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Conclusion

The four ecofictional narratives discussed above narrate how the tribal ecoethics lost their significance and are now almost forgotten with Christianity emerging as the religion of the tribes.

With the consequent modernisation and urbanisation, the green world of the tribes now has grown into the barren brown wasteland. This transformation has occurred due to what Chinua Achebe has mentioned as “the white man, the new religion, the soldiers, the new road- they are all part of the same thing” (Achebe 1986: 85). The tribal ecoethics have been lost in amnesia. After this amnesia, the narratives are making us realise the significance of the great tradition and how we have inherited a wasteland out of the devastation of a real ecotopia where there was a unique ecocracy. To revive the lost tradition, it is difficult now. But efforts to ecocratise the lost green world through shallow ecological practices will positively bring peace and prosperity to our aggrieved world and repair the loss to some extent. Hence, the discussed narratives make us nostalgic of the glorious past, promote green awareness in us and caution us to safeguard our future through revival of the lost ecoethical tradition by blending the past with present.

Notes

1 Abor is the old word used for the present day Adi tribe.

2 Easterine Iralu and Easterine Kire are one and the same author. Her maiden surname is Kire. After marriage, she changed her surname to Iralu. Her initial publications were with the surname of Iralu. But afterwards she changed her surname and published new editions under the maiden surname of Kire.

References

Achebe, Chinua. Arrow of God. Portsmouth: Heimann Publishing, 1986.

Bradley, Ian. God is Green: Ecology for Christians. Surry Hills NSW, Australia: Image Books, 1992. Dai, Mamang. The Legends of Pensam. Gurgaon: Penguin, 2006.

--------. The Black Hill. New Delhi: Aleph, 2014.

Das, Nigamananda. ‘Matrices of Culture and Anti-colonial Resistance in Chinua Achebe’s Arrow of God and Easterine Iralu’s A Naga Village Remembered: A Comparative Study’. Synthesis 3 no 2 (June 2010): 40-50.

-----. ‘The Idea of Evil among the Adis of Arunachal Pradesh: A Study of Mamang Dai’s The Legends of Pensam’. In Construction of Evil in North East India: Myth, Narrative and Discourse, 68-78. New Delhi: Sage, 2012.

-----. ‘Metaphysics of Nature in Northeast Indian writing in Englis’. Drishti - The Sight 9 no 1 (2020): 7-13.

-----. ‘Revisiting Naga Resistance to British Colonialism: A Study of A Naga Village Remembered and Related Historical Texts’. In Tribe British Relations- Revisiting Text, Perspective and Approach, 157-168. Singapore: Springer, 2021.

Fox, Matthew T. ‘Creation Spirituality’. In Environmental Ethics-Divergence and Convergence, 228­235. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1998.

Francis of Assisi. ‘Canticle of the Sun’. In Wikipedia, 1-4. Francis of Assisi. n.d. Accessed on 29 March 2022.

Iralu, Easterine. A Naga Village Remembered. Kohima: Ura Academy, 2003.

Jamir, Emisenla. ‘Phenomenology of Alienation and Eco-ethics: A Study of N. Scott Momaday, Leslie Marmon Silko, Temsula Ao and Easterine Kire’. Unpublished PhD thesis. Submitted to Nagaland University. Kohima: Nagaland University, 2018.

Kire, Easterine. When the River Sleeps. New Delhi: Zubaan, 2014.

-----. A Naga Village Remembered: Sky is my Father. Revised and enlarged ed. New Delhi: Speaking Tiger, 2018.

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Source: Behera Maguni C. (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Readings on Tribe and Religions in India: Emerging Negotiations. Routledge,2024. — 502 p.. 2024

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