Cultural history: sources and surveys
Three collections of documents covering all or part of the period 1772 to 1848 have been edited by Ivan Franko, Mykhailo Tershako vets’, and Stepan Toma- shivs’kyi. The varied materials deal with the local clergy, establishment of elementary schools, the Studium Ruthenum, textbooks, and censorship.[315]
As for general surveys, only a few older ones cover all aspects of cultural development during the whole period in question.
These include works by My- khailo Vozniak and Volodymyr Hnatiuk who, as representatives of a Ukrainophile view, paint with sympathy the late eighteenth-century achievements of the Austrian government and the early efforts to create a vernacular-based cultural movement in the 1830s and 1840s.[316] In contrast, a monograph on this same period by Ivan Filevych expounds the Russophile view, which is generally critical of the Viennese government for its efforts to “de-Russianize” the local population and for its acquiescence, with the help of the Greek Catholic hierarchy, in allowing further polonization.[317] Variations of the above interpretations are found in studies by lakiv Holovats’kyi, Ivan E. Levyts’kyi, Ivan Franko, and Serhii lefremov, all of whom focus on cultural developments before 1820.[318] The Soviet Marxist view of the early nineteenth century is best outlined in two monographs by Hryhorii Herbil’s’kyi.[319] Fulfilling Marxist criteria, Herbil’s’kyi seeks out and distinguishes progressive from reactionary cultural leaders. Progressive figures are somewhat difficult to find during this period, however, since almost all are clergy in the “reactionary” Greek Catholic church. Herbil’s’kyi does, nonetheless, discuss the secular writings and ideas of the most important figures before the 1830s; he then dwells at great length on the activity of the Rusyn Triad, the first really acceptable “progressive” cultural movement. But the best works on the era of the Rusyn Triad are by the Ukrainian academician Kyrylo Studyns’kyi, who elucidates in great detail the reaction of the Viennese government to the Triad’s activity, and more recently by the Polish historian Jan Kozik, who stresses the influences of Polish intellectuals upon the Triad, as well as their subsequent contacts with other Slavic leaders.[320]
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