Conclusion
Roman religion did not impose a rigid division of ritual authority along gender lines. It allowed women to serve as priestesses and ritual assistants in public rituals performed on behalf of the community.
As they carried out their ritual obligations, these women wielded a wide variety of ritual instruments, including objects that enabled them to perform tasks resembling domestic work and those necessary for pouring libations and offering blood sacrifices. In fact, priestesses and female ritual assistants performed nearly every type of ritual and employed nearly every type of ritual implement attested for their male counterparts. This is not to say that ritual practice subverted the gender hierarchy, which tended to subordinate women to men and restricted their access to the political and military realms. Women were not, for instance, involved in taking the auspices, an overtly political task, and are never associated in the ancient sources with the lituus, the ritual wand of an augur. Instead, the ancient evidence suggests that the dominant ideology of gender could accommodate a robust role for women in civic cult.
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