Index

All page numbers refer to the 2018 print edition.

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations

Aaron 179, 180, 184, 194

Adsagsona 205–6

Aedui 23–24, 32, 33

Aelian 199

Aeneas 196, 197

Aesculapius 66, 131

Ahriman 159

Ahura Mazda 159

Alaisiagae 64

Alban, Saint 179–80, 194

Alci 224

Alemanni 64, 221–22

Alveston, Bristol 16

Amanirenas, Queen 138

Anchises 196

Andraste 48

Anglesey 18–21

Bryn y Môr Farm 139

Llyn Cerrig Bach 19–22, 28, 34, 40, 47, 109, 126, 126, 150

Antenociticus 73–75, 74

Antigone 204

Antonine Wall, Scotland 68, 71

Anvallus 33

Aphrodisias, Turkey iv, 39

Apolinaris, Gaius Julius 76

Apollo 33, 89, 91, 95, 141, 223

Apollo Belenus, cult of 34

Apollo Cunomaglus 89–91, 89, 94

Apuleius, Lucius 172–73

Aquae Sulis see Sulis; Sulis Minerva

Arch of Claudius 38–39, 38

Ariovistus 24

Aristides, Aelius 131

Arrington, Cambridgeshire 200–202, 201

Arthur, King 122

Ashcroft, Cirencester 83, 106, 152, 152

Asklepios 91, 131

Athene 42

Athos, Mount, Greece 21

Atys 166–70, 168

Augustan Histories 28–29

Augustus, emperor 138, 167, 181, 196, 227–28

Aurelian, emperor 28, 163

Ausonius 33–34

Aventina 211

Aventinus 70

Aylesford, Kent xii, xiii, 146–47, 148

Bacchus 85, 161

Baetasians 62

Bassus, Julius 66

Bath

hot springs 111–12, 114–15

Loucetius Mars and Nemetona 226, 227

Sulis Minerva sanctuary x, 79, 83, 91, 99–100, 105–7, 111–17, 123–24, 127–29, 135–37, 160, 177, 190, 215–16, 225, 226

tombstones 209–11

Bede 179, 180, 183

Belatucadrus 62–63, 64

Belenus 33

Benwell, Tyne & Wear 73–75, 74

Bewcastle, Cumbria 63, 219, 219

Birley, Eric 64

Birrens, Scotland 75, 76

Boann 109

Bodicacia, tomb of vii, 50–52, 82

Bodvoc 52

Book of Taliesin 35

Boudica 44, 46–8, 216

attack on Colchester 48, 67, 138

defeat of 26–27, 34

protest against Catus 26–27

‘Queen’s Window’ vi

sack of Londinium 45, 48, 111

tomb of Bodicacia 50–51

Boyne, river 109–10

Brigantes tribe 10, 26, 75

Brigantia 75–6, 75, 171

Brigit, Saint 36

Britannia iv, 75

Bryn y Môr Farm, Anglesey 139

Caelestis Brigantia 76, 171

Caerleon, South Wales

bronze plaque of Victory viii

burial rituals 211–12

cat-faces at 144–45, 144

curse tablets 67–68, 67

death of Julius and Aaron 179, 180, 180

Dolichenus’s cult 172

Julius Bassus 66

Mithraic role of 164–66, 165

Roman cemetery at 168

Caernarfon, Wales 164

Caerwent, South Wales

bowls found at 184

Mars Lenus 65

Romano-Celtic temple 80, 80, 195, 195

sculptures found at 140–41, 140

Caesar, Julius 81, 99

attitude to Britain 21

battle with Pompey 100

Cleopatra and 157, 173

Druids and 18, 24–25, 86, 97, 124, 207

Gallic Wars 32, 33

Gaulish adoption of Roman gods 223–24

human sacrifice 16

pan-Druidic assembly 30, 33

Cairbre of the Cat Head 144–45

Camulodunum (Colchester), Essex Boudica and 48, 67, 138

Claudius and v, 40, 44–45, 138–39, 216–17

Colchester sphinx 213, 213

shaman-doctor of 118, 119–23

tombstone of Facilis 212, 212

Trinovantes and 43–44

Camulos 43, 46

Canterbury Cathedral, Kent 90

Capitoline Triad 42

Caratacus 26

Carnutes tribe 29–32, 33

Carolan, Turlough 126

Carrawburgh, Northumberland xiv, 116, 117, 160–61, 160, 162–63

Cartimandua, Queen 26, 27

Carvoran 167, 169

Cassivellaunus 81

Castell Nadolig, Cardiganshire 22

Castor 224

Cathbadh 35

Catus, Decianus 26–7, 47, 48–9

Catuvellauni tribe 10, 80, 81, 86, 130

Cautes 161

Cautopates 161

Celtiberia 199–200

Ceres 77

Cernunnos 51, 74, 83, 85

Cerrig-y-Drudion, Denbighshire iii, 22

Chartres, France 29–32, 88, 120–21

Chedworth, Gloucestershire 65, 108, 108, 190–91, 191

Chester, Cheshire 56–57, 66, 68, 212

Chesterton, G.K.

Chichester, West Sussex 55

Cicero, Marcus Tullius 23–24, 233

De Legibus 78

Cicero, Quintus 24

Cirencester (Corinium),

Gloucestershire 82–85, 88

Dobunni and 89–90, 144, 152

Genii cucullati plaque 155, 156

medical instruments found in 119–20

mother-goddess figures 103, 106–7, 127, 152

river-gods 111 stag-people 142–43, 142

Civilis, Julius 62–63

Classicianus, Julius Alpinus 49–50, 50

Claudius, emperor 232

Arch of Claudius 38–39, 38

Camulodunum 216, 217

cult of Cybele and Atys 168

Druids and 29

sculpture of iv

statue of v, 44–45, 138–39

temple of 40, 55

Cleopatra 157, 173

Cocceius 71

Cocidius 63, 64, 219–20, 219

Colasuni, Bruccius and Caratius 60–61

Colchester (Camulodunum), Essex Boudica and 48, 67, 138

Claudius and v, 40, 44–45, 138–39, 216–17

Colchester sphinx 213, 213

shaman-doctor of 118, 119–23

tombstone of Facilis 212, 212

Trinovantes and 43–44

Colchester Archaeological Trust 119

Coligny, Bourg, France 207–8, 207

Columbus, Christopher 38

Conare Mor 148, 150

Constantine, emperor 90, 177–78, 181–82, 181, 184, 190, 194, 195

Corbridge, Northumberland 51, 76, 115, 169, 171, 202, 213, 213

Coventina Augusta 116–17, 117, 121

Coventina’s Well, Carrawburgh 116–17, 117, 121, 190

Creighton, John 59, 80

Cu Chulainn 35, 145

Culver Hole Cave, Gower, Wales ix, 40

Cunliffe, Barry 115

Cybele 160, 166–70, 169, 176, 190

Danebury, Hampshire 16, 139, 148, 199

Dannicus 41, 41, 70, 85, 212

Decimius 90

Delphidius 33

Diana 83, 91

Dieburg, Germany 220–22

Dio Cassius 45, 47–48, 52, 78

Diocletian 85, 179

Diodorus Siculus 198

Dis Pater 207

Divitiacus 23, 24, 33–34

Dobunni 52, 80, 82, 83, 90, 130, 144, 152

Doccius brothers 227–28

‘Doctor’s Grave’, Stanway, Colchester 31, 119–23, 119

Dolichenum, Rome 170

Dolichenus 170–72, 172

Domitian, emperor 173

Domna, Julia 167

Donatianus, Marcus Caecilius 167

Drayton, Hampshire 99, 99

Druids 15–36, 47, 78, 217, 224, 235 annihilation of 54

death 198

as dispute arbitrators 86 Julius Caesar’s view of 124

Pliny’s references to 97, 97

Dumnonii tribe 59

Dumnorix 24–25

Dunstable, Bedfordshire 202–3

Earth 103–8

Eliot, T.S.

Emberton, Buckinghamshire 231

Epona 53, 70–72, 71, 73, 76, 150, 173

Esus 26

Esus Mars 100, 101

Euripides, The Bacchae 78–79

Eusebius 183–84

Evans, Arthur 146–47

Evans, John 146–47

Facilis, Marcus Favonius 212, 212

Farley Heath, Surrey 103

Fatima, Portugal 134

Faunus 35

Fedelma 145–47, 148, 150

Felicessimus, Aurunceius 63

Felix, Minucius 166, 168

Felmingham Hall, Norfolk 102

Ferguson, John 182

Ferris, Iain 39

Finn 110

Finnegas the Bard 110

Fiskerton, Lincolnshire 98, 109

Fison Way, Thetford, Norfolk 34–35

Florus 50

Folly Lane, Verlamion 81, 82

Fontes Sequanae, Dijon, France 128–29, 132, 133

Fortuna 66, 76, 222

Foss Dyke, Lincolnshire 60–61, 61

Frampton, Dorset 187–88, 188, 191

Gaius Severius Emeritus 215, 215–16

Gallienus 28

Genders, Rev. Nigel 53–54

Genialis, Julius Indus 41, 41, 70, 85, 212

Genii cucullati 58, 58, 82, 83, 150, 152–53, 155, 156

Genius loci 56–58, 56, 104, 105

Germanicus 134, 135

Gildas 179

Gilfaethwy 142, 150

Gladiator (film) 57

Glevum (Gloucester) 228

Gombrich, Ernst 155

Gower, Foote 88

Gower Peninsula, Wales 99

Gratian 33

Great Chesterford, Essex 85–88, 89

Great Houghton, Northamptonshire 206–7, 206

Gundestrup, Denmark 143, 143, 147

Gutuatrus 32

Gwydion 142, 150

Hadrian’s Wall 42, 157, 231, 233

Antenociticus 73–75, 74

Belatucadrus 62–63

Cocidius 219–20

mother-goddess cult 69

religion along 217, 219

see also individual forts

Harpocrates 173, 174

Hayling Island, Hampshire 40

Henig, Martin 174, 212

Hera 42

High Pasture Cave, Island of Skye 126, 126

Hinton St Mary, Dorset xv, 187, 188, 189, 191

Hirtius, Aulus, de Bello Gallico 32

Holbrook, Neil 83

Hook’s Cross, Hertfordshire 147

Housesteads, Northumbria 58, 58, 64, 65, 69

Huma 53

Hyde, Lewis 235

Iceni tribe 10, 26–27, 34, 44, 46–47, 49

Icklingham, Suffolk 190

Imperial Cult 42–45, 47, 235

Jupiter Optimus Maximus and 60, 76

seviri Augustales 217, 227–28

trio of martyrs 178, 179

Indus, Julius 49, 50

Inveresk, East Lothian 163, 163

Ireland

Druids and 35–36

mythology 104–5, 109–10, 142, 146, 148, 150

river Boyne 109–10

Isis 172, 173–75, 176

Islam 218

Isle of Apple Trees 21

Iucundus, Iulius 128

Janianus 114

Janianus, Tiberius 128

Jazek 69–70

Jennings, Elizabeth 213–14

Jerome, Saint 159

Jesus Christ 177–95, 223

house-church mosaic xv, 187, 188, 189

Lazarus and 213–14

Johns, Catherine 132

Jove 53

Judaism, Romans and 54

Julian the Apostate 90, 195

Julius 180, 184, 194

Juno 42

Jupiter 42, 43, 83–85, 186, 223

Jupiter of Doliche 76, 170–72, 172

‘Jupiter-Giant’ columns 84–5, 84, 87–88, 102

Jupiter Optimus Maximus 60, 76, 102, 218–19

Jupiter-Taranis 89, 93, 101, 102

Justin Martyr 190

Juvenal 40, 42, 53, 54, 157, 167

Keenan, Bryan 125–26

Kimmeridge, Dorset 203

Kipling, Rudyard 158

la Bedoyère, Guy de 58–59, 162

Lankhills, Winchester, Hampshire 202, 203

Larzac, France 206, 207

Lateranus 53

Lazarus 213–14

Lenus Mars 65

Lewis, Mark 165

Lincoln, Abraham 196–97

Lincoln, Willie 196–97

Lindow Man 17–18, 17, 55, 204–5

Llandaff Cathedral 153

Llanfrynach, Vale of Glamorgan 88

Llyn Cerrig Bach, Anglesey 19–22, 28, 34, 40, 47, 109, 126, 150

London (Londinium) 46, 157–58, 161

Boudica’s sack of 45, 48

cult of Cybele 169, 169

Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus’s tombstone 49, 50

as hub of commerce 157–58

Isis 174, 175

river Thames 109, 111

see also Walbrook Valley, London

Longinus 57

Longus 57

Loucetius Mars 105, 225–26, 227

Loughnashade, County Armagh 126

Lucan 25–26, 78, 100–1, 198

Lucretius 233

Lugdunum (Lyon), Gaul 151, 153

Luke 118

Lullingstone, Kent xiv-xv, 188–89, 191

Luna 88, 99–100

Lydney Park, Gloucestershire 130, 133

‘Dream Doctor’ 124–25, 125

shrine at 89, 90, 94–96, 114, 128, 129

McDermid, Val 215

Maenads 46

Magna Mater 166–67, 168

Margidunum, Nottinghamshire 73

Mark Antony 157, 173

Mars 60–66, 88, 142, 154, 223

dedications to 61, 62, 64, 65, 70, 76

Loucetius Mars 105

Lower Slaughter ‘Mars’ 152

votive material 186

Mars Lenus 65, 227

Mars Nodens 96

Mars Ocelus Lenus Vellaunus 65, 195

Mars Thincsus 64, 65

Martiannius Pulcher, Marcus 174

Maryport, Cumbria 42, 61–62, 62, 70–71, 71, 102, 102, 142

Mater 82

Matres (Matronae) 68–69, 82, 105–7, 108

Matronae Aufaniae 201, 201

Mattingly, David 63

Maxentius 182

Maximus, Quintus Peltrasius 220

Mediomatrici tribe 211, 226

Medusa 76, 113

Mellieha Bay, Malta 133–34

Memor, Lucius Marcius 123–24

Mercatilla 209–10, 209

Mercury 76, 154, 202, 231

Cirencester and 82, 83

Dieberg Mithraeum 221

Jupiter-column 88 Nettleton Shrub 91

Rosmerta and 105, 225–26, 227, 228–29, 228

Uley temple to 115, 130, 131, 135–36, 165, 192–93, 193, 222–23

Meroë, Africa 138

Meteora, Greece 21

Michelangelo 156

Mildenhall, Suffolk i, 2

Mill Hill, Deal, Kent 22–23

Minerva 42, 54, 76, 108, 161, 223

Cirencester and 83

dedications to 70

image of 113, 113, 225

see also Sulis Minerva

Mithras xiv, 76, 158–66, 176, 182, 183, 190, 221–22

Moel Hiraddug, Wales 150

Mog Ruith 148

Moltinus 32–33

Moot Hall, Colchester Town Hall vi

Moux, Burgundy 149, 149

Mustius 77

Naharvali tribe 224

Nantosuelta 225–26

Narbonne, France 227–28

Nechtan 109

Nemesis 66, 67–68, 67

Nemetona 105, 225–26, 227

Nemglan 147–48

Neptune 54, 111, 187, 188

Nero 26, 46, 47, 48, 49

Netherby, Cumbria 104, 104

Nettleton Shrub, Wiltshire 89–91, 89, 94

Nodens 89, 94–96, 125, 128, 129, 195

Nuadu 94

Nuits-Saint-Georges, Burgundy 153–54

Oceanus i, vii, 2, 51

Ocelus Vellaunus 65

Oenopio 170

Our Lady of the Animals 167–70

Ovid 167

Pacata, Julia Indiana 49–50

Patrick, Saint 36

Paulinus, Suetonius 18–19, 21, 28, 29, 47, 48, 49, 55

Peregrinus 105, 226–7

Peters, Ellis 118

Phoebicius 33

Piso 134, 135

Plautius, Aulus 52

Pliny the Elder 18, 29, 78

Druids and 97, 97

Naturalis Historia 15

observation of the natural world 97

Romans and Druids 25

Pliny the Younger

Ceres shrine 77, 78, 79

as letter writer 77

Pollux 224

Pompey 100

Ponte di Nona, Rome 132

Portable Antiquities Scheme 92

Posidonius 109

Poundbury, Dorset 194

Prasutagus 26, 46–47, 49, 52

Raftery, Barry 151

Ravenna Cosmography 63

Receptus, Gaius Calpurnius 123–24, 210–11, 210

Redfern, Rebecca 158

Romano-Celtic shrines 79–80, 80, 86

Rosmerta 83, 91, 105, 108, 225–26, 227, 228–29, 228

Ross, Anne 63

Ross Carr, Humber Estuary 40

Sabrina 111

Sacrovir 50

Salus 66

Sami 127

Saunders, George 196–97

Sawtry, Cambridgeshire 172, 172

Scott, Ridley 57

Scriptores Historiae Augustae 28–29

Sedatus, Caius Verius 29–32

Seneca, Lucius Annaeus 46, 233

Senicianus 94, 129, 130

Senilis, Titus Flavius 95

Septimius, Lucius 85

Sequana 128

Fontes Sequanae 128, 129, 132–33

Serapis 161, 173, 174–75, 176

Seth 173

Severus, Septimius 171

Severus Alexander 64

seviri Augustales 217, 227–28

Shakespeare, William 37

Shakespeare Inn, Gloucester 228–29, 228

Shelley, Percy Bysshe 73

Sherratt, Andrew 31

Sibyl 141, 197

Siculus, Diodorus 125, 126, 139

Silchester, Hampshire 127, 127

Silius Italicus 199

Silures 65, 80, 140, 195

Silvanus 63, 91

Silvianus 130

Skellig Michael 21

Sol xiv, 95

Sol Invictus 163, 182

Sol-Mithras 163, 163

Solinus 111, 112

Sophocles 204

South Cerney, Gloucestershire 132

Stanway, Essex 119–23, 119

Star Carr, Yorkshire 147

Stony Stratford, Buckinghamshire 186

Strabo 19, 198

Tectosages tribe 109

Stratton, Gloucestershire 152–53, 152

Sucellus 225–26

Suetonius 173, 197

Suleviae 83, 107, 107, 115

Sulinus 107, 107, 115

Sulis 111–15, 116, 129, 225

Calpurnius Receptus and 123, 210–11, 210

dedication to 124

eye-afflictions 128

healing and 91, 127, 128

Peregrinus 227

pewter masks 123, 123

as solar deity 91

‘Suleviae’ 83, 216

Sulis Minerva 216, 225

curse tablets 135, 136–37

sanctuary at Bath x, 79, 83, 91, 99–100, 105–7, 111–17, 123–24, 127–29, 135–37, 160, 177, 190, 215–16, 225, 226

schist plaque of triple goddesses 106, 106

Tacitus 25, 78, 216

Anglesey 18–19, 20, 28

Annals 44

Brigantes and Iceni 26–27

cursing rituals 134, 135

divination 121–22

Julius Indus 50

Prasutagus 47

rebellion of Boudica 45–6, 224

Taino (Arawak) 38

Taliesin 35

Tamesa 111

Taranis Dis Pater 26, 100, 101

Tectosages tribe 109

La Tène 155

Tertullian 178, 188, 194

Teutas 26

Teutates, Mercurius 100, 101

Thames, river 109, 111

Theodosius, emperor 167

Thincsus 64, 65

Thomas, Charles 187

Thornwell Farm, Chepstow 40

Tiberius 135

The Times 53

Togidubnus 27, 52, 55

Toynbee, Jocelyn 187

Trajan 77

Treveri tribe 50

Trinovantes 43–44, 46–47, 49, 86, 216–17

Tummel Platz Mithraeum, Linz 165–66

Turpilianus 49

Tyrer, Richard 101

Uddin, Jalal 137

Uley, Gloucestershire 135–36, 192–93, 193, 223

‘box’ altar 165

curse tablets 135, 192

links to Bath 115

miniature spears as offerings 130, 131, 136, 192

Upper Deal, Kent 208–9, 208

Val Camonica, Italy 143

Valentinian I 33

Vangiones tribe 74

Vassinus 186

Vellocatus 26

Velva, Julia 212

Venus 88, 154

Venutius 26

Verbeia 111

Vernemeton 105

Verulamium (St Albans; Verlamion) 17, 48, 81, 82, 89, 139, 179

Victoria 67

Victorinus 95, 124, 125, 125, 129

Victory viii, 67, 70, 72, 76

Virgil 141, 196, 197, 199

Virgin Mary 133–34, 156, 230

The Voyage of Bran 21

Vulcan 186

Walbrook Valley, London 111

river Walbrook 158

Walbrook Mithraeum 161–62, 161, 162, 175, 176

Wales

Mithras 164–66

Welsh mythology 141–42, 146, 150

Wanborough, Surrey 89, 92–93, 92, 95

Water Newton, Cambridgeshire 184–85, 185, 186, 186, 192, 234

Webster, Jane 74, 217, 218, 225

Westminster Abbey, London 90

Westwood Bridge, Peterborough 72–73, 72

Wetwang, East Yorkshire xvi, 200

Williams, Rowan 218

Willingham Fen, Cambridgeshire 103, 103

Winchester, Hampshire ii

Witham, river 98, 109

Woodeaton, Oxfordshire 80, 130, 131, 136

Wroxeter, Shropshire 133, 133, 150–51, 151

Wyndham, John 232

Yoruba people 230

Zeus 42, 154