Picture Credits

a = above, b = below, l = left, r = right

2 Trustees of the British Museum, London; 9 © Paul Jenkins; 10 © Martin Lubikowski, ML Design, London; 13 From Bogaers, J.E., ‘King Cogidubnus in Chichester: Another Reading of ‘RIB’ 91’, Britannia 10, 1979; 17 Trustees of the British Museum, London; 20a, 20b National Museum of Wales, Cardiff; 22 Ashmolean Museum, Oxford; 30 © Ian Dennis; 38 Capitoline Museums, Rome.

Colour plates: i, ii (a) Trustees of the British Museum, London; ii (b), iii National Museum of Wales, Cardiff; iv Aphrodisias Museum; ix National Museum of Wales, Cardiff; v Trustees of the British Museum, London; vi Photo © Miranda Aldhouse-Green.

Silver dish from Mildenhall, Suffolk, its central roundel depicting Oceanus, the great river believed by the Romans to encircle the world. (diam. of dish 61 cm/2 ft). The dish comes from a cache of silver treasure deliberately buried in the 4th century AD (see p. 6).

Late Iron Age hoard of Greek-made gold jewelry found near Winchester, Hampshire (see p. 11).

The Iron Age headdress as discovered at Cerrig-y-Drudion, North Wales (see p. 22).

Modern reconstruction of the Cerrig-y-Drudion headdress.

Sculpture showing the violation of Britannia by the emperor Claudius, from Aphrodisias, Turkey (see p. 39).

Life-sized decapitated head from an equestrian statue of the emperor Claudius that once stood outside the great temple at Colchester, found in the river Alde, Suffolk (see p. 44),

Edwardian stained-glass window depicting ‘Boadicea’ (Boudica) from the ‘Queens’ Window’ in the Moot Hall at Colchester Town Hall (see p.

The tombstone of an early 2nd-century AD British woman called Bodicacia, found in 2015 in a Roman cemetery at Corinium. In the apex of the monument the deliberately defaced head of Oceanus, with crab-claws in his hair, is clearly visible (see p. 51). Ht 134 cm (53 in.).

Bronze plaque depicting Victory, from the legionary fortress of Caerleon, South Wales (see p. 67). Ht 26.2 cm (10½ in.).

Early Iron Age bronze figurine of a woman with ornate headdress in the shape of a crescent moon, from Culver Hole Cave, Gower, South Wales (see p. 99). Ht c. 10 cm (4 in.).

The temple-pediment at the entrance to the sanctuary of Sulis Minerva at Bath, showing the great frowning head of a composite male Medusa-sun/water deity (see pp. 111–15).

The great bath at the temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath. A close look at the water reveals the swirl of the springs that fed it, and the steam given off by the heat.

Gilded bronze head from the cult-statue of Sulis Minerva from Bath. The head was deliberately hacked from the body in antiquity, and the face shows cut-marks. Ht 24 cm (9¾ in.).

The wooden, bronze-clad bucket found in a high-status late Iron Age grave at Aylesford, Kent.

One of the two crowned human heads forming the handle-escutcheons

The people dressed up in horse-costumes (see p.

Reconstructed wall-painting from the 4th-century Christian chapel at Lullingstone, Kent, showing a frieze of orantes (praying figures) (see p. 189).

Reconstruction of part of the Carrawburgh Mithraeum, showing Mithras slaying the bull above three altars inscribed with dedications to the ‘Invincible god Mithras’. The one to the viewer’s left shows Mithras identified with the sun god Sol (see pp. 162–63).

The head of Christ in front of a chi-rho symbol, on the 4th-century Christian house-church mosaic from Hinton St Mary, Dorset (see p. 187).

The ‘red lady’ of Wetwang. Iron Age chariot-burial of a high-ranking woman from Wetwang, East Yorkshire. Her rich grave-goods included her war-chariot and many objects decorated with red coral. It is thought that the colour might have been chosen specially in reference (and perhaps deference) to the woman’s bright red facial tumour (see p. 200).