ibid., p. 33.
22. McCraw 2007, pp. 220-221.
23. Schumpeter 1939, p. v.
24. This incident is discussed in McCraw 2007, p. 271. One of the students present was Richard Musgrave, who said of it, “Anyway, he gave an evening seminar on Business Cycles—and then in the discussion everyone talked about Keynes, and not about his own work. So at the end he said ‘whether you agree or disagree is up to you, but I wish you would at least have read it.' We felt ashamed after that that, and we wrote a letter to Schumpeter about it.” (R. Hett, September 30, 2000, Transcript of Interview with Richard Musgrave, Direct.)
25. Leontief 1950, p. 105.
26. See Shionoya 1997, pp. 99-104.
27. Schumpeter 1908, pp. 340-341; translated in Shionoya 1997, pp. 107-108.
28. Ibid., pp. 106, 112, 101.
29. Ibid., pp.115-118.
30. Morgenstern 1951, p. 198.
31. See McCraw 2007, chapter 26.
32. Backhouse 1998b compares Schumpeter's perspective with that of Thomas Kuhn (1962), another product of Harvard's concern with scientific method (see Isaac 2012).
33. Schumpeter 1954, p. 7.
34. Ibid., p. 15.
35. Ibid., p. 16; emphasis in original.
36. Hayek 1942, 1943, 1944a.
37. Schumpeter 1954, p. 18.
38. Schumpeter to Haberler, March 20, 1933, quoted in McCraw 2007, p. 220.
39. Samuelson 2003, p. 465.
40. Schumpeter 1933, p. 5.
41. Ibid., p. 5.
42. McCraw 2007, pp. 116-117.
43. Haberler 1950, p. 333.
44. McCraw 2007, pp. 155-157.
45. Swedberg 1991, p. 13.
46. McCraw 2007, p. 271.
47. Tinbergen 1951, p. 109.
48. J. A. Schumpeter, May 19, 1937, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 29 (S 1937).
49. Samuelson et al. 1996, p. 163.
50. Haberler 1950, p. 342.
51. Schumpeter 1954, pp. 133-134.
52. J. A. Schumpeter, June 5, 1936, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 27 (S 1936).
53. McCraw 2007, p. 222.
54. J. A. Schumpeter, January 19, 1939, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.
55. J. A. Schumpeter, March 15, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68. See also his comment on Samuelson 1943f in J. A. Schumpeter, October 30, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.
56. J. A. Schumpeter, October 30, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.
57. J. A. Schumpeter, August 6, 1948, Letter to Marion Samuelson, PASP 68.
58. See McCraw 2007, pp. 403-405.
59. The incident is recounted in McCraw 2007, chapter 17.
60. P. A. Samuelson, June 3, 1940, Letter to Joseph A. Schumpeter, PASP 68.
Chapter 8: Edwin Bidwell Wilson
1. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Autobiographical fragment, PASP 149 (Autobiographical), p. 18. See also Samuelson 1989a.
2. The main source for most of the biographical information on Wilson is Hunsaker and Lane 1973. Important discussions of Wilson are also to be found in Carvajalino 2016.
3. Wilson 1912.
4. Hunsaker and Lane 1973, p. 287.
5. Samuelson 1989a, p. 259; Samuelson 1991b, p. 337.
6. See Carvajalino 2016.
7. Samuelson 1982, p. 861.
8. Samuelson 1989a, p. 259.
9. E. B. Wilson, July 14, 1936, Letter to John D. Black, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 27 (B 1935-36).
10. Wilson 1935, p. 717. A footnote gives the source of the quotation as Bowley 1924, p. 12.
11. J. A. Schumpeter, April 24, 1936, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 27 (S 1936).
12. E. B. Wilson, April 30, 1936, Letter to Joseph A. Schumpeter, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 27 (S 1936).
13. Ibid. The awkwardness of the second sentence is no doubt the result of Wilson having dictated the letter to a secretary, composing as he spoke.
14. Wilson 1926, p. 290—291.
15. E. B. Wilson, April 15, 1936, Letter to John D. Black, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 26. The project is identified more fully in J. D. Black, July 7, 1936, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 27 (B 1935-6), and was to be supervised by Wilson and Crum.
16. Samuelson 1991b, pp. 334—335.
17. E. B. Wilson, December 11, 1939, Letter to Lloyd A. Metzler, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 35 (M).
18. E. B. Wilson, June 6, 1936, Letter to Joseph A. Schumpeter, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 27 (S 1936).
19. Ibid.
20. E. B. Wilson, January 13, 1937, Letter to Lawrence J. Henderson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 29 (H 1937).
21. Ibid.
22. E. B. Wilson, June 6, 1936, Letter to Joseph A. Schumpeter, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 27 (S 1936).
23. J. A. Schumpeter, May 19, 1937, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 29 (S 1937).
24. Ibid.
25. I owe this point to Juan Carvajalino.
26. Samuelson 1971, p. 994.
27. E. B. Wilson, March 10, 1938, Letter to Dickson H. Leavens, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 31 (L 1938).
28. There is nothing here to suggest that this is the case. There is nothing in them that Wilson could not have taught in 1935—36.
29. L. A. Metzler, Undated, Notes on E. B. Wilson's lectures, LAMP Box 7 (Wilson), p. 6; italics indicate Metzler's underlining.
30. Ibid., p. 10; italics indicate Metzler's underlining.
31. Leacock 1936, p. 94, discussing Pigou 1935.
32. Ibid., p. 95.
33. E. B. Wilson, July 14, 1936, Letter to John D. Black, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 27 (B 1935-6).
34. E. B. Wilson, January 3, 1940, Letter to Lloyd Metzler, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 35 (M).
35. E. B. Wilson, January 5, 1938, Letter to Wesley C. Mitchell, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 31 (M 1938).
36. W. C. Mitchell, October 17, 1938, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 31 (M 1938).
37. E. B. Wilson, December 11, 1938, Letter to Wesley C. Mitchell, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 31 (M 1938).
38. E. B. Wilson, December 30, 1938, Letter to A. P. Usher, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 31 (T, U 1938).
39. Keynes 1973[1921]; Wilson 1923.
40. Wilson 1926, p. 292.
41. Keynes 1971; E. B. Wilson, December 7, 1939, Letter to C. J. Bullock, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 32 (B).
42. E. B. Wilson, February 12, 1937, Letter to Alvin H. Hansen, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 29 (H 1937). The reference has to be to this review because Hansen's other review had no footnotes.
43. Hansen 1936a, p. 667, n3.
44. E. B. Wilson, February 12, 1937, Letter to Alvin H. Hansen.
45. This emphasis on establishing facts rather than debating theories is also present in the exchange between Wilson and Milton Friedman, reported in Stigler 1994.
46. E. B. Wilson, December 7, 1939, Letter to C. J. Bullock, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 32 (B).
47. P. A. Samuelson, October 9, 1940, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 35 (S). His misspelling of Gibbs has been corrected.
48. Samuelson 1982, p. 861.
49. Samuelson 1991b, pp. 334-335.
50. This is argued in detail by Carvajalino. See note 2 above.
Chapter 9: Making Connections
1. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Autobiographical fragment, PASP 149 (Autobiographical), pp. 20-21.
2. P. A. Samuelson, 1992, [Answers] by Paul A Samuelson, PASP 152 (Walker), p. 3.
3. P. A. Samuelson, 2005, Answers to written questions, PASP 149, pp. 1-2.
4. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Minimization, Teleology, and Causality in the Calculus of Variations and in Mechanics, PASP 138. The article is Birkhoff and Hestenes 1935.
5. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Marion Crawford's Life, Direct. University of Wisconsin 1936 gives the address of Paul's residence as 615 N. Henry.
6. Wolf and Wolf 1938.
7. Samuelson 1937a.
8. Ibid., p. 159.
9. Ibid., p. 159.
10. Ibid., p. 160.
11. Wilson 1935.
12. Samuelson 1937a, p. 161.
13. Samuelson 1990a, p. 311.
14. Haberler 1936.
15. Samuelson 1990a, p. 311.
16. Ibid., p. 312.
17. L. A. Metzler, 1938, Notes on Haberlers lectures, LAMP Box 7 (Haberler).
18. Haberler 1936, pp. 3-4.
19. Ibid., p. v.
20. Leontief 1933; Lerner 1932, 1934; Marshall 1923 and Marshall’s early unpublished essay on the pure theory of trade.
21. L. A. Metzler, 1938, Notes on Haberler’s lectures, LAMP Box 7 (Haberler), p. 31. Given that, a week or so later, he recommended the paper, it is possible that this remark, which does not appear to be developed in Metzler’s notes, may reflect Haberler’s reading of Samuelson 1938f.
22. Ibid., p. 32.
23. Presumably Schultz 1927.
24. Of course, as cloth production rose, wheat production would fall.
25. L. A. Metzler, 1938, Notes on Haberler’s lectures, LAMP Box 7 (Haberler), p. 56. Haberler had reached similar conclusions in Haberler 1936, pp.194-195.
26. Haberler 1936, p. 250.
27. Ibid., pp. 250-251.
28. Ibid., pp. 251.
29. Stolper and Samuelson 1941. See chapter 11 this volume.
30. Haberler 1936, p. 273.
31. See Boianovsky and Trautwein 2006; Howson 2011, pp. 295-298.
32. Boianovsky and Trautwein 2006, p. 74; De Marchi 1991, p. 149.
33. Samuelson 1996a, p. 1683.
34. Haberler 1946, p. 257.
35. Boianovsky and Trautwein 2006, p. 73.
36. Ibid., p. 54.
37. Harrod 1936, p. 98; Haberler 1937b, p. 217.
38. Haberler 1937a, p. 691.
39. Later Harrod 1939 recognized the importance of lags, though arguing for a division of labor between those problems for which lags were important and those for which they were not.
40. Ohlin 1929.
41. P. A. Samuelson, April, 1937, The Effect of a Unilateral Payment Upon the Terms of International Trade, PASP 134, p. 2. He attributed the claim merely to “continental writers,” which would cover Ohlin, a Swede.
42. Ibid., p. 3.
43. On June 7, Viner apologized for his excessive delay in replying, suggesting Samuelson probably sent the paper in April, as soon as it had been written.
44. J. Viner, June 7, 1937, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 74.
45. While Viner was considering his paper, Ohlin visited Harvard, but it is not known whether he and Samuelson met on that occasion. See B. Ohlin, May, 1937, Letter to John H. Williams, JHWP Miscellaneous Correspondence and Other Papers, 1929—71; J. H. Williams, May 7, 1937, Letter to Bertil Ohlin, JHWP Miscellaneous Correspondence and Other Papers, 1929—71.
46. Samuelson 1950, pp. 369-370.
47. If all prices rise by the same proportion, the problem is trivial.
48. For useful surveys, see Staehle 1935 and Frisch 1936.
49. This result is discussed in Haberler 1928, where he referred readers to his book for a more detailed discussion of the problem.
50. Allen 1933.
51. Samuelson 2004b, p. 6.
52. Samuelson 1937b.
53. Hayek 1931.
54. Fontaine 2010, p. 233.
55. Samuelson 1937b, p. 482.
56. Wilson 1912; G. Robinson 1926.
57. See Knight 1935; Boulding 1936.
58. Samuelson 2004a tells this story.
59. Bergson 1936; Samuelson 1937a.
60. Bergson 1936, p. 33, n1; Frisch 1936.
61. Bergson 1936, p. 39.
62. These papers were discussed earlier.
63. Samuelson 1938b, p. 71.
64. Samuelson 1981, p. 224.
65. Suzumura 2005, p. 334.
66. There is no inconsistency between his reference to Italian here and his reference to French in the remark quoted earlier, for they refer to different works. It is likely that they read Pareto's books, translated into French, in the language they had been required to study as a condition for passing their generals, but that with journal articles they had no choice but to struggle with the Italian.
Care should be taken in attaching weight to Samuelson's memory of detecting Pareto's sociology in this article at this time, for when he became a junior fellow, he was to be exposed, through Lawrence Henderson, to Pareto's sociology, and this may have colored his memory of his initial reactions to Pareto.
67. Samuelson 2004a, p. 24.
68. Ibid., p. 25.
69. Samuelson 1981, p. 223.
70. Suzumura 2005, p. 334.
71. G. D. Birkhoff, January 24, 1940, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 14 (B, 1939-51).
72. Birkhoff 1941, p. 3, n6.
73. The problem arises because the number of representatives for each state has to be an integer and cannot be a fraction.
74. Birkhoff 1941, p. 18.
Chapter 10: Simplifying Economic Theory
1. E. B. Wilson, January 13, 1937, Letter to Lawrence J. Henderson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 29 (H 1937).
2. Brinton 1959, p. 4.
3. Ibid., p. 3.
4. Wilson, Letter to Henderson.
5. See chapter 15 this volume.
6. Wilson, Letter to Henderson. The original contains the word outs but this was presumably his secretary’s mistake and has been corrected to doubts.
7. The significance of Sociology 23 is discussed in Isaac 2012, pp. 70-71.
8. J. A. Schumpeter, February 1, 1937, Letter to George Birkhoff, PASP 68.
9. Ibid.
10. Samuelson 1972a, p. 164.
11. Samuelson 1946a, p. 187; Samuelson 1972a, p. 166.
12. Samuelson 1990b, p. 66.
13. Ibid.
14. Samuelson 1939d, 1940b.
15. Paul’s involvement with another such cross-disciplinary institution, the Graduate School of Public Administration, is discussed in chapter 12 this volume.
16. This account of Henderson’s ideas draws on Isaac 2012, pp. 66-69.
17. Henderson, quoted in Isaac 2012, p. 68.
18. Samuelson 1998c, p. 1383.
19. Isaac 2012, p. 72.
20. P. A. Samuelson, October 9, 1940, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 35 (S).
21. Samuelson et al. 1996, p. 163.
22. Discussed in detail in Isaac 2012.
23. Ibid., p. 93.
24. Bridgman 1927, pp. x-xi.
25. Ibid., p. 5; Bridgman’s emphasis.
26. Ibid., p. 30.
27.Ibid., p. 31.
28.Isaac 2012, p. 108.
29.Bridgman 1938, p. 114.
30.Isaac 2012, pp. 102-107.
31.Walter 1990, chapter 7.
32.Samuelson 1938a.
33. P. A. Samuelson, January 25, 1938, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 33.
34. E. B. Wilson, March 10, 1938, Letter to Dickson H. Leavens, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 31 (L 1938).
35. Epstein 1937; P. A. Samuelson, November 29, 1938, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 31 (S 1938).
36. E. B. Wilson, December 21, 1938, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 31 (S 1938).
37. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, The Le Chatelier Principle of Displaced Equilibrium, PASP 147.
38.See Hicks and Allen 1934a, 1934b.
39.Samuelson 1938b, p. 64.
40. P. A. Samuelson, 1937, New Foundations for the Pure Theory of Consumer’s Behavior, PASP 152. The typescript is undated but is assumed to be 1937, on the grounds that the revised version was published in February 1938. The discussion in terms of differentials is on “Insert page 20b.” Even with this and another less significant insert, the paper does not represent the final version, for the history of consumer theory, summarized in a single short paragraph in the published paper, takes almost two pages in the draft.
41. Samuelson 1938b, p. 70. The spelling of Gibbs has been corrected.
42. Ibid., p. 71.
43. P. A. Samuelson, 1937, New Foundations for the Pure Theory of Consumer’s Behavior, PASP 152.
44. Robbins 1932.
45. Samuelson 1938c.
46. Samuelson 1938b, p. 62.
47. Samuelson 1938e, p. 344.
48. Sweezy 1934, p. 182, quoting Kaufmann 1933, p. 392.
49. Kaufmann 1933, p. 381, nι.
50. See Hutchison 2009.
51. Samuelson 1938d; Lange 1934.
52. Samuelson 1938d, p. 65.
53. O. Lange, May 10, 1938, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 48.
54. Samuelson 1938d, p. 70.
55. Wilson 1939.
56. E. B. Wilson, December 21, 1939, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 33.
57. References to equation numbers in Wilson's letter correspond to the same equations in the published version. Correspondence with Lange (O. Lange, September 10, 1940, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 48; P. A. Samuelson, September 13, 1940, Letter to Oskar Lange, PASP 48) suggests that aside from some minor changes to clarify points that Lange did not think clear, the 1939 draft was substantially the same as the published version.
58. Samuelson 1942b, p. 75.
59. Schumpeter et al. 1939, p. 120.
60. P. A. Samuelson, December 12, 1937, Letter to Frank Knight, PASP 45.
61. F. H. Knight, February 10, 1938, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 45.
62. Samuelson 1939c. The number of sections was reduced from seven to five, and an addendum to which Knight refers was removed or incorporated into the main text. Beyond that, it is not known how far Samuelson responded to Knight's criticisms.
63. Ibid., p. 297.
64. Ibid., p. 290.
65. Ibid., p. 289.
66. Ibid., p. 290.
67. Ibid., p. 292.
68. Ibid., p. 291.
69. Ibid., p. 292.
70. Ibid., pp. 295—296; emphasis in original.
71. Samuelson 1958.
72. Samuelson 1939c, p. 294.
73. Tsuru 2001, chapter 7.
74. Samuelson 1939c, p. 291, n1.
Chapter 11: Collaboration
1. W. F. Stolper, 1940, Notes on Samuelson lectures 1939-40, Parts I and II, WSP 2002-0207, Box 14 (Samuelson course notes).
2. The paper has not yet been identified. It is possibly P. A. Samuelson and M. C. Samuelson, 1938, A Fundamental Function in Population Analysis, PASP 140. However, as is pointed out below, there are problems dating that paper.
3. A. J. Lotka, May 26, 1937, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 29 (L 1937).
4. A. J. Lotka, February 20, 1939, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 46
(L, 1946-60); Lotka 1939a.
5. Samuelson and Samuelson, A Fundamental Function in Population Analysis.
6. Ibid., p. 3. There is no indication of when this sentence was deleted.
7. A. J. Lotka, March 14, 1939, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 46 (L, 1946-60).
8. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, A Note on the Net Reproductive Ratio and the Intrinsic Rate of Population Growth, PASP 140. This paper is undated, but the typing and type of paper suggest it is of similar age. It is filed in the same folder as the paper written with Marion, suggesting that it dates from a similar time.
9. P. A. Samuelson, 1939, The Structure of a Population Growing According to Any Prescribed Law, PASP 48 (Lotka).
10. Ibid., p. 5.
11. Lotka 1939b.
12. A. J. Lotka, October 19, 1939, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 46 (L, 1946-60).
13. P. A. Samuelson, November 7, 1939, Letter to Alfred J. Lotka, PASP 46 (L, 1946-60).
14. Samuelson wrote, “in the case of strictly periodic functions such as are met in business cycles, all moments are infinite,” Samuelson, Letter to Alfred J. Lotka.
15. A. J. Lotka, November 9, 1939, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 46 (L, 1946-60).
16. A. J. Lotka, September 12, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 46 (L, 1946-60); P. A. Samuelson, September 18, 1944, Letter to Alfred
J. Lotka, PASP 46 (L, 1946-60).
17. United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers (CIO), Undated, Biographical sketch—Russ Nixon, Russ Nixon Papers, University of Pittsburgh.
18. Halpern 2003, p. 96.
19. Samuelson 2002a, p. 52.
20. Samuelson 1996b, p. 16.
21. Nixon and Samuelson 1940; Samuelson 1996b, p. 16.
22. Nixon and Samuelson 1940, p. 102.
23. Ibid., p. 102.
24. Ibid., p. 103.
25. Robinson 1937.
26. Nixon and Samuelson 1940, p. 103.
27. Ibid., pp. 103-104; emphasis in original.
28. Ibid., p. 104.
29. Ibid., p. 104.
30. Samuelson 1938f, p. 261.
31. Samuelson 1939a, p. 200.
32. Ibid., p. 195.
33. This was, following Viner (1937), called “Graham's paradox.”
34. Samuelson 1939a, p. 205; emphasis in original.
35. Ibid., p. 205.
36. Anderson 1938, p. 104.
37. M. Samuelson 1939, p. 147.
38. Anderson 1939, p. 150; emphasis in original.
39. F. D. Graham, February 7, 1940, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 32 (G, 1940-1952).
40. Bergson 1938.
41. Samuelson 1987, p. 240.
42. Ibid., p. 240.
43. Deardorff and Stern 1994, p. 339.
44. Samuelson 1994, p. 346.
45. Stolper and Samuelson 1941, p. 66.
46. P. T. Homan, May 2, 1941, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 71 (Stolper, 1). The letter is reproduced in Deardorff and Stern 1994, p. xi.
47. U. K. Hicks, October 16, 1941, Letter to Wolfgang Stolper, PASP 71 (Stolper, 1). The letter is reproduced in Deardorff and Stern 1994, p. x.
48. Deardorff and Stern 1994, p. 4.
49. E.g., the Introduction to Heckscher and Ohlin 1991.
Chapter 12: Alvin Harvey Hansen
1. Samuelson 1946a, p. 187.
2. Ibid., p. 189.
3. Ibid., pp.187-188.
4. Samuelson 1976a, p. 29.
5. Samuelson 1975a.
6. Samuelson 1976b.
7. Samuelson 1975a.
8. Samuelson 1972a; P. A. Samuelson, 1972, Dedication to Alvin Hansen, AHP Box 1. Note that this memoir included a quotation, almost two pages long, that included the account of the Keynesian revolution quoted here.
9. Samuelson 1976a, p. 28.
10. Ibid., p. 28.
11. Mehrling 1997, p. 131. He cited Samuelson 1976a as exemplifying the accepted view.
12. Schumpeter et al. 1934.
13. Ibid., p. viii.
14. Haberler 1937b, p. 281.
15. Ibid., p. 299.
16. Leontief 1936b.
17. Schumpeter 1936.
18. Ibid.
19. Leontief 1937.
20. Tobin 1988, p. 36.
21. Bryce 1988, p. 147.
22. This paragraph draws on the conversation with Bryce in Colander and Landreth 1996, pp. 43-45. See also Hamouda and Price 1998, pp. xvii-xviii.
23. Keynes 1972.
24. Galbraith 1981, p. 49.
25. Moggridge 1998 has shown, on the basis of a sample of articles covering the period 1936 to 1948, that 109 of the 147 authors for whom he had biographical data were under 35 in 1936. His statistics also confirm the dominance of Harvard.
26. Samuelson 1995b, p. 159.
27. Gilbert et al. 1938. Tobin (1998, p. 46) provides a succinct account of Tarshis's co-authors and the four who worked with them on the volume, but could not put their names to it on account of their posts in government.
28. Samuelson 1995b, p. 167.
29. Gilbert et al. 1938, pp. 88-91.
30. Samuelson 1995b, p. 167.
31. Much of this account of Hansen is drawn from Mehrling 1997, chapters 5—8.
32. In 1966, it was renamed the Kennedy School of Government.
33. J. H. Williams, May 4, 1937, Letter to Professor Wymer (?), JHWP miscellaneous correspondence and other papers, 1929—71; J. H. Williams, May 25, 1937, Letter to Alvin Hansen, AHP Hansen 3.10 Correspondence (Box 1 [1928—67]).
34. J. H. Williams, May 25, 1937, Letter to Alvin Hansen, AHP Hansen 3.10 Correspondence (Box 1 [1928—67]).
35. A. H. Hansen, June 2, 1937, Letter to John H. Williams, JHWP miscellaneous correspondence and other papers, 1929—71 (Hansen).
36. Samuelson 1976a, p. 27.
37. It should be noted that Samuelson used this phrase to describe Mitchell.
38. Given his use of the word seems, it is not clear that Samuelson had read Hansen's thesis, though this would probably not have affected his judgment of it.
39. Hansen 1921, pp. 7, 110.
40. Ibid., p. 88.
41. See Mehrling 1997, pp. 96—101.
42. Samuelson 1976a, p. 28.
43. Hansen 1927.
44. Clark 1926.
45. See Mehrling 1997, pp. 107—110.
46. Hansen and Tout 1933, p. 121; emphasis in original.
47. Ibid., p. 121.
48. Ibid., p. 132.
49. Hansen 1934, p. 211.
50. Ibid., p. 236.
51. Ibid., p. 236; emphasis in original.
52. Hansen et al. 1936, p. 59.
53. Ibid., p. 61.
54. E. B. Wilson, May 14, 1937, Letter to Harold H. Burbank, EBWP HUG4878.203, Box 28 (B 1937).
55. E. B. Wilson, May 12, 1937, Letter to John H. Williams, JHWP miscellaneous correspondence and other papers, 1929-71.
56. Wilson, Letter to Harold H. Burbank.
57. Harvard University 1937, p. 6.
58. Under normal circumstances one would have expected output to have increased substantially over eight years. For example, productivity growth of 2 percent a year would have caused output to be 17 percent higher;
2.5 percent a year would have caused growth of 22 percent over eight years. Salant 1976, p. 15.
59. P. A. Samuelson, June 21, 1999, Walter Salant [obituary], PASP 67, p. ι.
60. Salant 1976, p. 21.
61. Ibid., p. 22.
62. The program is in Williams 1939.
63. Samuelson 1995b, p. 165.
64. The program is in Williams 1940.
Chapter 13: Hansen’s Disciple
1. The discussion of Hansen in this section draws extensively on Mehrling 1997, chapter7.
2. Hansen 1936b, p. 830.
3. Hansen 1936a, p. 686.
4. Ibid., p. 683.
5. Ibid., p. 685.
6. Mehrling 1997, p. 133.
7. Hansen 1938, p. 72.
8. J. Tobin, April 5, 1938, Lecture by Alvin H Hansen on Keynes's General Theory, PASP 36 (Hansen).
9. Ibid., p. 3.
10. Ibid., p. 4.
11. Hansen 1939.
12. Ibid., p. 10.
13. Ibid., p. 12.
14. Ibid., p. 13.
15. Ellsworth et al. 1939, pp. 225-226.
16. Ibid., p. 226.
17. Samuelson 1939b.
18. Ibid., p. 75; emphasis in original.
19. Samuelson 1959.
20. Samuelson 1939b, p. 78.
21. Ibid., p. 75.
22. Ibid., p. 76.
23. Samuelson 1939e.
24. Ibid., p. 786, quoting John Maurice Clark.
25. Ibid., p. 787. He noted that Clark had also made “substantial contributions” to this theory.
26. Ibid., p. 791.
27. Ibid., p. 795.
28. Ibid., p. 797.
29. Samuelson 1940c.
30. This came out in September 1940. Had he submitted the same version as presented in December 1938, it would have been published much sooner, implying he had been working on it throughout 1939.
31. Samuelson 1940d, p. 493.
32. Ibid., p. 498; emphasis in original.
33. Ibid., p. 498.
34. Ibid., p. 496.
35. Ibid., p. 504.
36. Ibid., p. 497; emphasis added.
37. Ibid., p. 506.
38. Ibid., p. 496.
39. He was aware of Michal Kalecki's work on the business cycle, though if his view echoed that of his friend Leonid Hurwicz, he would not have held a high opinion of it (L. Hurwicz, August 29, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 39).
40. P. A. Samuelson and E. Roll, August 8, 1940, Agreement with Prentice-Hall for a book on business cycles, PASP 57 (P, 1940-59).
41. This paragraph is drawn from Roll 1985.
42. Roll 1995, p. 51.
43. Ibid., p. 54.
44. Roll 1985, p. 35.
45. P. A. Samuelson, June 28, 1946, Letter to Howard Warrington, PASP 60 (Publishers, 1944—49). He did not tell Roll of this until April ι, 1947, when Prentice-Hall said that they could cancel the contract only with Roll's agreement.
46. Given that this book appeared only when they were contracted to deliver their manuscript, its appearance does not explain why they did not begin to work on the book.
47. Roll 1941, p. 363.
48. Ibid.
Chapter 14: The Observational Significance of Economic Theory
1. Samuelson 1997b, p. 3; Samuelson 1998c, p. 1377.
2. Samuelson 1940a, preface.
3. Samuelson 1997b, p. 1039; Samuelson 1998c, p. 1375.
4. Samuelson 1998c, p. 1375.
5. Samuelson 1940a, p. 1. All emphases in original.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., pp. 2, 3.
8. Robbins 1932.
9. Samuelson 1938b, p. 71.
10. Samuelson 1938a.
11. Popper's Logik der Forschung (1933, translated as The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 1959).
12. Samuelson, 1940a, p. 4.
13. Ibid., pp. 4-5.
14. Ibid., pp. 5-6.
15. Ibid., p. 8.
16. Ibid., p. 10.
17. Ibid., p. ιι.
18. Ibid., p. 13; emphasis added.
19. Ibid., p. 14.
20. Ibid., pp. 30-31.
21. Ibid., pp. 35-39.
22. Ibid., p. 98.
23. See chapter 10 this volume.
24. Samuelson 1940a, p. 68.
25. Ibid., p. 92.
26. Ibid., p. 1 10.
27. Ibid., p. 113.
28. Ibid., p. 192.
29. E. B. Wilson, December 30, 1938, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 31 (S 1938).
30. Samuelson, 1940a, p. 196.
31. Ibid., p. 207.
32. Ibid., p. 236.
33. It should be noted that this section deals solely with the PhD thesis, and should not be read as statements about the subsequent book. As will be explained in chapter 22, the book, though it included most of the thesis, was significantly different.
34. Samuelson 1947a, pp. 5, 312.
35. There is no evidence of their discussions before Samuelson’s thesis, but they kept in touch, and later correspondence in which they did discuss such problems makes it highly probable that their discussions began when they were in the Society of Fellows.
Chapter 15: Leaving Harvard
1. This chapter overlaps considerably with Backhouse 2014.
2. E. B. Wilson, March 22, 1939, Letter to Griffith Evans, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 32 (E).
3. G. C. Evans, April 5, 1939, Letter to E. B. Wilson, EBWP personal correspondence, Box 32 (Folder E, F).
4. H. A. Freeman, December 1939, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 31.
5. Samuelson 1996b, p. 16.
6. This is inferred from Wilson’s correspondence with Paul and Compton (E. B. Wilson, October 3, 1940, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 35 (S); E. B. Wilson, November 13, 1940, Letter to Karl T Compton, MIT-AC04 Box 239 (10).
7. K. T. Compton, October 10, 1940, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 53 (MIT).
8. Letter to the author, February 28, 2013.
9. E. B. Wilson, October 3, 1940, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 35 (S).
10. E. B. Wilson, October 14, 1940, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 35 (S).
11. P. A. Samuelson, October 9, 1940, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 35 (S).
12. See Karabel 2005; Keller and Keller 2001.
13. Harvard University, Committee to Investigate the Cases of Drs. Walsh and Sweezy 1939, p. 151. This was the “Committee of Eight,” discussed later.
14. Ibid., p. 152. This was even though the committee’s questions were not designed to elicit views on the subject.
15. Keller and Keller 2001, pp. 33, 36.
16. Ibid., p. 36.
17. Karabel 2005, p. 168.
18. Ibid., p. 170.
19. Samuelson 2002a, p. 53.
20. E. Leontief 1987.
21. P. A. Samuelson, November 22, 1994, Letter to Perry Mehrling, PASP 36 (Hansen).
22. Reprinted as Perlman 1996.
23. Samuelson 2002a, p. 51.
24. E. B. Wilson, May 22, 1939, Letter to Harold H. Burbank, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 32 (B).
25. H. H. Burbank, May 31, 1939, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 32 (B).
26. Keller and Keller 2001, p. 81.
27. Samuelson 2002a, p. 54.
28. McCraw (2007, pp. 229-232) documents Schumpeter’s activities in this regard.
29. Extract of correspondence between Ragnar Frisch and Joseph A. Schumpeter as written down by Olav Bjerkholt, PASP 71 (Summers family) contains extracts from this series of letters, deposited at the National Library of Norway.
30. J. A. Schumpeter, December 3, 1932, Letter to Ragnar Frisch, Ragnar Frisch Papers, National Library of Norway; emphasis added.
31. Presumably this was Samuelson 2003.
32. W. Stolper, February 12, 2002, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 71 (Stolper, 1). Paul replied that he was well aware of these efforts; P. A. Samuelson, March 11, 2002, Letter to Wolfgang Stolper, PASP 71 (Stolper, 1).
33. Tsuru 2001, p. 124.
34. E. B. Wilson, May 12, 1939, Letter to Talcott Parsons, PASP 72 (Swedberg).
35. K. T. Compton, November 12, 1940, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, MIT-AC04 Box 239 (10). Quoted in Backhouse 2014, p. 68.
36. E. B. Wilson, November 13, 1940, Letter to Karl T. Compton, MIT-AC04 Box 239 (10). Quoted in Backhouse 2014, p. 68.
37. E. B. Wilson, April 16, 1941, Letter to Edward H. Chamberlin, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 36.
38. E. B. Wilson, November 5, 1940, Letter to Karl T. Compton, MIT-AC04 Box 239 (10). Quoted in Backhouse 2014, pp. 68-69.
39. Backhouse 1998a, p. 93.
40. E. B. Wilson, January 14, 1941, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 37 (S 1941).
41. Schumpeter 1954, p. 23.
42. E. B. Wilson, January 31, 1940, Letter to Lawrence J. Henderson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 34 (H).
43. Letter to the author, February 28, 2013.
44. See Keller and Keller 2001, pp. 66-68.
45. Conant’s view was that their views were not particularly radical. Keller and Keller 2001, p. 67.
46. See Goodwin 2014, pp. 67-70.
47. J. D. Black, October 3, 1940, Memorandum to Professor Chamberlin, HUESR UAV349.282 Box 19 (PAS concentration folder).
48. E. B. Wilson, October 3, 1940, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 35 (S).
49. Wilson continued to be concerned about the imbalance of expertise in the department after Samuelson left, demonstrating that it was perceived as a long-term problem.
50. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, The Hurwicz 1940-41 year when MIT launched its graduate degree rocket, PASP 39 (Hurwicz).
51. This is based on a conversation with one of Samuelson’s daughters.
Chapter 16: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1. Lecuyer 2010, p. 70.
2. Ibid., p. 70.
3. Ibid., p. 71.
4. MIT 1940a, p. 86.
5. Ibid., p. 18. See Cherrier 2014 for an overview of the history of economics at MIT.
6. This account is based on various editions of the annual MIT Report to the President, and course catalogues. It differs slightly from the account given in Killian (1985).
7. The catalogue also lists two emeritus professors.
8. MIT 1940a, p. 5.
9. MIT Report of President 1939, p. 137.
10. Samuelson 1995a, p. 964.
11. Samuelson 1998b.
12. W. R. Maclaurin, December 4, 1940, Synopsis of training and experience of staff members, Rockefeller Box 6 (MIT Institute of Industrial Relations 1939-41).
13. Samuelson 1991b, p. 332. Samuelson appears to have misremembered the name of the Walker Cafeteria.
14. H. A. Freeman, October 22, 1948, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 31; H. A. Freeman, January 5, 1949, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 31. Another letter is discussed later.
15. One of the few sources of biographical information is Godin 2008.
16. P. A. Samuelson, May 23, 1949, Letter to Joan Robinson, PASP 63.
17. Samuelson 2000.
18. MIT Report of President 1937, pp 17-18.
19. MIT Report of President 1938, p. 18; 1939, p. 138; 1940, p. 135.
20. W. R. Maclaurin, April 8, 1939, Letter to Joseph H. Willits, Rockefeller Box 6 (MIT Institute of Industrial Relations 1939—41). The discussion of Maclaurin’s research project draws extensively on Backhouse and Maas 2016.
21. K. T. Compton, April 8, 1939, Letter to Joseph H. Willits, Rockefeller Box 6 (MIT Institute of Industrial Relations 1939—41).
22. J. H. Willits and A. Bezanson, November 27, 1940, Memorandum on interview with W. Rupert Maclaurin, Rockefeller Box 6 (MIT Institute of Industrial Relations 1939—41).
23. Ibid.
24. W. R. Maclaurin, 1940, Memorandum on proposal for advanced study in industrial economics at MIT, Rockefeller Box 6 (MIT Institute of Industrial Relations 1942—43),p.2.
25. Godin 2008 has explored the Maclaurin-Schumpeter connection in some detail.
26. Maclaurin, Memorandum on proposal for advanced study, p. 3.
27. W. R. Maclaurin, April 3, 1941, Letter to Joseph H. Willits, Rockefeller Box 6 (MIT Institute of Industrial Relations 1939—41).
28. W. R. Maclaurin, April 1, 1941, Technological change studies: projected annual expenses, Rockefeller Box 6 (MIT Institute of Industrial Relations 1939—41).
29. Anonymous, May 5, 1941, Memorandum to Joseph H. Willits, Rockefeller Box 6 (MIT Institute of Industrial Relations 1939—41); Rockefeller Foundation, May 16, 1941, Resolution RF41042—Research grant to MIT, Rockefeller Box 6 (MIT Institute of Industrial Relations 1939—41).
30. Rockefeller Foundation, Resolution RF41042.
31. J. H. Willits, June 12, 1941, Letter to W. Rupert Maclaurin, Rockefeller Box 6 (MIT Institute of Industrial Relations 1939—41).
32. MIT 1942a, p. 21.
33. MIT 1941, p. 83.
34. Unfortunately, as his appointment was not made until after MIT's course catalogue for the following year had been published, no record remains of what he taught in his first year other than his memory that he taught mathematical statistics. It is likely he was assisting Harold Freeman, listed in the course catalogue as teaching four statistics courses in 1940—41. Given MIT's need for someone to teach these subjects, it likely that he also taught Economic Theory (Ec.17) and Business Cycles (Ec. 28), even though he was not listed in the catalogue as teaching them until the following year. Most of his courses were electives, available to those who entered either as graduate students or as undergraduates taking a five-year program that led to a master's degree.
35. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, The Hurwicz 1940-41 year when MIT launched its graduate degree rocket, PASP 39 (Hurwicz), p. 3.
36. Ibid.
37. This material draws on various editions of Bulletin of Tufts College: Complete Catalogue, Tufts University, Medford, MA, from which all quotations
are taken.
38. P. A. Samuelson, April 13, 1942, Letter to Abram Bergson, PASP 16.
39. S. Tsuru, June 6, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, STP B1-1-9.
40. This account is based on S. Tsuru, September 17, 2000, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 73, 2001; and Suzumura 2006.
41. S. Tsuru, June 6, 1942, Letter to whom it may concern, STP B1-1-9.
42. P. A. Samuelson, June 10, 1942, Telegram to Shigeto Tsuru, STP B1-1-9.
43. Samuelson 1942a.
44. Ibid., p. 16.
45. See Leonard 2010. Carvajalino 2016 draws attention to Wilson's fundamental philosophical objections to the type of mathematics pursued by von Neumann.
46. Haberler to Samuelson, January 26, 1942, GHP 2(S). Samuelson (1971, p. 997) describes it as “Sometime around 1945.” However, the correspondence with Haberler dates it to March 1942, and Samuelson has said explicitly that he encountered von Neumann only once.
47. Samuelson 1989b, p. 112.
48. Samuelson 1971, p. 997.
49. Samuelson 1989b, p. 112.
50. MIT 1940b, p. 175.
51. The omitted chapters were 1-3 and 5.
52. E. R. Braider, 1943, Notes on Samuelson Ec. 17 (1942—3), JTP 2003-M- 005, Box 18 (Ec. 17 Ringo). The date 1941—42 has been crossed out and replaced with 1943.
53. Nelson and Keim 1941, pp. 305—323.
54. The others were Robbins 1932 and Hutchison 1938.
55. Clark 1940. It is also possible that this may be Braider's mistake.
56. Ringo's notes contain remarks such as “Seems to think disinvestment for system as a whole is impossible,” suggesting she was not completely clear about what Samuelson was saying.
Chapter 17: Statistics
1. See Friedman 2014, on which this account is based.
2. He may deserve less credit than he received, in that he had been forecasting an end to prosperity since 1926, tending to forecast decline when times were good and recovery when they were bad.
3. P. A. Samuelson, December 23, 1940, Memorandum concerning Babson Trust Fund, MIT-AC04 Box 89 (Babson Trust Fund); R. E. Freeman, December 23, 1940, Letter to Horace S. Ford, MIT-AC04 Box 89 (Babson Trust Fund).
4. The others were Tibor Scitovsky, Grace Dunn, and Rutledge Vining.
5. O. Lange, December 17, 1940, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 48.
6. This is based on an interview with Hurwicz conducted by Amy Bauer, which formed the basis for Bauer 2008. Email from Bauer to the author, November 6, 2013.
7. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, The Hurwicz 1940—41 year when MIT launched its graduate degree rocket, PASP 39 (Hurwicz), pp. 2—3; emphasis in original.
8. H. S. Ford, December 27, 1940, Letter to James R. Killian, MIT-AC04 Box 89 (Babson Trust Fund).
9. The paper was eventually published as Hurwicz 1944.
10. P. A. Samuelson, November 29, 1943, Letter to Leonid Hurwicz, PASP 39.
11. Hurwicz 1944, p. 114.
12. O. Lange, December 17, 1940, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 48.
13. The book in which this appeared is discussed in chapter 18 this volume. Given that this was published in 1941, the work was probably undertaken by the end of 1940.
14. Samuelson 1941e, pp. 250-251.
15. Ibid., p. 253.
16. Ibid., p. 255.
17. Thomas 1989, p. 143.
18. This appeared in the January issue, so must have been written in 1941. Samuelson 1942e.
19. Ibid., p. 80.
20. Samuelson’s attitude to this work is discussed in Chapter 23 below.
21. Bjerkholt 2015, p. 7.
22. This account is based on the abstracts of the papers, published in Klein 1991.
23. Samuelson 1991b, p. 337.
24. This account of the seminar is based on Bjerkholt 2007, p. 810.
25. Haavelmo 1943.
26. Klein 1943. See also Bjerkholt 2014.
27. Samuelson 1991b, p. 332.
28. Samuelson 1942d.
29. Samuelson 1943b.
30. Samuelson 1943c.
31. A. J. Lotka, November 24, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 48.
32. Samuelson 1943i.
33. Samuelson 1943h, p. 276.
34. P. A. Samuelson, September 23, 1944, Letter to Harold Freeman, PASP 31. It refers to Harold M. Davis, but it seems likely that this was a typing error.
35. Samuelson 1942f.
36. A. J. Lotka, January 9, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 48.
37. P. A. Samuelson, July 29, 1942, Letter to Alfred J. Lotka, PASP 48.
38. A. J. Lotka, August 3, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 48.
39. Ibid.
40. P. A. Samuelson, August 8, 1942, Letter to Alfred J. Lotka, PASP 48. “I” has been changed to “he.”
41. A. J. Lotka, August 13, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 48.
42. Having by then read all the relevant literature, he told the story in terms of Lotka’s attempting to establish his own priority (Samuelson 1976c).
43. Harris 1947. On the textbook, see chapters 25—27 this volume.
Chapter 18: Developing the New Economics, I: Theory, 1940—1943
1. Samuelson 1941a, p. 177.
2. The list of conference participants and the Harvard economists who had assisted him are given in Hansen 1941a, p. viii.
3. Ibid., p. vii.
4. Ibid., chapter9.
5. Ibid., pp. 229, 236.
6. Samuelson 1942c.
7. See Schumpeter 1954. This view has parallels with the view of science later popularized by Thomas Kuhn. See Backhouse 1998b on the parallels between Kuhn and Schumpeter, and McCraw 2007 on the writing of Schumpeter’s history.
8. Samuelson 1942c, p. 575.
9. Ibid., p. 576.
10. So much so that for a modern economist, used to algebra being used in the main text, the paper makes for slow reading.
11. Samuelson 1942c, p. 584.
12. Ibid., p. 585; emphasis in original.
13. He also had a section on the “tertiary” effects of government spending, operating through affecting “confidence” in the private sector. However, he admitted that he had nothing new to say on the subject.
14. Samuelson 1942c, p. 601.
15. Ibid., p. 604.
16. Ibid., p. 604.
17. Samuelson 1968.
18. Samuelson 1941c, p. 546.
19. Ibid., p. 552.
20. He added the qualification that appropriate account needed to be taken of depreciation allowances, a problem discussed in his earlier work.
21. Samuelson 1941c, p. 547; emphasis added.
22. See chapter 10 this volume.
23. P. A. Samuelson, 1942, Regarding Pigou’s 1941 review of Keynes’s General Theory, PASP 135 (Pigou’s theory of employment).
24. Bergson 1942.
25. P. A. Samuelson, April 13, 1942, Letter to Abram Bergson, PASP 16.
26. Bergson 1942, p. 286, n27; Samuelson 1941d.
27. P. A. Samuelson, May 9, 1942, Letter to Dickson Leavens, PASP 16 (Bergson).
28. The copy in the file is undated. He received comments from Lange on March 2, 1942, so must have been written by February.
29. P. A. Samuelson, February, 1942, The Modern Theory of Income, PASP 135, p. 1; emphasis in original.
30. Ibid., p. 26.
31. Ibid., p. 12h.
32. Samuelson has “F” in the diagram and “Z” in the text. The diagram has been amended to make it consistent with the text and with the second diagram.
33. Samuelson, The Modern Theory of Income, p. 12.
34. Ibid., p. 39.
35. Ibid., p. 43.
36. Ibid., p. 43. The quotation is from Keynes.
37. Ibid., p. 47.
38. O. Lange, March 2, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 135
(re Modern Theory of Income).
39. P. A. Samuelson, March 11, 1942, Letter to Oskar Lange, PASP 48.
40. Ibid.
41. He noted that in making his remarks he was paying much attention to Haberler in the third edition of Prosperity and Depression (as the third edition was not published until 1943, it is not clear whether Paul meant the second edition, published in 1939, or was referring to a draft of the forthcoming third edition); Means (1939), a report for the National Resources Committee; and Scitovsky (1941).
42. P. T Homan, April 27, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 135
(re Modern Theory of Income).
43. Ibid.
44. A. Ashbrook, October 13, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 12.
45. P. A. Samuelson, October 17, 1942, Letter to Art Ashbrook, PASP 12.
46. A. Ashbrook, December 15, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 12.
47. See De Vroey 2016, 2004.
48. H. P. Neisser, July 10, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55.
49. H. P. Neisser, November 7, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55.
50. P. A. Samuelson, November 10, 1942, Letter to Hans P. Neisser, PASP 55.
51. H. P. Neisser, November 17, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55.
52. P. A. Samuelson, November 27, 1942, Letter to Hans P. Neisser, PASP 55.
53. Ibid.
54. H. P. Neisser, December 2, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55.
55. H. P. Neisser, July 10, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55, raised perceptive question about the mathematics used in Samuelson 1941d.
56. A. P. Lerner, November 16, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 48, referring to an earlier conversation.
57. P. A. Samuelson, November 23, 1942, Letter to Abba Lerner, PASP 48.
58. Ibid.
59. Samuelson 1943g.
60. This could be the mistake discovered in the Gilbert-Perlo paper discussed earlier.
61. Samuelson 1943e, p. 222.
62. Ibid., p. 226, n7, cites Karman and Biot 1940, a textbook aimed at engineers.
63. Lange 1943.
64. P. A. Samuelson, April 10, 1944, Letter to Oskar Lange, PASP 48.
65. Ibid.
66. J. A. Schumpeter, March 15, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.
67. This section of the paper became a part of Foundations of Economic Analysis and is discussed further in chapter 22 this volume.
68. Samuelson 1943a, p. 58.
69. Ramsey 1928.
70. Sauelson 1943a, p. 68; the earlier paper is Samuelson 1939c.
71. J. A. Schumpeter, March 15, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.
Chapter 19: Hansen and the National Resources Planning
Board, 1941—1943
1. On Currie, see Sandilands 1990 and 2004.
2. Currie in Keyserling et al. 1972, p. 141. See Backhouse 2014.
3. D. Robertson, August 12, 1939, Letter to Alvin Hansen, AHP Hansen 3.10 Correspondence (Box 2 [L-Z]).
4. A. H. Hansen, September 29, 1939, Letter to Dennis Robertson, AHP Hansen 3.10 Correspondence (Box 2 [L-Z]).
5. Stein 1969, p. 168.
6. Tobin 1976, p. 34.
7. Hansen 1940.
8. Ibid., pp.18-19.
9. Ibid., p. 56.
10. Hansen 1941b.
11. Ibid., p. 1.
12. Ibid., p. 12.
13. For histories of the NRPB, see Reagan 1999; Clawson 1981; Warken 1979; Merriam 1944.
14. Clawson 1981, p. 149.
15. Ibid., p. 151.
16. A. H. Hansen, July 10, 1941, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB).
17. P. A. Samuelson, August 5, 1941, Personal history statement and application, PASP 55 (NRPB); U.S. Civil Service Commission, August 11, 1941, Appointment letter, PASP 55 (NRPB). To put it in perspective, this was the equivalent of around $4,600 a year. His annual salary at MIT was $3,100.
18. P. A. Samuelson, 2006, Notes written in reply to letter from S. Nasar, January 14, 2006, PASP 55.
19. P. A. Samuelson, October 20, 1945, Letter to Mr. Edgerly, PASP 73 (Treasury Department).
20. Harro Maas has provided a helpful discussion of Samuelson’s activity. I am grateful for his help in locating some documents.
21. P. A. Samuelson, August 25, 1941, Suggestions for a research unit to study implications of a full employment economy, PASP 55 (NRPB). This refers to an accompanying memorandum, which is presumably Samuelson 1941b.
22. Ibid.
23. Samuelson 1941b.
24. Ibid., pp.18-19.
25. Ibid., appendix A, pp. 22—24. These were the major headings, under which more detailed tasks were listed.
26. P. A. Samuelson, August 25, 1941, Comments on Hansen Memorandum— Post-Defense Full Employment, PASP 55 (NRPB).
27. It is not known whether they knew each other at this time.
28. AEA Membership Directory, 1948.
29. Altman 1941.
30. Ibid., pp. 8—9.
31. C. W. Eliot, February 20, 1942, NRPB Staff Memorandum: Wartime planning for continuing full employment, AHP.
32. J. D. Millett, October 30, 1941, Notes on conference at NRPB, October 30, 1941, PASP 55 (NRPB).
33. Ibid., p. 2.
34. Letters were sent to Abram Bergson, Walt Rostow, F. L. Kidner, Gregg Lewis, Alfred Neal, David Durand, Rutledge Vining, Max Millikan, and Ray Jastrum. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, List of letters sent by PAS, PASP 55 (NRPB).
35. The authorship of this list is not clear. It has “Samuelson” typed at the top, indicating that it might have been a list of suggestions that someone was making to him. The misspelling of the name of Jacob Mosak, a close friend from Chicago, must raise some doubt about whether it was by Samuelson (though the error, as was getting Alchian’s name wrong, might have been made by a secretary). P. A. Samuelson, 1941, List of names, PASP 55 (NRPB).
36. M. Finnamore, October 11, 1941, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB).
37. H. S. Ellis, October 24, 1941, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB).
38. P. A. Samuelson, August 23, 1941, Letter to Walt Rostow, PASP 55 (NRPB); R. Vining, September 21, 1941, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB).
39. H. K. Zassenhaus, September 15, 1941, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 79 (Z, 1941—2008); J. W. Seybold, September 24, 1941, Letter to Paul
A. Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB).
40. P. A. Samuelson, October 1, 1941, Letter to George Jaszi, PASP 40 (J, 1940—84, folder 2). Some of the available economists were not eligible because of the requirement that Civil Service employees be U.S. citizens.
41. O. L. Altman, December 11, 1941, Memorandum to Thomas Blaisdell: Personnel for the study on full-employment stabilization-defense, PASP 55 (NRPB).
42. O. L. Altman, December 30, 1941, Memorandum to Thomas
Blaisdell: Recommendation for the appointment of personnel to the staff on the full employment stabilization-defense study, PASP 55 (NRPB).
43. O. L. Altman, December 11, 1941, Memorandum to Thomas Blaisdell: Recommendation for the reclassification of Esra Glaser from Associate Statistician, Grade P-3, to Statistician, Grade P-4, PASP 55 (NRPB).
44. O. L. Altman, December 30, 1941, Memorandum to Thomas Blaisdell: Recommendation for the appointment of Joseph Phillips as Associate Economist, Grade P-3, on the Full employment study, PASP 55 (NRPB).
45. O. L. Altman, March 14, 1942, Letter to Tom Blaisdell, PASP 55 (NRPB), pp. 1, 6.
46. I. de Vegh, February 10, 1942, Extract of letter to Alvin Hansen, PASP 55 (NRPB). As an illustration of the problems they uncovered, Colm's data put average incomes for those in the $15,000 to $20,000 income bracket at over $20,000.
47. O. L. Altman, March 14, 1942, Letter to Tom Blaisdell, PASP 55 (NRPB), pp.1-2.
48. Ibid.
49. P. A. Samuelson, March 24, 1942, Memorandum: Expansion in non-essential civilian capacity, PASP 55 (NRPB).
50. P. A. Samuelson, April 2, 1942, Personal notes—Mr. Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB).
51. S. M. Kwerel, May 11, 1942, Letter to PAS: Partition of the blast furnace industry, PASP 55 (NRPB).
52. O. L. Altman, April 16, 1942, Letter to Albert Hart, PASP 55 (NRPB).
53. A. G. Hart, April 19, 1942, Letter to Oscar Altman, PASP 55 (NRPB).
54. O. L. Altman, May 4, 1942, Memorandum to Thomas
Blaisdell: Recommendation for the appointment of Professor Abram Bergson as Senior Economist, Grade P-5, to the staff of the full employment study for the period June 1 to September 1, 1942, PASP 55 (NRPB).
55. P. A. Samuelson, June 30, 1942, Memorandum to Charles
Eliot: Contribution of wartime planning for continuing full employment unit to annual report, PASP 55 (NRPB).
56. National Resources Planning Board, May 28, 1942, An Interim Report on Wartime Planning for Continuing Full Employment, Section I, PASP, Box 93.
57. A. Bergson, July 7, 1942, Memorandum to Full Employment Stabilization Unit on Ezekiel, AER March 1942, PASP 55 (NRPB).
58. H. Goodman, July 24, 1942, Memorandum to Oscar Altman and Paul Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB).
59. H. Goodman, August, 1942, Memorandum to Oscar Altman and Paul Samuelson: Projects being undertaken by other sections of the NRPB in connection with postwar planning, PASP 55 (NRPB).
60. O. L. Altman, et al., August 1942, Studies in Wartime Planning for Continuing Full Employment, PASP 93.
61. Ibid., p.I-26.
62. Ibid., p.XXX,IV-6.
63. Ibid., p.IV-1.
64. Ibid., p.ΓV-5.
65. C. W. Eliot, February 20, 1942, NRPB Staff Memorandum: Wartime planning for continuing full employment, AHP.
66. B. Jacobs, December 14, 1942, Memorandum to Herbert Goodman, PASP 55 (NRPB); B. Jacobs, December 14, 1942, General criticism, PASP 55 (NRPB).
67. Ibid., p. 2.
68. Ibid., pp. 4—5.
69. Ibid., p. 4.
70. Ibid., p. 8.
71. Hansen 1942b.
72. NRPB 1943c. See Warken 1979, pp. 224-226; Clawson 1981, pp. 136-138. The delay is of interest because it shows that, though published after the similar report by William Beveridge (1942), it was written earlier. Eveline Burns had been a student at the London School of Economics, though she had not been a student of Beveridge.
73. NRPB 1943a, 1943b.
74. NRPB 1943c, p. 1.
75. Ibid., p. 1.
76. NRPB 1943a, p. 5.
77. Hansen's files contain a detailed comparison of a speech by the British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and the NRPB's Report for 1943. NRPB, March, 1943, Comparison of British and American domestic postwar plans, AHP Hansen 3.10 Correspondence (Box 2 [L-Z]).
78. Reagan 1999, p. 220.
79. Clawson 1981, pp. 182-183.
80. NRPB 1942. This “economic bill of rights” had a history going back to 1939, and involved both Delano and Roosevelt (Reagan 1999, pp. 218-219).
81. Reagan 1999, p. 219.
82. Clawson 1981, p. 184.
83. NRPB 1943a, p. 3.
84. A. Bergson, H. Goodman, and E. E. Hagen, August 21, 1942, Memorandum to Thomas Blaisdell: A project for the publication of pamphlets on economic problems in the postwar period, based on studies conducted by the Full Employment Stabilization Unit, PASP 55 (NRPB).
85. A separate document indicated the coverage of these pamphlets in more detail. August 1942, Suggested subjects for pamphlet studies, PASP 55 (NRPB).
86. T C. Blaisdell, August 15, 1942, Memorandum to Bell, Altman, and Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB).
87. A. Bergson, August 31, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB).
88. E. E. Hagen, September 15, 1942, Outline of pamphlet, PASP 55 (NRPB); E. E. Hagen, September 15, 1942, Memorandum to Full Employment Stabilization Unit staff, PASP 55 (NRPB).
89. A. Ashbrook, December 15, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 12. Samuelson’s correspondence with Ashbrook is discussed in chapter 18 this volume.
90. Samuelson and Hagen 1943.
91. Keynes 1919.
92. Samuelson and Hagen 1943, pp. 2-3.
93. Ibid., p. 25.
94. Ibid., pp. 42-43; emphasis added.
95. Ibid., p. 45; emphasis in original.
96. Ibid., p. 45.
97. W. S. Salant, March 6, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 67; P. A. Samuelson, March 9, 1944, Letter to Walter Salant, PASP 67.
98. P. A. Samuelson, March 9, 1944, Letter to Walter Salant, PASP 67, p. 2; a paragraph break before the last sentence has been removed and “is” has been corrected to “are.”
99. Samuelson 1943j, p. 360, quoting Chase.
100. Reagan 1999, p. 228. The reference was to one of the reports the NRPB has issued earlier in the year.
101. See Reagan 1999 on the end of the NRPB.
102. This account of public debates over the NRPB draws on Warken 1979, p. 238.
103. Ickes 1943.
104. Warken 1979, p. 192.
105. Quoted in Warken 1979, pp. 192-193.
106. Fairchild, quoted in the New York Times, April 29, 1943, “Chamber Warned on Post-war Plans.”
107. Warken 1979, p. 192.
108. Matthew Woll, quoted in the New York Times, April 29, 1943, “Chamber Warned on Post-war Plans.”
109. Samuelson 1941b, p. 20.
110. E. E. Hagen, March 3, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB).
111. J. Viner, February 26, 1943, Letter to Everett Hagen, PASP 55 (NRPB);
E. E. Hagen, March 3, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB); E. E. Hagen, March 5, 1943, Letter to Jacob Viner, PASP 55 (NRPB).
112. P. A. Samuelson, April 19, 1943, Letter to Thomas Blaisdell, PASP 78 (Wright).
113. H. Goodman, May 22, 1943, Memorandum to Paul Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB).
114. J. McMurray, June 30, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 72
(T, 1938-1968); J. McMurray, July 1, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 72 (T, 1938-1968).
115. W. S. Salant, August 6, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 67.
116. J. McMurray, July 1, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 72 (T, 1938-1968).
117. C. W. Eliot, August 23, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 55 (NRPB).
118. See Maas 2014.
119. P A. Samuelson, Undated, Post-war Planning as Seen by a Retired Post-war Planner, PASP 152. Though the paper is undated, a footnote (p. 2) states that a Dr. Pangloss had found that the center of the American economics profession in 1943 lay somewhere between 10th and 11th Avenues, near Pennsylvania Avenue.
120. Ibid., p. 1.
121. Ibid., p. 6.
122. Ibid., p. 2; emphasis in original.
123. Ibid., pp. 6—7.
Chapter 20: Developing the New Economics, II: Policy, 1942—1943
1. Samuelson 1943d. The paper refers to Lange's forthcoming pamphlet, about which Paul learned on March 2, 1942. It is, of course, possible that this reference was inserted later, but the discussion of the balanced budget multiplier makes it seem likely that it was written after his paper “The Modern Theory of Income,” submitted to the American Economic Review in April-May 1942. The end-date is based on Samuelson's memory that he had worked out the balanced budget multiplier before he read Salant's paper ofJuly 1942 (discussed below).
2. Samuelson 1943d, p. 31.
3. Ibid., p. 37; emphasis in original.
4. Ibid., p. 41.
5. Ibid., p. 41.
6. Ibid., p. 40.
7. Ibid., p. 44.
8. Samuelson 1975b, p. 43.
9. This was eventually published as W. A. Salant 1975.
10. Samuelson 1942c, pp. 599-600.
11. Samuelson 1975b and W. S. Salant 1975 discuss the history of the theorem, including the first published version. For contemporary accounts of the inflation gap, see Friedman 1942; Salant 1942.
12. P. A. Samuelson, October 13, 1942, Letter to William S. Salant, PASP 64
(S, 1939-56, Folder 2).
13. W. S. Salant 1975a, p. 13.
14. Gilbert and Perlo 1942.
15. P. A. Samuelson, November 27, 1942, Letter to Walter Salant, PASP 67.
16. M. Geisler, December 9, 1942, Letter to Walter Salant, PASP 67; W. Salant, December 10, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 67.
17. P. A. Samuelson, December 12, 1942, Letter to Walter Salant, PASP 67.
18. V. Perlo, December 19, 1942, Letter to Walter Salant, PASP 67.
19. P A. Samuelson, December 29, 1942, Letter to Walter Salant, PASP 67.
20. Salant 1975a, p. 10.
21. P. A. Samuelson, August 11, 1943, Letter to Walter Salant, PASP 67.
22. Ibid.
23. A. H. Hansen, September 11, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 36.
24. MIT 1941.
25. We know the content of his lectures in that year through the notes kept by one of his students, Elizabeth Ringo (E. R. Braider, 1943, Notes on Samuelson Ec. 26 (1943), JTP 2003-M-005, Box 17 [Ec 49 Ringo]). Unlike in his courses on economic analysis, he did recommend two of his own papers (Samuelson 1941d; Samuelson 1942c). He classified business cycle theories according to whether cycles were exogenous, determined outside the system (as in Jevons's theory, which related the cycle to sunspot activity and the weather), or endogenous, self-generating, determined by the properties of the system. He explained the difference between damped systems, in which the cycle would fade away were it not for periodic shocks, and explosive ones, noting that forecasting was possible only in the former.
26. Galbraith and Johnson 1940; Gayer 1935; Clark et al. 1935; and Hansen 1941a.
27. See, for example, Laidler 1999; Young 1987; De Vroey and Hoover 2004. It is called the Hicks-Hansen model on account of Hicks 1937 having proposed the model which received its canonical statement in Hansen 1953.
Chapter 21: Scientists and Science Policy, 1944—1945
1. P. A. Samuelson, March 9, 1944, Letter to Walter Salant, PASP 67.
2. P. A. Samuelson, March 21, 1944, Letter to Karl Compton, PASP 19 (C, 1941-1951).
3. Samuelson 1997c.
4. See Conway and Siegelman 2005, pp. 109—122; Mindell 2002, pp. 277—283.
5. P. A. Samuelson, March 21, 1944, Letter to Local Board no 47, PASP 61 (Radiation Laboratory).
6. P. A. Samuelson, October 18, 1945, For Radiation Laboratory Who's Who, PASP 61 (Radiation Laboratory).
7. P. A. Samuelson, April 6, 1944, Letter to Abram Bergson, PASP 16.
8. See Mindell 2002, pp. 268-275.
9. Mindell 2000, p. 37; McCulloch and Pitts 1943.
10. I failed to find any reference to Samuelson in the Radiation Laboratory archives at NARA, Waltham, Massachusetts.
11. P. A. Samuelson, October 14, 1944, Letter to Arthur Smithies, PASP 64 (S, 1939-56, Folder 2).
12. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, A suggestion for a generalized fire control correction box, PASP 61 (Radiation Laboratory).
13. Ibid., pp. 4-5.
14. P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Differential corrections in anti-aircract trajectories, PASP 61 (Radiation Laboratory). It is not clear whether the paper was finished.
15. Samuelson 1944a, p. 1.
16. P. A. Samuelson, June 9, 2005, Letter to Sylvia Nasar, PASP 55.
17. P. A. Samuelson, June 10, 1944, Letter to Robert V. Roosa, PASP 63.
18. Samuelson, June 9, 2005, Letter to Sylvia Nasar.
19. This section draws on Backhouse and Maas 2017, which contains more detailed references to the literature.
20. See Cochrane 1978, pp. 43-57.
21. P. A. Samuelson, August 6, 1944, Letter to E J Coil, PASP 19 (C, 1941-1951); emphasis in original. AACA has been corrected to NACA.
22. P. A. Samuelson, October 27, 1944, Letter to Bruce Bliven, PASP 56 (New Republic).
23. B. Bliven, October 19, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 56 (New Republic).
24. P. A. Samuelson, November 24, 1944, Letter to Bruce Bliven, PASP 56 (New Republic).
25. Furer 1944.
26. B. Bliven, November 28, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 56 (New Republic).
27. P. A. Samuelson, November 30, 1944, Letter to Bruce Bliven, PASP 56 (New Republic).
28. B. Bliven, December 4, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 56 (New Republic).
29. Samuelson 1945g, p. 7. It is assumed that the new introduction provided by Bliven was the same as the first paragraph of the published editorial.
30. P. A. Samuelson, December 7, 1944, Letter to Bruce Bliven, PASP 56 (New Republic).
31. Samuelson 1945g, p. 8.
32. V. Bush, December 28, 1944, Letter to L. A. DuBridge, OSRD Box 2 (Committee #3, 2 of 3).
33. F. W. Loomis, January 5, 1945, Letter to James R. Killian, OSRD Box 2 (Committee #3, 2 of 3).
34. Backhouse and Maas 2017 discusses the collaboration between Samuelson, Guerlac, other members of the secretariat, and the committee in detail.
35. P. A. Samuelson, January 1, 1945, Untitled manuscript, HGP Box 25 (Folder 6).
36. Guerlac 1941
37. Anonymous, 1945, A scientific high command, HGP Box 25 (Folder 3).
38. It was typed differently from documents by Guerlac and does not appear the work of a professional typist, consistent with the conjecture that Samuelson wrote it.
39. Anonymous, March 27, 1945, Minutes of the meeting of the Bowman committee, held on March 26 and 27, 1945, HGP Box 25 (Folder 1-2).
40. I. Bowman, April 11, 1945, Letter to Vannevar Bush, OSRD Box 2 (Committee No. 3, 1 of 3).
41. Anonymous, April 6, 1945, Draft of prologue to Bowman Committee Report, OSRD Box 2 (Committee #3 2-1-45 to 5-15-45), p. 1.
42. Ibid., p. 5.
43. Ibid., p. 7.
44. Bush 1945.
45. I. Bowman, April 11, 1945, Letter to Vannevar Bush, OSRD Box 2 (Committee #3, 1 of 3).
46. F. W. Loomis, April 4, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 61 (Radiation Laboratory).
47. P. A. Samuelson, April 16, 1945, Letter to F Wheeler Loomis, PASP 61 (Radiation Laboratory).
48. P. A. Samuelson, April 26, 1945, Letter to F Wheeler Loomis, PASP 61 (Radiation Laboratory).
49. As is explained in chapter 25 this volume, by July 1945 he was sufficiently committed to this project to have received a draft contract from McGraw-Hill.
50. Samuelson 2009b.
51. P. A. Samuelson, April 26, 1945, Letter to F. Wheeler Loomis, PASP 61 (Radiation Laboratory).
52. L. Carmichael, August 3, 1945, Letter to Local Board No 47, PASP 61 (Radiation Laboratory).
53. W. R. Maclaurin, April 20, 1945, Letter to Vannevar Bush, OSRD Box 4 (Committee #3, 3 of 3).
54. C. L. Wilson, May 19, 1945, Letter to W. Rupert Maclaurin, OSRD Box 4 (Report to President, Committee #4).
55. W. Leontief, March 15, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 48. Formally the invitation came from the committee running the group.
56. The information on Samuelson’s attendance and the topics covered are taken from various documents in the “Inter Scientific Discussion Group 1944-7” folder in the Gerald Holton Papers, Harvard University Archive, HUM 132/63/3.
57. A few days later he reported that he had caught German measles.
Chapter 22: Foundations of Economic Analysis, 1940—1947
1. Samuelson 1998c, p. 1378.
2. Ibid., p. 1378.
3. E. B. Wilson, November 22, 1940, Letter to Edward H. Chamberlin, HUESR UAV349.282 Box 19 (PAS concentration folder).
4. E. B. Wilson et al., December 4, 1940, Report on examination for graduate degree, HUESR UAV349.282 Box 19 (PAS concentration folder).
5. E. B. Wilson, January 14, 1941, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 37 (S 1941).
6. S. E. Harris, January 7, 1941, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 36 (H).
7. E. B. Wilson, January 14, 1941, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 37 (S 1941).
8. E. B. Wilson, January 14, 1941, Letter to Seymour E. Harris, EBWP HUG4878.203 Box 36 (H).
9. E. B. Wilson, November 22, 1940, Letter to Edward H. Chamberlin, HUESR UAV349.282 Box 19 (PAS concentration folder).
10. E. H. Chamberlin, February 10, 1942, Minutes of department meeting, HUA-E Box 10 (Department Meeting), p. 328.
11. H. H. Burbank, March 16, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 62 (Review of Economics and Statistics, to 1968); P. A. Samuelson, February 20, 1945, Letter to Harold Burbank, PASP 14 (B, 1939-51).
12. D. J. Pottinger, May 29, 1942, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 57 (P, 1940-59).
13. P. A. Samuelson, June 28, 1942, Letter to David T Pottinger, PASP 34 (H, 1940-57).
14. Ibid.
15. P. A. Samuelson, July 8, 1943, Letter to A. P. Usher, PASP 85 (Foundations of Economic Analysis).
16. A. P. Usher, July 17, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 85 (Foundations of Economic Analysis).
17. P. A. Samuelson, August 11, 1943, Letter to Walter Salant, PASP 67.
18. P. A. Samuelson, April 6, 1944, Letter to Abram Bergson, PASP 16.
19. P. A. Samuelson, February 27, 1945, Letter to Edwin Bidwell Wilson, PASP 77.
20. R. L. Scaife, February 21, 1945, Letter to Abbott P. Usher.
21. A. P. Usher, March 22, 1945, Letter to Roger L. Scaife, HUPF.
22. J. W. McFarlane, August 1, 1945, Letter to Roger L. Scaife, HUPF.
23. A. P. Usher, August 13, 1945, Letter to Roger L. Scaife, HUPF.
24. J. W. MacFarlane, August 31, 1945, Letter to Roger L. Scaife; R. L. Scaife, September 5, 1945, Letter to Abbott Payson Usher, HUPF.
25. R. L. Scaife, November 7, 1945, Letter to Abbott Payson Usher, HUPF;
R. L. Scaife, April 22, 1946, Letter to Abbott Payson Usher, HUPF.
26. A. V. Jules, December 3, 1945, Letter to Mr. Rohr, HUPF.
27. R. L. Scaife, April 22, 1946, Letter to Abbott Payson Usher, HUPF.
28. C. W. Wilson, December 9, 1946, Letter to Alfred V. Jules, HUPF.
29. C. W. Wilson, December 13, 1946, Letter to Alfred V. Jules, HUPF.
30. C. W. Wilson, February 28, 1947, Letter to Mary Harney, HUPF.
31. R. L. Scaife, April 9, 1947, Letter to Abbott Payson Usher, HU; A. V. Jules, May 21, 1947, Letter to C. W. Wilson, HUPF; C. W. Wilson, June 9, 1947, Letter to Alfred V. Jules, HUPF.
32. C. W. Wilson, April 18, 1947, Letter to Alfred V. Jules, HUPF.
33. A. V. Jules, April 28, 1947, Letter to C. W. Wilson, HUPF.
34. W. W. S[mith], June 17, 1947, Letter to Abbott Payson Usher, HUPF.
35. A. V. Jules, June 18, 1947, Letter to C. W. Wilson, HUPF.
36. A. P. Usher, July 4, 1947, Letter to Mr. Smith, HUPF.
37. C. Morgan, October 10, 1947, Letter to Gottfried Haberler, GHP Box 1 (H).
38. C. W. Wilson, October 2, 1947, Letter to Alfred V. Jules, HUPF (Samuelson, Foundations). Email from Michael Aronson to REB, April 9, 2012.
39. R. P. Rohrer, September 30, 1947, Letter to Alfred V. Jules, HUPF.
40. P. A. Samuelson, September 29, 1946, Letter to Shigeto Tsuru, STP B1-1-9.
41. For a detailed list of the changes, see Backhouse 2015a.
42. Samuelson, 1940a, p. 4.
43. Samuelson 1947a, p. 5.
44. Ibid., p. 258.
45. The index entry for “Correspondence Principle” gives three additional pages. On one, the phrase is not used, and the remaining two are in a new chapter.
46. Samuelson 1947a, p. 23.
47. Ibid., p. 125.
48. Ibid., p. 141.
49. Ibid., p. 148.
50. Hicks 1939a, p. 698.
51. Stigler 1943, p. 355. The article on trade is Samuelson 1938f.
52. Stigler 1943, p. 356.
53. Samuelson 1943f, p. 605.
54. Samuelson 1947a, p. 203.
55. Ibid., p. 212.
56. Ibid., p. 212; emphasis in original.
57. Ibid., p. 219.
58. Robbins 1932.
59. Samuelson 1947a, p. 220.
60. Ibid., p. 221.
61. Ibid., p. 224. The importance of individual rationality as a distinction between the United States and the Soviet Union has been discussed by Amadae 2003.
62. Samuelson 1947a, p. 248.
63. Ibid., pp. 208, 215, 223, 226.
64. Samuelson 1942f, p. 1; Samuelson 1947a, p. 284.
65. Samuelson 1941d, 1942f, 1943a, 1944b.
66. Samuelson 1942f, p. 1; Samuelson 1947a, p. 284; emphasis added.
67. Samuelson 1943a, p. 58.
68. Ibid., p. 58.
69. Samuelson 1947a, p. 335.
70. Kalecki 1935.
71. L. Hurwicz, August 29, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 39.
72. For example, Harrod 1936.
73. Samuelson 1947a, pp. 117-124.
74. For example, Boulding 1948b; Savage 1948. Samuelson had ordered copies of the appendices for teaching.
75. Reder 1948, p. 516.
76. Allen 1949, p. 111.
77. Samuelson 1998c, p. 1382.
78. Allen 1949, p. 112.
79. Baumol 1949, p. 159.
80. Baumol 1949; Allen 1949; Stigler 1948; Tintner 1948; Savage 1948.
81. Allen 1949, p. 113; Savage 1948, p. 202.
82. Metzler 1948, pp. 905, 906; emphasis added. See, for example, L. A. Metzler, December 22, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 53; P. A. Samuelson, December 27, 1944, Letter to Lloyd A. Metzler, PASP 53; L. A. Metzler, June 16, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 53.
83. May 1948, p. 94.
84. Baumol 1949, p. 160.
85. Von Neumann to Haberler, October 31, 1947; in Redei 2005, p. 128.
Chapter 23: Postwar Economic Policy, 1944—1947
1. R. W. Goldsmith, October 5, 1943, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
2. P. A. Samuelson, October 12, 1943, Letter to Raymond Goldsmith, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
3. See chapter 21 this volume.
4. P. A. Samuelson, October 12, 1943, Letter to Raymond Goldsmith, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
5. P.A. Samuelson, November 27, 1943, Letter to Raymond Goldsmith, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
6. P. A. Samuelson, January 19, 1944, Letter to Raymond Goldsmith, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
7. P. A. Samuelson, September 18, 1944, Letter to Jacob L. Mosak, PASP 49 (M, 1944-52).
8. The memorandum in which he made these points was “Financial Aspects of Demobilization, Part I—The Case for Liberalizing Wartime Earnings and Contract Settlements” (1944, PASP 76 [War Production Board]). It could have been the one sent in January. It tallies with the letter in being Part I of a memorandum addressed explicitly to Goldsmith. A different memorandum is filed with the letter, but this one does not fit and seems more likely
an early draft of something he wrote a few months later, suggesting that documents are not filed in the correct sequence.
9. P. A. Samuelson, August 4, 1944, Letter to P. Bernard Nortman, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
10. P. B. Nortman, August 8, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
11. This is filed with Paul's letter of January 19, though, as explained in an earlier footnote, it does not appear to be the document enclosed with that letter. The formula used to calculate the value of the multiplier, which distinguishes business and household saving, is the same as one used in a letter to Jacob Mosak (P. A. Samuelson, September 18, 1944, Letter to Jacob L. Mosak, PASP 49 [M, 1944-52]).
12. P. A. Samuelson, January 19, 1944, Estimating the primary and secondary effects of cutbacks in production, PASP 76 (War Production Board), p. 2.
13. Ibid., p. 6.
14. P. A. Samuelson, October 11, 1944, Letter to Raymond Goldsmith, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
15. R. W. Goldsmith, October 31, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board); P. A. Samuelson, November 17, 1944, Letter to Raymond Goldsmith, PASP 76 (War Production Board); R. W. Goldsmith, November 23, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board); R. W. Goldsmith, March 17, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board); War Production Board, May 7, 1945, Advice of Personnel Action, PASP 76 (War Production Board); R. W. Goldsmith, May 10, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board); P. A. Samuelson, May 8, 1945, Letter to Raymond Goldsmith, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
16. War Production Board, July 7, 1945, Advice of personnel action, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
17. R. W. Goldsmith, March 13, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
18. R. W. Goldsmith, May 3, 1945, Memorandum from Raymond Goldsmith to PAS, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
19. Ibid., p. 2.
20. Anticipated dates for V-J day were June 30 and December 30, 1946.
21. R. W. Goldsmith, May 22, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
22. P. A. Samuelson, May 27, 1945, Estimating Importance of Industrial Sector at High Post war Income, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
23. Estimated equations were of the form Capital = -0.417 + 0.029 GDP, with correlation coefficient of 0.573 for the period 1921—1940.
24. P. A. Samuelson, June, 1945, Economic Effects of Cutbacks, PASP 76 (War Production Board). The location of this paper in the folder suggests it dates from May-June 1945. The typing (typeface and many mistakes) suggests Samuelson typed it himself and that it was probably not sent to anyone.
25. R. W. Goldsmith, June 14, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
26. R. W. Goldsmith, June 20, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
27. P. A. Samuelson, June 28, 1945, Comments on the Wood memorandum, PASP 76 (War Production Board); P. A. Samuelson, June 28, 1945, Letter to Raymond Goldsmith, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
28. R. W. Goldsmith, June 21, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
29. R. W. Goldsmith, June 26, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
30. P. A. Samuelson, July 28, 1945, Letter to Raymond Goldsmith, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
31. P. A. Samuelson, July 28, 1945, Determinants of National Income and Inflation, PASP 76 (War Production Board), p. 8.
32. Ibid., p. 11.
33. R. W. Goldsmith, August 9, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
34. WPB, October 10, 1945, Advice of personnel action, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
35. R. W. Goldsmith, October 15, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
36. R. P. Goldsmith, October 10, 1945, A Simplified Analysis of the Process of Income Expansion and Contraction, PASP 76 (War Production Board).
37. P. A. Samuelson, July 20, 1944, Letter to New Republic, PASP 56 (New Republic).
38. P. A. Samuelson, August 11, 1944, Letter to Bruce Bliven, PASP 56 (New Republic).
39. P. A. Samuelson, August 11, 1944, Letter to Bruce Bliven, PASP 56 (New Republic). Mordecai Ezekiel was an economist at the Department of Agriculture.
40. P. A. Samuelson, August 17, 1944, Letter to Bruce Bliven, PASP 56 (New Republic).
41. P. A. Samuelson, August 25, 1944, Letter to Bruce Bliven, PASP 56 (New Republic). The chart was taken from Goldenweiser and Hagen 1944.
42. P. A. Samuelson, September 1, 1944, Letter to Bruce Bliven, PASP 56 (New Republic).
43. Samuelson 1944c.
44. Ibid., p. 297.
45. Ibid., p. 297.
46. Ibid., p. 298.
47. Ibid., p. 298.
48. Ibid., p. 298.
49. Ibid., p. 299.
50. J. L. Mosak, September 13, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 49 (M, 1944-52).
51. P. A. Samuelson, September 18, 1944, Letter to Jacob L. Mosak, PASP 49 (M, 1944-52).
52. Samuelson 1944d.
53. Ibid., p. 333.
54. Ibid., p. 334.
55. Ibid., p. 335
56. P. A. Samuelson, October 10, 1944, Letter to S. Morris Livingstone, PASP 46 (L, 1946-60).
57. J. L. Mosak, October 7, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 49 (M, 1944-52).
58. They were published as Smithies 1945; Livingston 1945; Mosak 1945; Roos et al. 1945.
59. Mosak 1945.
60. P. A. Samuelson, October 14, 1944, Letter to Jacob L. Mosak, PASP 49
(M, 1944-52).
61. Though Paul stated that this was written in the summer of 1944 (Samuelson 1945c, p. 674), revisions were made for the published version cited his debate with Sonne in Modern Industry, not initiated until November.
62. Samuelson 1945a, p. 26.
63. H. F. Merrill, November 13, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 49 (M, 1944-52).
64. H. C. Sonne, November 22, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 64 (S, 1939-56, Folder 2); P. A. Samuelson, November 24, 1944, Letter to Harwood F. Merrill, PASP 49 (M, 1944-52); P. A. Samuelson, November 24, 1944, Letter to E. Christian Sonne, PASP 64 (S, 1939-56) Folder 2;
P. A. Samuelson, December 1, 1944, Letter to Alvin Hansen, AHP Hansen 3.10 Correspondence (Box 1, 1928—67); A. H. Hansen, December 6, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 36.
65. Samuelson 1945f, p. 113.
66. Samuelson 1945a, p. 27.
67. Harris 1945.
68. Coleman 1945, p. 671.
69. Ibid., p. 672.
70. Ibid., p. 673.
71. Ibid., p. 674
72. Ibid., p. 675.
73. Roosevelt 1945.
74. Samuelson 1945h, p. 136.
75. Samuelson 1945e.
76. Hansen 1945a.
77. Ibid., p. 178.
78. Ibid., pp. 21-22.
79. Ibid., pp.18-20.
80. Samuelson 1945e, p. 410.
81. Ibid., p. 411.
82. Samuelson 1945d, p. 467.
83. Samuelson 1945h, p. 469.
84. This summary of the bill's history draws upon Bailey 1950. See also Hansen 1947, chap. 9.
85. Hansen 1945b.
86. Ibid., p. 2 of the attachment.
87. Samuelson 1945b.
88. On Hansen's view, see Bailey 1950, p. 48, n22.
89. Some of this literature is cited in Hagen 1947.
90. Samuelson 1946b. Samuelson wrote “By PAS” on his copy of the article.
91. Samuelson1946b, p. 8.
92. E. E. Hagen, February 2, 1945, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 36.
93. Hagen and Kirkpatrick 1944; Goldenweiser and Hagen 1944.
94. It is possible that the article was Hagen 1945. This article contains a survey of the rapidly growing literature forecasting postwar conditions.
95. E. E. Hagen, November 20, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP
36, p. 2.
96. P. A. Samuelson, November 28, 1944, Letter to Everett Hagen, PASP
36, p. 2.
97. Ibid., p. 1.
98. Ibid., p. 2.
99. Ibid.
100. Hagen 1947.
101. Ibid., p. 1oo.
102. Samuelson 1946b, p. 9.
103. Koopmans 1947; Vining 1949.
104. Burns and Mitchell 1945.
105. P. A. Samuelson, August, 1948, Comments on Vining's methodological issues, PASP 37 (Harris).
106. P. A. Samuelson, October 1, 1943, Comments on the Bennion and Tintner manuscripts, PASP 37 (Harris). The paper he was reviewing would appear to be Tintner 1944.
107. Wilson 1946, p. 173.
108. Hansen and Samuelson 1947a, p. 186.
109. Hansen and Samuelson 1946.
110. P. A. Samuelson, February 5, 1946, Letter to Alvin Hansen, PASP 36;
M. W. Latimer, February 19, 1946, Letter to Alvin Hansen, PASP 36 (Hansen); A. H. Hansen, February 23, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 36; R. F. Jones, May 23, 1946, Letter to Alvin Hansen and Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 36 (Hansen).
111. P. A. Samuelson, August 5, 1946, Letter to Alvin Hansen, PASP 36. The chapters to which Paul drew Hansen's attention were 8 (on the causes of business rhythms), 18 (labor as an overhead cost), and 19 (overhead costs and the business cycle), together with sections on these topics in the introductory chapters.
112. P. A. Samuelson, August 7, 1946, Letter to Alvin Hansen, PASP 36.
113. Hansen and Samuelson 1947a, p. 464.
114. Ibid., p. 18.
115. Hansen and Samuelson 1947b.
116. Ibid., p. 38.
Chapter 24: Keynes and Keynesian Economics
1. Klein 2oo4, p. 18.
2. Klein 1942.
3. Klein and Mariano 1987; Mariano 2oo8.
4. Klein and Mariano 1987, p. 411.
5. Ibid., p. 411.
6. Ezekiel 1942a, 1942b.
7. Ezekiel 1944; Klein 1944c.
8. Klein 1944a.
9. Ibid., p. 435.
10. Ibid., p. i.
11. Ibid., p. ii.
12. Ibid., pp. 51-52.
13. Ibid., p. 53.
14. Ibid., p. iv.
15. Ibid., pp. 19, 124.
16. L. Klein, March 29, 1944, Letter to Alvin Hansen, AHP Hansen 3.10 Correspondence (Box 1 [A-K]).
17. Klein 1944a, p. 113.
18. Ibid., p. iii.
19. Ibid., pp.183-184.
20. This is based on a computer search of OCR-generated text, and may have omitted instances. The bibliography and preliminary pages are omitted from the count.
21. See Klein 1954.
22. Lange 1943.
23. P. A. Samuelson, April 10, 1944, Letter to Oskar Lange, PASP 48.
24. Modigliani 1944.
25. Ibid., pp. 76-77.
26. D. H. Leavens, April 26, 1946, Letter to Ragnar Frisch, Ragnar Frisch Papers, National Library of Norway.
27. R. Frisch, May 16, 1946, Letter to Dickson Leavens, Ragnar Frisch Papers, National Library of Norway; Samuelson 1946a, p. 187, n1.
28. Samuelson 1946a, pp. 190-191.
29. Ibid., p. 191, n5.
30. Ibid., p. 188.
31. Ibid., p. 193, quoting Keynes.
32. Ibid., p. 195.
33. Ramsey 1928.
34. As was shown in chapter 10 this volume.
35. Samuelson 1946a, p. 195.
36. Ibid., pp. 200, 199.
37. P. A. Samuelson, February 16, 1945, Letter to Fritz Machlup, PASP 11 (AEA).
38. P. A. Samuelson, August, 1947, Letter to Alvin Hansen, PASP 36.
39. See chapter 12 this volume.
40. Letter from Clark to Keynes (Keynes 1979, p. 191).
41. Clark 1923, p. ix.
42. P. A. Samuelson, September 27, 1946, Letter to J. M. Clark, PASP 19 (C, 1941-51).
43. P. A. Samuelson, April 11, 1949, Letter to Lewis H. Haney, PASP 34 (H, 1940-57).
Chapter 25: Drafting the Textbook, 1945
1. Samuelson 1948 and subsequent editions.
2. Samuelson 1997a, 1998a; Samuelson et al. 1999.
3. Samuelson 1997a, p. 154.
4. R. E. Freeman, June 6, 1945, Letter to Karl T Compton, MIT-AC04 Box 93 (8, R. E. Freeman).
5. MIT 1944, P∙ 34∙
6. Compton 1944, p. 7.
7. McGraw-Hill Book Company, July 16, 1945, Unsigned memorandum of agreement, PASP 87 (Economics, 1945—2008, Folder 2).
8. P. A. Samuelson, February 18, 1946, Letter to Alan Sweezy, PASP 64 (S, 1939-56, Folder 2).
9. P. A. Samuelson, 1945, Modern Economics: An Introductory Analysis of National Income and Policy, PASP 91.
10. Samuelson 1997a, p. 157.
11. See R. V. Clemence, October 3, 1949, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 19 (C, 1941—51), and Samuelson 1948, p. vii. The archival record is silent on Samuelson’s relations with Doody.
12. P. A. Samuelson, August 30, 1948, Letter to Richard Clemence, PASP 19 (C, 1941—51).
13. Clemence and Doody 1942.
14. Ibid., p. 342.
15. Ibid., p. 343.
16. Ibid., p. 344.
17. Samuelson 1948, p. v; emphasis added.
18. See Giraud 2014.
19. P. A. Samuelson, March 2, 1946, Letter to Emile Despres, PASP 28 (Sub-committee on the problem of economic instability).
20. Samuelson 1948, p. v.
21. Armstrong et al. 1938a, 1938b. The MIT Library catalogue also contains two earlier versions, from 1934 and 1935.
22. Armstrong et al. 1938a, p. iii.
23. P. A. Samuelson, 1945, Modern Economics: An Introductory Analysis of National Income and Policy, PASP 91.
24. Ibid., p. I-2; emphasis in original.
25. Ibid., p.I-4.
26. Ibid., p.I-6.
27. Ibid., p.II-3.
28. Samuelson 1951a, p. 14, n1. Knight’s text had been circulated only to Chicago students. It was later published as the first chapter of Knight 1951.
29. Samuelson, Modern Economics, p.IV-2.
30. Ibid.,p.XI-19.
31. Ibid., p.XI-20.
32. Ibid., pp. XII-8, XII-10.
33. Ibid., pp. XII-10, XII-XIV.
34. Ibid., p.XII-11.
35. Ibid., p. XIV-1; passage underlined in the original.
36. Ibid., p. 2. Note that this unnumbered chapter has its own sequence of page numbers.
37. Ibid., p. 3.
38. National Resources Committee 1939.
39. Armstrong et al. 1938a, p. 399.
40. Ibid., p. 373.
41. Ibid., p. 371.
42. Ibid., p. 378.
43. P. A. Samuelson, March 2, 1946, Letter to Emile Despres, PASP 28 (Sub-committee on the problem of economic instability).
44. A. Sweezy, February 13, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 64 (S, 1939-56, Folder 2).
45. P. A. Samuelson, February 18, 1946, Letter to Alan Sweezy, PASP 64 (S, 1939-56, Folder 2).
46. W. Stolper, February 4, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 71 (Stolper, 1).
47. E. Despres, February 25, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 28 (Sub-committee on the problem of economic instability).
48. P. A. Samuelson, February 18, 1946, Letter to Wolfgang Stolper, PASP 71 (Stolper, 1).
49. P. A. Samuelson, April 29, 1946, Letter to David McCord Wright, PASP 78 (Wright).
50. P. A. Samuelson, February 18, 1946, Letter to Alan Sweezy, PASP 64 (S, 1939-56, Folder 2).
51. P. A. Samuelson, February 18, 1946, Letter to Alan Sweezy, PASP 64
(S, 1939—56, Folder 2); P. A. Samuelson, March 2, 1946, Letter to Emile Despres, PASP 28 (Sub-committee on the problem of economic instability).
52. P. A. Samuelson, February 18, 1946, Letter to Alan Sweezy, PASP 64 (S, 1939-56, Folder 2).
53. P. A. Samuelson, March 2, 1946, Letter to Emile Despres, PASP 28 (Sub-committee on the problem of economic instability).
54. W. Stolper, February 4, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 71 (Stolper, 1).
55. P. A. Samuelson, March 19, 1946, Letter to Alan Sweezy, PASP 64
(S, 1939-56, Folder 2). Presumably Samuelson had recently written this.
56. A. R. Sweezy, March 24, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 64 (S, 1939-56, Folder 2).
57. P. A. Samuelson, April 2, 1946, Letter to George Stigler, PASP 70.
58. P. A. Samuelson, February 18, 1946, Letter to Alan Sweezy, PASP 64 (S, 1939-56, Folder 2).
59. P. A. Samuelson, April 10, 1946, Letter to Lawrence H. Seltzer, PASP 64 (S, 1939-56, Folder 2).
60. P. A. Samuelson, April 29, 1946, Letter to David McCord Wright, PASP 78.
61. F. Machlup, May 8, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 51; P. A. Samuelson, May 10, 1946, Letter to Fritz Machlup, PASP 51.
62. McGraw-Hill Book Company and P. A. Samuelson, May 21, 1946, Memorandum of agreement, PASP 87 (Economics, 1945—2008, Folder 2).
63. P. A. Samuelson, 1946, Economics: An Introductory Analysis, PASP 91. The course timetable was printed at the front of the book, covering classes from October ³ to January 21.
64. P. A. Samuelson, February 17, 1947, Letter to Daniel Vandermeulen, PASP 74.
65. P. A. Samuelson, August 26, 1946, Letter to George Halm, PASP 34
(H, 1940-57).
66. P. A. Samuelson, September 27, 1946, Letter to Max Millikan, PASP 53.
67. P. A. Samuelson, April 8, 1947, Letter to Daniel Vandermeulen, PASP 74;
P. A. Samuelson, June 27, 1947, Letter to Shigeto Tsuru, PASP 73.
68. K. T. Compton, September 30, 1947, Letter to Redfield Proctor, PASP 87 (MIT); K. T. Compton, September 30, 1947, Letter to Gordon S. Rentschler, PASP 87 (MIT); P. A. Samuelson, January 8, 1948, Letter to S. H. Nerlove, PASP 54 (N, 1942-51); P. A. Samuelson, January 12, 1948, Letter to
D. S. Lichtenstein, PASP 87 (Economics, 1945—2008, Folder 2).
Chapter 26: Controversy over the Textbook, 1947—1948
1. This section covers material also covered in Giraud 2014, from which I have learned much. Note that many of the documents cited are archived in both Compton's papers at MIT and in Samuelson's papers at Duke, and sometimes twice in the latter.
2. Phillips-Fein2009.
3. E. E. Lincoln, March 25, 1947, Letter to Harold H. Burbank, HUESR UAV349.282 Box 19 (PAS concentration folder).
4. H. H. Burbank, April 2, 1947, Letter to Edmond E. Lincoln, HUESR UAV349.282 Box 19 (PAS concentration folder).
5. W. J. Beadle, July 15, 1947, Letter to Ralph E. Freeman, PASP 80 (Criticisms of Textbook, 1).
6. W. J. Beadle, August 13, 1946, Letter to James R. Killian, MIT-AC20 Box 1 (Samuelson, 1946-49).
7. MIT, Department of Economics and Social Science, March 3, 1947, Minutes of the visiting committee meeting, MIT-AC394 (Visiting Committee, 1947-66),p.2.
8. Ibid.
9. W. J. Beadle, July 15, 1947, Letter to Ralph E. Freeman, PASP 80 (Criticisms of Textbook, 1).
10. W. J. Beadle, July 15, 1947, Letter to Ralph E. Freeman, PASP 87 (MIT).
11. N. Peterson, June 26, 1947, Comments on Samuelson Economics and Introductory Analysis, PASP 87 (MIT), pp. 1-2.
12. W. J. Beadle, July 15, 1947, Letter to Karl T. Compton, PASP 87 (MIT).
13. E. W. Brewster, July 30, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT). See also C.E. Spencer, July 22, 1947, Letter to Ralph E. Freeman, PASP 80 (Criticisms of Textbook, 1).
14. F. J. Chesterman, July 21, 1947, Letter to Karl T Compton, PASP 87 (MIT).
15. P. A. Samuelson, July 31, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 80 (Criticisms of Textbook, 1).
16. Some of the correspondence cited in this passage can be identified in the archive, but not all of it.
17. W. J. Beadle, August 6, 1947, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 80 (Criticisms of Textbook, 1).
18. If he did reply, the letter appears not to have been preserved in the archives.
19. J. R. Killian, August 6, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT), p. 2; spelling as in the original.
20. J. R. Killian, August 6, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT), pp.1-2.
21. J. R. Killian, August 6, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT), p. 2.
22. W. J. Beadle, August 6, 1947, Letter to Karl T. Compton, PASP 87 (MIT).
23. He does not give the date of the letter, but it would appear to be P. A.
Samuelson, July 31, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT).
24. P. A. Samuelson, August 7, 1947, Letter to Karl T. Compton, PASP 87 (MIT).
25. P. A. Samuelson, August 7, 1947, Letter to Karl T Compton, PASP 87 (MIT).
26. K. T. Compton, August 8, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 80 (Criticisms of Textbook, 1).
27. W. J. Beadle, August 11, 1947, Letter to Karl T. Compton, PASP 87 (MIT).
28. K. T. Compton, August 13, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87
(MIT); C. E. Spencer, August 13, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT); E. W. Brewster, August 18, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT). Chesterman was also copied into the correspondence.
29. B. Ruml, August 20, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT).
30. S. S. Stratton, August 27, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT).
31. S. S. Stratton, September 12, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT).
32. J. R. Killian, August 27, 1947, Memorandum of luncheon discussion with Beadle, Spencer, and Brewster, PASP 87 (MIT).
33. J. R. Killian, August 28, 1947, Policy on teaching of economics, PASP
87 (MIT).
34. J. R. Killian, September 4, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT).
35. Ibid.
36. W. J. Beadle, September 10, 1947, Letter to James R. Killian, PASP 87 (MIT).
37. Ibid.; R. G. Caldwell, September 12, 1947, Letter to James R. Killian, PASP 87 (MIT).
38. Tarshis 1947.
39. Lane 1947.
40. Ibid., p. 1.
41. Ibid., p. 2.
42. Ibid., p. 5.
43. See Levy et al. 2012.
44. See Colander and Landreth 1998; Samuelson 1998d.
45. L. DuPont, September 12, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT).
46. W. J. Beadle, September 15, 1947, Letter to Karl T Compton, PASP 87 (MIT).
47. K. T Compton, September 18, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP
87 (MIT).
48. J. B. Conant, May 3, 1947, Excerpt from Education for Business Responsibility, MIT-AC04 Box 192 (9).
49. W. J. Beadle, September 22, 1947, Letter to James R. Killian, PASP 87 (MIT); J. R. Killian, September 29, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT).
50. R. G. Caldwell, November 7, 1947, Letter to James R. Killian, PASP 87 (MIT); W. J. Beadle, November 5, 1947, Letter to James R. Killian, PASP 87 (MIT); J. R. Killian, October 31, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT); J. R. Killian, December 8, 1947, Letter to Dean Caldwell, PASP 87 (MIT); R. E. Freeman, December 12, 1947, Letter to Robert G. Caldwell, PASP 87 (MIT).
51. W. J. Beadle, October 22, 1947, Letter to James R. Killian, PASP 87 (MIT); V. W. Lanfear, October 6, 1947, Letter to Fred R. Fairchild, PASP 87 (MIT).
52. J. R. Killian, October 31, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT).
53. R. G. Caldwell, November 7, 1947, Letter to James R. Killian, PASP
87 (MIT).
54. W. J. Beadle, January 2, 1948, Letter to Ralph E. Freeman, MIT-AC04 Box 192 (10).
55. His letter was written from an address in Bridgeport, Connecticut, though letters written later on came from an address associated with the DuPont Company.
56. Samuelson was one of eight people listed by Klein (Klein 1947, p. 184). A footnote explained that they would not all describe themselves as Keynesians. Unfortunately, he did not make it clear whether Samuelson was one of those who would.
57. D. F. Carpenter, January 27, 1948, Letter to James R. Killian, PASP 87 (MIT).
58. Ibid., p. 2.
59. Ibid., p. 3.
60. W. J. Beadle, January 29, 1948, Letter to James R. Killian, MIT-AC04 Box 192 (10).
61. R. G. Caldwell, January 28, 1948, Letter to James R. Killian, MIT-AC20 Box 1 (Samuelson, 1946-49).
62. J. R. Killian, February 3, 1948, Letter to Donald F. Carpenter, PASP 87 (MIT), p. 2.
63. Ibid., p. 2.
64. Wright 1948, p. 150.
65. W. J. Beadle, April 2, 1948, Letter to James R. Killian, MIT-AC04 Box 192 (10), quoting Samuelson 1947b. This referred to Klein's book as forthcoming because it was a reprint of Samuelson 1946a.
66. Wright 1948, p. 152.
67. S. S. Pu, January 7, 1948, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 57 (P, 1940-59); D. S. Lichtenstein, January 7, 1948, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 87 (Economics, 1945-2008, Folder 2); P. A. Samuelson, January 8, 1948, Letter to S. H. Nerlove, PASP 54 (N, 1942-51); P. A. Samuelson, January 12, 1948, Letter to D. S. Lichtenstein, PASP 87 (Economics, 1945—2008, Folder 2);
P. A. Samuelson, January 13, 1948, Letter to Shou Shan Pu, PASP 57 (P, 1940—59); P. A. Samuelson, April 9, 1948, Letter to Charles E. Lindblom, PASP 46 (L, 1946—60); C. E. Lindblom, April 12, 1948, Letter to Paul
A. Samuelson, PASP 46 (L, 1946-60).
68. B. Ruml, March 11, 1948, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, MIT-AC20 Box ι (Samuelson, 1946-49).
69. W. J. Beadle, March 23, 1948, Letter to James R. Killian, MIT-AC20 Box ι (Samuelson, 1946-49).
70. W. J. Beadle, April 23, 1948, Letter to Ralph E. Freeman, MIT-AC20 Box ι (Samuelson, 1946-49).
71. Keynes 1946, p. 185.
72. W. J. Beadle, April 23, 1948, Questions to Professor Ralph E. Freeman for discussion with Visiting Committee, 10 a.m., Monday, May 3, 1948, MIT-AC20 Box ³ (Samuelson, 1946-49), p. 3.
73. W. J. Beadle, et al., May 3, 1948, Letter to MIT, PASP 87 (MIT).
Chapter 27: Economics, the First Edition, 1948
1. P. A. Samuelson, August 31, 1948, Letter to Karl T. Compton, MIT-AC04 Box 192 (10).
2. Samuelson 1948, pp. 1, 4.
3. Garver and Hansen 1937.
4. Ibid., chap. 2.
5. It is impossible not to think that Samuelson probably had the University of Wisconsin in mind.
6. Samuelson 1948, p. 197.
7. Ibid., pp.198-199.
8. Ibid., p. 199.
9. Ibid., p. 201.
10. P. A. Samuelson, 1946, Economics: An Introductory Analysis, PASP 91, p. II-2.
11. Samuelson 1948, p. 14, compared with P. A. Samuelson, 1946, Economics: An Introductory Analysis, PASP 91, p. II-3.
12. Samuelson 1948, p. 589.
13. Ibid., p. 590.
14. W. J. Beadle, July 15, 1947, Letter to Ralph E. Freeman, PASP 87 (MIT).
15. Samuelson 1948, p. 39, compared with P. A. Samuelson, 1946, Economics: An Introductory Analysis, PASP 91, p. II-4.
16. Samuelson 1948, p. 41.
17. Ibid., p. 602.
18. For example, P. A. Samuelson, August 25, 1947, Letter to R. A. Gordon, PASP 32 (G, 1940—1952); P. A. Samuelson, November 25, 1947, Letter to Stephen Enke, PASP 26 (E, 1942—59); P. A. Samuelson, November 25, 1947, Letter to J. M. Letiche, PASP 87 (Economics, 1945—2008, Folder 2).
19. P. A. Samuelson, February 18, 1946, Letter to Alan Sweezy, PASP 64 (S, 1939-56, Folder 2).
20. P. A. Samuelson, July 30, 1946, Letter to Arthur Burns, PASP 19; Burns and Mitchell 1945.
21. Hansen 1941 a.
22. Samuelson 1948, p. 407.
23. Ibid., p. 411.
24. Ibid., p. 417.
25. For a history of this concept, see Backhouse and Boianovsky 2016b, 2016a.
26. P. A. Samuelson, 1946, Economics: An Introductory Analysis, PASP 91;
W. J. Beadle, July 15, 1947, Letter to Ralph E. Freeman, PASP 87 (MIT).
27. Samuelson 1948, p. 435.
28. Ibid., p. 436.
29. Ibid., p. 367.
30. Ibid., p. 368.
31. Ibid., p. 375.
32. P. A. Samuelson, July 31, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT). This aspect of the book has been examined by Giraud 2014.
33. Schlesinger 1949.
34. Ibid., p. 4.
35. Ibid., p. 13.
36. Ibid., p. 74. He was quoting the first part of this sentence from another source.
37. Ibid., p. 153.
38. The first Schlesinger-Samuelson letter in the Samuelson archive is dated 1950. Schlesinger was about to embark on his study of the Roosevelt years, and asked Samuelson for a source that would explain the causes of the Great Depression. (A. Schlesinger, October 19, 1950, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.)
39. Samuelson 1948, pp. 602-603.
40. W. J. Beadle, July 15, 1947, Letter to Ralph E. Freeman, PASP 87 (MIT).
41. P. A. Samuelson, July 24, 1945, Letter to Lawrence Klein, PASP 45.
42. P. A. Samuelson, March 2, 1946, Letter to Emile Despres, PASP 28 (Sub-committee on the problem of economic instability).
43. P. A. Samuelson, April 29, 1946, Letter to David McCord Wright, PASP 78.
44. P. A. Samuelson, September 27, 1946, Letter to Max Millikan, PASP 53.
45. Samuelson had used these terms in criticism of a recent book by Hicks, presumably Hicks and Hart 1945. P. A. Samuelson, March 2, 1946, Letter to Emile Despres, PASP 28 (Sub-committee on the problem of economic instability).
46. M. Bronfenbrenner, May 24, 1948, Letter to Stewart C. Dorman, PASP 80 (Criticisms of Textbook, 1).
47. S. E. Harris, May 25, 1948, Letter to Stuart C. Derman, PASP 80 (Criticisms of Textbook, 1).
48. P. A. Samuelson, August 31, 1948, Letter to Karl T. Compton, PASP 87 (Economics, 1945—2008, Folder 2).
49. P. A. Samuelson, August 31, 1948, Letter to Karl T. Compton, PASP 87 (Economics, 1945—2008, Folder 2).
50. Ashby 1948, p. 217.
51. Brekke 1948.
52. See Giraud 2014, who illuminatingly discusses Samuelson’s attempt to maintain such a position.
53. Hart 1948, p. 912.
54. Haney 1948, p. 221.
55. S. S. Stratton, September 12, 1947, Letter to Walter J. Beadle, PASP 87 (MIT).
56. Haney 1948, p. 222.
57. Buckley 2002.
Chapter 28: Commitment to MIT
1. Weintraub 2014.
2. Killian 1985, p. 201.
3. P. T. Homan, February 4, 1944, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 11 (AEA); P. A. Samuelson, February 9, 1944, Letter to Paul T. Homan, PASP 11 (AEA).
4. This is remark presumes that correspondence was correctly filed.
5. P. T. Homan, January 14, 1947, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 11 (AEA).
6. P. A. Samuelson, November 15, 1946, Letter to Paul T. Homan, PASP
11 (AEA).
7. Ibid.
8. P. A. Samuelson, January 2, 1947, Letter to Nicholas Kaldor, PASP 62 (Review of Economic Studies).
9. N. Kaldor, December 3, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 43.
10. P. A. Samuelson, January 2, 1947, Letter to Joan Robinson, PASP 63.
11. P. A. Samuelson, February 18, 1947, Letter to Ursula Hicks, PASP 62 (Review of Economic Studies').
12. P. A. Samuelson, July 29, 1947, Letter to Ursula K. Hicks, PASP 62 (Review of Economic Studies).
13. Ibid.
14. U. Hicks, April 27, 1947, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 62 (Review of Economic Studies); P. A. Samuelson, June 16, 1947, Letter to Ursula K. Hicks, PASP 62 (Review of Economic Studies').
15. P. A. Samuelson, February 27, 1946, Letter to Paul Sweezy, PASP 72 (Sweezy).
16. P. A. Samuelson, September 29, 1946, Letter to Shigeto Tsuru, STP B1-1-9.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. S. Tsuru, March 3, 1947, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, STP B1-1-9.
20. P. A. Samuelson, March 11, 1947, Letter to Shigeto Tsuru, PASP 73.
21. P. A. Samuelson, April 21, 1947, Letter to Shigeto Tsuru, PASP 73.
22. P. A. Samuelson, June 27, 1947, Letter to Shigeto Tsuru, PASP 73.
23. S. Tsuru, September 29, 1947, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, STP B1-1-9.
24. Tsuru 1949, p. 359.
25. I have benefited from reading the account of this episode by Harro Maas 2014, who has drawn my attention to points I might otherwise have overlooked.
26. J. Marschak, February 28, 1946, Letter to Robert M. Hutchins, UCOP Box 73.
27. Ibid. Parentheses around “at the National Bureau” have been removed.
28. J. Marschak, February 28, 1946, Letter to Robert M. Hutchins, UCOP Box 73,pp.3-4.
29. J. Marschak, March 1, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 49 (M, 1944—52); P. A. Samuelson, March 4, 1946, Letter to Jacob Marschak, PASP 49 (M, 1944-52).
30. T. W. Schultz, March 20, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.
31. J. Marschak, March 20, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.
32. P. A. Samuelson, March 23, 1946, Letter to Jacob Marschak, UCOP Box 73.
33. Ibid.
34. J. Marschak, March 29, 1946, Letter to Robert M. Hutchins, UCOP Box 73.
35. P. A. Samuelson, March 27, 1946, Letter to Theodore W. Schultz, PASP 68; T. W. Schultz, April 3, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68; P. A. Samuelson, April 6, 1946, Letter to Theodore W. Schultz, PASP 68; T. W. Schultz, April 9, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.
36. P. A. Samuelson, April 23, 1946, Letter to Theodore W. Schultz, PASP 68.
37. P. A. Samuelson, April 23, 1946, Letter to Jacob Marschak, PASP 49 (M, 1944-52).
38. P. A. Samuelson, June 6, 1946, Letter to Theodore W. Schultz, PASP 68;
T. W. Schultz, June 12, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68. The precise wording was “awaiting departmental appraisal and action.”
39. P A. Samuelson, June 24, 1946, Letter to Theodore W. Schultz, PASP 68.
40. I. F. Disney, June 26, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.
41. E. C. Colwell, November ¿¿, 1946, Letter to Robert M. Hutchins, UCOP Box 73.
42. E. C. Colwell, November 18, 1946, Letter to Robert M. Hutchins, UCOP Box 73.
43. R. Hutchins, November 22, 1946, Telegram to E. C. Colwell, UCOP Box 73.
44. T. W. Schultz, November 25, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.
45. T. C. Koopmans, December 17, 1946, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 45.
46. This word is not clear and may be incorrectly copied.
47. Friedman to Stigler, November 27, 1946; reprinted in Hammond and Hammond 2006, p. 46.
48. Ibid., p. 56.
49. P. A. Samuelson, March 23, 1946, Letter to Jacob Marschak, UCOP Box 73.
50. P. A. Samuelson, January 13, 1947, Letter to Theodore W. Schultz, PASP 68.
51. Ibid.
52. P. H. Douglas, January 29, 1947, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 24 (D, 1942-64).
53. R. Blough, February 4, 1947, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 17.
54. P. A. Samuelson, February 28, 1947, Letter to Theodore W. Schultz, PASP 68.
55. P. A. Samuelson, February 28, 1947, Letter to Paul H. Douglas, PASP 24 (D, 1942-64).
56. Ibid.
57. T. W. Schultz, March 4, 1947, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.
58. P. H. Douglas, March 7, 1947, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 24 (D, 1942-64).
59. P. A. Samuelson, March 11, 1947, Letter to Theodore W. Schultz, PASP 68.
60. W. R. Maclaurin, March 4, 1948, Letter to Karl T. Compton, MIT-AC04 Box 142 (11, Maclaurin).
61. T. W. Schultz, November 3, 1947, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 68.
62. P. A. Samuelson, November 7, 1947, Letter to Theodore W. Schultz, PASP 68.
63. P. H. Douglas, November 12, 1947, Letter to Paul A. Samuelson, PASP 53 (MIT).
64. P. A. Samuelson, November 13, 1947, Letter to Paul H. Douglas, PASP 24 (D, 1942-64).
65. E. H. Schell, December 31, 1947, Letter to Ralph E. Freeman, PASP 87 (MIT).
66. P. A. Samuelson, January 12, 1948, Letter to Paul H. Douglas, PASP 24 (D, 1942-64).
Chapter 29: The Young Samuelson
1. Samuelson uses the term “quasi-foster home” (P. A. Samuelson, Undated, Autobiographical fragment, PASP 149 [Autobiographical], p. 14).
2. P. A. Samuelson, August, 1948, Comments on Vining's methodological issues, PASP 37 (Harris).
3. F. H. Knight, October 28, 1950, Letter to David McCord Wright, PASP 78.
4. Smith 1976b, 1976a.
5. Metzler 1948, p. 906.
6. Dorfman et al. 1958.
7. Cook 2009 discusses the historicist dimension of Marshall's work.
endnotes