Contents
17.1. Introduction 1420
17.1.1 HealthtoIncome 1422
17.1.2 IncomeandIncomeInequalitytoHealth 1423
17.1.3 ScopeoftheChapter 1423
17.1.4 OrganizationoftheChapter 1424
17.2.
Health and Income: A First Pass 142517.3. HealthDeterminationofEconomicInequality 1436
17.3.1 Overview 1436
17.3.2 HealthandWages 1437
17.3.2.1 Productivity 1437
17.3.2.2 Discrimination 1439
17.3.2.3 NonwageCostsandNonpecuniaryBenefits 1441
17.3.2.4 Evidence 1442
17.3.3 Health and Work 1447
17.3.3.1 Incapacity and Involuntary Unemployment 1448
17.3.3.2 Disability Insurance 1449
17.3.3.3 Preferences 1451
17.3.3.4 Life Expectancy 1452
17.3.3.5 Evidence 1453
17.3.4 Early-Life Health Determinants of Later-Life Economic Inequality 1459
17.3.4.1 Health, Cognitive, and Noncognitive Capabilities 1460
17.3.4.2 Education 1462
17.3.4.3 Fetal Origins Hypothesis 1465
17.3.4.4 Economic Consequences of Early-Life Ill-Health 1466
17.3.5 HealthandOccupation 1468
17.3.6 Health and Household Income 1470
17.3.7 Health and Wealth 1471
17.3.8 Summary 1473
17.4. EconomicDeterminationofHealthInequality 1476
17.4.1 Overview 1476
17.4.2 Income and Wealth Effects on Adult Health 1478
17.4.2.1 CausalityTests 1478
17.4.2.2 CausalEffects 1482
17.4.3 Income and Wealth Effects on Health Behavior 1489
Handbook of Income Distribution, Volume 2B
© 2015 Elsevier B.V.
All rights reserved. 1419
ISSN 1574-0056, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59429-7.00018-2
17.4.4 IncomeEffectsonMedicalCare 1491
17.4.5 Income Effects on Child Health 1492
17.4.5.1 EvidencefromHigh-IncomeCountries 1492
17.4.5.2 Evidence from Low-and Middle-Income Countries 1496
17.4.6 Conclusion 1498
17.5. Economic Inequality as a Determinant of Health 1499
17.5.1 Overview 1499
17.5.2 Basic Hypothesis: Inequality Threatens Everyone's Health 1500
17.5.3 Alternative Hypotheses: Health Responds to Absolute or Relative Income 1502
17.5.4 Evidence 1504
17.5.4.1 EmpiricalChallenges 1504
17.5.4.2 Income Inequality Hypothesis 1505
17.5.4.3 Relative Hypotheses 1512
17.5.5 Conclusion 1512
17.6. Conclusion 1513
Acknowledgments 1516
Appendix 1516
Data Sources 1520
References 1520