CONCLUSION

Gender economic inequality encompasses a large field of study, far beyond the gender wage gap (even though this issue is central); the related literature is overabundant and still growing, driven by the conjunction of dramatic demographic and economic shifts in the past decades and the puzzle of persistent gender inequalities.

But the “quiet revolution” does not seem to have changed market and nonmarket work to a comparable extent, and the gender wage gap has remained basically unchanged in the past two decades. More than an academic puzzle, this is also a major policy issue. There is a general consensus that this persistence is related to occupational segregation and a gender gap in promotions, but the underlying causes are still debated. Whether the explanation focuses on employer discrimination, gender psychological differences and social norms that disadvantage women in the labor market, or family constraints on work hours, a common denominator is the gender division of labor, especially of unpaid child­care, as reflected by the importance given to the issue of work-family balance. As Craig (2006) remarks: “In the absence of adequate support, there is a sticking point in the rev­olution: taking care of the kids. An implication of this is that the marker of the most extreme difference in life opportunities between men and women may not be gender itself, but gender combined with parenthood” (p.

While the time dedicated to housework has decreased dramatically since the 1960s, women still make the major contribution to nonmarket work within households, and the need for flexible work hours when they are mothers affect their labor market outcomes in many ways, from less favorable careers to smaller pensions—a delayed expression of the gender asymmetrical effects of family life. So, it is not surprising that recent public policies addressing gender wage inequality point out the need for making men and women more equal in terms of family constraints, adding incentives to get fathers more involved in childcare to usual measures of work-family reconciliation for mothers.

All throughout this chapter, various limitations in the knowledge of gender inequality have been underlined, pointing at the lack of appropriate data on individual incomes. Work incomes are quite well identified at individual level, but this is not so for other income components, which in many data sets are available only at the household level. It is quite the opposite with time-use surveys, which provide individual-level informa­tion but do not always allow reliable household-level variables to be computed because very often there is only one respondent per household. Another problem with data is that the possibilities for researching the relations between time use, labor market outcomes, and issues of power within the household are limited. Time-use data, on the one hand, are a precious resource for analyzing the allocation of time, but variables describing earnings and other incomes often lack of precision, whereas data on income and labor market status, on the other hand, most often provide imprecise—if any—information on the time not spent at work. Finally on wealth, an emerging strand of research on gen­der inequality, the need for appropriate statistical sources is blatant. Cross-national per­spectives are needed also to better understand the various dimensions of gender economic inequality.

A better understanding of gender economic inequality is not only a question of data (although more large scale and comparable data would not hurt), but also a question of concepts and indicators allowing to compare men and women economic outcomes. Women’s economic and social status have undergone enormous changes over the last decades, and this is challenging many theoretical approaches. A concern is that the ref­erence remains of the household as a stable unit of pooling and sharing, an increasingly irrelevant conceptualization while households are less stable than in the past and individ­uals are more likely to experience diverse family configurations over a lifecycle. These are serious incentives to depart from a paradigm which limits the analysis of inequality between individuals in general and between men and women in particular.

REFERENCES

Aassve, A., Fuochi, G., Mencarini, L., 2014. Desperate housework relative resources, time availability, eco­nomic dependency, and gender ideology across Europe. J. Fam. Issues 35 (8), 1000—1022.

Adams, R., Gray, S., Nowland, J., 2011. Does gender matter in the boardroom? Evidence from the market reaction to mandatory new director announcements. Working Paper.

Adelman, L., Middleton, S., Ashworth, K., 2002. Intra-household distribution of poverty and social exclu­sion: evidence from the 1999 PSE survey of Britain. Centre for Research in Social Policy, Working Paper No. 23.

Agarwal, B., 1997. Bargaining and gender relations: within and beyond the household. Fem. Econ. 3 (1), 1-51.

Aggarwal, R., Goodell, J.W., 2013. Political-economy of pension plans: impact of institutions, gender, and culture. J. Bank. Financ. 37 (6), 1860-1879.

Aguiar, M., Hurst, E., 2008. The increase in leisure inequality.

Ahern, K.R., Dittmar, A.K., 2012. The changing of the boards: the impact on firm valuation of mandated female board representation. Q. J. Econ. 127 (1), 137-197.

Ahmad, N., Koh, S., 2011. Incorporating estimates of household production of non-market services into international comparisons of material well-being. OECD Statistics Working Papers, 2011/07 OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg3h0jgk87g-en.

Ahmad, N., Seymour, R., 2008. Defining entrepreneurial activity: definitions supporting frameworks for data collection. Working Paper, STD/DOC(2008)/2, OECD.

Aigner, D.J., Cain, G.G., 1977. Statistical theories of discrimination in labor markets. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 30 (2), 175-187.

Akabayashi, H., 2006. The labor supply of married women and spousal tax deductions in Japan—a structural estimation. Rev. Econ. Househ. 4 (4), 349-378.

Akerlof, G.A., Kranton, R.E., 2000. Economics and identity. Q. J. Econ. 115 (3), 715-753.

Akerlof, G.A., Kranton, R.E., 2010. IdentityEconomics: How OurIdentities Shape OurWork, Wages, and Well-Being. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Albanesi, S., Olivetti, C., 2009. Home production, market production and the gender wage gap: incentives and expectations. Rev. Econ. Dyn. 12 (1), 80—107.

Albanesi, S., Sahin, A., 2013. The gender unemployment gap. Research Paper, No. 613, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

Albrecht, J.W., Edin, P.-E., Sundstrom, M., Vroman, S.B., 1999. Career interruptions and subsequent earn­ings: a reexamination using Swedish data. J. Hum. Resour. 34 (2), 294—311.

Albrecht, J., Bjorklund, A., Vroman, S., 2003. Is there a glass ceiling in Sweden? J. Labour Econ. 21 (1), 145-177.

Alderman, H., Chiappori, P.-A., Haddad, L., Hoddinott, J., Kanbur, R., 1995. Unitary versus collective models of the household: is it time to shift the burden of proof? World Bank Res. Obs. 10 (1), 1-19.

Alesina, A., Ichino, A., Karabarbounis, L., 2011.

Alesina, A.F., Lotti, F., Mistrulli, P.E., 2013. Do women pay more for credit? Evidence from Italy. J. Eur. Econ. Assoc. 11 (s1), 45-66.

Allard, M.D., Bianchi, S., Stewart, J., Wight, V.R., 2007. Comparing childcare measures in the ATUS and earlier time-diary studies. Mon. Labor Rev. 130, 27-36.

Allen, I.E., Langowitz, N.S., 2013. Understanding the gender gap in entrepreneurship: a multicountry examination. In: The Dynamics of Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 31-57.

Altonji, J.G., Blank, R.M., 1999. Race and gender in the labor market. In: Ashenfelter, O., Card, D. (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics. vol. 3. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 3143-3259.

Alvarez, B., Miles, D., 2003. Gender effect on housework allocation: evidence from Spanish two-earner couples. J. Popul. Econ. 16 (2), 227-242.

Amilon, A., 2012. The effects of a Danish legal reform on divorce probabilities and pension savings. Rev. Econ. Househ. Jan, 1-26.

Amuedo-Dorantes, C., De la Rica, S., 2006. The role of segregation and pay structure on the gender wage gap: evidence from matched employer-employee data for Spain. Contrib. Econ. Anal. Policy 5 (1), 1498-1523.

Anderson, P., Wadensjo, E., 2008. A gender perspective on self-employment entry and performance as self­employed. IZA Discussion Paper no. 3581.

Anderson, D.J., Binder, M., Krause, K., 2002. The motherhood wage penalty: which mothers pay it and why? Am. Econ. Rev. 92 (2), 354-358.

Anderson, D.J., Binder, M., Krause, K., 2003. The motherhood wage penalty revisited: experience, hetero­geneity, work effort, and work-schedule flexibility. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 56, 273-294.

Andrieux, V., Chantel, C., 2011. Les retraites percues fin 2008. Etudes et resultats ¹758, Drees.

Anker, R., 1998. Gender and Jobs: Sex Segregation of Occupations in the World. International Labour Office, Geneva.

Antecol, H., 2011. The opt-out revolution: Recent trends in female labor supply. Research in labor eco­nomics 33, 45-83.

Antecol, H., Cobb-Clark, D.A., 2013. Do psychosocial traits help explain gender segregation in young peo­ple’s occupations? Labour Econ. 21, 59-73.

Antonovics, K., Town, R., 2004. Are all the good men married? Uncovering the sources of the marital wage premium. Am. Econ. Rev. 94 (2), 317-321.

Anxo, D., Mencarini, L., Pailhe, A., Solaz, A., Tanturri, M.L., Flood, L., 2011. Gender differences in time use over the life course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US. Fem. Econ. 17 (3), 159-195.

Apps, P.F., 2003. Gender, time use and models of the household. IZA DP No. 796.

Apps, P.F., Rees, R., 1988. Taxation and the household. J. Public Econ. 35, 355-369.

Apps, P.F., Rees, R., 1997. Collective labor supply and household production. J. Polit. Econ. 105 (1), 178-190.

Apps, P.F., Rees, R., 1999. Individual versus joint taxation in models with household production. J. Polit. Econ. 107 (2), 393-403.

Apps, P.F., Rees, R., 2002. Householdproduction, full consumption and the costs ofchildren. LabourEcon. 8 (6), 621-648.

Apps, P.F., Rees, R., 2007. The taxation of couples. IZA Discussion Papers No. 2910.

Arrow, K., 1973. The theory of discrimination. Working Paper No. 30(A), Princeton University.

Arulampalam, W., Booth, A.L., Bryan, M.L., 2007. Is there a glass ceiling over Europe? Exploring the gen­der pay gap across the wage distribution. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 60 (2), 163-186.

Ashby, K.J., Burgoyne, C.B., 2008. Separate financial entities? Beyond categories of money management. J. Socio-Econ. 37 (2), 458-480.

Asiedu, E., Freeman, J.A., Nti-Addae, A., 2012. Access to credit by small businesses: how relevant are race, ethnicity, and gender? Am. Econ. Rev. 102 (3), 532-537.

Aslaksen, I., Koren, C., 1996. Unpaid household work and the distribution of extended income: the Norwegian experience. Fem. Econ. 2 (3), 65-80.

Atkinson, A.B., 1971. The distribution of wealth and the individual life cycle. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 23 (2), 239-254.

Atkinson, A.B., Harrison, A.J., 1978. Distribution of Personal Wealth in Britain. CUP Archive, Cambridge. Attanasio, O., Lechene, V., 2002. Tests of income pooling in household decisions. Rev. Econ. Dyn. 5 (4), 720-748.

Attanasio, O., Low, H., Sanchez-Marcos, V., 2008. Explaining changes in female labor supply in a life-cycle model. Am. Econ. Rev. 98 (4), 1517-1552.

Azmat, G., Petrongolo, B., 2014. Gender and the labor market: what have we learned from field and lab experiments? WP40 CEPR.

Azmat, G., Gtiell, M., Manning, A., 2006. Gender gaps in unemployment rates in OECD countries.J. Labor Econ. 24 (1), 1-37.

Babcock, L., Laschever, S., 2003. Women Don’t Ask. Negotiation and the Gender Divide. Princeton Uni­versity Press, Princeton, NJ.

Bagues, M., Esteve-Volart, B., 2010. Can gender parity break the glass ceiling? Evidence from a repeated randomized experiment. Rev. Econ. Stud. 77, 1301-1328.

Bajtelsmit, V., 2006. Gender, the family, and economy. In: Clark, G.L., Munnell, A.H., Orszag, J.M. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Pensions and Retirement Income. Oxford University Press, pp. 121-140.

Baker, M., Fortin, N.M., 1999. Women’s wages in women’s work: a US/Canada comparison of the roles of unions and “public goods” sector jobs. Am. Econ. Rev. 89 (2), 198-203.

Baker, M., Milligan, K., 2008. How does job-protected maternity leave affect mothers’ employment? J. Labor Econ. 26 (4), 655-691.

Baker, M., Gruber, J., Milligan, K., 2005. Universal childcare, maternal labor supply, and family well-being. National Bureau of Economic Research, No. w11832.

Baldwin, M.L., Butler, R.J., Johnson, W.G., 2001. A hierarchical theory of occupational segregation and wage discrimination. Econ. Inq. 39 (1), 94-110.

Barasinska, N., Schafer, D., 2013. Financial risk taking, gender and social identity—evidence from national surveys of household finance. LWS WP No. 15.

Barber, B.M., Odean, T., 2001. Boys will be boys: gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment. Q.J. Econ. 116 (1), 261-292.

Barcena-Martin, E., Moro-Egido, A.I., 2013. Gender andpoverty risk in Europe. Fem. Econ. 19(2), 69-99. Bardasi, E., Jenkins, S.P., 2010. The gender gap in private pensions. Bull. Econ. Res. 62, 343-363.

Barg, K., Beblo, M., 2009. Does marriage pay more than cohabitation? J. Econ. Stud. 36 (6), 552-570. Barg, K., Beblo, M., 2012. Does sorting into specialization’ explain the differences in time use between married and cohabiting couples? An empirical application for Germany. Ann. Econ. Stat. 105-106, 127-154.

Baron, J.D., Cobb-Clark, D.A., 2010. Occupational segregation and the gender wage gap in private—and public—sector employment: a distributional analysis. Econ. Rec. 86 (273), 227-246.

Barron, D., West, E., 2013. The financial costs of caring in the British labour market: is there a wage penalty for workers in caring occupations? Br. J. Ind. Relat. 51 (1), 104-123.

Barth, E., Dale-Olsen, H., 2009. Monopsonistic discrimination, worker turnover, and the gender wage gap. Labour Econ. 16 (5), 589-597.

Basu, K., 2006. Gender and say: a model of household behaviour with endogenously determined balance of power. Econ. J. 116, 558-580.

Batalova, J.A., Cohen, P., 2002. Premarital cohabitation and housework: couples in cross-national perspec­tive. J. Marriage Fam. 64, 743-755.

Bauer, T.K., Sinning, M., 2008. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to nonlinear models. Adv. Stat. Anal. 92 (2), 197-206.

Baxter, J., 2005. To marry or not to marry. Marital status and the household division oflabor. J. Fam. Issues 26, 300-321.

Baxter, J., Hewitt, B., 2013. Negotiating domestic labor: women’s earnings and housework time in Australia. Fem. Econ. 19 (1), 29-53.

Baxter, J., Haynes, M., Hewitt, B., 2010. Pathways into marriage: cohabitation and the domestic division of labor. J. Fam. Issues 31 (11), 1507-1529.

Bayard, K., Hellerstein, J., Neumark, D., Troske, K., 2003. New evidence on sex segregation and sex dif­ferences in wages from matched employee-employer data. J. Labor Econ. 21 (4), 887-922.

Beblo, M., Robledo,J.R., 2008. The wage gap andthe leisure gap for double-earner couples.J. Popul. Econ. 21 (2), 281-304.

Beblo, M.,Bender, S., Wolf, E., 2009. Establishment-levelwage effects ofenteringmotherhood. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 61 (Suppl. 1), i11-i34.

Becker, G.S., 1965. A theory of the allocation of time. Econ. J. 75 (299), 493-517.

Becker, G.S., 1971. The Economics of Discrimination, second ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Becker, G.S., 1973. A theory of marriage: part I. J. Polit. Econ. 81 (4), 813-846.

Becker, G.S., 1974a. A theory of social interactions. J. Polit. Econ. 82 (6), 1063-1093.

Becker, G.S., 1974b. A theory of marriage, part 2. J. Polit. Econ. 82 (2), S11-S26.

Becker, G.S., 1985. Human capital, effort and the sexual division of labor. J. Labor Econ. 3 (1-part 2), S33-S58.

Becker, G.S., 1991. A Treatise on the Family, second ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Becker-Blease,J.R., Sohl,J.E., 2007. Do women-ownedbusinesses have equal access to angel capital?J. Bus. Ventur. 22, 503-521.

Behrendt, C., 2000. Private pensions—a viable alternative? Their distributive effects in a comparative per­spective. Int. Soc. Secur. Rev. 53 (3), 3-26.

Bell, L.A., 2005. Women-led firms and the gender gap in top executive jobs. IZA Discussion Papers No. 1689.

Bellante, D., Foster, A.C., 1984. Working wives and expenditure on services. J. Consum. Res. 11 (2), 700-707.

Bellante, D., Link, A.N., 1981. Are public sector workers more risk averse than private sector workers? Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 34 (3), 408-412.

Bennett, F., 2013. Researching within-household distribution: overview, developments, debates, and meth­odological challenges. J. Marriage Fam. 75, 582-597.

Bennett, F., Daly, M., 2014. Poverty through a gender lens: evidence and policy review on gender and pov­erty. Working Paper for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, University of Oxford, Department of Social Policy.

Ben-Porath, Y., 1982. Economics and the family—match or mismatch? A review ofBecker’s a treatise on the family. J. Econ. Lit. 20 (1), 52-64.

Berger, L., Waldfogel, J., 2004. Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers in the United States. J. Popul. Econ. 17 (2), 331-349.

Bergmann, B., 1974. Occupational segregation, wages, and profits when employers discriminate by race or sex. East. Econ. J. 1 (1-2), 103-110.

Bergmann, B., 1995. Becker’s theory of the family: preposterous conclusions. Fem. Econ. 1 (1), 141-150.

Bergstrom, T., 1989. A fresh look at the rotten-kid theorem and other household mysteries. J. Polit. Econ. 97 (5), 1138-1159.

Bergstrom, T.C., 1996. Economics in a family way. J. Econ. Lit. 34 (4), 1903-1934.

Bertrand, M., 2010. New perspectives on gender. In: Ashenfelter, O., Card, D. (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, North Holland, vol. 4b, pp. 1543-1590 (Chapter 17).

Bertrand, M., Hallock, K.F., 2001. The gender gap in top corporate jobs. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 55 (1), 3-21.

Bertrand, M., Goldin, C., Katz, L.F., 2010. Dynamics ofthe gender gap for young professionals in the finan­cial and corporate sectors. Am. Econ. J. 2 (3), 228-255.

Bertrand, M., Kamenika, E., Pan, J., 2013. Genderidentity andrelative income within households. Chicago Booth Working Paper No. 13-08.

Bettio, F., Tinios, P., Betti, G., 2013. The Gender Gap in Pensions in the EU. Publications Office ofthe European Union, Luxembourg.

Bianchi, S.M., Rytina, N., 1986. The decline in occupational sex segregation during the 19705: census and cps comparisons. Demography 23 (1), 79-86.

Bianchi, S.M., Sayer, L.C., Milkie, M.A., Robinson,J.P., 2012. Housework: who did, does orwill do it, and how much does it matter? Soc. Forces 91 (1), 55-63.

Bielby, D.D., Bielby, W.T., 1988. She works hard for the money: household responsibilities and the allo­cation of work effort. Am. J. Sociol. 93, 1031-1059.

Bittman, M., Wajcman, J., 2000. The rush hour: the character ofleisure time and gender equity. Soc. Forces 79 (1), 165-189.

Bittman, M., England, P., Folbre, N., Sayer, L., Matheson, G., 2003. When does gender trump money? Bargaining and time in household work. Am. J. Sociol. 109 (1), 186-214.

Bittman, M., Rice, J.M., Wajcman, J., 2004. Appliances and their impact: the ownership of domestic tech­nology and time spent on household work. Br. J. Sociol. 55 (3), 401-423.

Black, S.E., Brainerd, E., 2004. The impact of globalization on gender discrimination. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 57, 540-559.

Black, S.E., Juhn, C., 2000. The rise of female professionals: women’s response to rising skill demand. Am. Econ. Rev. 90 (2), 450-455.

Black, S., Strahan, P.E.,2001.The division ofspoils—rent sharing and discrimination in a regulated industry. Am. Econ. Rev. 91 (4), 814-831.

Black, S.E., Spitz-Oener, A., 2010. Explaining women’s success: technological change and the skill content of women’s work. Rev. Econ. Stat. 92 (1), 187-194.

Black, D.A., Haviland, A.M., Sanders, S.G., Taylor, L.J., 2008. Gender wage disparities among the highly educated. J. Hum. Resour. 43 (3), 630-659.

Blackburn, M., Korenman, S., 1994. The declining marital-status earnings differential. J. Popul. Econ. 7, 249-270.

Blanchard, L., Zhao, Bo, Yinger, J., 2008. Do lenders discriminate against minority and woman entrepre­neurs? J. Urban Econ. 63 (2), 467-497.

Blanchflower, D.G., Wainwright, J., 2005. An analysis of the impact of affirmative action programs on self-employment in the construction industry. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 11793.

Blanchflower, D.G., Levine, P.B., Zimmerman, D.J., 2003. Discrimination in the small-business credit mar­ket. Rev. Econ. Stat. 85 (4), 930-943.

Blank, R.M., 1985. An analysis of workers’ choice between employment in the public and private sectors. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 38 (2), 211-224.

Blau, F.D., 1977. Equal Pay in the Office. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.

Blau, D., 2003. Child care subsidy programs. In: Moffitt (Ed.), Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States. University of Chicago Press, pp. 443-516 (Chapter 7).

Blau, F.D., 2012. Gender, Inequality, and Wages. Oxford University Press, p. 576.

Blau, F.D., Hendricks, W.E., 1979. Occupationalsegregationbysex: trends and prospects. J. Hum. Resour. 14 (2), 197-210.

Blau, F.D., Kahn, L.M., 1992. The gender earnings gap: learning from international comparisons. Am. Econ. Rev. 82 (2), 533-538.

Blau, F.D., Kahn, L.M., 1996. Wage structure and gender earnings differentials: an international comparison. Economica 63, S29-S62.

Blau, F., Kahn, L.M., 1997. Swimming upstream: trends in the gender wage differential in the 1980s. J. Labor Econ. 15 (1), 1-42.

Blau, F., Kahn, L.M., 2003. Understanding international differences in the gender pay gap. J. Labor Econ. 21 (1), 106-144.

Blau, F.D., Kahn, L.M., 2006a. The gender pay gap: going, going, going,... but not gone. In: Blau, F.D., Brinton, M.C., Grugsky, D.B. (Eds.), The Declining Significance of Gender? Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY, pp. 37-66 (Chapter 2).

Blau, F.D., Kahn, L.M., 2006b. The US gender pay gap in the 1990s: slowing convergence. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 60, 45-66.

Blau, F.D., Kahn, L.M., 2007. Changes in the labor supply behavior ofmarriedwomen: 1980-2000.J. Labor Econ. 25 (3), 393-438.

Blau, F.D., Kahn, L.M., 2013. Female labor supply: why is the United States fallingbehind? Am. Econ. Rev. 103 (3), 251-256.

Blau, F.D., Simpson, P., Anderson, D., 1998. Continuingprogress? Trends in occupational segregation in the United States over the 1970s and 1980s. Fem. Econ. 4 (3), 29-71.

Blau, F.D., Brummund, P., Liu, A.Y.H., 2013. Trends in occupational segregation by gender 1970-2009: adjusting for the impact of changes in the occupational coding system. Demography 50 (2), 471-492.

Blinder, A.S., 1973. Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. J. Hum. Resour. 8 (4), 436-455.

Bloemen, H.G., Stancanelli, E.G., 2014. Market hours, household work, child care, and wage rates of part­ners: an empirical analysis. Rev. Econ. Househ. 12, 51-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013- 9219-4.

Blood, R.O., Wolfe, D.M., 1960. Husbands and Wives: The Dynamics of Married Living. Free Press, New York, NY.

Blundell, R., Gosling, A., Ichimura, H., Meghir, C., 2007. Changes in the distribution of female and male wages accounting for employment composition using bounds. Econometrica 75 (2), 323-363.

Blundell, R., Bozio, A., Laroque, G., 2011a. Labor supply and the extensive margin. Am. Econ. Rev. 101 (3), 482-486.

Blundell, R., Bozio, A., Laroque, G., 2011b. Extensive and intensive margins of labour supply: working hours in the US, UK and France. IFS Working Papers No. 11-01.

Boden, R.J., 1999. Flexible working hours, family responsibilities, and female self-employment. Am. J. Econ. Sociol. 58 (1), 71-83.

Bonilla, R., Kiraly, F., 2013. Marriage wage premium in a search equilibrium. Labour Econ. 24, 107-115.

Bonin, H., Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., Sunde, U., 2007. Cross-sectional earnings risk and occu­pational sorting: the role of risk attitudes. Labour Econ. 14 (6), 926-937.

Bonke, J., 1992. Distribution of economic resources: implications of including household production. Rev. Income Wealth 38 (3), 281-293.

Bonke, J., 2013. Pooling of income and sharing of consumption within households. Rev. Econ. Househ. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9184-y.

Bonke, J., Browning, M., 2009. The distribution of financial well-being and income within the household. Rev. Econ. Househ. 7, 31-42.

Bonke, J., Gerstoft, F., 2007. Stress, time use and gender. Int. J. Time Use Res. 4 (1), 47-68.

Bonke, J., Uldall-Poulsen, H., 2007. Why do families actually pool their income? Evidence from Denmark. Rev. Econ. Househ. 5, 113-128.

Bonke, J., Datta-Gupta, N., Smith, N., 2005. Timing and flexibility of housework and men and women’s wages. In: Hamermesh, D.S., Pfann, G.A. (Eds.), Contributions to Economic Analysis, vol. 271. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam, pp. 43-78.

Bonnet, C., Geraci, M., 2009. Correcting gender inequalities in pensions. The experience of five countries. INED Population and Societies, n^o453.

Bonnet, C., Hourriez, J.M., 2012. Gender equality in pensions: what role for rights accrued as a spouse or a parent? Population (Engl. ed.) 67 (1), 123-146.

Bonnet, C., Buffeteau, S., Godefroy, P., 2006. Effects of pension reforms on gender inequality in France. Population (Engl. ed.) 61 (1), 41-70.

Bonnet, C., Keogh, A., Rapoport, B., 2013. How can we explain the gender wealth gap in France? Ined Working Paper No. 191.

Booth, A., Leigh, A., 2010. Do employers discriminate by gender? A field experiment in female-dominated occupations. Econ. Lett. 107 (2), 236—238.

Booth, A., Nolen, P., 2012a. Choosingto compete: how different are girls andboys?J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 81 (2), 542-555.

Booth, A.L., Nolen, P., 2012b. Gender differences in risk behaviour: does nurture matter? Econ. J. 122 (558), F56-F78.

Booth, A.L., Van Ours,J.C., 2008.Job satisfaction and family happiness: the part-time work puzzle. Econ. J. 118 (526), F77-F99.

Booth, A.L., van Ours, J., 2009. Hours of work and gender identity: does part-time work make the family happier? Economica 76 (301), 176-196.

Booth, A.L., van Ours, J.C., 2013. Part-time jobs: what women want? J. Popul. Econ. 26 (1), 263-283.

Booth, A.L., Francesconi, M., Frank, J., 2003. A sticky floors model of promotion, pay, and gender. Eur. Econ. Rev. 47 (2), 295-322.

Borooah, V.K., McKee, P.M., 1993. Intra-household income transfers and implications for poverty and inequality in the UK. In: Creedy, J. (Ed.), Taxation, Poverty and the Distribution of Income. Edward Elgar, London.

Boskin, M.J., 1975. Efficiency aspects of the differential tax treatment of market and household economic activity. J. Public Econ. 4 (1), 1-25.

Boskin, MJ., Sheshinski, E., 1983. Optimal tax treatment of the family: married couples. J. Public Econ. 20 (3), 281-297.

Bourguignon, F.,1984. Rationalite individuelle ou rationalite strategique: le cas de l’offre familiale de travail. Rev. Econ. 35 (1), 147-162.

Bourguignon, F., Chiappori, P.-A., 1992. Collective models of household behavior. Eur. Econ. Rev. 36 (2), 355-364.

Bourguignon, F., Browning, M., Chiappori, P.-A., Lechene, V., 1993. Intra household allocation of con­sumption: a model and some evidence from French data. Ann. Econ. Stat. 29, 137-156.

Bover, O., 2010. Wealth inequality and household structure: US vs. Spain. Rev. Income Wealth 56 (2), 259-290.

Boye, K., 2009. Relatively different? How do gender differences in well-being depend on paid and unpaid work in Europe? Soc. Indic. Res. 93 (3), 509-525.

Brady, D., Kall, D., 2008. Nearly universal, but somewhat distinct: the feminization of poverty in affluent Western democracies, 1969-2000. Soc. Sci. Res. 37 (3), 976-1007.

Breen, R., Cooke, L.P., 2005. The persistence of the gendered division of domestic labour. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 21 (1), 43-57.

Breunig, R., Cobb-Clark, D.A., Gong, X., Venn, D., 2007. Disagreement in Australian partners’ reports of financial difficulty. Rev. Econ. Household 5 (1), 59-82.

Brines, J., 1994. Economic dependency, gender and the division of labor at home. Am. J. Sociol. 100 (3), 652-688.

Brown, C., Corcoran, M., 1997. Sex-based differences in school content and the male/female wage gap. J. Labor Econ. 15, 431-465.

Browning, M., Chiappori, P.-A., 1998. Efficient intra-household allocation: a characterisation and tests. Econometrica 66 (6), 1241-1278.

Browning, M., G0rtz, M., 2012. Spending time and money within the household. Scand. J. Econ. 114 (3), 681-704.

Browning, M., Meghir, C., 1991. The effects of male and female labor supply on commodity demands. Econometrica 59 (4), 925-951.

Browning, M., Bourguignon, F., Chiappori, P.-A., Lechene, V., 1994. Income and outcomes: a structural model of intrahousehold allocation. J. Polit. Econ. 102 (6), 1067-1096.

Browning, M., Chiappori, P.-A., Lewbel, A., 2006a. Estimating consumption economies of scale, adult equivalence scale, and household bargaining power. Oxford Department of Economics, Discussion Paper No. 289.

Browning, M., Chiappori, P.-A., Lechene, V., 2006b. Collective and unitary models: a clarification. Rev. Econ. Househ. 4 (1), 5-14.

Browning, M., Chiappori, P.A., Weiss, Y., 2011. Family Economics. CUP, Cambridge.

Bryan, M.L., Sevilla-Sanz, A., 2011. Does housework lower wages? Evidence for Britain. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 63 (1), 187-210.

Bryant, W.K., Zick, C.D., 1996. Are we investing less in the next generation? Historical trends in time spent caring for children. J. Fam. Econ. Iss. 17, 365-392.

Budig, M.J., 2006a. Intersections on the road to self-employment: gender, family and occupational class. Soc. Forces 84 (4), 2223-2239.

Budig, MJ., 2006b. Gender, self-employment, and earnings—the interlocking structures of family and pro­fessional status. Gend. Soc. 20 (6), 725-753.

Budig, M.T., England, P., 2001. The wage penalty for motherhood. Am. Sociol. Rev. 66 (2), 204-225.

Burda, M.C., Hamermesh, D.S., Weil, P., 2006. The distribution of total work in the EU and US. IZA Discussion Papers No. 2270.

Burda, M., Hamermesh, D.S., Weil, P., 2013. Total work and gender: facts and possible explanations. J. Popul. Econ. 26 (1), 239-261.

Burdett, K., Mortensen, D.T., 1998. Wage differentials, employer size, and unemployment. Int. Econ. Rev.

39 (2), 257-273.

Burgoyne, C.B., 1990. Money in marriage: how patterns of allocation both reflect and conceal power. Sociol. Rev. 38 (4), 634-665.

Burgoyne, C.B., Morison, V., 1997. Money in remarriage: keeping things simple—and separate. Sociol. Rev. 45 (3), 363-395.

Burgoyne, C.B., Reibstein, J., Edmunds, A., Dolman, V., 2007. Money management systems in early mar­riage: factors influencing change and stability. J. Econ. Psychol. 28, 214-228.

Canberra Group, 2001. Expert Group on Household Income Statistics: Final Report and Recommenda­tions. Canberra Group, Ottawa.

Canberra Group, 2011. Handbook on Household Income Statistics, second ed. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Geneva.

Cannings, K., Montmarquette, C., 1990. Managerial momentum: a simultaneous model of the career pro­gress of male and female managers. Indus. Lab. Rel. Rev 44 (2), 212.

Cantillon, R., 1952/1755. Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en General. Ined, Paris.

Cantillon, S., 2013. Measuring differences in living standards within households. J. Marriage Fam. 75, 598-610.

Cantillon, S., Nolan, B., 1998. Are married women more deprived than their husbands? J. Soc. Policy 27, 151-171. Carr, D., 1996. Two paths to self-employment? Women’s and men’s self-employment in the United States, 1980. Work. Occup. 23 (1), 26-53.

Carrell, S.E., Page, M.E., West, J.E., 2010. Sex and science: how professor gender perpetuates the gender gap. Q.J. Econ. 125 (3), 1101-1144.

Carrington, WJ., Troske, K.R., 1995. Gender segregation in small firms. J. Hum. Res. 30 (3), 503-533.

Carter, M.R., Katz, E.G., 1993. Separate spheres and the conjugal contract: understanding the impact of gender-biased development. In: Haddad, et al. (Eds.), Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Devel­oping Countries: Methods, Models, and Policy, International Food Policy Research Institute, pp. 95-111.

Carter, D.A., D’Souza, F., Simkins, B.J., Simpson, W.G., 2007. The diversity of corporate board committees and financial performance. Oklahoma State University, Working Paper, 89-154.

Caucutt, E.M., Guner, N., Knowles, J., 2002. Why do women wait? Matching, wage inequality, and the incentives for fertility delay. Rev. Econ. Dyn. 5 (4), 815-855.

Chadeau, A., 1992. What is households’ non-market production worth? OECD Econ. Stud. 18, 85-103.

Chand, H., Gan, L., 2003. The effects of bracketing in wealth estimation. Rev. Income Wealth 49 (2), 273-287.

Chang, C.F., England, P., 2011. Gender inequality in earnings in industrialized East Asia. Soc. Sci. Res.

40 (1), 1-14.

Chatterji, M., Mumford, K., Smith, P.N., 2011. The public-private sector gender wage differential in Britain: evidence from matched employee-workplace data. Appl. Econ. 43 (26), 3819-3833.

Chatterji, A.K., Chay, K.Y., Fairlie, R.W., 2013. The impact of city contracting set-asides on black self­employment and employment. National Bureau of Economic Research No. w18884.

Chen, Z., Woolley, F., 2001. A Cournot-Nash model of family decision making. Econ. J. 111 (474), 722-748.

Chernozhukov, V., Fernandez-Val, I., Melly, B., 2013. Inference on counterfactual distributions. Econometrica 81 (6), 2205-2268.

Chiappori, P.-A., 1988. Rational household labor supply. Econometrica 56 (1), 63-90.

Chiappori, P.-A., 1992. Collective labor supply and welfare. J. Polit. Econ. 100 (3), 437-467.

Chiappori, P.-A., 1997. Introducing household production in collective models oflabor supply. J. Polit. Econ. 105, 191-209.

Chiappori, P.-A., Meghir, C., 2014. Intrahousehold inequality. In: Atkinson, Bourguignon (Eds.), Hand­book of Income Distribution, This volume (Chapter 16).

Christofides, L.N., Polycarpou, A., Vrachimis, K., 2013. Genderwage gaps, ‘sticky floors’ and ‘glass ceilings’ in Europe. LabourEcon. 21, 86-102.

Chun, H., Lee, I., 2001. Why do married men earn more: productivity or marriage selection? Econ. Inq. 39 (2), 307-319.

Cigno, A., 2008. A gender-neutral approach to gender issues. In: Dex, S., Scott, J. (Eds.), Frontiers in the Economics of Gender. Routledge, London, pp. 45-56.

Clain, S.H., 2000. Gender differences in full-time self-employment. J. Econ. Bus. 52 (6), 499-513.

Clark, A., Postel-Vinay, F., 2009. Job security and job protection. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 61 (2), 207-239.

Coate, S., Loury, G.C., 1993. Will affirmative-action policies eliminate negative stereotypes? Am. Econ. Rev. 83 (5), 1220.

Cohen, P.N., Huffman, M.L., 2007. Working for the woman? Female managers and the gender wage gap. Am. Sociol. Rev. 72 (5), 681-704.

Cole, R.A., Mehran, H., 2009. Gender and the availability of credit to privately held firms: evidence from the surveys of small business finances. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff.

Coleman, M.T., 1988. The division of household labor suggestions for future empirical consideration and theoretical development. J. Fam. Issues 9 (1), 132-148.

Coltrane, S., 2000. Research on household labor: modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of rou­tine family work. J. Marriage Fam. 62 (4), 1208-1233.

Conley, D., Ryvicker, M., 2005. The price of female headship: gender, inheritance, and wealth accumu­lation in the United States. J. Income Distrib. 13, 41-56.

Connelly, R., 1992. Self-employment and providing child care. Demography 29 (1), 17-29.

Connelly, R., Kimmel, J., 2009. Spousal influences on parents’ non-market time choices. Rev. Econ. Househ. 7 (4), 361-394.

Connolly, S., Gregory, M., 2008. Moving down: women’s part-time work and occupational change in Britain 1991-2001. Econ. J. 118 (526), F52-F76.

Cornwell, C., Rupert, P., 1997. Unobservable individual effects, marriage and the earnings of young men. Econ. Inq. 35 (2), 285-294.

Cotton, J., 1988. On the decomposition of wage differentials. Rev. Econ. Stat. 70 (2), 236-243.

Couprie, H., 2007. Time allocation within the family: welfare implications of life in a couple. Econ. J. 117 (516), 287-305.

Couprie, H., Ferrant, G., 2014. Welfare comparisons, economies of scale and equivalence scale in time use. Ann. Econ. Stat. forthcoming.

Coverman, S., 1985. Explaining husbands’ participation in domestic labor. Sociol. Q. 26, 81-97.

Cowell, F., Karagiannaki, E., McKnight, A., 2012. Mapping and measuring the distribution of household wealth: a cross-country analysis. Luxembourg Wealth Study WP Series 12.

Cox, D., 2003. Private transfers within the family: mothers, fathers, sons and daughters. In: Munnell, A., Sunden, A. (Eds.), Death and Dollars: The Role of Gifts and Bequests in America. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 168-210.

Craig, L., 2006. Children and the revolution. A time-diary analysis of the impact of motherhood on daily workload. J. Sociol. 42 (2), 125-143.

Craig, L., 2007. Is there really a second shift, and if so, who does it? A time-diary investigation. Fem. Rev. 86 (1), 149-170.

Craig, L., Bittman, M., 2008. The incremental time costs ofchildren: an analysis ofchildren’s impact on adult time use in Australia. Fem. Econ. 14 (2), 59-88.

Craig, L., Mullan, K., 2010. Parenthood, gender and work-family time in the United States, Australia, Italy, France, and Denmark. J. Marriage Fam. 72 (5), 1344-1361.

Craig, L., Siminski, P., 2011. Ifmen do more housework, do their wives have more babies? Soc. Indic. Res. 101 (2), 255-258.

Craig, L., Powell, A., Cortis, N., 2012. Self-employment, work-family time and the gender division of labour. WorkEmploy. Soc. 26 (5), 716-734.

Croson, R., Gneezy, U., 2009. Gender differences in preferences. J. Econ. Lit. 47 (20), 448-474.

D’Addio, A.C., 2013. Pension entitlements of women with children: the role of credits within pension sys­tems in OECD and EU countries. In: Holzmann, R., Palmer, E.E., Robalino, D. (Eds.), Pension Reform: Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) Schemes, vol. 2. Gender, Politics and Financial Stability. World Bank Publications, pp. 75-110.

Datta Gupta, N., Smith, N., 2002. Children and career interruptions: the family gap in Denmark. Economica 69 (276), 609-629.

Datta Gupta, N., Stratton, L.S., 2010. Examining the impact of alternative power measures on individual time use in American and Danish couple households. Rev. Econ. Househ. 8 (3), 325-343.

Datta Gupta, N.D., Oaxaca, R.L., Smith, N., 2006. Swimming upstream, floating downstream: comparing women’s relative wage progress in the United States and Denmark. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 59 (2), 243-266.

Datta Gupta, N., Smith, N., Stratton, L.S., 2007. Is marriage poisonous? Are relationships taxing? An analysis of the male marital wage differential in Denmark. South. Econ. J. 74, 412-433.

Datta Gupta, N., Poulsen, A., Villeval, M.C., 2013. Gender matching and competitiveness: experimental evidence. Econ. Inq. 51 (1), 816-835.

Datta Gupta, N., Smith, N., Verner, M., 2008. The impact of Nordic countries family friendly policies on employment, wages and children. Rev. Econ. Househ. 6, 65-89.

Davies, H., Joshi, H., 1994. Sex, sharing and the distribution of income. J. Soc. Policy 23 (3), 301-340.

Davies, R., Pierre, G., 2005. The family gap in pay in Europe: a cross-country study. Labour Econ. 12 (4), 469-486.

Davies, J.B., Shorrocks, A.F., 2000. The distribution of wealth. In: Atkinson, A.B., Bourguignon, F. (Eds.), Handbook of Income Distribution. In: vol. 1. Elsevier, pp. 605-675.

Davis, J.B., 2006. Social identity strategies in recent economics. J. Econ. Methodol. 13 (3), 371-390.

Davis, S.N., Greenstein, T.N., 2004. Cross-national variations in the division of household labor. J. Marriage Fam. 66 (5), 1260-1271.

Davis, S.N., Wills, J.B., 2013. Theoretical explanations amid social change. A content analysis of housework research (1975-2012). J. Fam. Issues. 35 (6), 808-824.

Davis, B., Handa, S., Ruiz, M., Stampini, M., Winters, P., 2002. Conditionality and the impact of program design on household welfare: comparing two diverse cash transfer programs in rural Mexico. ESA/FAO WP 07-2002.

Davis, S., Greenstein, T., Marks, J., 2007. Effects of union type on division of household labor: do cohabiting men really perform more housework? J. Fam. Issues 28, 1246-1272.

de Castro, F., Salto, M., Steiner, H., 2013. The gap between public and private wages: new evidence for the EU (No. 508). Directorate General Economic and Monetary Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission.

De Henau, J., Himmelweit, S., Santos, C., Soobedar, Z., 2013. Comparingwelfare regimes by their effects on intra-household inequalities. In: Garces, J., Monsonis-Paya, I. (Eds.), Sustainability and Transforma­tion in European Social Policy. Peter Lang, Oxford, pp. 117-146.

De Laat, J., Sevilla-Sanz, A., 2011. The fertility and women’s labor force participation puzzle in OECD countries: the role of men’s home production. Fem. Econ. 17 (2), 87-119.

De Ruijter, E., Treas, J.K., Cohen, P.N., 2005. Outsourcing the gender factory: living arrangements and service expenditures on female and male tasks. Soc. Forces 84 (1), 305-322.

Decancq, K., Fleurbaey, M., Schokkaert, E., 2014. Inequality, income, andwell-being. In: Atkinson, Bour- guignon (Eds.), Handbook of Income Distribution, This volume (Chapter 2).

Deere, C.D., Doss, C.R., 2006. The gender asset gap: what do we know andwhy does it matter? Fem. Econ. 12 (1-2), 1-50.

Del Boca, D., 2002. The effect of child care and part time opportunities on participation and fertility deci­sions in Italy. J. Popul. Econ. 15 (3), 549-573.

Del Boca, D., Pasqua, S., 2003. Employment patterns of husbands and wives and family income distribution in Italy (1977-98). Rev. Income Wealth 49 (2), 221-245.

Del Boca, D., Pasqua, S., Pronzato, C., 2009. Motherhood and market work decisions in institutional con­text: a European perspective. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 61 (Suppl. 1), i147-i171.

Del Rio, C., Gradin, C., Canto, O., 2011. The measurement of gender wage discrimination: the distribu­tional approach revisited. J. Econ. Inequal. 9 (1), 57-86.

Denton, M., Boos, L., 2007. The gender wealth gap: structural and material constraints and implications for later life. J. Women Aging 19 (3-4), 105-120.

Depalo, D., Pereira, M.C., Eugene, B., Papapetrou, E., Perez, JJ., Reiss, L., Roter, M., 2011. The public sector pay gap in a selection of Euro area countries. Working Paper Series No. 1406. European Central Bank.

Devine, T.J., 1994. Changes in wage-and-salary returns to skill and the recent rise in female self­employment. Am. Econ. Rev. 84 (2), 108-113.

Dex, S., 2010. Can state policies produce equality in housework. In: Treas, J., Drobnic, S. (Eds.), Dividing the Domestic: Men, Women, and Household Work in Cross-National Perspective. Stanford University Press, pp. 79-104.

Dina, Shatnawi, Ronald, Oaxaca, Michael, Ransom, 2012. Movin’ on up: hierarchical occupational seg­mentation and gender wage gaps. IZA DP No. 7011.

DiNardo, J., Fortin, N., Lemieux, T., 1996. Labour market institutions and the distribution of wages, 1973-1992: a semi-parametric approach. Econometrica 64 (5), 1001-1044.

Dohmen, T., Falk, A., 2011. Performance pay and multidimensional sorting: productivity, preferences, and gender. Am. Econ. Rev. 101 (2), 556-590.

Dolado, J.J., Felgueroso, F., Jimeno, J.F., 2003. Where do women work? Analysing patterns in occupational segregation by gender. Ann. Econ. Stat. 71-72, 293-315.

Dominguez-Folgueras, M., 2012. Is cohabitation more egalitarian? The division of household labor in five European countries. J. Fam. Issues 34 (12), 1623-1646.

Donni, O., Chiappori, P.-A., 2011. Nonunitary models of household behavior: a survey of the literature. In: Molina, J.A. (Ed.), Household Economics Behaviours, International Series on Consumer Science. Springer, New York, NY, pp. 1-40.

Dougherty, C., 2006. The marriage earnings premium as a distributed fixed effect. J. Hum. Resour. 41 (2), 433-443.

Dreber, A., vonEssen, E., Ranehill, E., 2011. Outrunning the gender gap—boys and girls compete equally. Exp. Econ. 14 (4), 567-582.

Dribe, M., Stanfors, M., 2009. Does parenthood strengthen a traditional household division of labor? Evi­dence from Sweden. J. Marriage Fam. 71 (1), 33-45.

Drolet, M., Mumford, K., 2012. The gender pay gap for private—sector employees in Canada and Britain. Br. J. Ind. Relat. 50 (3), 529-553.

Du Rietz, A., Henrekson, M., 2000. Testing the female underperformance hypothesis. Small Bus. Econ. 14 (1), 1-10.

Duflo, E., 2003. Grandmothers and granddaughters: old-age pensions and intrahousehold allocation in South Africa. World Bank Econ. Rev. 17, 1-25.

Duflo, E., Saez, E., 2003. The role of information and social interactions in retirement plan decisions: evi­dence from a randomized experiment. Q. J. Econ. 118, 815-842.

Duguet, E., Petit, P., Petit, P., 2005. Hiring discrimination in the French financial sector: an econometric analysis on field experiment data. Ann. Econ. Stat. 78, 79-102.

Dustmann, C., Schonberg, U., 2012. Expansions in maternity leave coverage and children’s long-term out­comes. Am. Econ. J. 4 (3), 190-224.

Dwyer, P.D., Gilkenson, J.H., List, J.A., 2002. Gender differences in revealed risk taking, evidence from mutual fund investors. Econ. Lett. 76 (2), 151—158.

Eberts, R.W., Stone, J.A., 1985. Male female differences in promotions: EEO in public education. J. Hum. Resour. 20 (4), 504-521.

Eckel, C.C., Grossman, PJ., 2008. Sex and risk: experimental evidence. In: Plott, C., Smith, V. (Eds.), Handbook of Experimental Economics Results. In: vol. 1. Elsevier, New York, NY.

Edlund, L., Kopczuk, W., 2009. Women, wealth, and mobility. Am. Econ. Rev. 99 (1), 146-178.

Ekberg, J., Eriksson, R., Friebel, G., 2013. Parental leave—a policy evaluation of the Swedish “Daddy- Month” reform. J. Public Econ. 97, 131-143.

Ekelund, J., Johansson, E., Jarvelin, M.R., Lichtermann, D., 2005. Self-employment and risk aversion— evidence from psychological test data. Labour Econ. 12 (5), 649-659.

Elder, H.W., Rudolph, P.M., 2003. Who makes the financial decisions in the households of older Americans? Finan. Serv. Rev. 12 (4), 293-308.

Elizabeth, V., 2001. Managing money, managing coupledom: a critical examination of cohabitants’ money management practices. Sociol. Rev. 49 (3), 389-411.

England, P., 1982. The failure of human capital theory to explain occupational sex segregation. J. Hum. Resour. 17, 358-370.

England, P., 2010. The gender revolution: uneven and stalled. Gend. Soc. 24, 149-166.

England, P., 2011. Missing the big picture and making much ado about almost nothing: recent scholarship on gender and household work. J. Fam. Theory Rev. 3 (1), 23-26.

Equal Opportunities Commission, 2005. Britain’s Hidden Brain Drain—Final Report. Equal Opportunities Commission, Manchester.

Erhardt, N.L., Werbel, J.D., Shrader, C.B., 2003. Board of director diversity and firm financial performance. Corp. Gov. 11 (2), 102-111.

Esping-Andersen, G., 1990. The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton University Press.

Esping-Andersen, G., 1999. Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Esping-Andersen, G., 2009. The Incomplete Revolution: Adapting Welfare States to Women’s New Roles. Polity Press, Cambridge.

Esping-Andersen, G., Boertien, D., Bonke, J., Gracia, P., 2013. Couple specialization in multiple equilibria. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 29 (6), 373-385.

Eurostat, 2003. Household Production and Consumption. Proposal for a Methodology of Household Satellite Accounts. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.

Eurostat, 2008. Harmonised European Time Use Surveys. Eurostat Methodologies and Working Papers. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.

Eurostat, 2010. EU-Silc 2010 module “Intra-household allocation of resources”, guidelines. http://epp. eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/income_social_inclusion_living_conditions/ documents#8725;tab7/ 2010%20Module%20-%20Guidelines%20for%20Website.pdf.

Eurostat, 2012. Intra-household sharing of resources, statistics explained (2013/12/3). http://epp.eurostat. ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Intra-household_sharing_of_resources#Publications.

Even, W.E., Macpherson, D.A., 2004. When will the gender gap in retirement income narrow? South. Econ. J. 71 (1), 182-200.

Evertsson, M., Nermo, M., 2004. Dependence within families and the division of labor: comparing Sweden and the United States. J. Marriage Fam. 66 (5), 1272-1286.

Evertsson, M., Nermo, M., 2007. Changing resources and the division of housework: a longitudinal study of Swedish couples. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 23 (4), 455-470.

Fairlie, Robert W., 1999. The absence of the African-American owned business: an analysis of the dynamics of self-employment. J. Labor Econ. 17 (1), 80-108.

Fairlie, R.W., 2005. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique to logit and probit models. J. Econ. Soc. Meas. 30 (4), 305-316.

Fairlie, R.W., Robb, A.M., 2009. Gender differences in business performance: evidence from the charac­teristics of business owners survey. Small Bus. Econ. 33, 375-395.

Felfe, C., 2012. The motherhood wage gap: what about job amenities? Labour Econ. 19 (1), 59-67.

Figari, F., 2011. From housewives to independent earners: can the tax system help Italian women to work? ISER Working Paper Series 2011-15.

Figari, F., Immervoll, H., Levy, H., Sutherland, H., 2007. Inequalities within couples: market incomes and the role of taxes and benefits in Europe. EUROMOD Working Paper Series EM6/07.

Filer, R.K., 1985. Male-female wage differences: the importance of compensating differentials. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 38 (3), 426-437.

Findlay, J., Wright, R., 1996. Gender, poverty and the intra-household distribution of resources. Rev. Income Wealth 42 (3), 335-351.

Firpo, S., Fortin, N.M., Lemieux, T., 2009. Unconditional quantile regressions. Econometrica 77 (3), 953-973.

Fleurbaey, M., 2009. Beyond GDP: the quest for a measure of social welfare. J. Econ. Lit. 47 (4), 1029-1075.

Folbre, N., 1986. Hearts and spades: paradigms of household economics. World Dev. 14 (2), 245-255.

Folbre, N., 1997. Gender coalitions: extrafamily influences on intrafamily inequality. In: Haddad, L. et al., (Ed.), Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Developing Countries: Methods, Models and Policy. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

Folbre, N., 2004. A theory of the misallocation of time. In: Folbre, N., Bittman, M. (Eds.), Family Time: The Social Organization of Care. In: vol. 2. Routledge, London, pp. 7-24.

Folbre, N., 2009. Inequality and time use in the household. In: Salverda, W., Nolan, B., Smeeding, T.M. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 342-363.

Folbre, N., Shaw, L., Stark, A., 2005. A special issue on gender and aging. Fem. Econ. 11 (2), 3-5.

Folbre, N., Gornick, J.C., Connolly, H., Munzi, T., 2013. Women’s employment, unpaid work and eco­nomic inequality. In: Gornick,J.C.,Jantii, M. (Eds.), Income Inequality—Economic Disparities andthe Middle Class in Affluent Countries. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 234-260 (Chapter 8).

Fonseca, R., Mullen, K.J., Zamarro, G., Zissimopoulos, J., 2012. What explains the gender gap in financial literacy? The role of household decision making. J. Consum. Aff. 46 (1), 90-106.

Fortin, N., 2005. Gender role attitudes and women’s labour market outcomes across OECD countries. Oxf. Rev. Econ. Policy 21 (3), 416-438.

Fortin, N.M., 2008. The gender wage gap among young adults in the United States. The importance of money versus people. J. Hum. Resour. 43 (4), 884-918.

Fortin, N.M., Lemieux, T., 2000. Are women’s wage gains men’s losses? A distributional test. Am. Econ. Rev. 90, 456-460.

Fortin, N., Lemieux, T., Firpo, S., 2011. Decomposition methods in economics. In: Ashenfelter, O., Card, D.E. (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, vol. 4. North Holland, pp. 1-102.

Francois, P., 1998. Gender discrimination without gender difference: theory and policy responses. J. Public Econ. 68 (1), 1-32.

Frazis, H., Stewart, J., 2011. How does household production affect measured income inequality? J. Popul. Econ. 24 (1), 3-22.

Freeman, R.B., Schettkat, R., 2005. Marketization of household production and the EU-US gap in work. Econ. Policy 20 (41), 6-50.

Frick, J.R., Grabka, M.M., Sierminska, E.M., 2007. Representative wealth data for Germany from the German SOEP: the impact of methodological decisions around imputation and the choice of the aggre­gation unit. DIW Discussion Paper 672.

Fritzell, J., 1999. Incorporating gender inequality into income distribution research. Int. J. Soc. Welf. 8, 56-66.

Forster, M.F., Mira d’Ercole, M., 2009. The OECD approach to measuring income distribution and pov­erty: strengths, limits and statistical issues. In: OECD Conference ^uMeasuringPoverty, Income Inequal­ity and Social Exclusion”, Paris, 16-17, March.

Fryer Jr., R.G., Loury, G.C., 2005. Affirmative action and its mythology. NBER Working Paper No. w11464.

Furdas, M., Kohn, K., 2010. What’s the difference?! Gender, personality, and the propensity to start a busi­ness. IZA Discussion Paper No. 4778.

Fuwa, M., 2004. Macro-level gender inequality and the division of household labor in 22 countries. Am. Sociol. Rev. 69 (6), 751-767.

Fuwa, M., Cohen, P.N., 2007. Housework and social policies. Soc. Sci. Res. 36, 512-530.

Gangl, M., Ziefle, A., 2009. Motherhood, labor force behaviorandwomen’s careers: an empirical assessment of the wage penalty for motherhood in Britain, Germany and the United-States. Demography 46 (2), 341-369.

Gardeazabal, J., Ugidos, A., 2004. More on identification in detailedwage decompositions. Rev. Econ. Stat. 86 (4), 1034-1036.

Garrat, R., Johnson, N., Weinberger, C., 2013. The state street mile: age and gender differences in competition-aversion in the field. Econ. Inq. 51 (1), 806-815.

Gayle, G.L., Golan, L., Miller, R.A., 2012. Gender differences in executive compensation andjob mobility. J. Labor Econ. 30 (4), 829-872.

Geissler, H., 2012. New regulations aim to fight bogus self-employment. European Industrial Observatory Online.

Geist, C., 2005. The welfare state and the home: regime differences in the domestic division of labour. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 21 (1), 23-41.

Geist, C., 2010. Men’s and women’s reports about housework. In: Treas, J., Drobnic, S. (Eds.), Dividing the Domestic: Men, Women, and HouseholdWork in Cross-National Perspective. Stanford UP, Stanford, Ca., pp. 217-240.

Geist, C., Cohen, P.N., 2011. Headed toward equality? Housework change in comparative perspective. J. Marriage Fam. 73 (4), 832-844.

Georgellis, Y., Wall, H.J., 2004. Gender differences in self-employment. Working Paper Series 1999-008C. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis.

Gershuny, J., Robinson, J.P., 1988. Historical changes in the household division of labor. Demography 25 (4), 537-552.

Gershuny, J., Bittman, M., Brice, J., 2005. Exit, voice, and suffering: do couples adapt to changing employ­ment patterns? J. Marriage Fam. 67, 656-665.

Gibson, J., Le, T., Scobie, G., 2006. Household bargaining over wealth and the adequacy of women’s retire­ment incomes in New Zealand. Fem. Econ. 12 (1-2), 221-246.

Gicheva, D., 2013. Working long hours and early career outcomes in the high-end labor market. J. Labor Econ. 31 (4), 785-824.

Ginn, J., 2001. Risk of social exclusion in later life: how well do the pension systems of Britain and the US accommodate women’s paid and unpaid work? Int. J. Sociol. Soc. Policy 21 (4-6), 212-244.

Ginn, Jay, Street, Debra, Arber, Sara, 2001. Women, Work, and Pensions: International Issues and Prospects. Open University Press, Philadelphia, PA.

Ginther, D.K., Zavodny, M., 2001. Is the male marriage premium due to selection? The effect of shotgun weddings on the return to marriage. J. Popul. Econ. 14 (2), 313-328.

Gneezy, U., Rustichini, A., 2004. Gender and competition at a young age. Am. Econ. Rev. 94 (2), 377-381.

Gneezy, U., Niederle, M., Rustichini, A., 2003. Performance in competitive environments: gender differ­ences. Q. J. Econ. 118, 1049-1074.

Gneezy, U., Leonard, K.L., List, J.A., 2009. Gender differences in competition: evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society. Econometrica 77 (5), 1637-1664.

Gobillon, L.,Meurs, D., Roux, S., 2015.Estimatinggender differences in access tojobs.J. LaborEcon. 33 (2). forthcoming.

Goda, G., Shoven, J., Slavov, S., 2007. Social security and the timing of divorce. NBER Working Paper No. 13382.

Goldin, C., 2006. The quiet revolution that transformed women’s employment, education, and family. Am. Econ. Rev. 96 (2), 1-21.

Goldin, C., 2013. A pollution theory of discrimination: male and female differences in occupations and earn­ings. NBER Working Paper No. 8985.

Goldin, C., 2014. A grand gender convergence: its last chapter. Am. Econ. Rev. 104 (4), 1-30.

Goldin, C., Katz, L.F., 2002. The power of the pill: oral contraceptives and women’s career and marriage decisions. J. Polit. Econ. 110 (4), 730-770.

Goldin, C., Katz, L.F., 2008. Transitions: career and family life cycles of the educational elite. Am. Econ. Rev. 98 (2), 363-369.

Goldin, C., Rouse, C., 2000. Orchestrating impartiality: the impact of‘blind’ auditions on female musicians. Am. Econ. Rev. 90, 715-741.

Goldin, C., Katz, L.F., Kuziemko, I., 2006. The homecoming of American College Women: the reversal of the college gender gap. J. Econ. Perspect. 20 (4), 133.

Gornick, J.C., Jantti, M., 2010. Women, poverty, and social policy regimes: a cross-national analysis. LIS Working Paper 534.

Gornick, J.C., Meyers, M.K., 2003. Welfare regimes in relation to paid work and care. Adv. Life Course Res. 8, 45-67.

Gornick, J.C., Sierminska, E., Smeeding, T.M., 2009. The income and wealth packages of older women in cross-national perspective. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 64 (3), 402-414.

Gottschalk, P., Mayer, S., 2002. Changes in home production and trends in economic inequality. In: Cohen, D., Piketty, T., Saint-Paul, G. (Eds.), The New Economics of Rising Inequalities. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 265-284.

Grabka, M.M., Marcus, J., Sierminska, E., 2013. Wealth distribution within couples. Rev. Econ. Househ. online first, pp. 1-28.

Gray, J.S., 1997. The fall in men’s return to marriage: declining productivity effects or changing selection? J. Hum. Res. 32 (3), 481-504.

Greenstein, T.N., 2000. Economic dependence, gender and the division of labor at home: a replication and extension. J. Marriage Fam. 62 (2), 322-335.

Gregory, M., 2009. Gender and economic inequality. In: Salverda, W., Nolan, B., Smeeding, T.M. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 284-312.

Gregory, R.G., Borland, J., 1999. Recent developments in public sector labour markets. In: Ashenfelter, O., Card, D. (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, vol. 3C. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 3573-3630.

Grimshaw, D., 2011. What do we know about low-wage work and low-wage workers? Analysing the def­initions, patterns, causes and consequences in international perspective. ILO, Conditions of Work and Employment Series No. 2828.

Gronau, J., 1973. The intrafamily allocation of time: the value of the housewives’ time. Am. Econ. Rev. 63 (4), 634-651.

Gronau, J., 1977. Leisure, home production, and work—the theory of the allocation of time revisited. J. Polit. Econ. 85 (6), 1099-1123.

Gronau, R., 1980. Home production—a forgotten industry. Rev. Econ. Stat. 62 (3), 408-416.

Gronau, R., Hamermesh, D.S., 2006. Time vs. goods: the value of measuring household production tech­nologies. Rev. Income Wealth 52 (1), 1-16.

Groshen, E.L., 1991. The structure of the female/male wage differential: is it who you are, what you do, or where you work? J. Hum. Resour. 16 (3), 457-472.

Grossbard-Shechtman, A., 1974. A theory of allocation of time in markets for labour and marriage. Econ. J. 94, 863-882.

Grossbard-Shechtman, S., 2003. A consumer theory with competitive markets for work in marriage. J. Socio-Econ. 31 (6), 609-645.

Guner, N., Kaygusuz, R., Ventura, G., 2012a. Taxation and household labour supply. Rev. Econ. Stud...

Guner, N., Kaygusuz, R., Ventura, G., 2012b. Taxing women: a macroeconomic analysis. J. Monet. Econ. 59 (1), 111-128.

Gupta, S., 2007. Autonomy, dependence or display? The relationship between married women’s earnings and housework. J. Marriage Fam. 69 (2), 399-417.

Gupta, S., Ash, M., 2008. Whose money, whose time? A nonparametric approach to modeling time spent on housework in the United States. Fem. Econ. 14 (1), 93-120.

Gupta, V.K., Turban, D.B., Wasti, S.A., Sikdar, A., 2009. The role of gender stereotypes in perceptions of entrepreneurs and intentions to become an entrepreneur. Enterp. Theory Pract. 33 (2), 397-417.

Gutierrez-Domenech, M., 2005. Employment after motherhood: a European comparison. Labour Econ. 12 (1), 99-123.

Haan, P., Wrohlich, K., 2011. Can child care policy encourage employment and fertility? Evidence from a structural model. Labour Econ. 18 (4), 498-512.

Haas, L., Hwang, C.P., 2008. The impact of taking parental leave on fathers’ participation in childcare and relationships with children: lessons from Sweden. Commun. Work Fam. 11 (1), 85-104.

Haddad, L., Kanbur, R., 1990. How serious is the neglect of intra-household inequality? Econ. J. 100 (402), 866-881.

Hakim, C., 1998. Developing a sociology for the 21st century. Br. J. Sociol. 49 (1), 137-143.

Hakim, C., 2000. Work-Lifestyle Choices in the 21st Century: Preference Theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Hallberg, D., Klevmarken, A., 2003. Time for children: a study of parent’s time allocation. J. Popul. Econ. 16 (2), 205-226.

Hallerod, B., 2005. Sharing ofhousework and money among Swedish couples: do they behave rationally? Eur. Sociol. Rev. 21 (3), 273-288.

Hamermesh, D.S., Lee, J., 2007. Stressed out on four continents: time crunch or yuppie kvetch? Rev. Econ. Stat. 89 (2), 374-383.

Hamermesh, D.S., Frazis, H., Stewart,J., 2005. Datawatch: the American time use survey.J. Econ. Perspect. 19 (1), 221-232.

Hammitt,J., et al., 2009. The effect ofhealth andlongevity on financial risk tolerance. Geneva Risk Ins. Rev. 34, 117-139.

Hamplova, D., Le Bourdais, C., 2009. One or two pot strategies? Income pooling in married and unmarried households in comparative perspective. J. Comp. Fam. Stud. 40, 355-385.

Hansen, K., Joshi, H., Verropoulou, G., 2006. Childcare and mothers’ employment: approaching the mil­lennium. Natl. Inst. Econ. Rev. 195, 84-102.

Harbury, C.D., Hitchens, D.M., 1977. Women, wealth and inheritance. Econ. J. 87 (345), 124-131.

Harkness, S., 2013. Women’s employment and household income inequality. In: Gornick, J., Jantii, M. (Eds.), Income Inequality: Economic Disparities and the Middle Class in Affluent Countries. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 207-233.

Harkness, S., Waldfogel, J., 2003. The family gap in pay: evidence from seven industrialized countries. Res. Labor Econ. 22, 369-413.

Heckman, J., 1974. Shadow prices, market wages, and labor supply. Econometrica 42 (4), 679-694.

Heckman, J.J., 1976. The common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample selection and limited dependent variables and a simple estimator for such models. Ann. Econ. Soc. Meas. 5 (4), 475-492.

Heckman, J., 1979. Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica 47 (1), 153-161.

Hegewisch, A., Liepmann, H., Hayes, J., Hartmann, H., 2010. Separate and not equal? Gender segregation in the labor market and the gender wage gap. Institute for Women’s Policy Research Briefing Paper No. 377, Washington, DC.

Heikel, N., Liefbroer, A.C., Poortman, A.-R., 2010. Income pooling strategies among cohabiting and mar­ried couples: a comparative perspective. In: European Population Conference, Session 15, Vienna, 1-4, September.

Heimdal, K.R., Houseknecht, S.K., 2003. Cohabiting and married couples’ income organization: approaches in Sweden and the United States. J. Marriage Fam. 65 (3), 525-538.

Hellerstein, J., Neumark, D., McInerney, M., 2007. Changes in workplace segregation in the United States between 1990 and 2000: evidence from matched employer-employee data. NBER Working Paper No. 13080.

Herr, J.L., Wolfram, C., 2009. Work environment and ‘Opt-Out’ rates at motherhood across high- education career paths. NBER Working Paper No. w14717.

Hersch, J., 1991. Male-female differences in hourly wages: the role of human capital, working conditions, and housework. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 44 (4), 746-759.

Hersch, J., Stratton, L.S., 2002. Housework and wages. J. Hum. Resour. 37 (1), 217-229.

Heyman, F., Svaleryd, H., Vlachos, J., 2013. Competition, takeovers, and gender discrimination. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 66, 409-511.

Hill, M.S., 1979a. The wage effects of marital status and children. J. Hum. Resour. 14 (4), 579-594.

Hill, T.P., 1979b. Do-it-yourself and GDP. Rev. Income Wealth 25 (1), 31-39.

Hiller, D.V., 1984. Power, dependence and division of family work. Sex Roles 10, 1003-1019.

Himmelweit, S., Santos, C., Sevilla, A., Sofer, C., 2013. Sharing of resources within the family and the eco­nomics of household decision making. J. Marriage Fam. 75 (3), 625-639.

Hipple, S.F., 2010. Self-employment in the United States. Mon. Labor Rev. 133 (9), 17-32

Hirsch, B., Konietzko, T., 2013. The effect of housework on wages in Germany: no impact at all. J. Labor Market Res. 46 (2), 103-118.

Hirsch, B., Schank, T., Schnabel, C., 2010. Differences in labor supply to monopsonistic firms and the gen­der pay gap: an empirical analysis using linked employer-employee data from Germany. J. Labor Econ. 28 (2), 291-330.

Hochschild, A., Machung, A., 1989. The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home. Viking, New York, NY.

Holzer, HJ., Neumark, D., 2000. What does affirmative action do? Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 53 (2), 240-271.

Hook, J.L., 2006. Care in context: men’s unpaidwork in 20 countries, 1965-2003. Am. Sociol. Rev. 71 (4), 639-660.

Hook, J.L., 2010. Gender inequality in the welfare state: sex segregation in housework, 1965-2003. Am. J. Sociol. 115, 1480-1523.

Hotchkiss, J.L., Pitts, M.M., 2007. The role of labor market intermittency in explaining gender wage dif­ferentials. Am. Econ. Rev. 97 (2), 417-421.

Huerta, M.D.C., Adema, W., Baxter, J., Han, W.J., Lausten, M., Lee, R., Waldfogel, J., 2013. Fathers’ leave, fathers’ involvement and child development: are they related? Evidence from four OECD coun­tries. p. 2013OECD Social Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 140.

Hundley, G., 2000. Male/female earnings differences in self-employment: the effects of marriage, children, and the household division of labor. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 54 (1), 95-104.

Hundley, G., 2001. Domestic division of labor and self/organizationally employed differences in job atti­tudes and earnings. J. Fam. Econ. Iss. 22 (2), 121-139.

Hunt, J., 2002. The transition in East Germany: when is a ten-point fall in the gender wage gap bad news? J. Labor Econ. 20 (1), 148-169.

Ironmonger, D., 1996. Counting outputs, capital inputs and caring labor: estimating gross household prod­uct. Fem. Econ. 2 (3), 37-64.

Ironmonger, D., 2000. Household production and the household economy. Research Paper, Department of Economics, University of Melbourne.

Ishida, J., 2003. The role of intrahousehold bargaining in gender discrimination. Ration. Soc. 15 (3), 361-380.

Jaumotte, F., 2003. Female labour force participation: past trends and main determinants in OECD coun­tries. OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 376.

Jefferson, T., 2005. Women and retirement incomes in Australia: a review. Econ. Rec. 81 (254), 273-291. Jefferson, T., 2009. Women and retirement pensions: a research review. Fem. Econ. 15 (4), 115-145.

Jenkins, S.P., 1991. Poverty measurement and the within-household distribution: agenda for action. J. Soc. Policy 20 (4), 457-483.

Joshi, H., Macran, S., Dex, S., 1996. Employment after childbearing and women’s subsequent labour force participation: evidence from the British 1958 birth cohort. J. Popul. Econ. 9 (3), 325-348.

Joshi, H., Paci, P., Waldfogel, J., 1999. The wages of motherhood: better or worse? Camb. J. Econ. 23 (5), 543-564.

Juhn, C., Murphy, K.M., 1997. Wage inequality and family labor supply. J. Labor Econ. 15 (1), 72-97 (part 1).

Juhn, C., Murphy, K.M., Pierce, B., 1991. Accounting for the slowdown in black-white wage convergence. In: Kosters, M.H. (Ed.), Workers and Their Wages. AEI Press, Washington, DC, pp. 107-143.

Juhn, C., Murphy, K.M., Pierce, B., 1993. Wage inequality and the rise in returns to skill. J. Polit. Econ. 101 (3), 410-442.

Jurajda, S., Harmgart, H., 2007. When do female occupations pay more? J. Comp. Econ. 35 (1), 170-187. Juster, E.T., Kuester, K.A., 1991. Differences in the measurement of wealth, wealth inequality and wealth composition obtained from alternative US wealth surveys. Rev. Income Wealth 37, 33-62.

Juster, F.T., Stafford, F.P., 1991. The allocation oftime: empiricalfindings, behavioralmodels, and problems of measurement. J. Econ. Lit. 29 (2), 471—522.

Juster, F.T., Courant, P.N., Dow, G.K., 1981. A theoretical framework for the measurement of well-being. Rev. Income Wealth 27 (1), 1—31.

Kabatek, J., van Soest, A., Stancanelli, E., 2014. Income taxation, labour supply and housework: a discrete choice model for French couples. Labour Econ. 27, 30—43.

Kahn, J.R., Garcia-Manglano, J., Bianchi, S.M., 2014. The motherhoodpenalty at midlife: longterm effects of children on women’s careers. J. Marriage Fam. 76 (1), 56—72.

Kahneman, D., Krueger, A.B., Schkade, D.A., Schwarz, N., Stone, A.A., 2004. Towardnational well-being accounts. Am. Econ. Rev. 94 (2), 429-434.

Kalenkoski, C.M., Ribar, D.C., Stratton, L.S., 2009. The influence of wages on parents’ allocations oftime to child care and market work in the United Kingdom. J. Popul. Econ. 22 (2), 399-419.

Kalugina, E., Radtchenko, N., Sofer, C.,2009. How do spouses share their full income? Identification ofthe sharing rule using self-reported income. Rev. Income Wealth 55 (2), 360-391.

Kamo, Y., 1988. Determinants of household division oflabor resources, power, and ideology. J. Fam. Issues 9 (2), 177-200.

Kamo, Y., 2000. He said, she said: assessing discrepancies in husbands’ and wives’ reports on the division of household labor. Soc. Sci. Res. 29, 459-476.

Kan, M.Y., 2008.Measuring houseworkparticipation: the gap between ‘stylised’ questionnaire estimates and diary-based estimates. Soc. Indic. Res. 86 (3), 381-400.

Kan, M.Y., Laurie, H., 2013. Changing patterns in the allocation of savings, investments and debts within couple relationships. Sociol. Rev. 62 (2), 335-358.

Kanbur, R., Haddad, L., 1994. Are better off households more unequal or less unequal? Oxf. Econ. Pap. 46 (3), 445-458.

Kassenboehmer, S.C., Sinning, M.G., 2014. Distributional changes in the gender wage gap. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 67 (2), 335-361.

Katz, E., 1997. The intra-household economics of voice and exit. Fem. Econ. 3 (3), 25-46.

Kenney, C., 2006. The power of the purse: allocative systems and inequality in couple households. Gend. Soc. 20 (3), 354-381.

Kihlstrom, R.E., Laffont, J.J., 1979. A general equilibrium entrepreneurial theory of firm formation based on risk aversion. J. Polit. Econ. 87 (4), 719-748.

Killewald, A., 2011. Opting out and buying out: wives’ earnings and housework time. J. Marriage Fam. 73 (2), 459-471.

Killewald, A., 2013. A reconsideration of the fatherhood premium marriage, coresidence, biology, and fathers’ wages. Am. Sociol. Rev. 78 (1), 96-116.

Killewald, A., Gough, M., 2010. Money isn’t everything: wives’ earnings and housework time. Soc. Sci. Res. 39 (6), 987-1003.

Killingsworth, M.R., 1990. TheEconomics ofComparable Worth. W.E. Upjohn Institute forEmployment Research, Kalamazoo.

Killingsworth, M.R., Heckman, J.J., 1986. Female labor supply: a survey. In: Ashenfelter, O., Layard, R. (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, vol. 1. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 103-204.

Kim, J.W., Choi, Y.J., 2013. Feminisation of poverty in 12 welfare states: consolidating cross-regime var­iations? Int. J. Soc. Welfare 22 (4), 347-359.

Kim, M.K., Polachek, S.W., 1994. Panel estimates of male-female earnings functions. J. Hum. Resour. 29 (2), 406-428.

Kirzner, I.M., 1979. Perception, Opportunity, and Profit: Studies in the Theory of Entrepreneurship. Uni­versity of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Klein, M.W., Moser, C., Urban, D.M., 2010. The contribution of trade to wage inequality: the role of skill, gender, and nationality. NBER Working Paper Series No. 15985.

Klerman, J.A., Leibowitz, A., 1999. Job continuity among new mothers. Demography 36 (2), 145-155.

Kleven, H.J., Kreiner, C.T., Saez, E., 2009. The optimal income taxation of couples. Econometrica 77 (2), 537-560.

Kluve,J., Tamm, M., 2013. Parentalleave regulations, mothers’ Iaborforce attachmentandfathers’ childcare involvement: evidence from a natural experiment. J. Popul. Econ. 26, 983—1005.

Knight, F.H., 1921. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 381.

Koellinger, P., Minniti, M., Schade, C., 2013. Gender differences in entrepreneurial propensity. Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat. 75 (2), 213-234.

Kollmeyer, C., 2013. Family structure, female employment, and national income inequality: a cross-national study of 16 Western countries. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 29 (4), 816-827.

Korenman, S., Neumark, D., 1991. Does marriage really make men more productive? J. Hum. Resour. 16 (2), 282-307.

Korenman, S., Neumark, D., 1992. Marriage, motherhood, and wages. J. Hum. Resour. 27 (2), 233-255.

Kotsadam, A., 2011. Does informal eldercare impede women’s employment? The case of European welfare states. Fem. Econ. 17 (2), 121-144.

Kreyenfeld, M., Hank, K., 2000. Does the availability of child care influence the employment of mothers? Findings from western Germany. Popul. Res. Policy Rev. 19 (4), 317-337.

Krueger, A.B., 2007. Are we having more fun yet? Categorizing and evaluating changes in time allocation. Brook. Pap. Econ. Act. 2007 (2), 193-215.

Krueger, A.B., Kahneman, D., Schkade, D.A., Schwarz, N., Stone, A.A., 2009. National time accounting: the currency oflife. In: Krueger, A.B. (Ed.), Measuring the Subjective Well-Being ofNations: National Accounts of Time Use and Well-Being. NBER, pp. 9-86. Available from: http://www.nber.org/ chapters#8725;c5053.

Kuhn, P., Villeval, M.C., 2013. Are women more attracted to cooperation than men? NBER Working Paper No. 19277.

Kurtulus, F.A., Tomaskovic-Devey, D., 2012. Do female top managers help women to advance? A panel study using EEO-1 records. Ann. Am. Acad. Pol. Soc. Sci. 639 (1), 173-197.

Lalive, R., Zweimfiller, J., 2009. How does parental leave affect fertility and return to work? Evidence from two natural experiments. Q. J. Econ. 124 (3), 1363-1402.

Landefeld, J.S., McCulla, S.H., 2000. Accounting for nonmarket household production within a national accounts framework. Rev. Income Wealth 46 (3), 289-307.

Landefeld, J.S., Fraumeni, B.M., Vojtech, C.M., 2009. Accounting for nonmarket production: a prototype satellite account using the American time use survey. Rev. Income Wealth 55 (2), 205-225.

Langowitz, N., Minniti, M., 2007. The entrepreneurial propensity of women. Enterp. Theory Pract. 31 (3), 341-364.

Laporte, C., Schellenberg, G., 2011. The income management strategies of older couples in Canada. Can. Stud. Popul. 38 (3-4), 1-22.

Lavy, V., 2012. Gender differences in market competitiveness in a real workplace: evidence from performance-based pay tournaments among teachers. NBER Working Paper No. 14338.

Lazear, E.P., 2005. Entrepreneurship. J. Labor Econ. 23 (4), 649-680.

Lazear, E.P., Rosen, S., 1990. Male-female wage differentials in job ladders. J. Labor Econ. 8 (1), S106-S123.

Lechene, V., 1993. Une revue de la litterature sur les echelles d’equivalence. Econ. Prevision 110-111, 169-182.

Lechmann, D.S., Schnabel, C., 2012. Why is there a gender earnings gap in self-employment? A decomposition analysis with German data. J. Eur. Labor Stud. 1 (1), 1-25.

Lee, Y.S., Waite, LJ., 2005. Husbands’ and wives’ time spent on housework: a comparison of measures. J. Marriage Fam. 67 (2), 328-336.

Leibbrandt, A., List, J., 2012. Do women avoid salary negotiations? Evidence from a large scale natural field experiment. NBER Working Paper No. 18511.

Leonard, J., 1989. Women and affirmative action. J. Econ. Perspect. 3 (1), 61-75.

Leoni, T., Falk, M., 2010. Gender and field of study as determinants of self-employment. Small Bus. Econ. 34 (2), 167-185.

Lequien, L., 2012. The impact of parental duration on later wages. Ann. Econ. Stat. 107, 267-286.

Leung, D., 2006. The male/female earnings gap and female self-employment. J. Socio-Econ. 35 (5), 759-779.

Levitt, S.D., List, J.A., 2007. What do laboratory experiments measuring social preferences reveal about the real world? J. Econ. Perspect. 21 (2), 153-174.

Lewbel, A., Pendakur, K., 2008. Equivalence scales, second ed. The new palgrave dictionary of economics. In: Durlauf, S.N., Blume, L.E. (Eds.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York.

Lilly, M.B., Laporte, A., Coyte, P.C., 2007. Labor market work and home care’s unpaid caregivers: a sys­tematic review of labor force participation rates, predictors of labor market withdrawal, and hours of work. Milbank Q. 85 (4), 641-690.

Lincoln, A.E., 2008. Gender, productivity, and the marital wage premium. J. Marriage Fam. 70 (3), 806-814.

Lise, J., Seitz, S., 2011. Consumption inequality and intra-household allocations. Rev. Econ. Stud. 78, 328-355.

Livermore, T., Rodgers, J., Siminski, P., 2011. The effect of motherhood on wages and wage growth: evi­dence for Australia. Econ. Rec. 87 (s1), 80-91.

Lombard, K.V., 2001. Female self-employment and demand for flexible, non-standard work schedules. Econ. Inq. 29 (2), 214-317.

Loughran, D.S., Zissimopoulos,J.M., 2009. Whywait? The effect ofmarriage and childbearing on the wages of men and women. J. Hum. Resour. 44 (2), 326-349.

Loury, L.D., 1997. Gender earnings gap among college-educated workers. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 50 (4), 580-593.

Love, D.A., 2010. The effects of marital status and children on savings and portfolio choice. Rev. Financ. Stud. 23 (1), 385-432.

Lucifora, C., Meurs, D., 2006. The public sector pay gap in France, Great Britain and Italy. Rev. Income Wealth 52 (1), 43-59.

Luckhaus, L., 2000. Equal treatment, social protection and income security for women. Int. Labor Rev. 139 (2), 149-178.

Ludwig-Mayerhofer, W., Gartner, H., Allmendinger, J., 2006. The allocation of money in couples: the end of inequality? Zeisch. Soziol. 35 (3), 212-226.

Lundberg, S., 2008. Gender and household decision making. In: Bettio, F., Veraschagina, A. (Eds.), Frontiers in the Economics of Gender. Routledge, London, pp. 116-134.

Lundberg, S., Pollak, R.A., 1993. Separate spheres bargaining and the marriage market. J. Polit. Econ. 100 (6), 988-1010.

Lundberg, S., Pollak, R.A., 2013. Cohabitation and the uneven retreat frommarriage in the US, 1950-2010. In: Human Capital in History: The American Record, NBER Working Papers No19413, National Bureau of Economic Research.

Lundberg, S., Rose, E., 2000. Parenthood and the earnings of married men and women. Labor Econ. 7 (6), 689-710.

Lundberg, S., Pollack, R.A., Wales, T., 1997. Do husbands and wives pool their resources? Evidence from the UK child benefit. J. Hum. Resour. 32 (3), 463-480.

Lundin, D., Mork, E., Ockert, B., 2008. How far can reduced childcare prices push female labour supply? Labour Econ. 15 (4), 647-659.

Lupton, J.P., Smith, J.P., 2003. Marriage, assets and savings. In: Grossbard-Shechtman, S.A. (Ed.), Marriage and the Economy: Theory and Evidence from Advanced Industrial Societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 129-152.

Lyngstad, T.H., Noack, T., Tufte, P.A., 2011. Pooling of economic resources: a comparison of Norwegian married and cohabiting couples. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 27 (5), 624-635.

Maani, A.A., Cruickshank, A.A., 2010. What is the effect of housework on the market wage, and can it explain the gender wage gap? J. Econ. Surv. 24 (3), 402-427.

MacDonald, M., Phipps, S., Lethbridge, L., 2005. Taking its toll: the influence of paid and unpaid work on women’s well-being. Fem. Econ. 11 (1), 63-94.

Machado, J.F., Mata, J., 2005. Counterfactual decomposition of changes in wage distributions using quantile regression. J. Appl. Econ. 20, 445-465.

Machin, S., Puhani, P.A., 2003. Subject of degree and the gender wage differential: evidence from the UK and Germany. Econ. Lett. 79 (3), 393-400.

Mackenzie, G.A.S., 2010. The Decline of the Traditional Pension. Cambridge University Press, United States of America, p. 275.

MacPherson, D.A., 1988. Self-employment and married women. Econ. Lett. 28 (3), 281—284.

MacPherson, D.A., Hirsch, B.T., 1995. Wages and gender composition: why do women’s jobs pay less? J. LaborEcon. 13 (3), 426-471.

Maitre, B., Nolan, B., Whelan, C.T., 2012. Low pay, in-work poverty and economic vulnerability: a com­parative analysis using EU-SILC. Manch. Sch. 80 (1), 99-116.

Malkiel, B.G., Malkiel, J.A., 1973. Male-female pay differentials in professional employment. Am. Econ. Rev. 63 (4), 693-705.

Manchester, C.F., Leslie, L.M., Kramer, A., 2010. Stop the clock policies and career success in academia. Am. Econ. Rev. 100 (2), 219-223.

Mandel, H., Semyonov, M., 2006. A welfare state paradox: state interventions and women’s employment opportunities in 22 countries. Am. J. Sociol. 111 (6), 1910-1949.

Manning, A., 2003. Monopsony in Motion. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, p. 416.

Manning, A., Petrongolo, B., 2008. The part-time pay penalty for women in Britain. Econ. J. 118 (526), F28-F51.

Manning, A., Saidi, F., 2010. Understanding the gender pay gap: what’s competition got to do with it? Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 63 (4), 681-698.

Manning, A., Swaffield, J., 2008. The gender gap in early-career wage growth. Econ. J. 118 (530), 983-1024.

Manser, M., Brown, M., 1980. Marriage and household decision-making: a bargaining approach. Int. Econ. Rev. 21 (1), 31-44.

Marshall, M.I., Flaig, A., 2014. Marriage, children, and self-employment earnings: an analysis of self­employed women in the US. J. Fam. Econ. Iss. 35 (3), 313-322.

Matsa, D., Miller, A., 2011. Chipping away at the glass ceiling: gender spillovers in corporate leadership. Am. Econ. Rev. 101 (3), 635-639.

Matsa, D.A., Miller, A.R., 2013. A female style in corporate leadership? Evidence from quotas. Am. Econ. J. 5 (3), 136-169.

Mattingly, MJ., Blanchi, S.M., 2003. Gender differences in the quantity and quality of free time: the US experience. Soc. Forces 81 (3), 999-1030.

Maume, D.J., 2006. Gender differences in restricting work efforts because of family responsibilities. J. Marriage Fam. 68 (4), 859-869.

McElroy, M.B., Horney, M.J., 1981. Nash bargained household decisions: toward a generalization of the theory of demand. Int. Econ. Rev. 22 (2), 333-349.

McLennan, M.C., 2000. Does household labour impact market wages? Appl. Econ. 32 (12), 1541-1557.

McRae, S., 2003. Constraints and choice in mother’s employment careers: a consideration of Hakim’s pref­erence theory. Br. J. Sociol. 54 (3), 317-388.

Mehay, S.L., Bowman, W.R., 2005. Marital status and productivity: evidence from personnel data. South. Econ. J. 72 (1), 63-77.

Melly, B., 2005. Public-private sector wage differentials in Germany: evidence from quantile regression. Empir. Econ. 30 (2), 505-520.

Mencarini, L., Sironi, M., 2012. Happiness, housework and gender inequality in Europe. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 28 (2), 203-219.

Meng, X., Meurs, D., 2004. The gender earnings gap: effects of institutions and firms—a comparative study of French and Australian private firms. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 56 (2), 189-208.

Meulders, D., O’Dorchai, S., 2010. Revisiting poverty measures towards individualisation. ULB-Dulbea Working Paper No. 10-03.

Meurs, D., Ponthieux, S., 2008. Public and private employment and the gender wage gap in 8 European countries. In: ETUI, Privatisation and Marketisation of Services, pp. 261-283. Brussels, ETUI-REHS.

Miller, A.R., 2011. The effects of motherhood timing on career path. J. Popul. Econ. 24 (3), 1071-1100.

Miller, T., del Carmen Triana, M., 2009. Demographic diversity in the boardroom: mediators of the board diversity-firm performance relationship. J. Manag. Stud. 46 (5), 755-786.

Mincer, J., 1962. Labor force participation of married women: a study of labor supply. In: NBER Volume, (Ed.), Aspects of Labor, Economics, pp. 63-106. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c0603.

Mincer,J., Ofek, H., 1982. Interruptedwork careers: depreciation and restoration ofhuman capital.J. Hum. Resour. 17 (1), 3-24.

Mincer, J., Polachek, S., 1974. Family investments in human capital: earnings of women. J. Polit. Econ. 82 (2), S76-S108.

Minniti, M., Nardone, C., 2007. Being in someone else’s shoes: the role of gender in nascent entrepreneur­ship. Small Bus. Econ. 28 (2-3), 223-238.

Miranda, V., 2011. Cooking, caring and volunteering: unpaid work around the world. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 116. OECD Publishing.

Misra, J., Budig, M., Boeckmann, I., 2011. Work-family policies and the effects of children on women’s employment hours and wages. Commun. Work Fam. 14 (2), 139-157.

Molina, J.A., Montuenga, V.M., 2009. The motherhood wage penalty in Spain. J. Fam. Econ. Iss. 30 (3), 237-251.

Moss, M., 1973. Introduction. In: Moss, M. (Ed.), The Measurement of Economic and Social Performance. NBER, pp. 1-22.

Moss-Racusin, C., Dovidio, J., Brescoli, V., Graham, M., Handelsma, J., 2012. Science faculty’s subtle gen­der biases favor male students. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 (41), 16474-16479.

Nakosteen, R.A., Zimmer, M.A., 1997. Men, money and marriage: are high earners more prone than low earners to marry? Soc. Sci. Q. 78 (1), 66-82.

Neelakantan, U., 2010. Estimation and impact of gender differences in risk tolerance. Econ. Inq. 48 (1), 228-233.

Neelakantan, U., Lyons, A., Nelson, C., 2009. Householdbargainingandportfolio choice. Working Paper, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. www.aeaweb.org/assa/2009/retrieve.php.

Nelson, J.A., 1994. I, thou and them: capabilities, altruism and norms in the economics of marriage. Am. Econ. Rev. 84 (2), 126-131.

Nepomnyaschy, L., Waldfogel, J., 2007. Paternity leave and fathers’ involvement with their young children: evidence from the American Ecls-B. Commun. Work Fam. 10 (4), 427-453.

Neuman, S., Oaxaca, R.L., 1998. Estimating labour market discrimination with selectivity corrected wage equations: methodological considerations and an illustration from Israel. Centre for Economic Policy Research, Working Paper No. 1915.

Neumark, D., 1988. Employers’ discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination. J. Hum. Resour. 23 (3), 279-295.

Neumark, D.M., 1996. Sex discrimination in restaurant hiring: an audit study. Q. J. Econ. 111, 915-941.

Neumark, D., Korenman, S., 1992. Sources of bias in women’s wage equations: results using sibling data. NBER Working Paper No. w4019.

Ngai, L.R., Petrongolo, B., 2013. Gender gaps and the rise of the service economy. CEPR Discussion Paper 1204.

Niederle, M., Vesterlund, L., 2007. Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much? Q. J. Econ. 122 (3), 1067-1101.

Niederle, M., Vesterlund, L., 2011. Gender and competition. Annu. Rev. Econ. 3 (1), 601-630.

Niederle, M., Segal, C., Vesterlund, L., 2013. How costly is diversity? Affirmative action in light of gender differences in competitiveness. Manag. Sci. 59 (1), 1-16.

Noonan, M.C., 2001. The impact of domestic work on men’s and women’s wages. J. Marriage Fam. 63 (4), 1134-1145.

Nopo, H., 2008a. Matching as a tool to decompose wage gaps. Rev. Econ. Stat. 90 (2), 290-299.

Nopo, H., 2008b. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to a continuum of comparison groups. Econ. Lett. 100 (2), 292-296.

Nordhaus, W.D., Tobin, J., 1973. Is growth obsolete? In: Moss, M. (Ed.), The Measurement of Economic and Social Performance. NBER, pp. 509-564. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c3621.

Oaxaca, R.L., 1973. Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. Int. Econ. Rev. 14 (3), 693-709.

Oaxaca, R.L., Ransom, M.R., 1994. On discrimination and the decomposition of wage differentials. J. Econ. 61 (1), 5-21.

OECD, 2007. Babies and Bosses: Reconciling Work and Family Life. A Synthesis of Findings for OECD Countries. OECD, Paris.

OECD, 2011a. Society at a Glance 2011: OECD Social Indicators. OECD Publishing, Paris.

OECD, 2011b. Doing Better for Families. OECD, Paris.

OECD, 2012. Closing the Gap—Act Now. OECD Publishing. Data available from, http://www.oecd.org/ gender/data/balancingpaidworkunpaidworkandleisure.htm.

OECD, 2013. The OECD Framework for Statistics on the Distribution of Household Income, Consump­tion and Wealth. OECD Publishing, Paris.

OECD/The European Commission, 2013. The Missing Entrepreneurs: Policies for Inclusive Entrepreneur­ship in Europe. OECD Publishing, Paris.

Offer, S., Schneider, B., 2011. Revisiting the gender gap in time-use patterns multitasking and well-being among mothers and fathers in dual-earner families. Am. Sociol. Rev. 76 (6), 809—833.

Olivetti, C., 2006. Changes in women’s hours ofmarket work: the role of returns to experience. Rev. Econ. Dyn. 9 (4), 557-587.

Olivetti, C., Petrongolo, B., 2008. Unequal pay or unequal employment? A cross-country analysis of gender gaps. J. LaborEcon. 26 (4), 621-654.

Olsberg, D., 2006. Major changes for super, but women are still Ms...ing out. Aust. Account. Rev. 16 (40), 47-51.

O’Neil, J., Polacheck, S., 1993. Why the gender gap in wages narrowed in the 1980’s. J. LaborEcon. 11 (1), 205-208.

Oostveen, A., Biletta, I., Parent-Thirion, A., Vermeylen, G., 2013. Self-employed or not self-employed? Working conditions of economically dependent workers. Background Paper, Eurofound.

Orenstein, M.A., 2013. Pension privatization: evolution of a paradigm. Governance 26 (2), 259-281.

Ozawa, M.N., Lee, Y., 2006. The net worth of female-headed households: a comparison to other types of households. Fam. Relat. 55 (1), 132-145.

Pahl, J., 1983. The allocation of money and the structuring of inequality within marriage. Sociol. Rev. 31, 235-262.

Pahl, J., 1989. Money and Marriage. Macmillan Education, Basingstoke, UK.

Pahl, J., 1995. His money, her money: recent research on financial organization in marriage. J. Econ. Psychol. 16, 361-376.

Pande, R., Ford, D., 2012. Gender quotas and female leadership. World Development Report, World Bank.

Peria-Casas, R., Ghailani, D., 2011. Towards individualizing gender in-work poverty risks. In: Fraser, N. et al., (Ed.), Working Poverty in Europe: A Comparative Approach. Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Pekkarinen, T., Vartiainen,J., 2006. Gender differences inpromotion on ajob ladder: evidence from Finnish metalworkers. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 59 (2), 285-301.

Perry, S.C., 2002. A comparison of failed and non-failed small business in the United States: do men and women use different planning and decision making strategies? J. Dev. Entrep. 7 (4), 415.

Pestieau, P., 2003. The role of gift and estate transfers in the United States and in Europe. In: Munnell, A., Sunden, A. (Eds.), Death and Dollars. The Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 64-85.

Petersen, T., Morgan, L.A., 1995. Separate and unequal: occupation-establishment sex segregation and the gender wage gap. Am. J. Sociol. 101 (2), 329-365.

Petersen, T., Penner, A.M., Hogsnes, G., 2011. Male marital wage premium: sorting vs. differential pay. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 64 (2), 283-304.

Petit, P., 2007. The effects of age and family constraints on gender hiring discrimination: a field experiment in the French financial sector. Labour Econ. 14 (3), 371-391.

Pfeifer, C., 2011. Risk aversion and sorting into public sector employment. Ger. Econ. Rev. 12 (1), 85-99. Phelps, E.S., 1972. The statistical theory of racism and sexism. Am. Econ. Rev. 62 (4), 659-661.

Phipps, S.A., Burton, P.S., 1995. Sharing within families: implications for the measurement of poverty among individuals in Canada. Can. J. Econ. 28 (1), 177-204.

Phipps, S.A., Burton, P.S., 1998. What’s mine is yours? The influence of male and female incomes on pat­terns of household expenditure. Economica 65 (260), 599-613.

Phipps, S., Woolley, F., 2008. Control over money and the savings decisions of Canadian households. J. Socio-Econ. 37 (2), 592-611.

Phipps, S., Burton, P., Osberg, L., 2001a. Time as a source of inequality within marriage: are husbands more satisfied with time for themselves than wives? Fem. Econ. 7 (2), 1-21.

Phipps, S., Burton, P., Lethbridge, L., 2001b. In and out of the labour market: long-term consequences of child-related interruptions of women’s paid work. Can. J. Econ. 34 (2), 411—429.

Piggott, J., Whalley, J., 1996. The tax unit and household production. J. Polit. Econ. 104 (2), 398-418.

Piketty, T., 2013. Le capital au XXIe siecle. Editions du Seuil, Paris Also [2014]. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Harvard University Press.

Plug, E.J., Van Praag, B.M., 1998. Similarity in response behavior between household members: an appli­cation to income evaluation. J. Econ. Psychol. 19, 497-513.

Poissonnier, A., Roy, D., 2013. Households satellite account for France in 2010. Methodological issues on the assessment of domestic production. INSEE Working Paper No. g2013-14.

Polachek, S.W., 1981. Occupational self-selection: a human capital approach to sex differences in occupa­tional structure. Rev. Econ. Stat. 63 (1), 60-69.

Polachek, S.W., 2004. How the human capital model explains why the gender wage gap narrowed. IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 1102.

Pollak, R.A., 1985. A transaction cost approach to families and households. J. Econ. Lit. 23 (2), 581-608.

Pollak, R.A., 2003. Gary Becker’s contributions to family and household economics. Rev. Econ. Househ. 1 (1), 111-141.

Pollak, R.A., 2005. Bargaining power in marriage: earnings, wage rates and household production. NBER Working Paper No. 11239.

Pollak, R.A., 2013. Allocating household time: when does efficiency imply specialization? NBER Working Paper No. 19178.

Pollak, R.A., Wachter, M.L., 1975. The relevance ofthe household production function and its implications for the allocation of time. J. Polit. Econ. 83 (2), 255-278.

Ponthieux, S., 2010. Assessing and analysing in-work poverty risk. In: Atkinson, A.B., Marlier, E. (Eds.), Income and Living Conditions in Europe. EU Publications Office, Luxembourg.

Ponthieux, S., 2013. Income pooling and equal sharing within the household—what can we learn from the 2010 EU-Silc module. Eurostat Working Papers and Methodological Series, Luxembourg.

Pronzato, C.D., 2009. Return to work after childbirth: does parental leave matter in Europe? Rev. Econ. Househ. 7 (4), 341-360.

Ramsey, F.P., 1927. A contribution to the theory of taxation. Econ. J. 47-61.

Rangel, M.A., 2006. Alimony rights and intrahousehold allocation of resources: evidence fromBrazil. Econ. J. 116 (513), 627-658.

Ransom, M., Oaxaca, R.L., 2005. Intrafirm mobility and sex differences in pay. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 28 (2), 219-237.

Ransom, M., Oaxaca, R., 2010. New market power and sex differences in pay. J. Labor Econ. 28 (2), 267-290.

Regan, T.L., Oaxaca, R.L., 2009. Work experience as a source of specification error in earnings models: implications for gender wage decompositions. J. Popul. Econ. 22 (2), 463-499.

Reid, M.G., 1934. Economics of Household Production. Wiley, New York.

Reimers, C.W., 1983. Labor market discrimination against Hispanic and Black men. Rev. Econ. Stat. 65 (4), 570-579.

Regnier-Loilier, A., 2009. Does the birth ofa child change the division ofhousehold tasks between partners? Population and Societies No. 461.

Riach, P.A., Rich, J., 2002. Field experiments of discrimination in the market place. Econ. J. 112 (483), 480-518.

Rosen, H.S., 1977. Is it time to abandon joint filing? Natl. TaxJ. 30, 423-428.

Ruel, E., Hauser, R.M., 2013. Explaining the gender wealth gap. Demography 50 (4), 1155-1176.

Ruhm, C.J., 1998. The economic consequences ofparentalleave mandates: lessons fromEurope. Q.J. Econ. 113 (1), 287-317.

Ruiz-Arranz, M., Davis, B., Handa, S., Stampini, M., Winters, P., 2006. Program conditionality and food security: the impact of PROGRESA and PROCAMPO transfers in rural Mexico. Rev. Econ. 7 (2), 249-278.

Ruppanner, L., 2010. Cross-national reports of housework: an investigation of the gender egalitarianism measure. Soc. Sci. Res. 39, 963-975.

Sabatelli, R.M., Shehan, C.L., 1993. Exchange and resource theories. In: Boss, P.G. etal., (Ed.), Sourcebook ofFamily Theories and Methods: A Contextual Approach. Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 385-411.

Safilios-Rothschild, C., 1970. The study of family power structure: a review 1960-1969. J. Marriage Fam. 32 (4), 539-552.

Safilios-Rothschild, C., 1976. A macro- and micro-examination of family power and love: an exchange model. J. Marriage Fam. 38 (2), 355-362.

Saint-Paul, G., 2008. Against gender-based taxation. CEPR Document Paper 6582.

Salverda, W., Checchi, D., 2014. Labour-market institutions and the dispersion ofwage earnings. In: Atkin­son, Bourguignon (Eds.), Handbook of Income Distribution, This volume (Chapter 18).

Samuelson, P.-A., 1956. Social indifference curves. Q. J. Econ. 70 (1), 1-22.

Sanders, C.K., Porterfield, S.L., 2010. The ownership society and women: exploring female householders’ ability to accumulate assets. J. Fam. Econ. Iss. 31 (1), 90-106.

Saparito, P., Elam, A., Brush, C., 2013. Bank-firm relationships: do perceptions vary by gender? Enterp. Theory Pract. 37 (July), 837-858.

Saridakis, G., Marlow, S., Storey, D.J., 2013. Do different factors explain male and female self-employment rates? J. Bus. Ventur. 29 (3), 345-362.

Sayer, L.C., 2005. Gender, time and inequality: trends in women’s and men’s paid work, unpaid work and free time. Soc. Forces 84 (1), 285-303.

Sayer, L.C., 2010. Trends in housework. In: Treas, J., Drobnic, S. (Eds.), Dividing the Domestic—Men, Women, and Household Work in Cross-National Perspective. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 19-40.

Sayer, L.C., Bianchi, S.M., Robinson, J.P., 2004. Are parents investing less in children? Trends in mothers’ and fathers’ time with children. Am. J. Sociol. 110 (1), 1-43.

Sayer, L.C., England, P., Bittman, M., Bianchi, S.M., 2009. How long is the second (plus first) shift? Gender differences in paid, unpaid, and total work time in Australia and the United States. J. Comp. Fam. Stud. 40 (4), 523-545.

Schmidt, L., Sevak, P., 2006. Gender, marriage, and asset accumulation in the United States. Fem. Econ. 12 (1-2), 139-166.

Schneeweis, N., Zweimiiller, M., 2012. Girls, girls, girls: gender composition and female school choice. Econ. Educ. Rev. 31 (4), 482-500.

Schneider, D., 2011. Market earnings and household work: new tests of gender performance theory. J. Marriage Fam. 73 (4), 845-860.

Sedo, S.A., Kossoudji, S.A., 2004. Rooms of one’s own: gender, race and home ownership as wealth accu­mulation in the United States. IZA DP No. 1397.

Sena, V., Scott, J., Roper, S., 2012. Gender, borrowing patterns and self-employment: some evidence for England. Small Bus. Econ. 38 (4), 467-480.

Sevilla-Sanz, A., Gimenez-Nadal, J.I., Fernandez, C., 2010. Genderroles and the division of unpaid work in Spanish households. Fem. Econ. 16 (4), 137-184.

Shelton, B.A., 1992. Women, Men and Time: Gender Differences in Paid Work, Housework and Leisure. Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn.

Shilton, E., 2012. Insuring inequality: sex-based mortality tables and women’s retirement income. Queen Law J. 37 (2), 383-731.

Shorrocks, A.F., 1982. The portfolio composition of asset holdings in the United Kingdom. Econ. J. 92 (366), 268-284.

Shrader, C.B., Blackburn, V.L., Iles, P., 1997. Women in management and firm financial performance: an exploratory study. J. Manage. Issues 9 (3), 355-372.

Sierminska, E., Smeeding, T., 2005. Measurement Issues: Equivalence Scales, Accounting Framework and Reference Unit. Luxembourg Income Study, Luxembourg.

Sierminska, E.M., Frick, J.R., Grabka, M.M., 2010. Examining the gender wealth gap. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 62 (4), 669-690.

Sigle-Rushton, W., Waldfogel, J., 2007. Motherhood and women’s earnings in Anglo-American, Conti­nental European, and Nordic countries. Fem. Econ. 13 (2), 55—91.

Simonsen, M., Skipper, L., 2006. The costs of motherhood: an analysis using matching estimators. J. Appl. Econ. 21 (7), 919-934.

Simonsen, M., Skipper, L., 2012. The family gap in wages: what wombmates reveal. Labour Econ. 19 (1), 102-112.

Smeeding, T.M., Weinberg, D.H., 2001. Toward a uniform definition of household income. Rev. Income Wealth 47 (1), 1-24.

Smith, J.D., 1974. The concentration of personal wealth in America, 1969. Rev. Income Wealth 20 (2), 143-180.

Smith, N., Smith, V., Verner, M., 2005. Do women in top management affect firm performance? A panel study of 2500 Danish firms. IZA DP No. 1708, 2005.

Smith, N., Smith, V., Verner, M., 2006. Do women in top management affect firm performance? A panel study of 2,500 Danish firms. Int. J. Product. Perform. Manag. 55 (7), 569-593.

Smith, N., Smith, V., Verne, M., 2011. The gender pay gap in top corporate jobs in Denmark: glass ceilings, sticky floors or both? Int. J. Manpow. 32 (2), 156-177.

Smith, N., Smith, V., Verner, M., 2013. Why are so few females promoted into CEO and Vice President Positions: Danish Empirical evidence, 1997-2007. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 66 (2), 380-408.

Sorensen, A., MacLanahan, S., 1987. Married women’s economic dependency, 1940-1980. Am. J. Sociol. 93 (3), 659-687.

South, SJ., Spitze, G., 1994. Housework in marital and non-marital households. Am. Sociol. Rev. 59, 327-347.

Spiess, C.K., Schneider, A.U., 2003. Interactions between care-giving and paid work hours among Euro­pean midlife women, 1994 to 1996. Ageing Soc. 23 (1), 41-68. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Stevenson, B., Wolfers, J., 2009. The paradox of declining female happiness. Am. Econ. J. 1 (2), 190-225.

Stiglitz, J., Sen, A., Fitoussi, J.-P., 2009. Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr.

Sullivan, O., 2011. An end to gender display through the performance of housework? A review and reassess­ment of the quantitative literature using insights from the qualitative literature. J. Fam. Theory Rev. 3 (1), 1-13.

Sullivan, O., Gershuny, J., 2001. Cross-national changes in time-use: some sociological (hi)stories re-examined. Br.J. Sociol. 52 (2), 331-347.

Sundstrom, M., Duvander, A.Z.E., 2002. Gender division of childcare and the sharing of parental leave among new parents in Sweden. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 18 (4), 433-447.

Sutherland, H., 1997. Women, men and the redistribution of income. Fisc. Stud. 18 (1), 1-22.

Sutter, M., Kocher, M.G., Glatzle-Rutzler, D., Trautmann, S.T., 2013. Impatience and uncertainty: exper­imental decisions predict adolescents’ field behavior. Am. Econ. Rev. 103 (1), 510-531.

Tavora, I., 2012. The southern European social model: familialism and the high rates of female employment in Portugal. J. Eur. Soc. Pol. 22 (1), 63-76.

Thomas, D., 1990. Intra-household resource allocation: an inferential approach. J. Hum. Resour. 24 (4), 635-664.

Thevenon, O., 2011. Family policies in OECD countries: a comparative analysis. Popul. Dev. Rev. 37 (1), 57-87.

Thevenon, O., 2013. Drivers of female labour force participation in the OECD. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787#8725;5k46cvrgnms6-en, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 145, OECD Publishing.

Thevenon, O., Solaz, A., 2013. Labour market effects of parental leave policies in OECD countries. Direc­torate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, OECD.

Tichenor, V.J., 1999. Status and income as gendered resources. The case of marital power. J. Marriage Fam. 61 (3), 638-650.

Tison, A., Davin, B., Ventelou, B., Paraponaris, A., 2012. Influence of diseases on risk aversion through time. Working Paper, Aix Marseille School of Economics.

Treas,J., 1993. Money in the bank: transaction costs and the economic organization ofmarriage. Am. Sociol. Rev. 58, 723-734.

Treas, J., Lui, J., 2013. Studying housework across nations. J. Fam. Theory Rev. 5 (2), 135-149.

Treas, J., Tai, T.O., 2012. How couples manage the household: work and power in cross-national perspec­tive. J. Fam. Issues 33 (8), 1088-1116.

Tymula, A., Belmaker, L.A.R., Ruderman, L., Glimcher, P.W., Levy, I., 2013. Like cognitive function, decision making across the life span shows profound age-related changes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (42), 17143-17148.

Ulker, A., 2009. Wealth holdings and portfolio allocation of the elderly: the role of marital history. J. Fam. Econ. Iss. 30 (1), 90-108.

Ulph, D.T., 1988.A general non-cooperative Nash model ofhousehold consumption behaviour. University of Bristol Working Paper.

UN, 1995. Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women. United Nations, New York, NY.

U.N., 2005. Guide to Producing Statistics on Time-Use. Measuring Paid and Unpaid Work. UN Depart­ment of economic and social affairs, Statistics division, New York.

UN Statistical Commission, 1993. Report on the Twenty-seventh Session. Economic and Social Council Official Records, Supplement No. 6. United Nations, New York, NY.

Van Praag, B.M.S., Warnaar, M.F., 1997. The cost of children and the use of demographic variables in con­sumer demand. In: Rosenzweig, M.R., Stark, O. (Eds.), Handbook of Population and Family Econom­ics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 241-274 (Chapter 6).

Van Rooij, M., Lusardi, A., Alessie, R., 2011. Financial literacy and stock market participation. J. Financ. Econ. 101 (2), 449-472.

Vella, F., 1998. Models with sample selection bias: a survey. J. Hum. Resour. 33 (1), 127-169.

Verheul, I., Thurik, R., Grilo, I., van der Zwan, P., 2011. Explainingpreferences and actual involvement in self-employment: gender and the entrepreneurial personality. J. Econ. Psychol. 33 (2), 325-341.

Viitanen, T., 2014. The motherhood wage gap in the UK over the life cycle. Rev. Econ. Househ. 12 (2), 259-276.

Villeval, M.C., 2012. Steady, ready, compete. Science 335 (6068), 544-545.

Vogler, C., 1998. Money in the household: some underlying issues of power. Sociol. Rev. 46 (4), 687-713.

Vogler, C., Brockmann, M., Wiggins, R.D., 2006. Intimate relationships and changing patterns of money management at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Br. J. Sociol. 57 (3), 455-482.

Vogler, C., Lyonette, C., Wiggins, R.D., 2008. Money, power and spending decisions in intimate relation­ships. Sociol. Rev. 56 (1), 117-143.

Wagner, J., 2007. What a difference a Y makes—female and male nascent entrepreneurs in Germany. Small Bus. Econ. 28, 1-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-0259-x.

Waldfogel, J., 1998a. Understanding the “family gap” in pay for women with children. J. Econ. Perspect. 12 (1), 137-156.

Waldfogel, Jane, 1998b. The family gap for young women in the United States and Britain: can maternity leave make a difference? J. LaborEcon. 16 (3), 505-545.

Ward-Batts, J., 2008. Out of the wallet and into the purse—using micro data to test income pooling. J. Hum. Resour. 43 (2), 323-351.

Warren, T., 2006. Movingbeyond the gender wealth gap: on gender, class, ethnicity, andwealth inequalities in the United Kingdom. Fem. Econ. 12 (1-2), 195-219.

Weichselbaumer, D., 2004. Is it sex or personality? The impact of sex stereotypes on discrimination in appli­cant selection. East. Econ. J. 30 (2), 159-186.

Weichselbaumer, D., Winter-Ebmer, R., 2005. A meta-analysis of the international gender wage gap. J. Econ. Survey 19 (3), 479-511.

Weinberg, B., 2000. Computer use and the demand for female workers. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 53 (2), 2290-3008.

Weinberger, C.J., 1998. Race and gender wage gaps in the market for recent college graduates. Ind. Relat. 37 (1), 67-84.

Weinberger, C.J., 1999. Mathematical college majors and the gender gap in wages. Ind. Relat. 38 (3), 407-413.

West, C., Zimmerman, D.H., 1987. Doing gender. Gend. Soc. 1 (2), 125-151.

Wiepking, P., Maas, I., 2005. Gender differences in poverty: a cross-national study. Eur. Socio. Rev. 21 (3), 187-200.

Williams, D.R., 2012. Gender discrimination and self-employment dynamics in Europe. J. Socio-Econ. 41 (2), 153-158.

Wilmoth, J., Koso, G., 2002. Does marital history matter? Marital status and wealth outcomes among pre­retirement adults. J. Marriage Fam. 64 (1), 254-268.

Winter-Ebmer, R., Zweimiiller, J., 1997. Unequal assignment and unequal promotion in job ladders. J. LaborEcon. 15 (1), 43-71.

Woolley, F., 1988. A non cooperative model of family decision making. LSE Working Paper tidi/125.

Woolley, F., 1996. Getting the better of Becker. Fem. Econ. 1, 114-120.

Woolley, F., 2003. Control over money in marriage. In: Grossbard-Shechtman, S.A. (Ed.), Marriage and the Economy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 105-128.

Woolley, F., Marshall, J., 1994. Measuring inequality within the household. Rev. Income Wealth 40 (4), 415-432.

Wozniak, D., Harbaugh, W.T., Mayr, U., 2010. Choices about competition: differences by genderand hor­monal fluctuations, and the role of relative performance feedback. Working Paper, MPRA.

Wrohlich, K., 2004. Child care costs and mothers’ labor supply: an empirical analysis for Germany. DIW Discussion Paper No. 412.

Wu, A.Y., Karamcheva, N.S., Munnell, A.H., Purcell, P.J., 2013. How do trends in women’s labor force activity and marriage patterns affect social security replacement rates? Soc. Secur. Bull. 73 (4), 1-24.

Yamokoski, A., Keister, L.A., 2006. The wealth of single women: marital status and parenthood in the asset accumulation of young baby boomers in the United States. Fem. Econ. 12 (1-2), 167-194.

Yodanis, C., Lauer, S., 2007. Economic inequality in and outside of marriage: individual resources and insti­tutional context. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 23 (5), 573-583.

Young, M., 1952. Distribution of income within the family. Br. J. Sociol. 3 (4), 305-321.

Young, M.C., Wallace, J.E., 2009. Family responsibilities, productivity, and earnings: a study of gender dif­ferences among Canadian Lawyers. J. Fam. Econ. Iss. 30, 305-319.

Zagorsky, J., 2003. Husbands’ and wives’ view of the family finance. J. Socio-Econ. 32(2).

Zelizer, V.A., 1989. The social meaning of money: special monies. Am. J. Sociol. 92 (2), 342-377.

Zelizer, V.A., 1994. The creation of domestic currencies. Am. Econ. Rev. 84 (2), 138-142.

Zick, C.D., Bryant, W.K., Srisukhumbowornchai, S., 2008. Does housework matter anymore? The shifting impact of housework on economic inequality. Rev. Econ. Household 6 (1), 1-28.

Zweimiiller, M., Winter Ebmer, R., Weichselbaumer, D., 2008. Market orientation and gender wage gaps: an international study. Kyklos 61 (4), 615-635.