Cultural history: the church, national identity, literature
The history of the church during the interwar period is limited to a detailed history of the Ukrainian Theological Scholarly Society (Ukrains’ke Bohoslovs’ke Nau- kove Tovarystvo, 1922-39)[567] and to biographies of the bishop of Przemysl, losafat Kotsylovs’kyi (1876-1947, consecrated 1916),[568] the bishop of Stanysla- viv, Hryhorii Khomyshyn( 1867-1947, consecrated 1904),[569] and most especially Metropolitan Andrei Sheptyts’kyi, the Greek Catholic hierarch whose stature and reputation made him one of the few leaders respected by most factions of the Ukrainian community, as well as in Polish government circles.[570] Interwar Polish authors wrote tracts that were often critical of the role played by Ukrainian churches,[571] while later Soviet writers have also traced the history of the Greek Catholic church during this period and have criticized all aspects of its work, especially the activity of Metropolitan Sheptyts’kyi, who is invariably depicted as one of the greatest enemies of the Galician-Ukrainian people.[572]
Some Dnieper Ukrainians fleeing Soviet rule settled in Galicia where they played a role in cultural affairs.
Their activity as well as the cultural work of Galician-Ukrainian intellectuals who left their homeland for other countries, most especially Czechoslovakia, is surveyed in detail by Symon Narizhyni.[573] The controversy between local Ukrainophiles and Russophiles over national identity, which had been a dominant feature of Galician life under Austrian rule, was after 1919 resolved for the most part in favor of the Ukrainophiles. The Russophiles and their organizations did continue to exist, although in ever dwindling numbers. They seemed strongest only in the westernmost Lemkian region in the Carpathian Mountains where, with cooperation from the Polish government (which for its own reasons favored the idea of a separate Lemkian people), Russophilism continued to persist.[574] There are a few essays available that on the one hand rephrase Russophile ideals under Polish rule or on the other criticize the Ukrainophiles for their supposed lack of total commitment to the Ukrainian cause.[575]There are no histories that attempt to cover all aspects of Ukrainian literary development during the whole interwar period in Galicia.
levhen Pelens’kyi prepared a survey of literary production during the first half of the 1930s, and there are works on several authors who began their literary careers before World War I and who were still active during the interwar years.[576] But it is the Communist and other leftist cultural activists who have received the most attention. Guides to revolutionary writers active in Galicia were prepared already in the 1920s,100 and especially after 1945 they have been idolized in literary histories of the period101 and in bibliographies, biographies, and re-publications of the works of several authors, including Stepan Tudor (1892-1941),102 Myroslav Irchan (1897-1937),103 Petro Kozlaniuk (1904-1965),104 Oleksandr Havryliuk (19111941),105 and most especially laroslav Galan (1902-1949).106100 D. Zahul, V. Atamaniuk, and S. Semko, eds, Zakhidna Ukra'ina (Kiev 1927). See also the later biobibliographical dictionary: M.P. Humeniuk, comp., Pys’mennyky radians'koho L'vova (L‘viv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1960).
101 Stepan Trofymuk, Rozvytok revoliutsiinoi literatury v Zakhidnii Ukrdini 1921-1929 (Kiev 1957); Stepan Trofymuk, Revoliutsiina poeziia zakhidno'i Ukralny 1917-1939 (L’viv LU 1970); Mykola Dubyna, Surmachi vozz'iednannia: literaturno-krytychni narysy (Kiev: Radians’kyi pys’mennyk 1976); B. Buriak, Sluzhinnia narodovi: narysy pro zhyttia ³ tvorchisf Stepana Tudora, Oleksandra Havryliuka, laroslava Halana, Petra Kozlaniuka (Kiev 1954).
See also the extensive sections on literature in eastern Galicia during the interwar period by B.S. Buriak, in Istoriia ukralns’kol literatury, vol. VI (Kiev: Naukova dumka 1970), pp. 435-486 and vol. VII (1971), pp. 318-370.
102 Some of Tudor’s writings, including journalist essays, have been published in his Tvory, ed. la. Tsehel’nyk (Kiev: Derzhlitvydav Ukralny 1959) and Tvory, 2 vols, ed. P.M. Dovhaliuk (Kiev: AN URSR 1962).
Among the works about him are: A.S. Elkin, Stepan Tudor: kritiko- biograficheskii ocherk (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’ 1956); M.M. Oleksiuk, Filosofs’ko- ateistychni pohliady S. Tudora (L’viv LU 1962); la.Kh. Tsehel’nyk, Stepan Tudor (1892-1941): literaturnyiportret (Kiev: Derzhlitvydav Ukralny 1962); 2nd ed. (Kiev: Dnipro 1968); and Stepan M. Trofymuk, Tvorchist’ Stepana Tudora (Kiev: AN URSR 1963).103 For a bibliography of Irchan’s works, see V.V. Mashotas, Myroslav Irchan: bibliohrafichnyi pokazhchyk (Kiev: AN URSR 1961). Some of his writings, including publicist works, have appeared in Myroslav Irchan, Vybrani tvory, 2 vols, ed. L.M. Novychenko (Kiev: Derzhlitvydav Ukralny 1958).
For works about him, see L.M. Novychenko, Myroslav Irchan: literaturnyi portret (Kiev: Derzhlitvydav Ukralny 1958); Vladlen P. Vlasenko and Petro I. Kravchuk, Myroslav Irchan: zhyttia ³ tvorchist' (Kiev: Radians’kyi pys’mennyk 1960); le.M. Antoniuk, “Diial’nist’ Myroslava Irchana iak holovy Spilky revoliutsiinykh pys’mennykiv ‘Zakhidna Ukra'ina’,” Ukra'ins'ke literaturoznavstvo, vol. XVIII (L’viv: Vyshcha shkola pry LU 1973), pp. 64-70.
104 For a bibliography of Kozlaniuk’s works, see M.P. Humeniuk, Petro Kozlaniuk: bibliohrafichnyi pokazhchyk literatury (L’viv: L’vivs’ka biblioteka AN URSR 1954); 2nd rev. ed. (L’viv 1957). For some of his works, including publicist essays, see his Tvory, 2 vols (Kiev: Derzhlitvydav Ukralny 1954); Tvory, 3 vols (Kiev: Derzhlitvydav Ukralny 1960); and Tvory, 4 vols (Kiev: Dnipro 1974).
On his life and work, see B. Buriak, “Petro Kozlaniuk,” in Ukrains’ki radians'ki pys’mennyky: krytychni narysy (Kiev 1957), pp. 240-283; lu.S. Mel’nychuk, “Petro Kozlaniuk,” in his Slovo pro pys’mennykiv (L’viv 1958), pp. 312-377; and lu. Baida, Petro Kozlaniuk: zhyttia ³ tvorchist’ (Kiev: Radians’kyi pys’mennyk 1959).
105 For a bibliography of Havryliuk’s writings, see O.P. Kushch, Oleksandr Havryliuk (1911-
1941): bibliohrafichnyi pokazhchyk (Kiev: AN URSR, 1957).
For some of his works, including publicist essays, see his Vybrani tvory, ed. lu. Mel’nychuk (Kiev: Radians’kyi pys’mennyk 1949); Izbrannoe (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’ 1950); 2nd rev. ed. (1952); and Vybrane, ed. lu. Mel’nychuk (Kiev: Derzhlitvydav Ukrainy 1955).For studies on him, see lurii Mel’nychuk, Oleksandr Havryliuk: zhyttia, revoliutsiina i literaturna dual'nist' (L’viv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1955); Volodymyr Radchenko, Bezsmertia bortsia: zhyttia, revoliutsiina diiaTnist' i tvorchist’ O. Havryliuka (Kiev: Radians’kyi pys’mennyk 1956); and Stepan M. Trofymuk, Oleksandr Havryliuk (Kiev: Dnipro 1968).
106 For a bibliography of Galan’s writings, see M.P. Humeniuk, O.P. Kushch, and 1.1. Shapovalov, laroslav Halan: bibliohrafichnyi pokazhchyk (L’viv: L’vivs’ka biblioteka AN URSR 1956). The most complete collections of his works, including his numerous feuilletons, is the recent: laroslav Halan, Tvory, 4 vols (Kiev: Naukova dumka 1977-).
The most comprehensive studies of his career are by lurii Mel’nychuk, laroslav Halan: zhyttia, revoliutsiina i literaturna diial’nist' (L’viv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1953); Anatolii Elkin, laroslav Galan: ocherk zhizni i tvorchestva (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’ 1955); Kuz’ma N. Mlynchenko, Zbroieiu polum’’ianoho slova: publitsystychna diial’nist’ la. Halana v radians’kii presi (Kiev: AN URSR 1963). See also the popular biographies by Vladimir P. Beliaev and Anatolii S. Elkin, laroslav Galan (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia 1971); Hryhorii H. Kulinych, laroslav Halan: zhyttia i tvorchist' (Kiev: Dnipro 1977); and the emigre study that focuses on Galan’s later years and tries to justify his assassination by a Ukrainian patriot: Petro Tereshchuk, Istorila odnoho zradnyka: laroslav Halan (Toronto: Liga Vyzvolennia Ukrainy 1962).