Glossary

boyars	nobles in the Kievan and subsequent periods
chern	term for lower classes, rabble in i6th-i8th centuries
chernozem	fertile black-earth soil of Ukraine
druzhyna	retinue of fighting men of a prince during the Kievan period (pl. druzhyny)
gymnazium	secondary school, preparatory for university (pl. gymnazia)
haidamak	participant in spontaneous, popular uprisings against the Polish nobles in Right-Bank Ukraine in the 18th century (pl. haidamaky)
hetman	highest military, administrative, and judicial office among Ukrainian Cossacks
hromada	peasant commune or community; in the late 19th century, associations of Ukrainian intelligentsia
kulak	well-to-do peasant
narod	the people or peasant masses; in modern Ukrainian usage also means nation
narodnyk	populist in late 19th-century Russian Empire (pl. narodnyky)
oblast	major administrative unit in Soviet Ukraine
Ostarbeiter	forced laborers from Eastern Europe in Germany during the Second World War
otaman	Cossack leader in the 16th-18th centuries; partisan leader in Ukraine during the 1918–21 period (pl. otamany)
rada	council or assembly
sejm	Polish parliament
sloboda	free, uncolonized lands in Ukraine; temporary postponement of obligations for the use of uncolonized lands (pl. slobody)
starosta	local Polish official
starshyna	officer elite in Cossack Ukraine
szlachta	nobility of Poland-Lithuania
wojewoda	high Polish administrative and military official
votchyna	hereditary landholdings
vozhd	absolute, unlimited leader
zemstvo	institutions of local administration in late 19th-century Russian Empire (pl. zemstva)

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