Appendix C: Instrumental variables for Solow growth determinants

Variable	Instrument	Study
GDP growth	Rainfall variation	Miguel, Satyanath and Segenti (2003)
GDP - initial	Lagged values	Barro and Sala-i-Martin (2004)
GDP - initial (per capital stock)	Newsprint consumption, and number of radios	Romer (1990)
GDP - initial	Log population initial and trade measure	Bosworth and Collins (2003)
Human capital	Natural disasters	Toya, Skidmore and Robertson (2003)
Investment - equipment	Equipment prices, WCR survey variables, national savings rates	DeLong and Summers (1991)
Investment - education	Age demographics (16) and lagged capital	Cook (2002b)
Investment - education	Age demographic variables	Higgins (1998)
Investment - education	Average level	Beaudry, Collard and Green (2002)
Investment	Initial values of investment/GDP, population growth and GDP	Cho (1996)
Investment	Lagged investment, lagged output, lagged inflation, trade/GDP and gov spend/GDP	Bond, Leblebicioglu and Schiantarelli (2004)
Investment	Initial investment in sub-period, average savings rate in sub-period	Beaudry, Collard and Green (2002)
Population growth	Initial values of investment/GDP, population growth and GDP	Cho (1996)
Population growth	Average population growth over sub-period	Beaudry, Collard and Green (2002)
Neoclassical convergence RHS variables	Civilian fatalities as % of population (and squared), number of months of occupation by German forces, and number of months of land battles in country	Cook (2002a)

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