GENERAL INDEX

Aelian

De natura, 177

Aeschylus

Fragment 90, Libation Bearers 207, 209 Seven Against Thebes 207 Prometheus 207

Akhenaton - Aton 103

Alastruey, Gregory 3

Albright, William F.

Alcuin 135

Altheim, Franz 207, 215 Alexander of Abunoteichus 34, 141 Ambrose of Milan 35

De mysteriis 1 8

In Lucam 212

Exp. Ev. Luc 234

De inst. Virg. 234 De Obitu Theod. 234

Ambrose Autpert 135

Ammianus Marcellinus 35

Andreas of Caesarea

Commentary 133

Andresen, Carl 137

Anthes, Rudolf 118, 119

Anthesteria 62-65, 67, 127

Aphrodite 24, 31, 54, 56

Apollinarius 250 f, 254

Apollo 143, 156

Apollonius (Anti-Montanist) 161

Apollonius of Rhodes

Argonautica 89

Apophis 86, 118f

Apringius

Tractatus 134

Apuleius

Golden Ass (Metamorphoses) 14, 31, 46, 49, 72, 77, 79, 98, 102, 111

Ara Coeli, Church of 33, 164 Aratus

Phaenomena 111

Aristophanes 7, 8, 80, 175

Aristotle

De caelo 87-88

De mirabilibus 100

Athenian Const. 210

Arnobius

Contra gentes 179

Arrowsmith, William 179

Artemis 31

Artotyritai 162

Ashe, Geoffrey 192

Asklepios 141, 180f

Aland, Kurt 137

Astarte 3, 57

Astral motifs 108ff

Astrology 86

Atargatis 31, 57, 58

Athanasius 203, 250f,

Apologia 153

Athanassakis, Apostolos 45, 209

Athena 33, 181, 203

Athenaeus

Deipnosophistae 99, 178, 179

Athenagoras

Supplicatio^, 153, 209, 230

Attis 51, 71, 76, 159, 164

Attridge, Harold W. 53

Audollent, Auguste 22, 30

Augustine

Questiones 31,

De civitate dei 32, 34, 36, 37, 77,

79, 81, 90, 134, 210 Enarratio 37, 41

Sermon 42, 235

De Symbolo 134, 235

De haer. 150, 162

De benedictione 182

Epistolae 182

Opus imperf. 183

De genesi 212

In Ps. 239

In Joh. Tr. 239

Tract. 239

Aurelius, bishop 41

Austin, R.G. 143

Bailey, Cyril 70

Bailey, D.S.

Bangerter, Otto 149

Baptism 50, 75 (Taurobolium and

Baptism), 79 (Change of cloth­ing), 125 (Tertullian)

Baramki, Dimitri 22

Barnes, Timothy D. 137

Barth, Karl 238

Bartholomew, Gospel of 12

Batey, Richard A. 167

Baudissin, Wolf 25

Baumann, Herman 8, 78, 208

Bayer, F. W. 174

Beatus 134

Beda 134

Begg, Ean 214

Behm, Johannes 175

Belck, Waldemar 137

Benko, Stephen 1, 2, 9, 93, 109, 114, 123, 141, 144, 152, 162, 182, 188, 190,239, 258

Benz, Ernst 8

Bernard of Clairvaux, St. 228

Bertholet, Alfred 8, 23, 79, 127

Betz, Hans Dieter 116, 144

Bickerman, Elias J. 26, 28

Black goddesses 210ff.

Biome, Friederich 186

Boer, Charles 209

Boff, Leonardo 227f.

Boll, Franz 86, 110

Bolle, Kees W. 91, 208

Bonnett, Hans 118, 119, 124

Bonwetch, D. Nathanael 137, 143, 146, 162

Borgeaud, Willy 63

Bousset, Wilhelm 85

Boyer, Carolo 206

Brandon, S.G.F. 88

Bratton, F.G. 103

Brinktrine, J. 247, 250

Brock, Sebastian 107

Brown, Peter 11, 148, 162

Brown, M.R. 213

Brown, R.E. 84, 236, 246

Bruguera, Justino 213

Brunner, Emil 1

Bruns, J.E. 84

Brunswick, Sheldon 59

Budge, E.A. Wallis 118, 122

Burch, U. 106

Buckley, Jorunn J. 9

Burghardt, Walter J. 203, 236, 240

Burrus, Virginia 74

Bynum, Caroline Walker 7

Caelestis 5, 20, 21-43, 56, 79, 81, 101, 129, 146, 223, “daemon of Carthage” 26

Caesarius

Expositio 134

Calder, W.M. 137, 157, 161

Caligula (Gaius) 44

Callistus 145

Campbell, Ena 215

Campenhausen, H.V. 258

Carol, Juniper B. 14, 204, 221, 252, 256

Carrigan, K. 148

Carroll, Michael P. 166, 168, 192 264

Carthage 22ff, 27, 29, 31, 81

Carvoran Inscription 112 Cassiodorus 133,

Complexiones 135

Castration see Galli

Catullus

Attis (#63) 73

Celestine, bishop 254f.

Celsus

True Word 142

Charles-Picard, Gilbert 22, 23, 30

Charles-Picard, Gilbert and Colette 23

Chemerey, Peter 91

Chrysostom

Homily 156

Cicero

Wrrzzz£ Orations 29

De divinatione 29

De natura deorum 95

Clemen, Carl C.

Clement of Alexandria

Protrepticus Ί5> 179 Paedagogus 209, 231

Clothing 79 (Transvestism), 101, 107 (Garments of Glory)

Collins, Adele Y. 84, 115

Constantine, Emperor

Oratio 114

Cornford, F.M. 91

Council of Chalcedon 256, 260

Council of Ephesus 136, 164, 216 256f., 260

Crawley, Ernest 68, 101

Cross, F.M. 24, 58

Culianu, Ian Petru 91

Cullman, Oscar 245, 246, 258, 261

Cumont, F. 30

Cureton, William 58, 59

Cutten, George B. 168

Cybele, Magna Mater, Great Mother 5, 13, 14, 18, 20, 31, 40, 52, 65,70-82, 106, 129,1'30,138, 151, 152, 154, 158-169, 191, 201f., 203, 211, 214

Cyprian

Quod idola 31

De lapsis 34, 35

Epist. 150

De habitu 153

De unitate 233

Cyril of Alexandria 253ff.

Cyril of Jerusalem 161f., 188, 259 Czestochowa (Jasna Gora), Black

Virgin of 225

Daemons 108, 187

Dalman, Gustav 59, 60, 61, 62 Dance, Sacred 77, 201

Danielou, Jean 3, 149 Dautzenberg, Gerhard 149

Davis, G.H. 201

Davies, Stevan L. 9, 30

Dawe, Donald G. 258, 259

Day, John 115

Dea Syria see Syrian Goddess de Chardin, Pierre Teilhard 6 de Labriolle, P. 137, 162, 163 Delahaye, Hippolyte 56

Delius, Walter 1, 235, 247 de Lubac, Henri 6

Demeter 44, 68, 71, 174E, 177f., 182, 190, 210

de Ridder, Cornelius A. 222 Deubner, Ludwig 67 Detienne, Marcel 65

Deucalion 54, 57, 62, 127, 207 Dibelius, Martin 230

Didymus of Alexandria

De Trinitate 138, 143

Dieterich, Albrecht 85, 113, 206f. 215

Dieterich, Ernst Ludwig 8, 23

Dio

History 96

Diodorus, Siculus 89, 174, 179

Diogenes Laertius

Prologue 93

Dionysus 46, 55, 58, 63, 65-70, 140, 152, 158, 166, 201

Dionysus of Halicarnassus 230 Dodds, E. R. 65, 143, 166f.

Dolger, Joseph 30, 54, 113, 124, 163, 174, 180, 183, 188, 191

Domaszewski, Alfred S. 30, 33, 113 Doresse, J. 127

Drexel, W. 43, 70

Drijvers, J.W. 6, 53, 78 Durand-Lefebvre, Μ. 215

Duthoy, Robert 74

Eichrodt, Walter 244

Eissfeldt, Otto 186

Eisler, Robert 98, 100

Elagabalus 32, 33, 70, 104

Elah-Gabal 32

Eleusian Mysteries 65, 72

Eliade, Mircela 7, 13, 59, 70, 81, 106, 126f., 208, 209,212,216

Empedocles

Fragment 120

Engelsman, Joan Ch.

Ephraem the Syrian 53

Enthusiasm (Entheos) 143, 149, 156, 157, 158, 167

Epiphanius 163, 193 Panaron 132, 135, 137, 138, 142, 144, 145, 146, 149, 153f., 162, 170, 190f. 192, 212, 240, 241

Erman, Adolf 88

Ernst, J 84

Esposito, John L. 165

Eucharist 76, 182, 188

Euripides

Bacchae 64, 66, 210

Fragments 89, 90, 96

Ion 98

Aeolus 120

Eusebius 163, 193,

Vita C. 38

Historia Ecclesiastica 137, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 152, 157, 161, 191, 249

Praeparatio 179

Eutyches 256

Eutychius, Patriarch 193

Eva-Maria 168, 169, 195, 229ff. Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 67

Farnell, Lewis R. 175, 179, 264 Fauth, W. 179

Fehrle, Eugen 156

Fendt, Leonhard 3, 4, 5

Ferculum (religious banquet) 36 Filastrius 40

Ficker, Gerhard 137

Firmicus Maternus

De errore 32, 40, 45, 70, 75, 76, 77, 240

Firmiiian 150

Flugel, J.C. 101

Foerster, Werner 27, 110 Fontenrose, Joseph 117, 120 Ford, Messingberd J. 137, 159 France, Anatole 146

Frankfort, Henry 118

Frazer, James G. 89, 177, 179

Freud, W.H.C. 137

Friederich, Johannes 65

Frost, Frank J. 100

Furtwängler, A. 25

Galli, 40, 55, 57, 78-74, 77, 78, 152, 161

Gallinger, H. 94

Gaster, Theodor H. 115, 117, 121

Gibbon, E. 40

Gibbs, John J. 238

Giles, F. J. 103

Gillinger, Hildegard 95

Girandoot, NJ. 91

Glossolalia 144

Glotz, Gustave 100

Goodspeed, EJ. 9, 116

Gordon, Cyrus H. 117

Goree, William B. 137

Grant, Michael 86, 117

Grant, Robert Μ. 9, 127

Graef, Hilda 134, 235, 252, 256

Graves, Robert 67, 115, 118, 179, 201, 208

Great Mother see Magna Mater, Cybele,

Great Mother Archetype 12

Greely, Andrew Μ. 6, 80, 81

Gregory Nazianzen

Oratio 211, 259

Epistle 25If., 259

Gregory of Nyssa

In diem natalem 240

Letter to Eustathia 253

Griffith, F.L.E. 124

Griffiths, J. Gwynn 44, Ill, 118,

121

Gryson, Roger 149

Gunkel, Hermann 85, 107, 115

Gurel, Lois Μ. 101

Guthrie, W.K.C.

Haase, Felix 193

Halsberghe, G.H. 30, 103

Halver, Rudolf 106

Hardmann, Oscar 206

Harnack, A. 137, 174, 204f.

Hase, Karl von 1

Heath, Thomas 110

“Heaven” 22, 87-95

Hefele, Ch.J. 253, 260

Heil, John Paul 125

Heine, Susanne 149

Helios 57, 103

Hempel, J. 244

Henze, Helen R. 124

Hera 31, 53, 56

Herrn, Gerhardt 22

Hermann, A. 124

Hermas

Shepherd 116, 154, 229

Herodas (Herondas)

Miniambus 180

Herodian

History 33, 70 Herodotus 13, 14, 17, 25, 39, 45, 65,

66, 124, 167, 178, 179, 191 Hervieux, Jacques 201 Hesiod

Theogony 7, 24, 89, 90, 111, 117, 118, 209

Weeks and Days 123, 207

Heyob, Sharon K. 43, 44, 45, 48, 49,

51

Hierapolis 53ff., 81, 127 “Hieros Gamos” 63, 67, 68, 69, 76,

104, 127, 152, 158, 167

Hilary of Poitiers

In Ev. Math. 242f.

De Trinitate 260

On the Holy Spirit 260

De Incam. 260

Hildegard von Bingen 153 Hippolytus

Refutation 34, 138, 142, I486, 175,

209

Treatise on Christ 131,

Philosophumena 145, 146

Contra Noetum 241

Hirst, Desire 10

Horig, Monika 53, 57

Hoffmann, RJ. 142

Holtzmann, Oskar 94

Homer

Iliad 120, 122, 207

Odyssey 118

Homeric Hymns 90, 117, 175, 209 Hopfner, Theodor 27, 50, 109, 119,

191

Horace

0^30, 123f.

Horn, Marilyn J. 101

Hubbard, Margaret 124 Hughes, Philip 256 Humphrey, W.L. 186 Huss, Werner 23

Huynen, Jacques 212

Hyde, Walter W. 166

Ignatius 161, 182, 196, 248

Innitzer, Theodor Kardinal 84 Irenaus 10, 131, 169, 240

Adv. Haer 140, 144, 155, 205, 211, 231, 236f., 239

Isis 5, 13, 14, 15, 20, 31, 43-53, 56, 85,120,124

Julius Solinus 30

Jackson, S.M. 174

Jaeger, Werner 122

Jäger, F. 124

James, E.O. 16, 117, 177

James, P.P. 84

Jeremiah, prophet 25, 184f.

Jeremias, Alfred 86, 110, 116, 184, 186

Jeremias, Joachim 244

Jerome

Epistolae 34, 131, 134, 138

Josephus

Antiquities 51, 183f.

Judeich, Walter 62

Jülicher, Adolf 137, 150

Julia Domna 33

Julian, Emperor 35, 80, 81, 103,

129

Jung, Karl 12, 13

Juno 22, 28, 29, 31, 33 Quno Moneta) Caelestis 30ff., 40, 51, 53, 80, 99, 112

Justin Martyr

Dialogue 169, 236

Apology 1

Juvenal

Satires 210

Kaiser, Otto 115

Kees, Hermann 118, 121, 124

Kelly, J.N.D.

Kelly, Joseph P. 204

Kelsey, Morton T. 168

Kerenyi, Karl (Karoly) 63, 65, 104 164, 201

Keuls, Eva C. 65

King, Karen L. 15

King, N.Q. 251

Kirk, G.S. 122

Klauser, Th. 175

Klinz, Albert 67

Kloos, Carola 115

Knopf, Rudolf 9

Knox, R.A. 168, 180

Koch, Glenn A. 170

Koch, Hugo 236

Koepgen, Georg 6

Kollyridians 3, 18, 25, 163, 169, 170-195

Koran 194

Kosnetter, Johann 84, 87

Kramer, Samuel N. 67, 88, 116 118, 122, 208

Kraemer, Ross Shepard 65, 66 167, 170

Krause, W. 113

Labarre, Franz 22

Lactantius

Divinae Inst. Ill

Laing, Gordon J. 177

Lang, Charles H. 91

LaPorte, Jean 149

Latte, Kurt 30

Laurentin, Rene 256

Lawler, Lillian B. 201

Lehman, Karl 97

Leeming, D.A. 11

Leenhard, Franz J. 1

LeFrois, Bernard 131, 134

Leo, bishop of Rome 260

Leontius of Byzantium 193

Lietzman, Hans 84

Ligrinski, E. 23

Livy

Ab urbe condita 27, 28, 29, 66, 67,

70, 74

Lloyd, G.E.R. 122

Lohmeyer, Ernst 94, 95, 105

Long, Charles A. 88

Loofs, F. 249, 253

Lucian

De Dea Syria 53ff., 73

Dialogues of the gods, 7^

Alexander 141

Philopseudes 142

Lexiphanes 208

Lucretius

De rerum natura 68,73, 90, 123, 208, 209

Lusley, F. Stanley 91

MacDonald, Dennis R. 8, 9, 79,

103

Macrianus 33, 34

Macrobius

Saturnalia 26, 27, 103, 188 Maenads 5, 201 Magisterium 219 Magna Mater see Cybele Malbon, Elizabeth S. 125 Man, A. 175 Mar, Barbara 127 Markos, the Gnostic 3 Martial 73, 179f. Martianus Capella

De Nuptiis 98, 99, 112

Mary, Virgin 1, 10 and paganism 2, 3, 4 virgin birth 10, 11 “virgin earth” 11, 18, 206-216, 223 (Black Madonna) basic principle of Mariology 14, 82 and the Church 18, 229-245 and Isis 52 Queen of Heaven 83-136, (Rev.12) 130, 216ff and 4. Eclogue 114 not to be worshipped 172 raised in the temple 197, perpetual virginity 199, 202ff., dances in the Temple 201, immaculate conception 204, titles 218, co-redemptrix, mediatrix, dispensatrix 222f. dressed as a queen 225, appearances 224f. coronation 225 and the Holy Spirit 227-228, theotokos 245ff.

Masson, Georgina 97 Matter, Ann E. 6

Maximilia 138ff., 171 Maximus the Confessor 6 McLaughlin, Elener 149 Meeks, Wayne A. 6, 79, 167 Megalensia 71

Melito 152

Meltzer, Otto 22 Menzel, Brigitte 39 Merkelbach, R. 115 Methodius of Tyre

Symposium 131, 233 Meyer, Ed. 24, 43, 119 Meyer, Marion W. 70 Miegge, Giovanni 14, 165, 204, 253 Minucius, Felix Octavius 45, 52, 73

Mischkovszki, Herbert 189

Mollenkott, Virinia R. 7

Momigliano, A. 70

Mommsen, August 63, 175

Mommsen, Theodor 30

Montanus 137ff.

Montanism 15, 17, 80, 130, 137-169

Morenz, Siegfried 88, 92, 118, 119, 122

Moscati, Sabatino 22

Mother Goddess, 5, 16

Movers, F.C. 22, 30

Mundle, Ilsemarie 30, 33

Munter, Friederich Ch. 23

Music, Sacred 77

Mylonas, G.E. 76, 175, 179

Nakedness, Ritual 102, 103

Nauck, August 89

Navigium Isidis 45 f.

Nestorius 204, 253ff.

Neuman, Erich 12

Newman, John H., Cardinal 250

Niditch, Susan 115

Nilsson, Martin P. 27, 63, 65, 103

Nisbet, R.G.M. 124

Nock, D. 44, 47, 78

Norden, E. 84, 143

Oberhammer, E. 91

Obscenity in religion, 67-69, 179, 186

Ochshorn, Judith 13, 21

O’Connor, Edward D. 204, 206 Oden, Robert A. 53, 57, 58, 59 Oecumenius

Commentary 132

O’Flaherty, Wendy Doniger 7, 8

Olson, Carl 6

Orgia 5, 65, 66, 68, 69, 165

Origen 131, 152, 250

Contra Celsum 3, 128, 156, 258, De principiis 9 2

Osiris 44, 45, 120, 124

Osterley, W.O.E. 201

Otto, W. 65

Ovid

Fasti 29, 111, 175

Metamorphoses 111, 120, 122, 175, 176, 207

Amores

Pagels, Elaine 156

Pantheon 96, 164

Papal bulls and letters

Ad Coeli Reginam 217, 220

Ad diem ilium 220, 222

Adiutricem populi 223

Cum quorumdam 203

Fidentem piumque 223

Fulgens Corona Gloriae 217, 220,

222

Humani Genesis 219

Ineffabilis Deus 204, 220

Inter sodalicia 22 lucunda semper 222 Lumen Gentium 235

Mulieris dignitatem 226

Munificentissimus Deus 217, 222,

Mystici coporis 217

Octobri Mense 223

Redemptoris Mater 226, 247

Ubi primum 224

Papias 140

Patai, Raphael 8, 115, 208

Paul of Samosata 249, 251 Pausanias

Guide to Greece 25, 62, 63, 71, 118, 156, 180, 209, 210

Pedley, John Griffith 23

Pelagius 204

Pepin, J. 97

Pepuza 139ff., 154

Perkins, Pheme 16

Pertinax 33

Pesch, Otto Herman 206 Pestalozza, U. 16 Peterson, E. 107 Pfeiffer, R.H. 186 Pfister, F. 103

Phillips, John A. 238

Philomarionites (Kollyridians)

163

Philostratus

Imagines 24

Life 96

"Pillar Saints” 56

Pindar 24

Plato

Symposium 7, 8, 91, 108, 207 Timaeus 109

Menexenus 209

Pliny

Naturalis Historia 26, 53, 73, 78, 98, 181, 191, 210, 230

Pliny the Younger 196

Plutarch

De Iside et Osiride 24, 45, 50, 58,

119, 120

Gaius Gracchus 29

Lives 30

Crassus 80

Lucullus 178

Polybius

Histories 26, 28

Polycarp 140, 157, 169

Pope, Marvin H. 67, 115, 186, 213

Popes John Paul II 225, 247

Leo XIII 223

Pius IX 223

Pius X 220

Pius XII 220

Powell, Douglas 137

Preisendanz, K. 23

Preston, JJ. 13, 16, 159, 215

Prigent, Pierre 128, 131 Primasius 133,

Commentarius 135

Priscilla 1381T., 171, 191, 192

Pritchard, James B. 116, 118, 119 Proclus

Commentaries 90

Propertius

Elegies 177

Prostitution, Temple 38f. 106 (pro­miscuity)

Protoevangelium of James 18, 38, 196-206

Prümm, Karl 2,5

Prudentius

Peristephanon 75

Pseudo-Eratosthenes

Catasterismi 111

Pseudo-Melito Apology 58

Pythia 143

"Queen of Heaven” 31, 57, 112, 129, 130, 170, 173, (Jeremiah), 185 (Jeremiah), 186, 188, 216ff., 262

Quodvultdeus 42, 43, 136

Raven, J.E. 122

Ray, J. 117

Reuther, Rosemary 6, 149 Richardson, C.C. 9, 238 Ringgren, H. 95, 228

Roeder, G. 43, 118

Rohde, Erwin 63, 65, 66

Rondet, Henri 206

Ronzevalle, P. 23

Roscher, W.H. 30, 104

Roschini, P.G.M. 3, 27, 204, 221

Rose, HJ. 28, 63, 67, 175, 176 179, 189, 191, 201

Rousselle, Aline 11, 162

Rumi Jalal Al-din 165

Rupp, A. 65

Rylaarsdom, J.C. 61, 62

S. Maria Maggiore, Church of 97, 164, 216

Salvian 43

Sanders, G.M. 70

Sandstrom, Alan R. 215

Scarborough, John 100

Schäfer, Heinrich 98

Scheeben 221

Scheidt, David L. 19

Schepelern, Wilhelm 77, 137, 143, 160, 162

Schillebeckx, E. 223

Schimmel, Annemarie 165

Schmaus, Μ. 206

Scullard, H.H. 27, 30

Seboldt, Roland H. 222

Seeberg, R. 137, 174

Selene (Luna) 54, 56, 104

Seneca

Apocolocyntosis 45

Epistolae 96

Septimius Severns 33, 139

Servius

Commentary on Virgil 26, 96, 210 Seth 119, 120, 122, 124

Sethe, Kurt 88, 90, 120

Showerman, Grant 70, 74, 165

Sibylline Oracles 123, 230 Sickeiberger, J. 84

Silius Italiens 22, 32

Simeon Stylites 56

Simon, Ulrich 92

Simpson, Cathbert A. 115

Sjoo, Monica 127

Skinner, John 115

Smith, Jonathan Z. 10, 79, 103

Smith, Morton 19, 26

Smith, R. Bosworth 22

Socrates

Church History 258

Soil, Georg 206, 221

Solmsen, Friederick 43

Soper, Alexander C. 97

Sproul, Barbara C. 88

Staudacher, Willibald 88, 90, 122

Stauffer, E. 165, 244

Stocks, H. 53, 59

Stow, Merlin 6

Strabo

Geography 53, 77

Suetonius,

Hero 5Ί, 96

Swindler, Leonhard 6 Symmachus 35

Syrian Goddess (Dea Syria) 20, 40, 53-65, 129

Taber, Linda M. 91 Tanit 23-29, 40, 54, 101, 185 Tatian

Oratio 230 Taurobolium 75, 78, 165 Taylor, H.O. 153f. Tentori, Tullio 159 Tertullian 138, 240,

Apologeticum 31, 34, 79 Ad Nationes 31, 32, 34 De ieiunio 34, 101, 145, 146 De Baptismo 125, 150, 232 De Oratione 153, 232

Adv. Marc. 140, 240, 241

De Fuga 145

De came Ch. 240, 24If.

De anima 145, 149, 180

De virginibus vel. 145, 150, 153

De monogamia 145, 147f.

De pudicitia 145, 232

De exhortatione 147

Ad uxorem 148

De praescriptione 150, 151,

Ad Martyras 232

TeVelde, H. 118, 119, 120, 124 Thales 19

Theocritus 175 Theodore of Mopsuestia 253 Theodoret of Cyprus

Historia Religiosa 55 Theotokos 5, 136, 249ff. Thiele, George 110 Thomas, Garth 70 Thomas, Gospel of 9 Thurston, Bonnie B. 149 Trajan 196 Tran Tam Tinh 44, 52 Trede, Th. 214, 224 Trible, Phyllis 6 Tyconius

Commentary 133f. Typhon 86, 117, 124

Ulanov, Ann Belford 13

Ulpian

Regulae Iuris 27

Unger, D. 131

Usener, Hermann 54

Valerius Maximus 3, 38, 39, 81

Van der Leeuw, G. 13

Van Essen, C.C. 208

Van der Toorn, Karen 39

Vatican Council II 224

Venus 38, 49, 80

Vermaseren, Maarten J. 53, 70,

71, 72, 74, 75, 165

Victor of Vita 42

Victorinus

Commentary 133

Vidman, Ladislaw 43

Virgil

\eneid 22, 28, 29, 32, 96, 143, 210, 229

Georgien 26, 122,

< Eclogue 113, 189, 230

Virginity 11, 177

Vischer, Eberhard 85

Vogel, lul. 28

Vogt, Joseph 153

Vollert, Cyril 219

Wallace, Howard 115

Walton, Francis R. 57

Warmington, B.H. 101

Warner, Marina 215, 224, 225 Water, Flood-waters 53, 54, 58, 60

(Hebrew), 62 (Greek), 121ff., 125

(Baptism), 127 (Genderless) Watts, A.W. 8

Wehr, Lothar 182

Wendland, Paul 128 Werblowsky, RJ. Zwi 1 West, M.L. 122

Wetherington, Ben 149

White, Leslie A. 103 Wieland, F. 189 Wilamowitz-Mollendorf, U. 209 Wild, Robert A. 47, 49 Williams, F. 170

Willoughby, Harold 70, 72, 175 Winter, Chris 105

Winter, Urs 16, 39, 67, 186, 188,

208

Witt, R.E. 15, 43, 52, 166, 212 Wünsch, Richard 180, 181, 183 Wüst, Ernst 91

Xenophanes,

Fragment Fortress, 1978; Leonard Swidler, Biblical Affirmations of Woman, Philadelphia: West­minster, 1979. Andrew M. Greely, The Mary Myth. On the Feminity of God, New York: Seabury Press, 1917, chap. 3, “The Androgyny of God,” pp. 49-72, developed this theme and stated, “God is both masculine and feminine and may well have been thought of as a woman long before she/he was ever thought of as male” (p. 49). Greely proposed that Mary should be regarded as the “symbol of the feminine component of the deity” (p. 13) because she “reveals the tender, gentle, comforting, reassuring, ‘feminine’ dimension of God” (p. 17). “Mary is the Catholic Christian religion’s symbol which reveals to us that the Ultimate is androgynous, that in God there is both male and female... She reveals to us the feminine dimensions of the Chris­tian God, and at the same time reinforces our perceptions of all things, including ourselves, as androgynous in some fashion” (pp. 216-217). See also p. 87 on his ideas about the androgyny of Jesus. But Greely falls short of acknowledging Mary as a goddess, although he admits that “Mary... is part of a great tradition of female deities, all of whom reflect the human con­dition that God has feminine as well as masculine characteristics” (p. 13). “Mary reveals, as do all goddesses, the feminine aspect of the deity” (p. 36). Yet Mary is different (p. 71). Greely was not the first to advance such thoughts. Prior to him, George Koepgen, Die Gnosis des Christentums, Salzburg: Verlag Otto Muller, 1939, pp. 318-319, proposed that the church is an andro­gynous entity, because in Jesus, male and female are united. The celibate priest is a visible symbol of this androgyny, and since the priest is virgin, in his soul, male and female are united. (Cf. J. W. Drijvers, “Virginity,” ER, vol. 15, pp. 179-281.) This is not an altogether new idea. Wayne A. Meeks, “The Image of the Androgyne: Some Uses of a Symbol in Earliest Christianity,” History of Religions 13 (1974) 165-208, quotes Maximus the Con­fessor (580-662): Christ “unified man, mystically abolishing by the Spirit the difference between male and female and, in place of the two with their peculiar passions, constituting one free with respect to nature” (Questiones ad Thalassium, vol. 48). See also E. Ann Matter, “The Virgin Mary: A Goddess?” in Carl Olson, ed., The Book of the Goddess. Past and Present, New York: Crossroad, 1939, pp. 80-96; Rosemary Redford Ruether, Mary-The Feminine Face of the Church, Philadelphia: Westminster, 1977; Merlin Stone, When God Was a Woman, New York: Dial Press, 1976 (this book has very good refe­rences, but no footnotes, and that diminishes its usefulness). Here should also be mentioned Henri de Lubac, The Eternal Feminine, London: Collins, 1970, a study of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin’s poem of Love and his views on The Eternal Feminine and Mary. De Chardin is quoted as expressing “the need to correct ‘a dreadfully masculinized’ conception of the Godhead” (p. 126). I am omitting here books dealing with the typology of Mary and the church; the number of these books and articles is very great. (See n. 2

²¹ Logion 22, A. Guillemont et al., eds., The Gospel According to Thomas, Leiden: E. J. Brill; New York: Harper and Brothers, 1959, pp. 17-19. This saying is also used in the early Christian homily called 2 Clement, chap. 12. Here, however, the preacher interprets the saying as a call for moral purity and asceticism. See Rudolf Knopf, Lehre der zwolf Apostel. Zwei Clemens- briefe, Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1920, pp. 170-171 (Handbuch zum Neuen Testament, Ergänzungsband I). An English translation is also available in E. J. Goodspeed, The Apostolic Fathers, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950, p. 90, and C. C. Richardson, Early Christian Fathers, Phila­delphia: Westminster, 1953, pp. 197-198. See also the fragments of the Gospel of the Egyptians, in E. Hennecke and W. Schneemelcher, New Testament Apocrypha, Philadelphia: Westminster, 1963, vol. 1, pp. 166-167. On Thomas, see especially Stevan L. Davies, Thomas and Christian Wisdom, New York: Harper & Row, 1983. A commentary on the Gospel of Thomas was published by Robert Μ. Grant, The Secret Sayings of Jesus, Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1960. See also Dennis Ronald MacDonald, There Is No Male and Female: The Fate of a Dominical Saying in Paul and Gnosticism, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987. Useful is Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley, Female Fault and Fulfillment in Gnosti­cism, Chapel Hill and London: Univ, of North Carolina Press, 1986, espe­cially chap. 5, “An Interpretation of Logionll4 in The Gospel of Thomas,” pp. 84-104. Similar is another saying of Jesus, when the disciples asked him: “When will thou be revealed to us and when will we see Thee?” The answer of Jesus was: “When you take off your clothing without being ashamed, and take your clothes and put them under your feet as the little children and tread on them, then (shall you behold) the Son of the Living (One) and you shall not fear.” Finally, the last logion: “Simon Peter said to them: Let Mary go out from among us, because women are not worthy of the Life. Jesus said: See, I shall lead her, so that I will make her male, that she too may become a living spirit, resembling you males. For every woman

³² The Jungian theory about the mother-archetype is discussed in great detail by Erich Neuman, The Great Mother. An Analysis of the Archetype

³⁶ Giovanni Miegge, The Virgin Mary, Philadelphia: Westminster, 1956, to name one example, did this with excellent results. Very informative also is the great three-volume work by Juniper B. Carol, ed., Mariology, Milwau­

⁹ The name of Tanit itself may have a connection with the watery element of the sea, which was such an important part of polytheistic mythologies. This idea was suggested by F. Μ. Cross, who wrote: “The epithet Tannitu, literally ‘the one of the (sea) serpent’ or ‘the Dragon Lady,’ is identical with the Carthaginian goddess Tanit (tlvvl Tevveii), consort of Ba’al Hammon, “Lord of Amanus,” epithet of Kronos... ” The word Tannit, Cross says, must be derived from TNN, especially Tannin, which means “dragon” or “serpent” and is strikingly similar “to the oldest epithet of Elat-Asherah: Atiratu Yammi, “Asherah of the Sea (dragon).” (Frank Moore Cross, Jr., “The Origin and Early Evolution of the Alphabet,” Eretz Israel 8 [1967] 8-24. See also his remarks on the great goddess of Canaan, consort of El, whose epithet is “the Serpent Lady.” F. Μ. Cross, “Yahweh and the God of the Patriarchs,” Harvard Theological Review 55 [1962] 225-259, esp. 238. Also F. Μ. Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, 1973, pp. 28-36. See, however, Μ. Leglay, Satume Africaine, Paris, 1966, who dismisses the claim.)

If this were the case, Tanit on one hand is a goddess associated with the sea and at the same time associated with the moon, and thus, a celestial figure. That the phases of the moon and the tides of the sea are interdepen­dent is a well-known phenomenon, and so is the fact that the female cycle and the moon’s phases resemble each other. We remember at this point that the Greek goddess Aphrodite, too, had associations with both the sea and the sky: according to one tradition, she rose from the foam that gathered around the genitals of Ouranos (sky) when Zeus cut them off and threw them into the sea. (On the birth of Aphrodite, see Hesiod, Theogony 188-200.) Thus, she is from Heaven and from the sea, and the girls who sing her praises “by looking upward indicate that she is from Heaven and by slightly moving their upturned hands they show that she has come from the sea, and their smile is an intimation of the sea’s calm.” (Philostratus,, Imagines [Eikones], LCL, Arthur Fairbanks, ed., London: Heinemann, 1960, pp. 130-133.)

For a comparison, see Ed Meyer, “Astarte,” in W. H. Roscher, Ausführ­liches Lexikon der Griechischen und Romischen Mythologie, Leipzig: Teubner, 1884-

¹⁶ Thus, Horace, in Odes 2.1, referring to the defeat of the republicans in Africa, says: Juno quit Africa with all the gods.” H. E. Butler, The Odes of Horace in English Verse, Latin text with translation, London: G. Bell, 1929,

⁴⁵ “Siccae enim fanum est Veneri, in quod se matronae conferebant atque dei procedentes ad questum, dotis corporis iniuria contrahebant honesta nimirum tam inhonesto vinculo coniugia inuncturae. ” Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum memorabilium libri novem 2.6.15, Lipsiae: Teubner, 1988, C. Kempf, ed., p. 81. Sicca or Sicca Veneria in what is today Tunisia was the center of the cult of Venus. Modern name of the town is le Kef Action was taken against two such temples by the emperor Constantine, as reported by Eusebius Vita Constantini 3.55 and 58. This is what he says; 3.55 NPNF, Series II, vol. 1, pp. 534-535: Constantine had the temple of the “foul demon” Venus at Aphaka on Mt. Lebanon destroyed, because in there effeminate priests “forgot the dignity of their sex” and there was “unlawful commerce of women and adulterous intercourse.” 3.58 NPNF, op. cit., pp. 535-536: in the City of

⁸⁵ The pronunciation of “Hera” and “hire” is, of course, similar, but let us remember that Hera is the Greek Juno. About speculations “Hera” and “aer,” see p.32. The modern name of the place is Mambij, which comes from the ancient Mabbug. Pliny, Natural History 5.19.81: “Bambyce which is also named Hierapolis, and by the Syrians Mabog-here the monstrous god­dess Atargatis, who is called by the Greeks Derceto, is worshipped.” LCL, R.

⁹⁰ Did the Christian “pillar-saints” learn something from this practice? It certainly would stand to reason since these anchorites were also from Syria and some form of influence cannot be rejected. Theodoret of Cyprus, Historic, religiose seu ascetica vivendi ratio (MPG 82, 1283-1496), or History of the Monks, in chap. 26 gives an account of the famous Simeon Stylites (395-451),

¹⁰⁸ Pirke Rabbi Eliezer 35, ET, Gerald Friedlander, London: Kegan Paul, 1916, p. 263. See also Yoma 77b-78a: “R. Eliezer b. Jacob said: (Hence) go forth to the waters which will bubble forth from under the threshold of the Sanctuary,” The Babylonian Talmud, op. cit., Seder Mo’ed, pp. 379-380. The waters of the pool of Siloam from which the libation water was taken were believed to have miraculous qualities and were sometimes compared with the waters of creation: “If a man had an impurity in his hand even if he dipped it in the water of Siloam or the water of creation, he could not purify himself eternally. But if he throws the impurity away he could purify himself immediately,” Talmud Yerushalmi, Tannit 65a, Venice: Daniel Bomberg, 1524. Jesus sent the blind man here to wash off the clay from his eyes, John 9.7; see to this, Gustav Dalman, Sacred Sites and Ways, London: SPCK, 1935, pp.

¹¹³ The most often quoted classical source is Euripides’ Bacchae, but Greek vase painting also provides valuable information. For a commentary on the Bacchae, see E. R. Dodds, Euripides’ Bacchae, Oxford: Clarendon 1960. The LCL edition of the Bacchae was prepared by Arthur S. Way and published in 1942. Among scholarly analyses outstanding are the following: Erwin Rohde,

¹²⁸ De rerum natura 4.1103-11114, ET, Charles E. Bennett, New York: W. J.

¹⁵² “The power of dance in religious practice lies in its multisensory, emotional, and symbolic capacity to communicate. It can create moods and a sense of situation in attention riveting patterns by framing, prolonging, or discontinuing communication. Dance is a vehicle that incorporates inchoate

¹⁵⁵ According to William F. Albright, From Stone Age to Christianity, New

** Ernst Lohmeyer, Die Offenbarung des Johannes. 2. ed. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1953, p. 98. See also Oskar Holtzmann, Das Neue Testament. Giessen: Topelmann, 1928, p. 928: “Die Mutter des Messias ist nach dem Bild einer

⁴⁹ Other similar structures were in Hadrian’s villa in Tivoli, in several of the imperial baths, and other buildings. Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of

⁵¹ Karl Lehmann, “The Dome of Heaven,” Art Bulletin 27 (1945): 1-27; this quotation, p. 9. “If the derivation of the Christian vision of heaven from an unbroken and ever growing stream of pagan tradition is obvious, the connection is further borne out by the persistence and reorganization of specific elements of classical tradition”: Lehmann, op. cit., p. 9. Karl Leh­man’s study of celestial symbolism in Western architectural decorations was continued and expanded to the Asian world by Alexander Coburn Soper, "The ‘Dome of Heaven’ in Asia,” Art Bulletin 29 (1947): 225-248. Amanda K. Coomaraswamy, “The Symbolism of the Dome,” investigated the idea in Hindu thought. This essay can be found in Roger Lipsey, Coomaraswamy, Princeton: University Press, 1977 (Bollingen Series 89). See also Jean Pepin,

¹¹² These are some of the best known Greek myths involving dragons or serpents: The dragon killed by Cadmus (Thomas Bulfinch, Mythology, New York: Dell, 1979, pp. 80-82 and 108-110. H. J. Rose et al., “Cadmus,” in The Oxford Classical Dictionary,2 Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970, pp. 186-187.)

The sea-monster in the myth of Andromeda. (Michael Grant, The myths of the Greeks and Romans, New York: New American Library, 1962, p. 346; H. J. Rose, “Andromeda,” The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2 pp. 63-64.)

The myth of Typhon (or Typhaon, or Typhoeus) is known in two variants, one recorded in the Homeric Hymns, the other by Hesiod in the Theogony. (Both are available in the Loeb edition: Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns and Homerica, ET by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, LCL, Cambridge, Mass.” Harvard University Press, 1954.) One is in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo 3.300-373, the other in the Theogony 820-868. Other variants of the Typhon story are sum­marized by Robert Graves, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 56; Μ. Grant, op. cit., pp. 118-126. Joseph Fon ten rose, Python. A Study of Delphic Myth and Its origins, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959, p. 21, lists five versions of Apollo’s combat with the dragon.

Closely related to these stories is that of Python. According to this myth, Zeus fell in love with Leto, a female Titan, but Hera sent the serpent Python to pursue her and prevent her from being delivered of her children. Finally

¹⁵² The list is not complete, and those who desire more information

² We arrive at this date by following Epiphanius, however, Eusebius

²³ Eusebius, H.E. 5.14.11 “Of these (i.e. the enemies of the church) some like poisonous reptiles crawled over Asia and Phrygia, and boasted that Montanus was the Paraclete and that the women of the sect, Priscilla and Maximilia, were the prophetesses of Montanus/’ op.cit. p. 471; Epiphanius, Panarion 48.11: Montanus said “It is I, The Lord God the Almighty who am present in man.” Again, Montanus said: “I am neither an angel nor an envoy, but I, the Lord, God the Father, have come.” Bonwetsch, Texte, op.cit. p. 19. Hippolytus, Refutation 8.12: “And they assert that into (Priscilla, Maximilia and Montanus) the Paraclete Spirit had departed.” ANF 5.123;

⁴¹ So it was stated by Callistus, bishop of Rome (217-222) in his famous edict, which caused Tertullian to write his venomous reply in De pudicitia, Hippolytus in his Philosophumena 9.12 also attacked the lax standards of the

⁶³ See Acts 21.9 (Philip’s daughters); 1 Cor. 11.4-5 (women must cover their head when prophesying); see also Didache 10.7; 11.3. A brief discussion by Jean Danielou, The Ministry of Women in the Early Church. London: The Faith Press, 1961. Also Rosemary Reuther and Eleaner McLaughlin, Women of Spirit. Female Leadership in the Jewish and Christian Tradition. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979. The growing number of books dealing with women’s place in early Christianity is discussed and analyzed by Susanne Heine, Women and Early Christianity. A Reappraisal. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1988. From among the many books that were recently published about women’s place in the early Christian church, I have con­sulted the following, in addition to the others quoted above: Dautzenberg, Gerhard, et al. (editors), Die Frau im Urchristentum. Freiburg: Herder, 1983; Susanne Heine, Frauen der Frühen Christenheit. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1986, English translation: Women and Early Christianity. Minnea­polis: Augsburg Press, 1987; Roger Gryson, Le Ministere des Femmes Dans LEglise Ancienne. Genbloux: Duculot, 1972; Otto Bangerter Frauen in Aufbruch, Neukirchen: Neukirchener Verlag, 1971. Ben Wetherington, Women in the Earliest Churches. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988; Jean La Porte, The Role of Women in Early Christianity. New York and Toronto: Edwin Mellen Press, 1982; Bonnie Bowman Thurston, The Widows. A Woman's

¹¹¹ Op.cit. 5.17.11, pp. 491-493. If Montanist prophets in fact made them­selves look as Apollonius claimed, then they could only adopt these customs from Cybele’s “galli” and not from any Christian practice. In which case

¹³² For a continued presence of pneumatic movements in the Christian

⁶ Diodorus Siculus, World History (Bibliotheca) 2.36.2: “In addition to the grain of Demeter (δημητριακών καρπών) there grows throughout India much millet...” ET.: C. H. Oldfather, LCL. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U.

¹⁹ See Gordon J. Laing, Survivals of Roman Religion. New York: Cooper Square, 1963, p. 164. The Institutes of Gaius 1.112. “Women are placed in the hand of their husbands by confarreation, through a kind of sacrifice made to Jupiter Farreus, in which a cake is employed, from whence the ceremony obtains its name; and in addition to this, for the purpose of performing the ceremony, many other things are done and take place, accompanied with

³⁷ Pliny, Naturalis Historia 22.68.138. “Panis hie ipse quid vivitur innu­meros paene continet medicinas.” “The very bread which forms our staple diet, has almost innumerable medicinal properties.” Among others Pliny lists the following: it softens abscesses; is good against violent fluxes of phlegm, bruises, sprains, callosities of the feet, looseness of the bowels, catarrhs, improvement of voice, scaly eruptions on the face, swollen eyes, palsy. Of course, bread is to be properly prepared for a specific effect. Pliny, Natural History W.H.S. Jones, editor, LCL. London: Heinemann, 1961, vol. 5, pp. 392-395; Amylon cures many diseases, op. cit. p. 22.67.137 (LCL. vol. i„ pp. 392-393) - Oatmeal boiled in vinegar (avenacea farina) removes moles (loc. cit. p. 392-393) - On the Roman use of barley and wheat, op. cit. 18.13.78 -

⁶⁷ Macrobius, Saturnalia 3.11.3-6: “...it is clearly declared in the Papirian legal code, that a table which has been dedicated can serve the purpose of an

⁷⁰ F. Wieland, Altar und Altagrab der christlichen Kirchen im 4. Jahrhundert.

⁷¹ S. Benko, Pagan Rome and the Early Christians. Bloomington: Indiana U.

³ E. Hennecke, W. Schneemelcher, New Testament Apocrypha. Philadel­phia: Westminster Press, 1963, Vol.I, pp. 370-388; W. Michaelis, Die Apokry­phen Schriften zum Neuen Testament. Bremen: Carl Schünemann Verlag, 1958,

²¹ It was this statement of the Bull which prompted Adolf Harnack to

²⁵ Two excellent books deal with this topic: Albrecht Dieterich, Mutter

⁴³ On the Nature of Things 5.790; Charles E. Bennet, ed. New York: W. J.

¹⁰⁹ Many images of the virgin possess great treasuries which prompted M. Warner, op. tit. p. 117, to comment: “It would be difficult to concoct a greater perversion of the Sermon on the Mount than the sovereignity of

¹ Cumae, or Cuma today, was founded around 750 B.C. by Greek coloni­zers from Chaicis. Its favorable location near Napeles on the coast made it a desirable place to visit and many country villas were erected nearby. The Cumaean Sybil was always thought of as a very old woman. Legend had it that she lived for a thousand years and eventually shriveled up so that she just floated in her cave as a whisper. A good example of contemporary beliefs about the Cumaean Sibyl and her manner of prophesying is the description by Virgil in the sixth book of the Aeneid. According to tradition preserved by

⁴ For commentary see Martin Dibelius, Der Hirt des Hermas. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1923, p. 452. The statement of Hermas about the prominence of the church is similar to that voiced by the apostle Paul in

⁹ Paedagogus 1.6. GCS 12.115; ET.: ANF s.220. See also Paedagogus 1.5: “the

³⁶ The literature on this topic, as in every aspect of Mariology is without end. The following titles, however, are specifically helpful: Walter Delius, Geschichte der Marienverehrung. Munchen/Basel: Ernst Reinhardt Verlag, 1963. Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion. New York: Sheed

⁷⁵ J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Creeds, London: Longmans, 1960 (second ed.) pp. 13 ff. presents another theory but he himself admits that so far as explicityly formulated credal confessions are concerned, those of the single

⁸⁷ E.R. Hardy and C.C. Richardson, Christology of the Later Fathers, (The

⁹⁰ Hardy and Richardson, Christology...p. 31: “For this connection the term ‘theotokos’ ‘God-bearer’, is first formally employed with a reverse

⁹³ Ch. J. Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church. Vol. 3, English Translation: Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1883. A good concise description of the historical background and of the proceedings at the Council is given by Giovanni Miegge, The Virgin Mary. Philadelphia: Westminister, 1955. pp.53 ff. Relevant works of Nestorius are available in the edition Friedrich Loofs, Nestoriana. Die Fragmente des Nestorius. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1905, especially the following statements: Sed et virginem christotocon ausi sunt cum codo quodam deo tactare divinam. Letter “Ad Caelestinum I. Loofs, op. tit. p. 164, lines 4-5;