Contents

General Introduction

Professor Stewart Sutherland, Principal, King’s College, London ix

Part 1: Religion and the Study of Religions

Editor: Stewart Sutherland 1

1. Religion and the Religions

Peter Byrne, King’s College, London 3

2.

Stewart Sutherland 29

3. Religion and Ideology

Anders Jeffner, University of Uppsala 41

4. Atheism and Agnosticism

Anders Jeffner 52

Part 2: Judaism and Christianity

Editor: Leslie Houlden, Professor of Theology, King’s College,

London 61

5. Introduction

Leslie Houlden 63

6. Israel Before Christianity

RJ. Coggins, King’s College, London 68

7. The First-Century Crisis: Christian Origins

John Muddiman, University of Nottingham 91

8. Judaism

Albert H. Friedlander, Westminster Synagogue, London 111

9. Christianity in the First Five Centuries

William Frend, University of Glasgow 142

10. Eastern Christianity since 451

Hugh Wybrew, Anglican Cathedral, Jerusalem 167

11. Christianity in the West to the Reformation

Christopher Harper-Bill, Strawberry Hill College, Twickenham 193

12. Christianity in Europe: Reformation to Today

Sheridan Gilley, University of Durham 216

13. Christianity in Africa from 1450 to Today

Peter Clarke, King’s College, London 243

14. Christianity in North America from the Sixteenth Century

Richard Cawardine, University of Sheffield 257

15. Christianity in Latin America from the Sixteenth Century

D. A. Brading, Centre for Latin-American Studies, University of

Cambridge 265

16. Christianity in India from the Sixteenth Century

Ian Clark, St Catharine’s College, University of Cambridge 272

17. Christianity in China from the Sixteenth Century

Robert Whyte, China Study Project, Tunbridge Wells 279

18. Christianity Today

Simon Barrington- Ward, Bishop of Coventry 287

Part 3: Islam

Editor: Peter Clarke, Department of the History and Philosophy of

Religion, King’s College, London 305

19.

Peter Clarke 307

20. Early Islam

Julian Baldick, King’s College, London 313

21. Islam in North Africa

M. Brett, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 329

22. Islam in Iran

Julian Baldick 354

23. Islam in the Indian Sub-Continent

F. A. Nizami, Centre for Islamic Studies, University of Oxford 368

24. The Turks and Islam

J.D. Norton, University of Durham 390

25. China’s Muslims

R. Israeli, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 408

26. Islam in Indonesia

E. U. Kratz, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of

London 425

27. Islam in the Middle East

Denis MacEoin, University of Durham 456

28. Islam in Tropical Africa to c. 1900

J.O. Hunwick, Northwestern University 470

29. Islam in Tropical Africa in the 20th Century

Peter Clarke 486

30. Islam in Contemporary Europe

Peter Clarke 498

31. Islam in North America

S.S. Nyang, Howard University 520

Part 4: The Religions of Asia

Editor: Friedhelm Hardy, Department of the History and Philosophy of Religion, King’s College, London 531

32. Introduction

Friedhelm Hardy 533

33. Philosophical and Religious Taoism

Bulcsu Siklds, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of

London 542

34. Mazdaism (‘Zoroastrianism’)

Julian Baldick 552

35. The Classical Religions of India

Friedhelm Hardy 569

General Remarks on the Religious History of India 571

Vedic Religion 575

The Renouncer Traditions 582

Epic and Puranic Religion 604

Mahayana Buddhism and Buddhist Philosophy 627

Hindu Philosophies and Theologies 637

Later Jainism 646

The Esoteric Traditions and Antinomian Movements 649

36. Saivism and the Tantric Traditions

Alexis Sanderson, Oriental Institute, University of Oxford 660

37. Modem Hinduism

Glyn Richards, University of Stirling 705

38. Sikhism

C. Shackle, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of

London 714

39.

WJ. Johnson, Wolfson College, University of Oxford 726

40. Buddhism and Hinduism in the Nepal Valley

David Gellner, St John’s College, University of Oxford 739

41. Buddhism in China

Bulcsu Siklds 756

42. Buddhism in Japan

Bulcsu Siklds 768

43. The Religions of Tibet

Tadeusz Skorupski, School of Oriental and African Studies,

University of London 779

44. Buddhism in Mongolia

Bulcsu Siklds 811

Part 5: Traditional Religions

Editor: Peter Clarke, Department of the History and Philosophy of

Religion, King’s College, London 819

45. Introduction

Peter Clarke 821

46. Shamanism

I. Μ. Lewis, London School of Economics, University of London 825

47. Australian Aboriginal Religion

K. Maddock, Macquarie University 836

48. Melanesian Religions

V. Lanternari, University of Rome 843

49. Maori Religion

T.P. Tawhai, Massey University 854

50. African Traditional Religion

T.O. Ranger, St Anthony’s College, University of Oxford 864

51. North American Traditional Religion

G. Cooper, University of Leicester 873

52. Latin American Traditional Religion: Three Orders of Service

Gordon Brotherston, University of Essex 883

Part 6: New Religious Movements

Editor: Peter Clarke, Department of the History and Philosophy of

Religion, King’s College, London 905

53. Introduction

Peter Clarke 907

54. North America

R. Wallis, Queen’s University, Belfast 912

55. Western Europe: Self-Religions

P. Heelas, University of Lancaster 925

56. Japan

A. Lande, University of Uppsala and Peter Clarke 932

57. Africa

H. W. Turner, Sellyoak Colleges, University of Birmingham 945

58. ‘Secularisation’: Religion in the Modern World

Bryan Wilson, All Souls College, University of Oxford 953

Index 967