Index
Abazyn, Andrii, Cossack leader 161
Abwehr, German military intelligence 463
Act of Federation 358
Action Plan 646, 650
Activist Church of Christ 401
Adamkus, Valdus, president of Lithuania 638
Adelaide 567
Adventists (Seventh Day) 520
Aegean Sea 13
agrarian civilizations and societies 5–6
association of Ukrainians with 526
Agrarian Party 628
Agricultural Academy 419
agriculture: in Kievan Rus’ 48–9
and grian boom 86–7
in the Hetmanate 178–9
percent of labor force in 262
commercialization of 264–5
percent of West Ukrainians in 308
restructuring of 411–13
old problems in 433
Soviet failings in 485
attempts to improve 503–5
recent problems in 528
recent reforms in 591–2
in post-Soviet period 623
Akademicheskii kruzhok 322
Akhmetov, Renat 660, 664
Akkerman, Ottoman fortress 112
Alans 13
Alaska 539
Alaska Herald 539
Alberta 546, 564
alcoholism 669
among peasants 310
attempts to combat 324
Aldeigjuborg 26
Aleksei Mikhailovich, tsar of Muscovy:
and Pereiaslav Agreement 134–5, 144
Alexander I, Russian emperor:
hopes for reform by 202
and founding of Kharkiv University 224
Alexander II, Russian emperor:
and emancipation of serfs 252–4
passes Ems Ukaz 283
assassination of 288
Alexander the Great 11
Algirdas (Olgerd), Lithuanian ruler 70, 75, 78
Algirdovych, Volodymyr 76
Allies 489
All-Russian Constituent Assembly 350
All-Ukrainian Association of Proletarian Writers.
See VUSPPAll-Ukrainian Congress of Teachers 536
All-Ukrainian Church Council 400, 402
All-Ukrainian Union of Zemstva 358
Amazons 12
America and Americans 122, 262, 502, 527, 539–40, 592, 639, 646, 662
“American Circle” 545
American Civil War 539
American mainland 26
American Revolution 539
Ameryka 561
Amur Basin: immigration to 262
anarchists.
See Makhno, NestorAnastasia, wife of Iaroslav Osmomysl 60
Andrew, king of Hungary 60
Andrievsky, Dmytro 446
Andrii, son of Prince Iurii 64
Andropov, Iurii, Soviet leader 534
Andrusovo, Treaty of 146, 149
Angles 22
Anglo-Saxons 547
Anhel, partisan leader 362
Anne, daughter of Iaroslav the Wise 33
Antes 21, 53
“Anti-Apokrisis” 101
anti-Semitism 277, 312
traces of 442; 471
and Kichko book 508, 535
Antonenko-Davydovych, Borys:
and Ukrainization 389
Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir, Bolshevik commander 350, 364
Antonovych, Volodymyr, Ukrainian historian:
leader of khlopomany 281, 302
views of 281
opts for compromise 284
and General Ukrainian Organization 293
and Galicia 320, 329–30
“Apokrisis” 101
Apostol, Danylo: hetmancy of 167–8
landholdings of 181
“Apostol” 98
apparatchiki 604, 610
Arabs 22
Arakcheev, Aleksei, Russian minister:
and military colonies 203, 207
arenda and arendar 124
Argentina:
Ukrainians in interwar period 551, 554
DPS in 557, 565
Arianism 94
Arkhangelsk 180
Armenia and Armenians 45, 62
in Poland-Lithuania 81, 84
in Lviv 86, 188
Helsinki Group in 517
relationship with diaspora 572
Armija Krajowa (AK) 474
army:
in Kievan Rus’ 43
Russian garrisons in Ukraine 203
disintegration of Russian imperial 345
Ukrainians in Austrian and Russian 340
Central Rada view of 348
in Skoropadsky Hetmanate 357
of Directory 362
of ZUNR and UNR 372
of Soviets 376
size of Nazi and Soviet 460
Army Staff 349–50
Arpad dynasty 63
Arrow Cross 442
Arsenal 397
Arsenii, Greek scholar 98
Asia, 3, 5
Asia, central 38
Asia Minor, 38, 112
Askold, Varangian leader 26–7
Assembly of Estates 216
assimilation: in the USSR 521–5
among Ukrainians abroad 544, 568, 572
Association of Ukrainian Youth (SUM) 561, 567
Athos, Mount 101
Atlantic Ocean 26
“An Attempt at a Collection of Ancient Little Russian Songs” 228
Audit Union of Ukrainian Cooperatives (RSUK) 438
Augsburg 555
Australia: DPS in 557; 566
Ukrainian community in 567–8, 594
Austria 112, 308, 487, 491, 541, 662
alleged support of Ukrainophiles 299
capital from 312
weakness of 318
invades Ukraine 353
removes Central Rada 356
refugees in 554
DPS in 557, 568
Austrian Empire: nature of 212, 219, 238
change in 243
impact of reforms of 1848 in 259
Galicia as internal colony of 308, 432.
See also Austro-Hungarian EmpireHabsburg empire
Habsburgs
Austrians 592
Austro-Hungarian Compromise 314
Austro-Hungarian Empire: transformation into 314
defeat of 367 448, 539
autocracy: arguments in favor of 202–3
Shevchenko rejection of 234
autonomy: Poltava nobles desire for 209
support of peasants for 298
demands for Galicia and Bukovyna 343
cultural for Jews and Russians 347
Provisional Government reneges on 347
proclaimed in Third Universal 350
of Transcarpathia 450
Hungarian promise of 458
and Shelest 512
Azov Sea 161, 635, 648
Babii, Ivan, educator 445
babski bunty 411
Babyn Yar (Babi Yar): massacre at 468
Bachchesarai, Peace of 148
Bachynsky, Iuliian 328
Bachynsky, Lev 436
Bačka region 568
Badeni, Casimir, governor of Galicia 331
and elections of 1895 332
Badowski, Polish nobleman 111
Baghdad 26, 39
Bahalii, Dmytro, Ukrainian historian 48, 302, 399
Bahazy, Volodymyr 465
Bahriany, Ivan 557
bakalary 155
Bakhmach: pogrom in 363
Bakunin, Mikhail, Russian revolutionary 287–8
Balaban, Dionysii 156
Balaban, Gedeon, churchman 99–100
Balitsky, Vsevolod, OGPU chief 418
Balkans 6, 19, 31
Balta 267
Baltic ports 180
Baltic republics 581, 583, 634
Baltic Sea: and trade in 25–6, 47
Hansa in 56, 70
Teutonic Order on 74, 87
Baltic tribes 34
Banat region 568
Bandasiuk, Semeon, Russophile 341
Bandera, Stepan, nationalist leader:
arrest of 445
revolutionary activity of 446
and rift in OUN 459–60
and Germans 463–4
assassination of 566
Bandera, Volodymyr, economist 529
Banderites: conflict with Melnykites 557
gain control 561
in Great Britain 567
bandura, musical instrument 122
Bantysh-Kamensky, Dmytro, historian 226
Baptists: in Ukraine 520, 674
in USA 561, 631
Bar 94, 106, 190
Bar, Confederation of 192
Barabash, Iakiv, Cossack leader 143
Baran, Stefan 435
Baranovych, Lazar, churchman 155–6
Barbareum 217
Bariatinsky, Prince, Russian official 169
Baroque: in Ukraine 160–1, 195–6
barshchina 179
Barsky, Ivan Hryhorovych, architect 197
Batoszice 571
Barvinsky, Oleksander, Ukrainian activist 331
Barvinsky brothers 321
Basilian Order 440, 550, 567
Batih, battle of 132
Batory, Stefan, king of Poland 111, 125
Batu, Mongol leader 39, 62
Baturyn 141
Hetman’s residence in 159
massacre at 164, 166, 171
plans for founding university in 195
Bavaria 555
Bayer, Gottlieb, German scholar 22
Bazhan, Mykola, poet 396, 419
“Beauty and Strength” 304
Beketov, N., scholar 301
Belarus.
See BelorussiaBelgium and Belgians 209
investment in Ukraine 267, 557
Belinsky, Vissarion, Russian critic 234
Belorussia 583, 646
and Union of Brest 99–100, 276
Belorussians 21
in Duchy of Lithuania 52–4, 69–70, 72
in Commonwealth 81, 114, 93, 96
in Poland 427, 454, 473, 475, 487, 534, 602
Belorussian language 21
Belsky, Fedir 78
Belz 82, 99
Belz, province of 154
Bender 165
“Bender Constitution” 165
Benedict XII, Pope 73
Berchtesgaden 555
Berdychiv 161, 269
Berestechko, battle of 132, 138
Bereza Kartuzka, concentration camp:
established in 430
Ukrainians in 431
OUN leadership in 445–6
Berezil, theatrical troupe 397
shut down 419
Berezovsky, Boris 639
Berezovsky, Maksym, composer 197
Beria, Lavrentii, secret police chief 496
Berlin:
and OUN 463
support of 464, 489, 552
Berynda, Pamba 119, 121
Bessarabia 447, 455, 602
Bestuzhev-Riumin brothers 209
Bezborodko, Oleksander:
views of 203, 227
Bezborodko family 182
Bezsmertny, Roman, government minister 641
Bibikov, Dmitrii, Russian governor-general:
and reforms on Right Bank 211–12
Bible 99
bidniaky, formation and features of 263. See also peasants
Bila Tserkva 106, 113, 117, 269
Directory base 358
Bilas, Vasyl, nationalist 445
Bilhorod 153
biliny 51
Bilozersky, Vasyl 236, 280
Bilshovyk Ukrainy 393
Bilynsky, Yaroslav, scholar 487
Biron, Ernst 169–70
Bironovshchina 169
bisurmany 112
“Black Council” 149
Black Hundreds: pogroms of 277, 291
Black Sea 3, 5, 6, 9
access to Mediterranean 11–13
Greek colonies on 15, 25, 34, 57, 78, 82, 106, 110, 180, 185, 188
export of wheat in 264
passim 447, 460, 528
Black Sea coast: development of 188, 238, 524
Black Sea fleet 585, 586, 599, 600, 609, 610, 647, 650, 651, 657, 658
Black Sea Host 176
Blakytny, Vasyl 384. See Ellan-Blakytny
“Bloody elections” of 1895 332
“Bloody Sunday” 296
Bluecoat Division: formulation of 343
Boa Constrictor 327
Bobrinsky family 265
Bobrinsky, Georgii, governor 341
Bodiansky, Osyp, scholar 229, 241
evaluation of Kvitka-Osnovianenko 231
Bogoliubsky, Andrei: destroys Kiev, 38, 41
absolutist tendencies of 56, 60
Bodrug, Ivan, immigrant activist 550
Bohdan Khmelnytsky, opera 494
Bohemia 31
Bohun, Ivan, Cossack leader 128
Bohuslav 154, 193
Boichuk, Ivan 192
Boikos, regional group 432
Bologna Agreement 667
Bolsheviks (Russian Social Democratic Party–Bolshevik):
emergence of 291
antiseparatism of 292
seize power 348
number in Ukraine 348–9
and Ukrainian movement 349
cooperate with Central Rada 349–50
conflict with Central Rada 350–2
failure of uprising 358
second invasion of Ukraine 361–2
debate Ukrainian issue 364
number of 364
antagonize peasants 365
strengths of 378
and nationalism 383, 521, 551 and passim
Bolsheviks, Central Asian 385
Bolsheviks, Georgian 385, 390
bolshevism 420
“Book of the Genesis of the Ukrainian People” 236
Boretsky, Iob, churchman 98, 119
consecrated as metropolitan 120
Boretsky, Mykola, churchman 417
Bormann, Martin, Hitler associate 463
Borotba 363
Borotbisty: secession of 363
and Bolsheviks 365
agitate for Ukrainian state 383–4.
See also Communist Party of UkraineBorovets, Taras (Bulba), partisan leader:
and formation of UPA 473–4
Borovykovsky, Levko, writer 231
Bortniansky, Danylo, composer 197
Borys, son of Volodymyr 34
Boryslav 312
Boryslav Is Laughing 327
Bosnia 568
Bosnia-Hercegovina 645
Bosphorus, Cimmerian 13
Bosphorus, Straits of 252
bourgeoisie: lack of 271
boyars 37, 44
formation of 45, 47
in Galicia 56, 59, 61, 63
in Volhynia 59, 60, 70, 74, 76. See also muzhi nobles
Bradford 566
Braichevsky, Mykhailo, Soviet historian 136
Branicki family 189, 265, 275
Brashchaiko, Mykhailo and Iulii 450
Bratislava 569–70
Bratslav 82
Tatar raids on 106
colonization of 107–8
Cossack insurrections in 113–14, 189, 190, 192
Brautigam, Otto, Nazi official 470
Brazil 311; 539
immigration to 545–6, 548, 565
Brest 100, 583
Brest-Litovsk, treaty of: terms of 352–3
Brezhnev, Leonid, Soviet leader 486: era of 510–13, 515–16, 534–5
Britain: Ukrainians in 566–7
British Foreign Office: and 1932–33
Famine 416
Briukhovetsky, Ivan 147, hetmancy of 147–50
Brodii, Andrei 459
Brodsky family 265
Brody: percent of Jews in 311
battle at 477
Bronevsky, Martyn 101
Bronski, Krzystof, author 97
brotherhood (bratstva): activity of 97–9, 115–16
Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius 235
members of 236
goals and significance of 236–7, 279
Brotherhood of Taras (Bratstvo Tarasivtsiv): formation and program of 293
Brussels 644, 646, 649
Brzezinski, Zbigniew 598
Bucharest 569
University of 569
Budapest 543
Budka, Nykyta, churchman 549
Budzynovsky, Viacheslav 323
Buh Cossacks 176
Buh River 3, 6, 13
Buiurak, Vasyl 192
Bujak, Francizek, Polish historian 333
Bukovyna 91, 154, 177
population of 189
incorporation into Austrian Empire 213, 238, 248
revolution of 1848 in 250, 307–8
and spread of Russophilism 317
periodicals in 327
ethnic composition of 333
policy of Vienna in 334
Russophiles and Ukrainophiles in 334
occupied by Romanians 368
under Romanian rule 446–8
Soviets occupy 445, 483
immigrants from 546, 549, 560
in contemporary Romania 568, 602
Buldovsky, Teofil, churchman 402
Bulgaria and Bulgarians 31, 33
Russo-philism of 317, 525
in the new era 592
Bulgarian language 20
Bulgars, Volga 29, 56
Bund 291
Bunge, Mykola, scholar 302
Bunyan, Paul 51
bureaucracy 655
function of 201
in Russian Empire and Ukraine 202–4
and Russification 203
ethnic composition and numbers of 204–5
in Austrian Empire 211–12
in Galicia 215
Polonization of 315
Vynnychenko view of 348
of Skoropadsky government 357–8
Ukrainians excluded from 434
Malenkov, spokesman of 496
burghers 83, 89, 110, 185
Burundai, Mongol leader 63
Bush, George 580, 583
administration 644, 651
Busha, battle of 136
Buturlin, Vasilii, Muscovite boyar 134
BYuT (Fatherland) Party 641, 642, 643
Byzantine Rite 547
Byzantium and Byzantines 25–6, 28–9
turn against Sviatoslav 31
and Christianization of Rus’ 33–4
attack on 35
links with 38, 41
pact with 47
cultural impact of 49–50, 52.
See also ConstantinopleCalvinism 94, 99
Canada 638
early immigration to 262, 311, 528, 539
immigration to 545–51, 672, 673
DPS in 553–4, 557–9, 561
Ukrainian community in 563–5, 567
in the new era 583, 593, 594
Canadian Communist Party 553
Canadian Friends of Rukh 593
Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies 564–5
Canaris, Wilhelm, admiral 463
Carolingian empire 55
Carpathian Mountains 3, 8, 19, 34, 55, 57, 60, 63, 84, 91
“social banditry” in 190, 448, 450, 455, 473
Kovpak’s raid to 476, 477, 570
Carpathian Sich 450–1
Carpatho-Ukraine: autonomy of 450–1
Hitler treatment of 463. See also Transcarpathia
Casimir Jagiello, Grand Prince of Lithuania 77
Casimir, Jan, king of Poland 129, 132, 145, 147
Casimir the Great, Polish ruler 72–3
Caspian Sea 8, 22, 26, 28, 47
Catherine II, empress of Russia 154, 171
and liquidation of Hetmanate 172
and nobles 172–3, 174
and expansion of Russia 176–7, 182, 184, 192, 202
rationale for ruling Ukraine 203, 217
Shevchenko view of 235
Catholic church 72, 74, 99–101
Catholicism 75
in towns 86
adopted by nobles 89, 92, 95
attraction of 98, 102, 119
conversion of Orthodox to 190, 193
Catholics 76, 86
Caucasian lowlands 9
“Caucasus” 235
Caucasus Mountains 6, 13, 29, 31, 39, 182, 384
Cecora, battle of 113
Central Asia 384, 529–30, 532
Central Committee of the Communist Party 418, 493–4, 499, 514
Central Election Commission 637
Central European Initiative 602
Central Partisan Staff 475
Central Powers 339
and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 352–3
Central Rada: formation of 345
support for 346
and Russians and Jews 346
and Provisional Government 347
policy toward army and bureaucracy 348
conflict with Provisional Government 349–50
conflict with Bolsheviks 350–2
loss of popularity 353
evaluation of 353–4
removed by Germans and Austrians 352
diplomatic relations of 357
association with Germans 378
recognized by Bolsheviks 383
centralism, Russian 194
in Ukraine 204
Pestel support for 208
on Right Bank 210–11
Habsburg policy of 218
Shumsky attack on 393, 403
Shcherbytsky support of 513
chaika 112
Chaikovsky, Mikhail, Russian revolutionary 287
Chaikovsky family 83
Chaly, Sava, Zaporozhian leader 192
Charlemagne, emperor of the Franks 55
Charles XII, king of Sweden: and Mazepa 163–5
Charter of Nobility 173, 182
Chartorysky family 83, 95. See also Czartoryski
chauvinism: Great Russian 385, 394, 397, 418
Stalin rationale for 423
Chechnya 609
Cheka: Jews in 363
lead by Latsis 365, 374
and partisans 377, 381
Chekhivsky, Volodymyr, UNR minister 360, 362
trial of 417
Chepa, Adrian, Ukrainian noble 226
Cherkasy 106, 109, 193
pogrom in 363
chern 45
conflict with starshyna 182
Chernenko, Konstantin, Soviet leader 534
Chernihiv 667, 671
assigned to princes 34–5, 38, 48, 61
under Lithuanian rule 77–8
Chernihiv, province of: eduation during 18th and 19th centuries 300
Chernivtsi 667
RUP publications in 294
Chernivtsi University 334
Chernobyl: nuclear disaster at 534–5, 574, 582, 590, 593, 619, 626, 627
chernozem (black soil) 3, 5, 254
Chernysh, Vasyl, Ukrainian noble 226
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, Russian literary critic 303
Chersonesus (Korsun) 13, 33
Chervonohrad 576
Chetvertynsky, Gedeon Sviatopolk, churchman 156
Chetvertynsky family 83
China 12, 39, 390, 508, 660
Chornovil, Viacheslav, dissident 517–18, 577, 583, 588
death of 613
“Chornovil Papers” 517
Chorny, Hrytsko, Cossack leader 117
Chortkiv: offensive at 370
Chotyry shabli 397
Christianity: Volodymyr choice of 33
introduction of 41
and social change 45–6, 49
cultural impact of 50–1, 73, 99, 105
and Cossacks 113
Christianization of Kievan Rus’ 33, 51, 535, 563, 567
“Chronicle of Bygone Years” (Povest vremmennykh let): compiler of 23
sympathetic to Olha 28
and Sviatoslav 29, 31, 33, 51
Chubar, Vlas, Ukrainian Bolshevik 388
Chubynsky, Pavlo, Ukrainian activist 283
Chudniv, battle of 145
Chuds 22
Chuprynka, Taras, general. See Shukhevych, Roman
church: in the Hetmanate 193–4
role among immigrants 541. See also clergy
Greek Catholic church
Orthodox church
Church Slavonic 50, 96, 197, 217, 234, 239, 318, 401
churches and cathedrals: Church of St Sophia 35, 50, 52
Hagia Sophia 35, 50
Bohoiavlensky church 119
St George cathedral 198, 247
St Sophia (Rome) 567
Chyhyryn 117, 132, 137, 141
campaigns for 147–8, 154
Chyhyryn Conspiracy 288
Chyhyryn Cossack regiment 126
Chykalenko, Evhen, Ukrainian activist 95, 345
Cimmerians 9
CIS 635, 647
creation of 583, 585, 589, 599, 600, 601
cities: and Ukrainization 389–90
dramatic expansion of 408
Nazi policies in 469
percentage of Ukrainians in 526. See also towns
urbanization
Civic Congress 609
Civil War: Ukraine’s casualties in 380
Bolshevik policies in 380–1, 385, 387
kulaks in 410, 597
Clement VIII, pope 100
clergy: appearance of 45, 50
number in Hetmanate 185
Greek Catholic in Galicia 214–15
and West Ukrainian intelligentsia 238
role in 1848 revolution 247–51
pro-Habsburg attitudes of 251
and spread of Russophilism 317
and Populists 320
influence of 322
in Transcarpathia 335
role among immigrants 541–2
and Magyarization of 449
in Hungarian occupation 459
and Galician / Transcarpathian schism 542–4, 553
Clerical Society 240
Clinton, Bill 601
administration 644
coal mining 660
Coalition of National Unity 641
Cold War 565
collaboration: issue of 471
types of 472
collective farms 592
collectivization: attempts at 365, 376
in first FYP 405
rationale for 409
and industrialization 409
tactics in 411
renewed efforts in 412, 418
in Western Ukraine 456
after Second World War 485, 491–2
colonialism: and industrialization in Ukraine 268–9
“Asian” and “European” types of 269
views of Volobuev on 393–4
economists on 407
Polish policy of 429
in Eastern Galicia 433
in form of “brotherhood” 522
issue of 528–9
colonization: of Ukraine 106–8
of southern Ukraine 185–8
commerce: in Kievan Rus’ 47–9
in grain 86–7
in the Hetmanate 179–81
Russian advantages in 166, 180
and links with Russia 267
role of Jews in 311
in Eastern Galicia 311–12
Commissariat of Education 389
purge of 419
Committee for the Defense of the Ukrainian Catholic Church 519
Committee of National Salvation 637
Committees of Poor Peasants 376
revived 410
Commonwealth. See Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth
Commonwealth of Independent States. See CIS
commune (mir, zadruga) 42
commune (obshchina): relative absence in Ukraine 256
issue of 289
Communist International: and Borotbisty 384, 393, 436
Communist Party of Eastern Galicia 436
Communist party of the USSR:
and interpretation of Pereiaslav Agreement 135–6
mainly Russian 386
Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU) 634, 641, 642, 653, 654
purge of 419
liquidation of leadership 420, 475
increased influence of 485–6, 492, 497, 509
and recon-struction 504–5
differences with Moscow 510–12
growth spurt of 514
in the new era 577, 581, 588, 599, 606, 611–12, 613–16. See also Communists, Ukrainian
Communist Party of the Ukraine (Borotbist). See Borotbisty
Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine– CP(b)U 364, 376
purge of 418. See also Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU)
Communist Party of Western Ukraine. See KPZU
Communists 576
and reforms 577–8, 580, 583, 585
in Crimea 587, 593
Communists, Russian: Shumsky criticism of 393
Communists, Ukrainian: and Ukrainization 388
and nationality question 391
and Shumskyism 392–3
and FYP 407
and grain procurements 413
Postyshev castigates 414
dilemma of 418–19. See also Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU)
companions of the standard, Cossack elite 151
Comte, August, French philosopher 303
concentration camps 420
uprisings in 502
Solzhenitsyn on 506
Conference on Culture and Language 516
Congress of National Democratic Forces 588
Congress of Toilers 361
Congress of Workers 346
Connecticut 540
Conquest, Robert, historian:
on 1932–33
harvest 413
on 1932–33 Famine cover-up 416
conservatism: weakness in Ukraine 296
clerical 437. See also Ukrainian Monarchists
Constantinople: as commercial center 26–7
attacked 28
religious influence of 33–5, 39, 45, 47, 50
fall of 77–8, 93, 97, 110
Cossack attacks on 112
Constantinople, patriarch of 99
Constitution of 1996 605, 612
Constitutional Agreement 611
Constitutional Court 635
Constitutional Democrats (Kadets) 291
Contra Spem Spero 304
cooperatives: proliferation in Eastern Ukraine 297
growth in Western Ukraine 324–5
impact on Jews 325
closed by Russians 341
urge compromise 431
as school for self-government 437
organization and growth of 438
eliminated 455
Copernicus, astronomer 93
corruption 640, 642, 655, 671
corvee: abolition of 245–6
Cossack chronicles 196–7
Cossack traditions: popularity of 207, 242
favorite topic of Romantics 231
Cossackdom 109, 113
hopes for renewal 252
Cossacks 5, 29, 105
origins of 108
early organization of 109
registered 110–11, 117
social change among 181–2
decline of 182–4
number in Hetmanate 185
in 1861 emancipation 256
cult of 281, 316
in Skoropadsky Hetmanate 356
idealization of 422, 512, 539
Cossacks, of Danube 176
Cossacks, of Kuban 176
Council of Ambassadors 371, 427
Council of Florence 99
Counciliar-Episcopal church 402
Counter-Reformation 94
Coup of 19 August 581
Coventry 566
Cracow 47, 63, 72, 94
center of Ukrainian refugees 457, 458, 470
Crimea: Scythians in 11
Greek colonies in 13, 86
Cossack attacks on 109–10, 112
factions in 116, 477, 483, 494
transfer to Ukraine 499–500, 530
in the new era 578, 581, 585, 586, 587, 599, 600, 601, 608–9, 612, 649, 657, 658, 675
Crimean Khanate: founding of 78–80, 106
absorption of 176
administrative division of 204
Crimean Mountains 3
Crimean Tatars 675
expulsion of 483–4
homeland of 499–500
Crimean War: participants in 252
and emancipation of serfs 253
lack of transportation in 265
Croatia 122, 442
Croatians, White 57
Cro-Magnons (Homo sapiens) 6
Cromwell, Oliver, English statesman 137
Crusaders 39, 47
cultural activity: in Kievan Rus’ 49–52
in Poland-Lithuania 92–9
in Hetmanate 195–7
in 1861–1914 period 299–305
state support for 394
renaissance in 394–9
impact of revolution on 395
Cultural Association of Ukrainian Workers (KSUT), in Czechoslovakia 569
Curzon Line 481
Cyprus 662
Cyril, Saint, of Turiv 51
Cyril and Methodius, saints 50
Czajkowski, Michal, Polish nobleman 237
Czaplinski, Daniel, Polish nobleman 126
Czarnecki, Stefan, Polish commander 146
Czartoryski family 189, 275. See also Chartorysky
Czech Republic 601, 622, 673
Czechowski, Emilian 445
Czechoslovakia 20, 33, 74
Ukrainian emigres in 551–2, 555, 565
current status of Ukrainians in 568–9, 572
Czechs: in Galicia 215
at Slav Congress 248
Russophilism of 317, 323, 425, 439, 443
rule in Transcarpathia 448–50, 480, 483, 490, 511
Dadenkov, Iurii, Soviet official 512
Dallin, Alexander, historian 465
dan’ 46
Danes 262
Danube River 11, 31, 60
Danylo, prince of Galicia and Volhynia 39
reign of 61–3
Danylyshyn, Dmytro, nationalist 445
Darius, Persian king 11
Darwin, Charles, scholar 302
Dashkevych, Ostafii, border official 109
Daszynski, Feliks 330
Davies, Norman, English historian 124
d’Azegli, Massimo 605
Dazhboh, pagan god 49
De Courtney, Jan Bedouin, scholar 299
Debohory-Mokrievych, Volodymyr, revolutionary 287
Decembrist Revolt: failure of 202; 205
impact in Ukraine 207–9
Decembrists 232–3
decentralization 608
Declaration (of Directory) 361
“Declaration of Faith of Young Ukrainians” 293
Declaration of Understanding and Unity 602
“Deluge” 136
Demjanjuk, John 562
Democratic Bloc 576, 577
demography 670–2
Denikin, Anton, general: and pogroms 363–4
offensive of 365, 373
deportations: by Austrians and Russians 341
of kulaks 410
in Western Ukraine 456, 479
of UPA supporters 489
of Lemkos 490
Derevlianians 21, 28–9, 31, 43
“A Description According to the Chronicles of Little Russia” 226
de-Stalinization 500–2, 506–7, 515–16
Detko, Dmytro, Galician boyar 73, 80
Diakonov, Nikolai, Russian legal specialist 135
“Dialogue of Little Russia with Great Russia” 197
Didytsky, Bohdan 318
diet: of average Ukrainian 85
in 19th century 262
of East Galician peasants 310
Dilo 321
founding of 327
Dir, Varangian leader 26, 27
Directory: formation and uprising of 358–9
composition and goals of 360–1
conflict within 361
foreign relations of 361–3
and pogroms 363–4
administration and army of 372, 378
ecclesiastical policy of 400. See also Petliura
displaced persons (DPS) 673
in Germany and Austria 554–5, 557, 560
disperse in West 563–6, 667
dissent: emerges among intelligentsia 510, 514–15
main current in 515
manifestations of 516–18
religious 519–20
suppression of 520–1
Divochka, Onysifor, churchman 93
Divovych, Semen, author 197
“Dizziness with Success” 411
Dmowski, Roman, Polish leader 333
discredits Ukrainians 371, 428
Dmytriw, Nestor, churchman 548
Dmytro, Galician military commander 61
Dnieper basin 105, 108
“Dnieper clan” 512
Dnieper rapids 27, 31, 109
Dnieper River route 25, 36, 38
Dniepropetrovsk 408, 465, 477, 514, 527, 576, 592, 614, 616, 622, 628, 631, 635, 654, 664, 665, 667, 668
Dnister Insurance company 325
Dnister River 3, 6, 9, 57, 59, 78, 106
Dobriansky, Adolf, Transcarpathian leader 250, 334
Russophilism of 318
Dobrudja 568
Dr. Zhivago 506
Dołega-Chodakowski, Zorian, Polish noble 237
Dolenko, Volodymyr 470
Dominican Order 74
Don River 9, 12, 109, 122
Donbas: coal miners in 270, 272, 637, 660
new plants in 406, 461, 477, 514
as part of “Russified” Ukraine 525, 578, 587, 607–10
strike in 620
Donets basin: development of 267, 278
Donetsk 268, 524, 527, 576, 578, 592, 608, 613–14, 622, 627–8, 654, 663, 664, 665, 667, 668, 670, 671
clan 635, 637, 643
Dontsov, Dmytro, ideologue: views of 441–2, 552
Dorohochyn, city of 62
Doroshenko, Dmytro, Ukrainian scholar and activist 345
Skoropadsky minister 357, 552
Doroshenko, Mykhailo, Cossack leader 116–17
Doroshenko, Petro: hetmancy of 146–8
and Briukhovetsky 150
on Right Bank 151, 160
Dostoevsky Fedor, Russian author 280, 423
Dovbush, Oleksa, leader of opryshky 192
Dovzhenko, Oleksander 397, 419, 501
Drach, Ivan, poet 507, 515, 536, 587
Drahomanov, Mykhailo, Ukrainian intellectual: and Aron Liberman 278
member of Old Hromada 282
contacts with Galicians 282
exile of 283
and emergence of Ukrainian socialism 284–6
federalism of 285, 286, 304
and Galician socialism 322
and Radicals 328, 329, 502
Drai-Khmara, Mykhailo 396
drevnerusskii narod 54
Drohobych 312
Drozdenko, Vasyl, Cossack leader 146
Druh 322
Druzhnyi lykhvar 322
druzhyna: Scandinavian members of 25
Ihor and 28, 31, 42
senior and junior members of 44–6
Dubček government 569–70
Dubno 190
Dudykevych, Bohdan 497
Dudykevych, Volodymyr 341
Dukhnovych, Aleksander 334
Dukhnovych Society 449–50
Dulibians 21, 57
duma 43, 44, 122
Duma (parliament): elections to 298
liberal members of 344
Duranty, Walter, journalist: and 1932–33
Famine cover-up 416
Durnovo, Petr, Russian minister 298
dvorianstvo 181
dvoryshche 90
dvoviria 44
Dzhalali, Filon, Cossack leader 128, 132
Dziuba, Ivan, critic and erstwhile dissident 507
criticizes nationality policy 515–17, 523
East India Company 27
East Prussia 570
Eastern Europe 19, 60, 63, 69, 83, 90, 112, 122, 654
sovereignty in 133
and Pereia-slav Agreement 135, 142, 157, 173, 176–7
intelligentsia in 223
Revolution of 1848 in 244, 262, 425
bureaucracy in 434
rightist movements in 442
political extremism in 451
division of 454, 467, 527–8, 532
Eastern Little Poland 428
Eastern Partnership 645
economy: of Hetmanate 178–81. See also agriculture
commerce
industrialization
manufacturing
Edmonton 546
Ukrainians in 550; 563
Ukrainian mayor of 564
Edna-Star: Ukrainian community in 546
education: in Hetmanate 194–5
impact of Habsburg reforms 217
and West Ukrainian intelligentsia 238
impact of 1860s reforms on 258
expansion of 271
calls for Ukrainization of 298
comparison between 18th and 19th centuries 300
new universities and gymnazia 300–1
Polonization of 316
and Prosvita 323
expansion of 325
Ukrainians underrepresented in 326
in Transcarpathia 335
support of Hetmanate 357
and Ukrainization 388–9
innovations in 397–8
reversals in 419
in Polish-ruled Ukraine 438–40
Ukrainization in Western Ukraine 455
Nazi attitude toward 469
expanded opportunities in 492
reform of 1958 in 502
language in schools 536
among immigrants in Canada 549–50. See also Kievan Mohyla Academy
Kiev (St Vladimir’s) University
Kharkiv University
Lviv University
Efimenko, Oleksander, scholar 302
Efremov, Serhii, scholar and
activist 345
on Central Rada 354, 399
trial of 417
Egan, Edmund: on peasant/Jewish relations 311–12
Egypt 644
Einsatzgruppen 468
Elbe River 19
Electoral Commission 638
electoral system: in Galicia 314
reforms of 331–2
Eleniak, Vasyl, early pioneer 546
elite, in Ukraine 96, 102
post-Soviet 621, 624–5. See also apparatchiki;
nomenklatura
Elizabeth, Russian empress 170–1
Ellan-Blakytny, Vasyl: organizes Hart 395
death of 396, 507
emancipation of serfs 252
interpretations of 253
impact in Ukraine 254
failure to improve economic conditions 260
Emergency Committee 581
emigration 672–3
of Ukrainians eastward 262
necessity of 310
destinations of 311
ineffectiveness of 433
emigres: activity of Orlyk 165
Drahomanov in Geneva 285
associated with SVU 340, 501
of 1917–20 period 551–2
post–Second World War 553, 554–7
Soviet 532. See also displaced persons
Ems Ukaz: enactment and impact of 283–4, 321
Encyclopedia of Ukraine 565
Eneida, significance of 230–1
Engels, Friedrich 90
links with Podolynsky 286, 291
England 26, 252, 594, 639
capital from 312
and ZUNR 371
and Eastern Galicia 427, 454
Ukrainians in 566
Entente 339, 358
blocking bolshevism 361
and ZUNR 370–1
and independence struggle 378, 425
Entsyklopedia ukrainoznavstva 566
estate system, in Ukraine 82–5
Estonia 532
Eternal Peace of 1686 151
Eurasia 31
Eurasian 655
Eurasian Economic Community (EEC) 635, 647, 662
Eurasian steppe 8, 9, 13
Europe 3, 5, 22, 33, 35, 44, 81, 89, 643, 649, 651, 658, 661, 666, 671, 673
tolerance in 94
social hierarchy in 95, 108, 533
Europe, Western 45, 121, 659
European parliament 648, 649
European Union (EU) 638, 644 passim, 650, 652, 661, 662
“Eye Witness Chronicle” 127, 156
Ezhov, Nikolai: sent to Ukraine 420
factionalism: among radical intelligentsia 295
Fainsod, Merle, Sovietologist 511
Famine of 1921–22:
causes of 381
Famine of 1932–33 658, 659
significance of 413
man-made aspects of 414, 582
descriptions of 414–15
deaths in 415
attempts to cover up 416
demographic costs of 529
and glasnost 535, 562, 565, 574
Far East: number of Ukrainians in 262, 297
farming, in Ukraine 5, 48. See also agriculture
fascism: and oun ideology 442
Fastiv 154, 163, 193
pogrom in 363
Fata Morgana 304
February Revolution: nature of 344, 348
Fedak, Stepan 443
Fedorov, Ivan, printer 96, 98
federalism: views of Sts Cyril and
Methodius Brotherhood 236
Drahomanov views on 285
views of Ukrainian moderates 295
call for 350
Soviet type of 385–7, 609
Federation of Labor 627
Federation of Ukrainian Organizations (Australia) 567
Federation of Ukrainians in the usa 545
Fedorovych, Taras (Triasylo), Cossack leader 117
Fedorchuk, V.V. 512, 517
Feldman, Wilhelm 329
Fentsik, Stepan 459
Ferley, Taras 550
feudalism: in Kievan Rus’ 46–7
FIFA 647
Filalet, Khristofor 101
Filaret, Metropolitan 579, 630
Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate 674
Filenko, Volodymyr 588
Finno-Ugric lands 19
Finns 23, 27, 34, 45, 205
First World War: nature of 339
Ukrainians in 339–44
Russia’s casualties in 344
Galicia in 340–4
aftermath of 425, 433, 472
immigration prior to 538, 540–1, 545, 547
antiforeigner hysteria in 550, 553
Five Year Plans (FYP): goals of first 405–7
second and third 406–7
role of Ukraine in 415
fourth 484
Fokin, Vitold 586, 592, 620
folklore: role in development of national
consciousness 227–9
folwark (filwark) 87
Fomenko, M. 536
“Forest Nymph” 304
Forum 561
France 5, 645, 649
Norsemen raids in 26, 35
Anna, queen of 52, 53, 209, 252
investors in 267, 291
defeats Habsburgs 314
supports Russia 352
French in Odessa 361
and Directory 362
and ZUNR 371
and Eastern Galicia 427, 454, 480, 485
DPS in 557
Ukrainians in 566
Francis I, Habsburg emperor 218
Franciscan Order 74
Frank, Hans, Nazi official 457
Franko, Ivan, Ukrainian writer 305
on servitudes 309
founds Radical party 322, 323
works of 326–7
and National Democratic party 328
and Radicals 328
compromise attempts of 330, 455
Franz Joseph, Austrian emperor: coronation of 249
fraternal organizations: among Ukrainian immigrants 544–5
Frederich I Barbarossa, German ruler 59
“Free Cossacks” 350, 356
French Revolution: and development of national consciousness 222, 232
Frunze, Mikhail 389
Frycz-Moderzewski, Andrzej, political theorist 93
Futurists, literary group 396
Fylypovych, Pavlo 396
Galagan, Hryhorii 253
supports Osnova 280
Galan, Iaroslav, propagandist 488
assassination of 490
Galiatovsky, Ianokii, churchman 155
Galicia 3, 48, 53, 83, 674
Polonization in 86–7, 91, 105–7, 114–15, 119
incorporation into Austrian Empire 213
Habsburg reforms in 216–18
demands for division of 248–9
socioeconomic conditions in 307–13
population of 308
Polish goals in 315–16
spread of Russophilism in 317
socialism in 322–3
in First World War 341
conflict in 367–70
Polish rule in 429–30 passim
and Carpatho-Ukraine 449–51
Soviet and German occupation of 456–8 passim, 520, 541
Galician/Transcarpathian schism 542–4
immigrants from 544–6, 548–9. See also Galicia, Eastern
Ukrainians, West
Galicia, Eastern 188
population of 189
socioeconomic disadvantages of 218
proletariat in 312
education and cultural activity in 323–7
organizational upsurge in 323–9
Russian occupation of 341, 357
Polish policy in 427–9
as internal colony 433
organizational activity in 438–9
OUN in 443–4
Galicia, Western 244
Galician Division 472, 477
among DPS 555
in Britain 566–7
Galician National Guard 250
Galician Radical Party 549–50. See also Radicals
Galician-Ruthenian Matytsia. See Halytsko Ruska Matytsia
Galicia-Volhynia, principalities of 55–65, 69, 70
Polish expansion in 72–4, 79, 80, 82, 92
Gapon, Georgii 296
Gardariki 21
“Gathering of Rus” 75
Gaul 53
Gazprom 651, 652
Gdansk 87
Gediminas (Gedymin), Lithuanian ruler 70, 75, 83
Gendarmes, Corps of: formation of 202
General Government (Gouvernement) 467, 469–70
and UCC 457–8
General Secretariat (UNR): formation of 347
General Secretariat (ZUNR) 368
General Ukrainian Council (Zahalna Ukraiinska Rada) 340, 343
General Ukrainian Organization (GUO): establishment and membership of 293–4
unites moderates 295
Genyk-Berezovsky, Kyrylo 550
Georgia and Georgians 182, 496, 639, 646, 650, 651, 652, 658
Helsinki Group in 517
German law 84, 90
Germanization 218
Germans 19, 646, 661, 668
number of in Bukovyna 333
and Skoropadsky army 357
in the USA 540
joint ventures with 592
Germany 635, 645, 649, 662: merchants from 62, 70, 72, 74, 81, 84, 86
trade with 87, 94
colonists in Ukraine 187, 262
alleged support of Ukrainophiles 299, 323
invades Ukraine 353
removes Central Rada 356
association with Central Rada and Hetmanate 378, 427, 450, 458
launches Second World War 469–71
and OUN 463–5
rule in Ukraine 467–71
passim 528
DPS in 554–5
Gertrude, Babenberg princess 63
Gestapo 457
represses OUN 464–5
Gibraltar 13
Girei dynasty, rulers of Crimea 78
Gizel, Innokentii, churchman 155
glasnost 535–6, 574, 576, 579
Gogol, Nikolai, writer 205
comparison with Shevchenko 234
“Going to the People” 287. See also Chyhyryn Conspiracy
Goldelman, Solomon, UNR minister 364
Golden Horde: conflicts within 70
rule of 72, 75
and Moscow 77, 79
Golden Peace 118–19
Gołuchowski, Agenor, viceroy of Galicia: policies toward Poles and Ukrainians 313–14
and “organic work” 315
approach of 316
Gongadze, Hryhorii 634, 644
Gorbachev, Mikhail, Soviet leader 513
and glasnost in Ukraine 534–6, 574, 579
and attempted coup 581
and dissolution of USSR 583
Gore-Kuchma Commission 644
Goszynski, Seweryn, Polish author 232
Gothic invasion 13
Goths 12, 22
Gotland, island of 26
Governing Council of the Hetman’s Office: establishment of 169
and reduction of autonomy of Hetmanate 170
Grabski, Stanislaw 429
grain boom 86–7
grain procurements: policy of 413
“Grammar of the Little Russian Dialect” 230
Grand Principality. See Lithuania Grave, Dmytro, scholar 399
Great Britain 481, 485, 487, 557, 566, 662
Great Depression 416, 429, 432
impact on immigration 551
Great Discrepancy 537
Great Famine of 1932–33. See Famine of 1932–33
Great Migration of Peoples 12
Great Northern War: impact on Ukraine 163, 183
Great Purge of 1937–38:
in Soviet Union as a whole 420, 497. See also Great Terror
Great Revolt of 1648. See Revolt of 1648
Great Terror:
first phase in Ukraine 417
and Ukrainian Communists 418
gains momentum 419
impact in Ukraine 420–1
number of victims 421
Grechko, Andrii, general 497
Greece, ancient 5, 13
Greece, Byzantine 5, 31, 101
Greek Catholic church 120, 193, 674
repression in Russian Empire 211
and reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II 217
clergy in Eastern Galicia 214–15, 312
combats alcoholism 324
in Transcarpathia 335
repressed by Russians 341
in interwar Galicia 449, 456, 478–9, 488, 490, 495
in under-ground 519–20
eparchy in North America 541, 543
in the USA 541–4
in Brazil 545, 546
in Canada 548–50
in North America 561, 563
in contemporary Eastern Europe 569–71
in the new era 578, 630–1
Greek Catholic rite 428, 543–4, 548, 568
Greek faith 78, 102. See also Orthodoxy
Greek language 95–6, 301
Greek schism 95
“Greek” trade route 27
Greeks 9, 11
colonies in Ukraine 12–15, 28, 45
cultural and religious influence of 49–50, 86, 95, 188
minority in Ukraine 525
Green Party 616
Greenland 26
Gregorian calendar 98
Grekov, Oleksander, general 370
Grendzha-Donsky, Vasyl, poet 449
Greycoat Division: formation of 343
Grigorenko, Petro, general and dissident 562. See also Hryhorenko
“Group of 239” 577
Gryzlov, Boris 638
Gudziak, Borys, rector of Ukrainian Catholic University 674
gymnazia 217
and spread of ideologies 292
Habsburg empire 187, 201, 664
reforms in Galicia 216–18
Habsburgs, dynasty 112, 201, 243–4, 573
Ukrainian loyalty to 250, 313
pro-Polish policy of 314–15
Hadiach 159
Hadiach, Treaty of 144
Haidamaks, Marxist group 553
haidamaky 174
origins and activity of 191–3
memories of 257, 281, 288. See also Koliivshchyna
Haller, Jozef, general 370
Halperin family 265
Halych, city of 57
Iaroslav of 60
Danylo conquers 61
metropolitanate in 64, 97, 247
Halych, metropolitanate of: renewal of 217
Halych-Volhynia 38, 48. See also Galicia-Volhynia
Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia: founding of 249, 319
Hamaliia, M., scholar 302
Hankevych, Lev 436
Hankevych, Mykola, Ukrainian socialist 323, 328
Hansa 56
Harasevych, Mykhailo, scholar 240
Hart, literary group 395–6
Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute 562, 564
Haslo 294
Havliček, Karel, Czech intellectual 241
Hawaii: Ukrainians in 539
Hel, Ivan, dissident 515
Helga 45
Helgi 45
Hellenistic world 13
Helsinki Accords 510
Helsinki Committee (Moscow) 517
Helsinki Group (Kiev). See Ukrainian Helsinki Group
Helsinki Watch Committee 576
heneralna starshyna 140, 145
heneralny khorunzhy 141
heneralny obozny 141
heneralny osavul 141
heneralny pidskarbii 159
heneralny pysar 140
heneralny sudiia 141
Herasym, metropolitan 77
Herder, Johann, German philosopher: and development of nationhood 222, 225
views on folklore 228
views on
language 229
philosophical concepts of 233, 240
“The Heretic” 235
Hermaize, Osyp, Ukrainian historian 399
trial of 417
Hero of Ukraine medal 658
Herodotus, Greek historian 9, 12
Herriot, Edouard: praises Soviets 416
hetman 110
Hetmanate: government of 158–60
relationship with tsars 160–5
decline of
autonomy 165–172
liquidation of 172–3
significance of 177
population of 185, 237, 284
Hetmanate (in 1918): replaces Central Rada 356
organization and administration of 357
diplomatic relations of 357
cultural policies of 357
opposition to 358
evaluation of 359
association with Germans 378
Himmler, Heinrich, Hitler associate 469, 472, 477
Hiroshima 534
history: role in development of national consciousness 225–7
“A History of Little Russia” 226
Hitler, Adolf 363
and Carpatho-Ukraine 451, 463
and Ukrainians 457
and Nazi-Soviet pact 460
plans for Ukraine 467. See also Germany
Hladky, Iosyp, Cossack leader 176
Hlib, son of Volodymyr 34
Hlukhiv 141, 166, 170–1
Hlynsky, Mykhailo, magnate 78, 80
Hobsbawn, Eric, English historian 191
Holland 87, 144
Holochynsky family 95
Holoskevych, Hryhorii: trial of 417
holota 174
Holovatsky, Iakiv, Ukrainian intellectual: and Ruthenian Triad 240–1, 250
at Lviv University 313
and Russophilism 317
Holovinsky, Iulian, nationalist 445
Holovna Ruska Rada. See Supreme Ruthenian Council
Hołowko, Tadeusz 428, 445
Holub, Olifer, Cossack leader 116
Holubnychy, Vsevolod, Ukrainian economist:
on 1932–33 Famine 415
Holy Synod 194
Homer 9
Honchar, Oles, author 506, 536
Honcharenko, Ahapii, early immigrant 539
Honta (Gonta), Ivan, haidamak leader 193
Horodlo 76
Horska family 95
Horyn, Bohdan 577
Horyn, Mykhailo 577, 587, 588
Horyn brothers, dissidents 515
Hoshcha 155
Hrabianka, Hryhorii, Cossack chronicler 197
Hrabovsky, Pavlo, poet 304
Hrinchenko, Borys, Ukrainian activist: views on Ukrainian/Russian relations 284, 292
hromada: formation and goals of 280
in Kiev 280–2
young members of 284
Drahomanov activity in 285
generational differences in 289
and dissemination of ideologies 292
growth of 293
in 1905 297
Hromada, Old: formation of 282
agreement with Drahomanov 285
establishes Kievskaia starina 302
Hromada Party 616
hromadskyi diiach 323
Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, Ukrainian historian 23, 29, 48, 53, 57
student of Antonovych 302
arrival and activity in Lviv 326
and National Democratic party 328, 329
arrest and exile of 343
president of Central Rada 345–6, 354, 360
returns to Kiev 398
in Academy 399
death of 417
influence of 494
Hrushka, Hryhorii, churchman 545
Hryhorenko (Grigorenko), Petro, dissident 518
Hryhoriiv (Grigoriev), Matvii, partisan leader 360
joins Bolsheviks 362
defects from Bolsheviks 365
Hryhorovych, Petro 448
Hryniov, Volodymyr 614
Hrynko 394
Hrytsenko, Anatolyi, minister and deputy 655
hryvnia: introduction of 623
Huculak family 594
Hudson’s Bay Company 27
Hughes, John, British industrialist 268
Hulak, Mykola 236–7
Hulak-Artemovsky, Petro, Ukrainian writer: views of 231, 305
Hulevych, Ielyzaveta, noblewoman 119
Huliai-Pole: Makhno base 360
Humanism 94
Hungary and Hungarians 8, 31–3, 583, 663
in Galicia 56–7, 59–61, 63, 112, 122, 244, 262
Habsburg concessions to 314
in Transcarpathia 334–5
in Eastern Galicia 341, 442, 450
incorporate
Transcarpathia 458–9, 483, 511, 539, 541
joint ventures with 592, 598, 601, 602, 622, 632
Hunia, Dmytro, Cossack leader 118
Huns 12–13
Hunter, Holland, economist 529
Hurenko, Stanislav 577
Hurzhyi, Ivan, Soviet scholar 268
Hutsuls 432, 526
Huxley, Aldous, British author 263
Huzar, Lubomyr, cardinal and primate of Greek-Catholic church 674
Hyria, Ivan, Cossack leader 128
Iakhnenko family 265
Iakhymovych, Hryhorii, churchman 247
Iakir, Iona, Old Bolshevik 389
Ianiv, Volodymyr 444
Ianovsky, Iurii 396–7
iarmarky 269
Iaropolk, son of Sviatoslav 31–2
Iaroslav, city of 77, 94, 97, 126
Iaroslav, prince of Kiev: reign of 34–7, 41
reforms of 43
and St Sophia 50
establishes school 52, 57
Iaroslav Osmomysl, Galician prince 59–60
iasyr 78
Iatvigians, Lithuanian 32
Iavorsky, Iuliian, Russophile 341
Iavorsky, Matvii, Ukrainian historian 399
exile of 419
Iavorsky, Stefan, churchman 194–6
Iavorsky family 83
iazychie 319, 322, 329. See also language
Iazygians 12
Iceland 26, 663
ideologies: growth of 221
spread of Marxism 289–91
among hromada members 292
intelligentsia concern with 306
growth of socialism in Galicia 322–3
and Ukrainian politicians 347
Nazi racism 466
declining interest in 503
in “post ideological age” 533
fading influence of 537. See also Marxism
nationalism
socialism
Ihor (Igor, Ingvarr), prince of Kiev 26, 27
reign of 28, 29
Ihor, prince of Volodymyr-in-Volhynia 35
Ihorevychi, Galician princes 61
Ilarion, metropolitan 35, 57
Illinois 540
immigration: to the USA 538–40
immigrant institutions and organizations 541, 544–5
to Brazil 545–6
to Canada 546–550
Imperial Academy of Sciences 170
Imperial Geographic Society (Kiev Branch): Ukrainophiles in 282
liquidation of 283
Imperial Heraldic Office 226
Ilmen, Lake 26
independence: fourth Universal proclaims 352
Lenin rejects 376
and intelligentsia and peasants 377
Lapchynsky demand for 391
view of Shelest and Shcherbytsky 513
Independent Greek Church 548
Indo-Europeans 9, 12, 19
Industrial Revolution 260
industrialization: appearance in Ukraine 260
government support for 267
particularities of 268
barriers to in Galicia 308, 312–13
in first FYP 405–7
location of 407–8
slow growth of 433
in Western Ukraine 484–5, 491, 505
in 1970s and 1980s 527
deterioration of 591
Ingvarr 45
Innocent IV, pope 62
Inspector General 205
Institutes of Popular Education (INO) 398
intelligentsia 656
development of 221, 223–4
numbers of 224: chronic weakness of 233
in Western Ukraine 238–9
growing numbers of 271
Ukrainian underrepresentation in 272
and Russians 275
activism of 279
and hromady 281
social composition and numbers of 286
gatherings of 293
leftist tendencies of 296
and “high culture” 300
number in Galicia 309
views of Poles and Ukrainians 316
cooperation with peasantry 325
supports Central Rada 346
as “ideological sect” 359
dilemma of 361
and struggle for independence 377
in Great Terror 417–19
losses under Stalin 423
under Polish rule 430, 433–4
numbers and occupations of 434
in Transcarpathia 449
flight to West 479
renewed attacks on 494–5
and Ukrainian scholarship 501, 508
and dissent 510
and Shelest 513
current status of 531
sign of restiveness 535
post-Soviet 624
fading of traditional type 666–7
International Association of Ukrainianists 593
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 623, 650, 664
International Relief Organization (IRO) 554
“Internationalism or Russification?” 517
Interregional Bloc for Reforms 608, 615
Inventory Regulations 211
Iran 39
Iraq 635, 644
Ireland and Irish 26, 165, 333, 445
in the USA 540
Iron Age 9
Iron Guard 442
Isajiw, Wsewolod, sociologist 516
Iskra, Zakhar, Cossack leader 154, 161
Islam 33, 105
Islam Girei, Crimean Tatar khan 129
Islamic civilization 26, 34. See also Muslims
Ismail 112
Israel 644, 675
Istoriia Rusov (“History of the Rus’”):
origin and significance of 227
Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy: publication of 326
Italy 87, 94, 314, 527, 672, 673
Galicia Division in 555
Ukrainian community in 567, 605
Itil 29
Iudenich, Nikolai, general 373
Iurii, prince of Galicia and Volhynia 64
Iurii-Boleslaw, of Mazowia and Galicia 64, 72–3
Iushchenko, Viktor 623
Iuzefovych, Mikhail: denounces Ukrainophiles 283
Iuzivka 268
Ivan II, tsar of Muscovy 77
Ivan the Terrible: compared to Stalin 404
Ivano-Frankivsk 667
Ivashko, Volodymyr 577
Iz zapysok kholiuia 397
izhoi 36, 46
Iziaslav, prince of Kiev 35–6
Izmailov, A., Russian official 166
Izum 153
Jabłonowski, Aleksander, Polish historian 81
Jackson-Vanik Amendment 648
Jadwiga, queen of Poland 73–4
Jagiełło (Jogailo) 74–6
Jamestown: colony in Virginia 539
Japan 527
Jedrzejewicz, Wacław 431
Jehovah’s Witnesses 520
Jersey City 545
Jesuits 94, 99, 119, 121
and education on Right Bank 194
Jews 660, 675
in Kiev 45, 52
in Galicia 62
in Poland-Lithuania 81, 84
in towns 86, 90
in colonization of
Dnieper basin 107–8
activity as leaseholders 124
losses in 1648 uprising 127–8, 188, 193, 204
as tavern-keepers 214
influx into Right Bank 269
growing numbers of 272
numbers in Ukraine 276
minority in Ukraine 276–8
socioeconomic organization of 277
relations with Ukrainians 277–8
relations with Ukrainian socialists 295
as moneylenders 310
numbers and occupations in Galicia 311–12
impact of cooperatives on 325
in Bukovy-na 333
and Central Rada 346
resentment against 360
among Bolsheviks 363
massacres of 363
and SUNR 368
in Galician army 369
in universities 398
in interwar Galicia 433–4
in KPZU 436–7
and Soviet occupation 455–6
executions of 468, 470, 472–3, 483–4, 494
dissidents among 521, 525, 527
in the USA 540, 562, 565
and referendum of 1 December 1991 583, 632
Joseph II, Habsburg emperor: views on government 212–13
and reforms in Galicia 216–18, 245
Jozewski, Henryk, Polish official 428–9
Judaism 22
Judaism without Embellishment 508
Juridical School 52
“Jurists’ Group” 516
Kachkovsky, Mykhailo, Russophile 318
Kachkovsky Society 324
reading rooms of 329
Kaffa, Crimean city 78, 106, 112, 115
Kaganovich, Lazar, Stalin associate: leads party apparatus 387–8
demands for recall of 393, 486, 494, 507
kahals 277
Kaidasheva simia 303
Kalchenko, Nykyfor 497
Kalinowski, Marcin, Polish commander 127
Kalinowski family 108
Kalka River, battle of 39
Kalynts, Ihor and Iryna, dissidents 515
Kalynsky, Timofei, Ukrainian noble 226
Kamianets(-Podilskyi) 83, 86, 94, 106, 190
university in 357
UNR in 362
Kandyba, Ivan, dissident 518
Kaniv 106, 109, 110, 117
Kaniv Four 617
Kapnist, Vasyl, Ukrainian noble
and ties with Prussia 173, 207
Kapnist family 205
Kapuschchak, Ivan 249
Karabelesh, Andrii 449
Karaganda prisoner revolt in 502
Karavansky, Sviatoslav, dissident 518, 562
Karazyn, Vasyl, Ukrainian noble: and founding of Kharkiv University 224
Karpenko-Kary (Tobilevych), Ivan 305
Karpov, Gennadii, scholar 302
Katerynoslav, city of: population and economic role of 269–70
Prosvita in 297
Katerynoslav, province of 204
Katerynoslav faction 364
katsap 275
Kazakhstan 456, 504
Kedryn, Ivan 435
Kenez, Peter, historian: on pogroms in Ukraine 363
Kerch 13
Kerensky, Aleksander: negotiates in Kiev 347
KGB 512, 581
and dissident publications 517
and dissent 520–1, 534
harshness in Ukraine 535. See also Cheka
NKVD
OGPU
Khanenko, Mykhailo, Cossack leader 147
Khanenko, Mykola 107
Kharkiv 180, 665, 667
college in 195, 197
population and economic role of 269
attacked by Bolsheviks 361
capital of Ukraine 386, 408, 465, 468–70, 471, 524, 608, 614, 629
Kharkiv region 132, 153
Kharkiv Romantics 233, 239, 321
Kharkiv University: and Ukrainian culture 231
Ukrainian courses in 301
Khataevich, Mendel, Stalin associate:
on 1932–33 Famine 415
Khazars: empire of 22, 25
defeat of 29, 31, 52
Kherson 188
Kherson, province of 204
base of partisans 360
Khiba revut voly … 303
khlopomany: appearance of 281
views and activity of 281
accusations against 282
and peasants 287
Khmara, Stefan 578
Khmelnytsky, Bohdan: background of 125–7
early victories of 127–8
difficulties during revolt 129–33
relations with Tatars 130
foreign relations of 133–4
contacts with Swedes 136–7
impact and evaluation of 136–7
death of 143, 146–7, 154, 156–7, 159, 184
portrayal in Istoriia Rusov 227
Shevchenko evaluation of 235
order of 478
Khmelnytsky, Iurii 143
elected hetman 145
appointee of Ottomans 148
Khmelnytsky, Mykhailo, father of Bohdan 126
Khmelnytsky, Tymish 130
Khodakevych, Anna 97, 119
Khodkevych, Hrydorii, magnate 96
khokhol 206, 275, 524, 526
Kholm 82, 97, 99, 357, 428
Orthodox churches in 432
Polish rule in 435–40
German occupation of 457, 474–5
kholopy 46
Khoriv 25
Khotyn: battle of 113, 116
town of 447
Khreshchatyk 637
Khrushchev, Nikita, Soviet leader: on Stalin 404
sent to Ukraine 420–2, 485–6, 493, 497, 499–509
successors of 510–11
and de-Stalinization 515–16
Khrystiuk, Pavlo 345
Khust 451
Khvylovism: rejection of Russian influences 391–2
orientation to West 392
Khvylovy, Mykola, writer: background of 391
return to literature 394
leads Hart 396
works of 396
suicide of 419, 501
Kichko, T.K., propagandist 508
Kiev 635, 646, 652, 654
rise of 24–7
assets and liabilities of 31
decline and destruction of 37–41
conquered by Lithuanians 70, 77, 82
in decline 86, 94
on frontier 105–6
during Cossack period 113–19, 121–2
population in 1723 180, 185, 189, 190
transformation into bastion of Russian culture 211
population and economic role of 269
number of Jews in 273
hro-mada in 280
first Marxist groups in 290
student groups in 293
revolution in 345–6
struggle for 350–1
Directory captures 359
abandoned 362
Galicians capture 373
declared capital 421, 436
German victory near 460
damaged by Soviets 461, 465
executions in 468
population loss of 469, 477, 499–505, 507, 510, 512
dissidents in 514–17, 521, 524, 526, 531
in Gorbachev era 534–6, 539
in the new era 576, 578, 580, 592, 593, 598–630 passim;
protests in 637, 639
Crimean Tatars 657
oligarchic elite 664, 665
population of 667
economy 668
Ukrainian Orthodox Church 674
Kiev, metropolitan of 93, 194
Kiev, province of 106–7, 204
Kiev (Mohyla) Academy 151, 155, 159–61
highpoint of 195, 196–7
Kiev brotherhood 97, 115–16
Kiev Commune 287
Kiev faction 364
Kiev Scholarly Society 302
Kiev University 282
Drahomanov association with 284
expulsion of students from 292
conservatism of faculty 301, 516
Kievan Cave Monastery (Kievo Pecherska Lavra) 51–2, 119–21, 197
Kievan Cossacks 252
Kievan Rus’: origins of 22–5
rise of 25–7
early rulers of 31–7
zenith of 31–7
decline of 39–41
society and culture of 42–54
historiography of 52–3
regionalism in 55–6
institutional vestiges of 77, 81–2, 85
Orthodoxy in 92–3
portrayal in Istoriia Rusov 227. See also Kiev
Kievlianin 282, 299
Kievskaia starina 302
Kievskii telegraf 282
Kilia 112
Kinakh, Anatolyi, prime minister 635, 647
Kiriak, Iliia 564
Kistiakovsky, Volodymyr, scholar 302, 399
Kliuchevsky, Vasilii, Russian historian 202
Klymiv, Ivan 446
Klymyshyn, Mykola, nationalist 446
kniazi 21
Knights of King Arthur’s Round Table 51
Kobylianska, Olha, author 305
works of 327
Kobylytsia, Lukian, Bukovynian rebel 250
Kobzar (“The Bard”): significance of 233
kobzari: repression of 419
Koch, Erich, Nazi official: rule of in Ukraine 467–9, 473
Kochanowski, Jan, author 94
Kochubei 182, 205
Kochubei, Viktor: views of 206
and reforms on Right Bank 210
Kodak, fortress of 117
Kodnia 193
Kohut, Zenon, historian 171
Kolchak, Aleksander, admiral 373
Koliivshchyna 192–3. See also haidamaky
Kolkhoz Council 627
Kollar, Jan, Slovak intellectual 241
Kollard, Iurii, Ukrainian activist 294
Kolomoiskyi, Ihor 664
Komarno 97
komnezamy. See Committees of Poor Peasants
kompaniitsi 150, 381
Komsomol: support of FYP 406
implements collectivization 410, 610
Komunist Ukrainy 507
Koncha Zaspa 665
Konev, Ivan, general 477
Koniecpolski, Aleksander, Polish commander 128
Koniecpolski, Stanisław, Polish military leader 116–17
Koniecpolski family 108
Konotop, battle of 144
Konovalets, Evhen: commands Sich Riflemen 359
leads UVO/OUN 443–4
generation of 446
assassination of 459
in Berlin 552
and immigrants 553
Konstantynovych, Ivan 545
Konysky, Oleksander 284
relations with Galicia 282, 293, 320, 329
Kopelev, Lev 418
Kopitar, Bartholemeus, Slovene intellectual 241
Kopystensky, Sakhariah, churchman 100, 119
Koran, Polovtsian khan 39
korenizatsiia: See Ukrainization
Koretsky family 108
Koriatovych, Fedir 76
Kormylchych, Vladyslav, prince 61
Korniichuk, Oleksander, playwright: minister of foreign affairs 478
recants 494, 497, 506
Koropeckyj, Ivan, economist 529
Koropynsky family 95
Korotchenko, Demian 497
Korotych, Vitalii, poet and editor 535
Korsh, Fedor, scholar 299
Korsun 117, 193: battle of 127
Korsun-Shevchencko, battle of 477
koshovy 174
Kosiv, Sylvester, churchman 156
Kossior, Stanislav: purge of 420
Kostelnyk, Gabriel, churchman 488, 490
Kostenko, Lina, poetess 507, 515
Kostomarov, Mykola, Ukrainian historian 23, 138
interest in ethnography 233
Shevchenko’s impact on 235
role in Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius 236, 280
and St Petersburg hromada 280
defeatism of 284
writings of 320
Kosynka, Hryhorii 397
Kosynsky, Krystofor, Cossack leader 113–14
Koszalin region 570
Kotliarevsky, Ivan, writer: significance of his Eneida 230–1
festivities in honor of 293, 303, 305
Kotsiubynsky, Mykhailo, novelist 304
Kotsko, Adam, student 332
Kovalenko, O., Ukrainian activist 295–6
Kovalevsky, A., scholar 301
Kovalevsky, Mykoła, Ukrainian activist 345, 354
Kovpak, Sydir, partisan leader 475–6, 478
Kozlovsky, Stanislav 323
KPZU (Communist Party of Western Ukraine): supports Shumsky 393
activity of 436–7, 501
Krakus 432
Kravchenko, Victor:
on 1932–33 Famine 414
Kravchuk, Leonid 577, 579, 580, 581
election of 583, 585, 588, 589, 594, 599–630 passim
Kravtsiv, Bohdan, nationalist 444
Krawchenko, Bohdan, scholar 273
on 1932 harvest 413, 415
on dissent 516
Kremenchuk 477
Kremianets, Polish college at 210, 479
Kremlin 465, 475, 497, 499, 635, 639, 645, 646, 650, 651, 658
and de-Stalinization 501–2
economic experimentation of 502, 504–7
attempts at reform 510–11, 513–14, 517, 521, 523, 531
Kretchetnikov, Mikhail, Russian general 193
Krivichians 22
Krivorizhstal 635, 640, 660
Krokovsky, Ioasak, churchman 195
Kromeriž 249
Kronstadt revolt 381
Kropyvnytsky, Marko 305
Krushelnytska, Solomea, singer 327
Krushelnytsky, Antin 436
Kruty, battle at 352
kruzhky 224
Krychevsky, Mykhailo, Cossack leader 128
Krylov, Mykola, scholar 399
Krymsky, Ahatanhel, scholar 302
in Academy 399
Kryvonis, Maksym, Cossack leader 128
Kryvyi Rih 667
development of 267
number of workers in 268, 270, 272, 278
Kuban River 78, 176
Kubijovyč, Volodymyr, scholar and activist: heads UCC 457–8
protest of 470, 472
and encyclopedia 565–6
Kuchma, Leonid 587, 592, 600–31
passim, 633
passim, 653, 657, 660, 662
“Kuchma-Gate” 644
Kuchma-Gore Commission 601
Kuchuk Kainarji, Treaty of 174, 176
kulaks (kurkuls): formation and characteristics of 263
anticommunism of 376
and NEP 405
liquidation of 409–10. See also peasants
Kulchytsky family 83
Kulish, Mykola, playwright 396–7
disappearance of 419, 501, 507
Kulish, Panteleimon, writer: evaluation of Khmelnytsky 138, 233
views of 237
and St Petersburg hromada 280
contacts with Galicians 282
and cultural Ukrainism 283
writings of 320, 329–30
Kumeiki, battle of 117
Kuntsevych, Iosafat, churchman 120
Kurbas, Les: leads Berezil troupe 397
exile of 419, 501, 507
Kurbsky, Andrei, Muscovite emigre 96
Kuron, Jacek 601
Kursk, battle of 476
Kurtsevych, Iosyf, churchman 119
Kuzma, Roman 436
Kviring, Emmanuel, Bolshevik leader 393
Kvitka-Osnovianenko, Hryhorii, writer: views of 231
Kvitkovsky, Denys 448
Kwasniewski, Aleksander, president of Poland 638, 646
Kybalchych, Mykola, revolutionary 288
Kyi 25
Kyrychenko, Oleksii 497, 499
Kysil, Adam, magnate 133
Labor (Trud) party 435
labor unions 627
Labour Party 654
Ladoga canal 166
Ladoga, Lake 26
land ownership 661
landholdings: among West Ukrainian peasants 214
impact of emancipation on 256
communal and non-communal 256
in Ukraine and Russia 289
in Eastern Galicia 309
in Bukovyna 334
and collectivization 415
in Polish-ruled Ukraine 433
of Polish landlords 455
language: at Lviv University 217
Herder views of 229
status and role in development of national consciousness 229–30
attitude of Mohylnytsky 240
views of Ruthenian Triad 241
call for standardization 250
Valuev ban on Ukrainian 282–3, 297, 300
Polish in education 316
impact of Russophilism 318
preference for Polish 319
rejection of vernacular 319–20
and Ukrainization 388
glorification of Russian 422
and 1958 reform 502
Shelest support of Ukrainian 512
protests over 536
in post-Soviet
period 606–8, 618. See also Church Slavonic
iazychie
Lantskoronsky, Predslav, border official 109
Lapchynsky, Iurii, Ukrainian Bolshevik 375
and federalist opposition 391
Lapland 535
Lasotta, Erich von, Habsburg envoy 112
Laszcz, magnate 108
Latin, language 674
in Galicia and Volhynia 73–4, 121, 301, 314
Latin America 557, 565, 670
Latos, Jan, scholar 97
Latsis, Martin, Cheka leader 365
Latvia 532
Lavrov, Petr, Russian revolutionary: views of 287
law: impact of 1860s reforms on 258
under Polish rule 427
“law of diminishing dictators” 511
Law on Power 611
“Laws According to Which the Little Russians Are Governed” 170
Lazarenko, Pavlo 616, 622
Lazarevsky, Oleksander, scholar 302
League of Landowners 356
League of Militant Atheists 478
League of Nations 430
Lebed, Dmitrii 387
Lebed, Mykola, nationalist 445–6
Lebensraum 467
Lebid 25
Left Bank 117
population density in 18th century 188
Cossack traditions in 204, 467, 476–7, 483, 525, 530
Legion of Ukrainian Nationalists (DUN) 463
Legion of Ukrainian Nationalists (Podebrady) 443
Legislative Commission 172, 177
Legnica 571
Lemkos 432, 490
and Ukrainian identity 526
as immigrants 539, 541
expulsion of 570–1
Lenin, Vladimir: criticism of kulaks 263
on economic exploitation of Ukraine 269
and emergence of Bolsheviks 291
in revolution 348
on nationalism 349
and use of violence 350 passim
criticizes Russians and Jews 375
tactical skill of 381
and nationalism 383
and formation of USSR 385–6
death of 394, 495, 523, 533
Leninism 393
Lenkavsky, Stefan, nationalist 444
Leszczyńbski, Stanisław, king of Poland 164
“Letter to the Bishops Who Abandoned Orthodoxy” 101
Lev, Galician prince 62–4
Levant 25
Levytsky, Boris, scholar 499
Levytsky, Dmytro, painter 197
Levytsky, Dmytro, politician 435
Levytsky, Evhen, Ukrainian activist 328
Levytsky, Iosyf, scholar 240
Levytsky, Kost, Ukrainian activist 340, 368
Levytsky, Mykhailo, churchman 240
Levytsky, Venedikt, censor 241
Lex Grabski 429
Lexikon 121
Liberal Party 614
Liberation of Labor 290
Liberman, Aron: and Drahomanov 278
Lions’ Society (Tovarystvo Leva) 575
literacy: in eastern Ukraine 300
rise of 388, 398
“Literary Discussion” 396
literature: in Hetmanate 196–8
role in development of national consciousness 230–2
and European models 293
during 1876–1905 period 302–5
in Eastern Galicia 326–7
in 1920s 395–7
emergence of new generation 507
ideological crackdown in 508
Literaturna Ukraina 575
Lithuania and Lithuanians 53, 638
and Galicia-Volhynia 56–7, 62, 64
expansion into Ukraine 69–72
policies of grand princes of 74–6
overlordship of 80–1, 83
social change in 89–90
Orthodoxy in 93, 96
grand princes of 106, 276, 443
Helsinki Group in 517, 532
Lithuanian Statute 84–5, 170
liquidation of 211
Little Russian Collegium: first 166–8
second 172
“Little Russian Folksongs” 228
“Little Russian Stories by Hrytsko Osnovianenko” 231
Little Russians (Malorossy) 165
use of term 201, 203
mentality of 206, 318, 499
Shcherbytsky model of 512, 514
modern version of 523, 526
Little (Minor) Seminary 567
Liubartovych, Fedir, Volhynian prince 76
Liubchenko, Panas: purge of 420
Liubech 36
Liubit Ukrainu 478, 494
Liuboratsky 303
liudy 45
Liupanov, O., scholar 301
Livonia 115
Lloyd George, David, British prime minister 371
Loboda, Andrii, scholar 399
Loboda, Hryhorii, Cossack leader 114
Lobosevych, Opanas, Ukrainian noble 227
Lomonosov, Mikhail, Russian scholar 23
London 48
“Lost Epoch” 285
Lototsky, Oleksander, Skoropadsky minister 400
Louis, king of Hungary 72–3
Lozynsky, Iosyf, scholar 240
Lozynsky, Mykhailo 436
Lubachivsky, Myroslav, cardinal 578, 594
Lubart, Lithuanian ruler 73
Lubavitcher (Jews) 675
Lublin, town of 79, 570
Lubny 159
Lubomirski, Andrzej, magnate 312
Lubomirski, Jerzy, magnate 191
Lubomirski family 187–90, landholdings on Right Bank 190
Luckyj, George, scholar 232
on significance of Kobzar 233
Luh, organization 439
Luhansk 608, 618, 658, 667, 670, 671
Lukaris, Kyril 97
Lukasevych, Vasyl, Ukrainian noble 209
Lukashenka, Alexander 602
Lukianenko, Levko, dissident 516, 518, 577, 578, 588
Lukomsky family 95
Lupul, Manoly, scholar 564
Lutsenko, Yuri, government minister 641
Lutsk 83, 94, 97, 99, 157, 190, 461
Lutsky, Ostap, activist 435, 438
Luzhkov, Iuri, mayor of Moscow 599, 657
Lviv 48, 646, 667, 671, 674
founding of 62; 74
population in 15th century 86, 94–5, 97–9, 101, 107, 119
administrative center of Galicia 216; 244
RUP publications in 294
population of 311
struggle for 367–8, 428
“secret” university in 439
Theological Academy in 440
activity of OUN in 443–5
Germans arrive in 463, 465, 470, 477–8, 490–2, 515
Chornovil in 517
in the new era 576, 578, 579, 592, 629, 665
Lviv, diocese of 194
Lviv brotherhood 98, 120
Lviv “secret” university 439
Lviv University: founding of 217, 238–9
Holovatsky at 313
Polish/Ukrainian conflict at 321–2
Ukrainians in 326, 434
Ukrainization of 455
Lypa, Ivan, Ukrainian activist 292–3
Lypkivsky, Vasyl, churchman: heads UAOC 400–1
arrest of 402
Lypynsky, Viacheslav, Ukrainian historian: evaluation of Khmelnytsky 138
view of Little Russian mentality 206
views on Hetmanate 359, 568
Lysenko, Mykola, composer 293, 304
Lysianka 193
Lytvyn, K.Z. 493–4
Lytvyn, Volodymyr, speaker of parliament 643
Lyzohub, Dmytro, revolutionary 288
Lyzohub, Fedir, Skoropadsky minister 357
Macedonian language 20
Macedonians 11
Machine Tractor Stations. See MTS
Madrid Summit 601, 645
Magdeburg 83
Magdeburg Law 83, 124, 142
liquidation of 204, 211
magnates: role in Union of Lublin 79
Polonized 87, 99, 101–2, 106
role in colonization 107
and Cossacks 109
and manufacturing on Right Bank 180. See also nobles, szlachta
Magyarization 335, 448, 458
“magyarones” 335, 543
Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) 637, 638
Mailov, Aleksei 445
Main Committee 253–4
Makarenko, Antin, Soviet educator 397
Makhno, Nestor, partisan leader 360
defects from Bolsheviks 365
Maksymovych, Karlo, leader of KPZU 393, 436
Maksymovych, Mykhailo, scholar 229, 241
Makukh, Ivan, activist 436
Mala Khortytsia 109
Malanchuk, Valentyn 508, 512, 517
Malaniuk, Ievhen, poet 444
Malczewski, Antoni, Polish author 232
Malenkov, Georgii, Soviet leader 496
Malinovsky, Radion, general 477, 497
Malorossiia 141, 159
Manchester 566
Manchuria 8
Manitoba 550
manufacturing: in Kievan Rus’ 48;
in Poland-Lituania 86;
in Hetmanate 180. See also industrialization;
workers
Manuilsky, Dmitrii, Bolshevik leader 364–5
Maramarosh 447, 568
Marchuk, Ievhen 616–17
Margolin, Arnold, UNR minister 364
Maria Theresa, Austrian empress: reforms of 212, 217
Mariupol 663
Markovych, Iakiv, historian 197, 226
Markovych, Roman, Ukrainian noble 226
Markush, Alexander 449
Marx, Karl: links with Podolynsky 286
Marxism 54;
basic concepts of 289–90;
appeal of 290;
spread of 290–1;
and RUP 294;
in Eastern Galicia 328, 477, 518
Marxism, Institute of 399;
attack on 419
Marxism-Leninism 390, 523;
in “post-ideological” age 533
Masalsky family 95
Maslosoiuz 438
Masol, Vitalii 578
Matiushenko, Opanas 296
Matusevych, I., Ukrainian activist 294
Mazepa, Ivan: background of 160;
hetmancy of 160–1;
relations with tsar 161–5;
and Charles XII 163–5, 171;
landholdings of 181, 196;
reputation of in the new era 575
“Mazepism” 299, 341
Mazepist or Cossack Baroque. See Baroque
Mazepists 165
Mazlakh, Serhii, Bolshevik 391
Mazowia, principality of 63–4
Mazurenko, Iurii, Ukapist leader 384
Mechnikov, I., scholar 302
Medical Academy 195
Mediterranean civilization 11
Mediterranean Sea 9, 11, 13, 25
Medvedchuk, Viktor 616, 634, 635, 636, 640, 653, 654
Melbourne 567
Melenevsky, Marian, revolutionary 294–5
Melnikov, Iurii, revolutionary 290
Melnikov, Leonid 497
Melnychenko, Mykola 644
Melnyk, Andrii, nationalist leader 359;
and rift in OUN 459–60
Melnykites 460, 557
“Memoires of a Pug-Nosed Mephis-topheles” 305
Mendvog, Lithuanian ruler 63, 70
Mengli Girei, Crimean khan 78
Mensheviks: and Jews 363
Menshikov, Aleksander, Russian statesman 164, 166;
landholdings in Ukraine 167–8
Merians 22
Meshko, Oksana, dissident 518
Meshkov, Iuri 609
Meta 321
Metlynsky, Ambrozii, writer 231
Metternich, Prince: resignation of 244
Metz 551
Mezhenko, Iurii 396
Miakotin, Venedikt, Russian historian 135
Mickiewicz, Adam, Polish poet: praise of Ukrainian folklore 228
middle class 665–6
Middle East 38
Mikhnovsky, Mykola, Ukrainian activist 292;
and Samostiina Ukraina 294;
intense nationalism of 295
military forces 655
Miliukov, Pavel, Russian leader 343
Miliutin, Dmitrii, Russian minister 282
Milosovich, Slobodan, president of Serbia 639
Mindaugas (Mendvog) 70
Ministry for Occupied Eastern Territories 467
Ministry of Agriculture 628
Ministry of Defense 604
Ministry of Foreign Affairs 604
Minneapolis 542
minorities. See national minorities
“Mirror of Theology” 121
“Misery of Galicia” 310
Misto 397
Mithridates VI 13
Mittal Steel 641, 660
Mittenwald 555
Mnohohrishny, Damian 147;
hetmancy of 150
modernization: weak Ukrainian participation in 271–4;
and Ukrainization 399;
cost of 423;
in Russian guise 424;
and peasant expectations 451;
Stalin approach to 500;
and Ukrainians abroad 560;
in the new era 595
Mohyla, Petro, churchman 120–1
Mohyla Academy 121–2
Mohylnytsky, Ivan, churchman 239;
attitude toward Ukrainian vernacular 240
Montronynsky Monastery 192
Moldavia: revolt in 91;
Ottomans in 112, 114, 187, 205, 447, 602
Moldavians 59;
among Cossacks 108;
and Vyshnevetsky 110
Moldavian law 84, 90
Moloda Rus’ 320
molodshi liudy 45
Molotov, Viacheslav, Stalin associate: sent to Ukraine 420
Motolov-Ribbentrop Pact 602
Monash University 568
Mongols: conquests of 39–41, 48, 53;
impact of invasion 54;
extent of empire 55;
defense of Kiev against 61;
and Galicia-Volhynia 62–4, 70, 77, 85, 106
Montreal 551
Moravia 308
Moroz, Oleksander, leader of the Socialist Party 588, 611, 613, 616, 617, 641, 642
Moroz, Valentyn, dissident 516–17, 562
Morozov, Konstantyn 586
Moryntsi 233
Moscow 38, 53, 577, 581, 635, 641, 648, 651, 657, 664, 674;
example of regionalism 56–7, 59, 69, 70, 74;
rise of 77–8, 115, 252;
Ukraine’s railroad links with 267;
role in decision making 386, 437, 474–5, 483, 493, 497, 499–509;
and dissent 515–17, 521;
and Ukraine’s economy 528–9, 532, 535, 537, 567, 589;
and Ukraine in the new era 585. See also Kremlin;
Muscovy;
Russia;
Russians.
Moscow, metropolitan of 93
Moscow, patriarch of 194, 440, 456, 465, 579, 631
Moscow Patriarchate 658, 675
Moscow University 195, 229
moskal 274
Moskalenko, Kyrylo 499
Moskovskii vedomosti 282
“The Most Bitter Wars of Bohdan Khmelnytsky” 197
Motyl, Alexander, political scientist 441, 516
“Movement in Defense of Civil Rights” (pravozakhysny rukh) 518
MTS (Machine Tractor Stations) 412, 504
Mstyslav, the Brave 34
Mstyslav, son of Volodymyr Monomakh 37, 57
Mudry, Vasyl 431, 435
Mukachevo 636
Mukachiv 335
Mukha, revolt of 91
Müller, Gerhard, German scholar in Russia 22
multiculturalism, in Canada 565
Munich 55, 566
Munich Pact 450, 454
Muraviev, Mikhail, Bolshevik commander: captures Kiev 350, 352–3
Muraviev-Apostol brothers 209
Muromets, Ilia 51
Muscovy and Muscovites 69;
and Kievan traditions 72;
weakness of laws in 85;
influence of 99, 109;
Cossacks in service of 113–15, 120;
portrayal in Istoriia Rusov 227. See also Moscow
Muslims 47, 105, 116, 632, 675
muzhi 45, 60
MVD 489
Mykhailo, prince of Kiev 39
Mykhalchuk, Konstantyn 281
Mykolaiv 667
Mykytych, Dobrynia 51
Myloradovych family 205
Myrhorod 159, 168
Myrny, Panas, author 303
Mystyslav, patriarch 579, 594
Nachtigall 463, 474
Nahirmy, Vasyl: pioneers cooperative movement 324–5
Naima, Ottoman historian 112
Nalyvaiko, Damian, churchman 97, 114
Nalyvaiko, Severyn, Cossack leader 114
Napoleon: invasion of 206–7
Narodna Rada 321
Narodna Torhivlia 324, 438
Narodnaia Volia: tactics of 288
Narodnia Volia 561
narodnyky: origins and activity of 287–9;
relations with Ukrainophiles 289
Narodovtski. See Populists
Nashe Slovo 571
Natalka Poltavka 305
“national awakeners”: in Western Ukraine 239, 242
national communism: phenomenon of 390;
in Ukraine 390–4;
sign of 513. See also Khvylovyism;
Shumskyism;
Volobuevism
national consciousness: growth in Western Ukraine 237–41;
growth in 1917–20 379;
in Transcarpathia 449–50;
UCC attempts to raise 457–8
National Democrats (Polish) 428
National Democrats (Ukrainian) 610–13, 622
National Guard 604
national minorities: in Ukraine 274–8;
political parties among 291;
in Poland 437–8;
population shifts among 482–4;
assimilation into Russian 525
National Socialism. See Nazis
nationalism: changes in 293;
and Russian revolutionaries 286;
and socialism 391;
factor in 1932–33
Famine 415–16;
Stalin view of 422
nationalism, integral: genesis of 441;
ideology of 441–2;
attraction of 452;
among Ukrainians abroad 553–4. See also OUN
nation-building 354, 377, 653–9;
two crucial generations in 424;
progress of 526
nationhood: development of concept 221;
key ideas of 224–32;
growth among West and East Ukrainians 241–2;
as issue in 1848 Revolution 245–51;
and appearance of Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy 326;
in post-Soviet period 605–10
NATO 599–602, 645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 658
Naumovych, Ivan, Russophile 318
Navrotsky, Volodymyr, Ukrainian activist 309
Nazar Stodola 305
Nazis: and Carpatho-Ukraine 450–1;
foreign relations of 454;
police of 457, 464;
policies in Ukraine 467–73. See also Germans;
Germany;
Hitler;
Koch, Erich
Nazi-Soviet Pact 454, 460
Nebaba, Martyn, Cossack leader 128
Nebyliw 546
“Nebyliw Group” 546
Nechai, Danylo, Cossack leader 128
Nechui-Levytsky, Ivan, author 303
Negrych, Ivan 550
Nemyriv 161
Nemyrych, Iurii, Ukrainian nobleman 144
Nenasytets, Dnieper rapid 27
Neoclassicists 396
Neolithic period 6
NEP: introduction of 381;
features of 382;
success of 383;
and peasants 387;
concessions of 403;
and kulaks 405, 409–10
Nestor, chronicler 23, 27, 28, 51
Nestorenko, Maksym, Cossack leader 128
Netherlands 662
Neva 321
New Ukraine bloc 614
New Economic Policy. See NEP
New Jersey 540
New Serbia 187
New York 540, 553
New York Times 416
Nicholas I, Russian emperor: rule of 202;
and reforms on Right Bank 210;
and Shevchenko 237;
and Crimean War 251;
death of 279
Nicholas II, Russian emperor: in 1905 Revolution 296, 298, 344, 356
Nikovsky, Andrii: trial of 417
Nizhyn 180;
economic activity in 149, 159, 185
NKVD: fabricates plots 420, 455, 461, 475, 479, 488–90
nobles 74–5;
ties of Polish nobles with Lithuanians 76;
Orthodox nobles 77;
role in Union of Lublin 79, 80, 82–3;
ascendency of 87–9;
rights of 94, 96, 100, 102;
numbers in Kiev province 107, 178;
number in Hetmanate 185;
landholdings in southern Ukraine 187;
and townsmen 190;
and resistance to Habsburg reforms 218;
interest in Ukrainian history 226–7;
and emancipation of serfs 253–7;
decline of 264;
number of on Right Bank 275.
See also boyars;
elite;
gentry;
magnates;
szlachta;
starshyna
Nogais, Turkic nomads 78
nomads: emergence of 8;
conflicts among 15, 39. See also Cimmerians;
Mongols;
Sarmatians;
Scythians;
Tatars
nomenklatura 603, 606, 607, 610, 614, 616, 621
non-governmental organizations 628–9
Norilsk: prisoner revolt in 502
Normanist Controversy 22–5, 53
Normans 22
Norsemen 26
North America and North Americans 532, 545, 548, 557, 565–6, 675
North Dakota 541
Northern Society 207, 209
Norway 35
“Notes Concerning Little Russia” 226
Nottingham 566
Novakivsky, Oleksander, painter 327
Novgorod: Varangians in 26;
Volodymyr in 31;
Iaroslav in 34–5, 38;
school in 52;
and regionalism 56, 59–60;
conquest by Moscow 77
Novhorod-Siverskyi 76, 227
Novi Sad 568
Novoe Vremia 299
Novorossiia: population of 187;
grain trade 188
Novytsky, Oleksii 399
Nunn-Lugar Act 644
obozny, Cossack official 110
obrok 179, 254
obshchyny 48
Ochakiv 112
October Manifesto 296
October Revolution: nature of 348
Odessa 665, 667;
railroad links with 267;
growth and population of 269;
number of Jews in 273;
narod-nyk group in 287;
university in 301;
French land in 361, 468;
in the new era 578, 592
Odyssey 9
Ogonek 535
OGPU: quells uprisings 411;
in Great Terror 417–18
Ohio 540
Ohloblyn, Oleksander, Ukrainian historian 399
Ohonovsky, Oleksander 324
Ohrysko, Volodymyr, minister of foreign affairs 649
Oka River 19, 29, 34
Okhrymovych, Vasyl, nationalist 502
Okhtyrka 153
Olbia 13
Old Believers 187, 274
Old Hromada. See Hromada, Old
Old Ruthenians: Russophilism of 317–18;
and Habsburgs 318;
and vernacular 319
Oleh, son of Sviatoslav 31–2
Oleh (Helgi, Oleg), prince of Kiev 27;
reign of 28, 41, 47
Oleksandrivsk 188
Oleskiw, losyf 546
Olesnytksy, Evhen, Ukrainian activist 325
Olha (Helga, Olga), princess of Kiev: reign of 29, 33
Oligarchic elite 664–5
oligarchs 610, 614, 617, 621, 630, 642, 649, 653, 654
Oliynyk, Volodymyr 617
Olsztyn region 570
Olzhych-Kandyba, Oleh, nationalist poet 444
Omelianovych-Pavlenko, Mykhailo, general 369
“On the Current Situation in Ukraine” 391
“On Law and Grace” 51
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 506
Opalinski, Władysław 73
Opara, Stefan, Cossack leader 146
opryshky 192
Orange Revolution 636–9, 642, 648, 649, 654, 658, 666
Order Number One 345
“organic work” 315, 323
Organization for the Rebirth of Ukrainian Statehood (ODWU) 553–4
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. See OUN
Orlyk, Hryhor, Ukrainian Cossack emigre 165
Orlyk, Pylyp, hetman-in-exile: activity abroad 165, 197
Orthodox church 34, 674;
discrimination against 86;
in Poland-Lithuania 93–4;
and Union of Brest 99–101, 121;
persecution of on Right Bank 190;
in Bukovyna 334;
attempts to convert Galicians to 329;
subordinated to Moscow 400;
attempts to Ukrainize 400–1, 429, 432;
in Volhynia, Polissia, and Kholm 440–1, 456, 464;
tolerated by government 520;
in the USA 542, 561;
in Canada 548–9, 563;
post-Soviet era 630;
Kiev Patriarchate 674. See also UAOC
Orthodox East 57
Orthodoxy: and Polish expansion 72–4;
and Lithuanian rulers 76–7, 92;
decline of 93–4, 95–6;
revival of 96, 97, 116, 119, 122;
in Western Ukraine 194, 196;
and conversion of Greek Catholics 211, 488. See also Greek faith
Ortynsky, Soter, churchman 541–3, 549
Osadchy, Mykhailo, dissident 515
osavul, Cossack official 110
Osmachka, Teofil 397
Osman II, Ottoman sultan 112
Osnova: establishment of 28;
Antonovych “confession” in 281;
ceases publication 282, 321
Ossolinski family 108
Ostapenko, Serhii, UNR minister 362
Ostarbeiter 469, 554
Ostrianyn, Iakiv, Cossack leader 118
Ostrih 96, 101, 114
Ostrih Academy 96–7, 119
Ostrih Bible 96
Ostrih Cleric 97, 101
Ostrohsk 153
Ostrorog, Mikołaj, magnate 128
Ostronog family 124
Ostrozky, Janusz, magnate 113
Ostrozky, Konstantyn, magnate 79, 83;
and the Ostrih Academy 96–7;
and Union of Brest 99–100
Ostrozky family 108, 113–14
otaman, Cossack official 109
otaman, partisan leader 358;
proliferation of 360
Ottoman Empire 78, 93, 573;
conquers Constantinople 105–6;
and Cossacks 109–12;
wars with 115–16;
ties with Khmelnytsky 133–4;
and Iurii Khmelnytsky 147;
support of Orlyk 165;
loss of Bukovyna 213;
in Crimean War 252, 568. See also Constantinople
OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists): change of tactics of 430–1;
emergence and ideology of 441–3;
organization and activity of 443–6, 448, 451, 457;
great rift in 459–60, 472–4, 479, 489–90, 495, 502, 519;
among immigrants 552–4, 557;
in the new era 588, 594. See also Bandera, Stepan;
Melnyk, Andrii;
OUN-B;
Banderites;
OUN-M;
Melnykites;
OUN-UPA
OUN-B: and Germans 463–5, 472–4. See also Bandera, Stepan;
Banderites
OUN-M: and Germans 463–5, 473–4. See also Melnyk, Andrii;
Melnykites
OUN-UPA 658
Our Soviet Ukraine 512
Our Ukraine Party 634, 643
Pacific Ocean 55, 311
Pacification: in Eastern Galicia 430–1, 440, 445
pacta conventa 89
pacta et constitutiones. See Bender Constitution
Padura, Tymko, Polish Ukrainophile 237, 276
Pale of Settlement: establishment of 276
Palii, Semen, Cossack leader 154;
revolt of 161–2
Palinodiia 121
Pamiat 535
Panch, Petro 396
Pankivsky, Kost, activist 470
Parana 545
Pares, Bernard, British historian 253
Paris 120, 650;
Ukrainians in 552, 566
Paris Peace Conference 371;
rejects Ukrainian appeals 374
parliament (Verkhovna Rada) 599, 604, 607
“Partisan clan” 486
partisans: neo-Cossack anarchism of 360;
abandon Directory 365;
anti-Bolshevik 376–7;
the UPA 473–4, 488–90;
pro-Soviet 475–6
Partnership for Peace 601, 645
Party for the Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine 588
Party of Democratic Revival 614
Party of Labor 614
“party of power” 609, 614–15
Pasternak, Boris, author 506
Pasternak, Iaroslav, scholar 48
pastoralists 8–9
Paterikon 51
Patetychna Sonata 397
Patriarchal church 401
Paul of Aleppo, traveler 155
Pavliuk, Mykhailo 322
Pavliuk, Pavlo, Cossack leader 117
Pavlov-Sylvansky, Nikolai, Russian historian 46
Pavlovsky, Oleksii, scholar 230
Pavlychko, Dmytro, poet 507, 536, 587, 588;
in the new era 588, 594
Pavlyk, Mykhailo, Ukrainian socialist 323;
and Radicals 328
Pavlykovsky, Iuliian 438
Pchilka, Olena, author 304
Peasant Democratic party 588
Peasant Party 615, 628
peasants: status in Poland-Lithuania 84–5;
enserfment in 16th century 90–1;
in colonization of Ukraine 107;
differences with Russia 179;
reenserfment of 184–5;
number in Hetmanate 185;
on Right Bank 189–90;
and Bibikov reforms 211–12;
under Habsburg rule 213–14;
alcoholism among 214;
folklore of 228–9;
and reforms of Joseph II 216–17;
during 1848
Revolution 244–7;
in postemancipation era 260–3;
socioeconomic differentiation among 262–4;
attitudes toward Russians 275;
idealization of 287;
and communal landownership 289;
attempts to politicize 294;
support for autonomy 298;
in Eastern Galicia 309–11;
relationship with Jews 311–12;
cooperation with intelligentsia 325;
general strike of 331;
and Central Rada 346;
against Skoropadsky 358;
attitudes during Civil War 360;
against Bolsheviks 365;
Bolsheviks placate 376;
and struggle for independence 377–8;
and NEP 382–3;
Stalin’s attitude toward 404;
attack on 409–10;
and collectivization 411–12;
and nationalism 415–16;
losses under Stalin 423;
under Polish rule 429–30, 433;
and Soviet occupation 455–67;
Nazi exploitation of 468–9;
role diminishing 527;
and recent reforms 591. See also kulaks; serfs
Pechenegs 31, 34, 36
Pelchytsky, Leontii 99
Pennsylvania 448, 539–41, 544, 548
Pentecostals 520
People’s Democratic Party (NDP) 614
Pereiaslav 35, 48, 61, 117;
college in 197, 180
Pereiaslav, agreement of 1654;
circumstances surrounding 134–5;
interpretations of 135–6, 137, 145, 150;
and Peter I 166, 168;
celebration of 498–500, 502
Pereiaslav, pact of 1659 145, 149
Pereiaslavets 31
Perekop 112
Peremyshl (Przemysl) 57, 238;
center of cultural activity 239;
Poles capture 368, 477, 570
Peremyshl Circle 239
perestroika 534, 574, 579, 580
Peretts, Volodymyr 399
Perun, pagan god 49
Pestel, Pavel, Decembrist leader: program of 207–9;
views on Ukraine 209
Peter I, Russian emperor 133, 158;
and reaction to Mazepa’s defection 164;
limits autonomy of Hetmanate 164–7, 198, 202;
Shevchenko view of 235
Petliura, Symon, Ukrainian political leader: and Vladimir Zhabotinsky 278;
in Central Rada 345;
and Kruty battle 352;
feud with Vynnychenko 354;
opposes Skoropadsky 358;
and army 361–2;
and pogroms 363–4;
and Poles 374–5 passim, 552. See also Directory
Petrovsky, Hryhorii: purge of 420
Petrushevych, Evhen: leads Ukrainian Parliamentary Club 343;
president of ZUNR 368;
appointed dictator 370;
forms government-in-exile 374, 436, 552
Petryk, Ivan Ivanenko, Cossack leader 161
Philadelphia 541, 543
Philip of Macedon 11
Piatakov, Georgii, Bolshevik leader 349, 364
Piatka River, battle of 114
Pidlasia 82
Pid osinnymy zoriamy 396
Pidmohylny, Valerian 397
pidpomichnyky 183
Pieracki, Bronisław, Polish minister 431;
assassination of 445
Piłsudski, Josef, marshal 427;
attempted assassination of 443;
as revolutionary 445
Pinchuk, Viktor 635, 641, 654, 660, 664
Pipes, Richard, historian 27, 28, 352
Pivdenmash factory 615
Plachynda, S., writer 536
Plast, scouting organization 340;
and urban intelligentsia 439;
in Transcarpathia 450;
in West 555, 561, 567;
in the new era 594, 629
Plaviuk, Mykola 594
Plekhanov, Georgii: and spread of Marxism 290
Pletenetsky, Elisei, Galician nobleman 119
Pliushch, Ivan 587, 612
Pluh, literary group 395–6
Pluzhnyk, Evhen 397
Pochaino River 33
Podebrady 443, 552
Podhorny, Mykola 499
Podilia 3;
under Polish rule 77;
population of 82–3, 87, 106, 190, 204
“Podolians” 315–16, 333
Podolynsky, Serhii 282;
links with Marx and Engels 286
Pogodin, Mikhail, Russian historian 52, 317
pogroms: in 1881 and 1903–5 277;
and USDWP 297;
in Ukraine 363–4;
in Lviv 369
Pohruzhalsky 508
Pokshishevsky, V.V., Soviet scholar 526
Poland 638;
and Kievan Rus’ 32–4;
and Galicia-Volhynia 56–7, 59, 61–3;
expansion into Ukraine 72–6, 79, 81, 86, 91;
cultural growth of 93–4, 108, 115–16;
and Cossacks 105 passim;
rising influence in Galicia 313–16;
view of Ukrainian aspirations 315;
claims Eastern Galicia 367;
in interwar period 427–30;
and Pacification 432;
and socioeconomic conditions 433–4;
Ukrainian response to 436–9;
in Second World War 456–8, 470–1;
Polish/Ukrainian massacres 474, passim 526–7, 539;
Ukrainian emigres in 551–2;
Ukrainians in 570–2;
and Ukrainian independence 583, 598, 601–2, 619, 621, 626;
support of Roman Catholic Church 674;
relations with 646–7, 670, 671, 672, 674. See also Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth;
Polonization
Poland-Lithuania 53, 92, 94
Poles: as a minority in Ukraine 275–6;
number of 308;
conflict with Ukrainians 330–3;
as immigrants in USA 540;
joint ventures with 592, 632
Poletyka, Hryhorii, Ukrainian noble 172, 197, 227
Poletyka, Vasyl, Ukrainian noble 226–7
Poletyka family 205
Polianians 21–3;
and rise of Kiev 25–6, 28, 42, 53
Poliansky, Dmytro 499
Polish Communist party 436
Polish language 20, 121
Polish Military Organization 368
Polish National Council (Rada Narodowa): establishment of 244;
at Slav congress 248
Polish National Democratic party 333
Polish Socialist party 291
Polish uprising of 1830: in Ukraine 209–10
Polish uprising of 1863 281
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 79;
Ukrainians in 81–2, 87, 91, 94, 96–7, 99, 100, 108, 110–11, 114–15, 117, partitions of 176–7, 213;
Ukrainian population in 18th century 189;
Polish forces in 191;
attempts to restore 243
Polish-Ukrainian Battalion 645
Polish-Ukrainian Bulletin 431
Polish/Ukrainian war: stages of 369–70, 435
Polissia 8;
Polish policies in 428, 438;
political parties 435–6, 654;
education in 438–9;
church in 440;
UPA in 473, 475
Polissian Sich 473. See also Borovets, Taras
Politburo 499, 512, 535
political parties: non-Ukrainian in Ukraine 291–2;
Ukrainian 292–6;
growth in Galicia 327–9;
in Polish-ruled Ukraine 435–7
polk 117
Polonization 86;
of Ukrainian nobility 94–6, 102, 105, 122;
and West Ukrainian clergy 239;
of bureaucracy in Galicia 315;
of education 316, 428, 437, 441
Polotsk 56, 120
Polotsky, Simeon, churchman 196
Polovtsians (Cumans): attack Kiev region 36;
stable relationship with 39, 52, 56, 61
Polozovych, Senko, border official 109
Poltava 142, 671;
development of 153, 159, 180, 269, 477
Poltava, battle of 164, 195
Poltava region 108
Polubotok, Pavlo, Cossack leader 167;
portrayal in Istoriia Rusov 227;
Shevchenko view of 235
Poniatowski, Stanisław 192
Pope John Paul II 647
Popov, Nikolai: on Bolsheviks in Ukraine 349
Popovych, Alosha 51
Popovych, Oksana, dissident 518
Popular Movement for Restructuring in Ukraine. See Rukh
population: of Hetmanate and of Kiev 185;
of Zaporozhian lands 187;
of Ukrainian lands in 18th century 188–9;
growth spurt in 19th century 261;
of Kiev 269;
in Galicia 308;
changes after Second World War 481–4;
recent developments 529–90
Populists (Narodovtsi): emergence, views and activities of 319–21;
conflict with Russophiles 320;
work with peasants 325;
and formation of National Democratic party 328
Pora, youth organization 639
Porsh, Mykola, Ukrainian activist 294
Portugal 672, 673
posadnyky 43
positivism 301
Postyshev, Pavel, Stalin associate: role in 1932–33 Famine 414;
mandate in Ukraine 418;
attacks Ukrainization 419;
reign of terror of 419–20;
doubts about Stalin 420, 421
Potebnia, Oleksander, scholar 302
Potemkin: mutiny on 296
Potii, Ipatii, churchman 99–101
Potocki, Andrżej, governor: assassination of 332
Potocki, Mikołaj, magnate 127
Potocki, Stefan, magnate 193
Potocki family 108;
landholdings on Right Bank 190, 265, 275
Pozen, M.P. 253
Poznansky, Borys 281
Poznansky, Dmytro 294
Prague 47;
OUN in 443–4;
and Transcarpathia 448, 450, 552;
and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia 569–70
Prague congress. See Slav congress
Pravda: Galician newspaper 283, 293, 321
Pravda (Moscow) 494
Presbyterian church 549
press: in Galicia 282;
restrictions on 283;
repression of 299;
in 1905 Revolution 299;
number of publications 302;
in Transcarpathia 327;
and decline of Ukrainization 423;
decline of Ukrainian in 523–4
Prešov 335;
Ukrainians in 448, 569–70
Prešov Region Ukrainian National Council 569
Pretvych, Bernard, border official 109
“prisoners of conscience” 520–1
Pritsak, Omeljan, scholar 25, 562
privatization 621
Prokopovych, Teofan, churchman 195–6
proletariat: emergence and numbers of 270–1;
underrepresentation of Ukrainians among 272;
in Marxist theory 289;
in Eastern Galicia 312;
and Bolsheviks 349;
percentage of Ukrainians in 408. See also workers
Proletcult 395
Pronsky family 95
propaganda: Bolshevik use of 352;
Stalin “offensive” 477–8
Proskuriv: pogrom in 363
Prosvita Society: spread in Eastern Ukraine 297, 298;
activity of 321;
growth and membership of 324;
congress of 325;
reading rooms of 329, 439;
in Transcarpathia 449–50;
and Soviets 455, 548;
in Canada 549
Prosvita Ukrainian Language Society 588
Protestant sects: dynamism of 520
Protestantism and Protestants 674;
in Poland-Lithuania 92, 94, 100, 196, 630–1
Providence Association of Ukrainian Catholics 561
Provincial Committee 302
Provisional Government: formation of 344;
response to Central Rada 347;
overthrow of 348
Prucznicki, churchman 95
Prudentopolis 545
Prussia: Kapnist mission to 173;
and partitions of Poland-Lithuania 176–7;
defeats Habsburgs 314
Prut River 6, 57
Pryluky 159
Prypiat marshlands 19
Pugachev, Emelian, Russian rebel leader 174
purges: in 1920s 417;
highpoint of 418;
indications of renewal of 494;
rehabilitation of victims 501–2;
by Shcherbytsky 513. See also Great Terror
Pushkar, Martyn, Cossack leader 143
Pushkin, Alexander, Russian poet 235, 285, 423
Pustovoitenko, Valeri 622
Putin, Vladimir 634, 636, 639, 647, 648, 650, 651, 652
Pyliavtsi, battle of 128
Pylypenko, Serhii: leads Pluh 395
Pylypiw, Ivan, pioneer 546
pysar, Cossack official 110
Pysarzhevsky, Lev, scholar 399
quadrivium 96
Quebec 565
“Rabble” 304
radhospy 412
Radianska Ukraina 593
Radical party: in interwar period 435–6
Radicals: emergence, views, and activities of 321–3, 324;
organization of 328
Radimichians 32
Radio Liberty 635
Radziwiłł, Krzystof, magnate 79
railroads: construction of 265–7;
in Galicia 321
Rakoczi, Gyorgy II, prince of Transylvania 136
Rakovsky, Khristian, Bolshevik leader 349, 364–5;
and Ukrainization 384;
replaced 388
Rakushka-Romanovsky, Roman, Cossack official 156
rastsvetanie 521
reading rooms (chytalni) 549
Realism: in Ukrainian literature 303
Rebet, Lev, nationalist: assassination of 566
Red Army 658;
size of 376;
food for 381;
and Soviet republics 385;
attempts to Ukrainize 389;
in 1920 occupies Galicia 436;
retreat of 461;
prisoners from 468, 473, 476–9, 489, 518
referendum of 1 December 1991 xiii, 581, 582;
results of 583, 584, 585
Reform (Jews) 675
Reformation 94
reforms 207;
on Right Bank 210–12;
in Galicia 216;
in 1860s in Russian Empire 257–8;
by Soviets in Western Ukraine 455–6;
of Khrushchev 500–2
Regensburg 47, 555
regionalism 608
Reichskommissariat Ukraine 467, 469–70
Reichstag: Ukrainians in 249
religion 673–5
Renaissance 93
Republican party, in Crimea 609
Repnin, Prince, governor-general 226
“Report from the Beria Reserve” 517
Reshetar, John, scholar 354
Revival of Regions party 614
Revolt of 1648: on eve of revolt 123–5;
campaigns during 127–32;
foreign relations during 132–6;
final phase of 136–7;
155–6. See also Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Revolution, French 133
“Revolution in Ukraine” 391
Revolution of 1848: in Galicia 244–51;
peasant issue 244–7;
and nationality issue 247–8;
significance of 251;
impact of 259
Revolution of 1905 296–7;
impact in Ukraine 297–8
Revolution of 1917. See February Revolution;
October Revolution
Revolutionary Democratic party 557
Revolutionary Ukrainian party (RUP): organization of 294;
splits in 295;
activists flee abroad 298;
socialism and nationalism in 306, 323. See also Spilka;
Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers party
riad 44
Riazan 39
Riazanovsky, Nicholas, historian 404
Rieber, Alfred, historian 253
Riga 166, 180
Rigelman, Oleksander, historian 226
Right Bank 117;
population of 188–9;
reforms and centralization in 210–11, 467, 477, 483, 525, 530
Riurik, ruler of Novgorod 26–7
Riurikid dynasty 28;
struggle within 32, 34;
provides unity 37–8, 42;
and rise of Kievan Rus’ 43;
branches of 45, 59, 72, 83
Rivne 363, 461, 467, 667
“The Rock of the Faith” 196
Roh, pagan god 49
Rohatyn 97
Roland 463
Roman, Galician prince 63
Roman Catholic church 674
Roman Catholicism 34, 632
Roman Mstyslavych, prince of Galicia and Volhynia 60–1
Romanchuk, Iuliian, Ukrainian activist 321, 331
Romania and Romanians 333;
Iron Guard in 442;
Bukovyna under rule of 446–8, 455, 470, 483;
Ukrainians in 568, 601–2
Romaniuk, Vasyl, dissident 518, 520
Romanov dynasty 172, 201, 243, 573
Romanovichi, princes of Volhynia and Galicia 60–4
Romans 12–13
Romanticism: and national identity 225;
emotionalism of 301;
fading of 303
Rome 13, 34, 50, 62, 77, 95, 100, 441, 579;
OUN conference in 460, 488;
Ukrainian community in 567, 572
Romny 180, 269
Romzha, Teodor, churchman 488
Rose Revolution 639
Rosenberg, Alfred, Nazi ideologue: and Ukraine 465;
plans for Ukraine 467–8;
associate of 470
Rostov 53, 56, 77
Rostyslavychi, princes of Galicia 57, 59–60
Rosukrenergo 652
Rotterdam 446
“Route from Varangians to the Greeks” 26, 38, 41. See also Dnieper route;
Greek trade route
Roxolianians 12, 23
Rozbudova Natsii 444
Rozhdenytsia, pagan god 49
Rozumovsky, Kyrylo: hetmancy of 170–2;
assets of 179, 195
Rozumovsky, Oleksii 170
Ruban, Vasyl 226
Rudavsky, Stefan, author 304
Rudenko, Mykola, dissident 518, 562
Rudenko, Raisa, dissident 562
Rudnytska, Milena, activist 435, 440
Rudnytsky, Ian Lysiak, Ukrainian
historian 316;
on Ukrainian nationalism 442, 518
Rudnytsky, Stepan 436
Ruin, period of 139;
onset of 143–6;
political orientations during 146–8;
causes of 157, 158, 160
Rukh 654;
creation of 575, 577, 578;
weakening of 587, 588, 593, 606, 613, 616, 627
Rumiantsev, Peter, Russian official: administration of Left-Bank Ukraine 172–3
Rus’: etymology of 23
Rus’, palatinate (wojewodstowo) of 151. See also Galicia
Rus River 23
Rusalka 321
Rusalka Dnistrovaia 241
Ruska pravda: codification of 35;
and justice 43–4;
penalities imposed by 46
Ruskaia zemlia 38
Ruski Krstur 568
Ruskyi Dnevnyk 248
Rusna River 23
Rusov, Mykhailo, Ukrainian activist 294
Rusov, Oleksander, Ukrainian activist 282
Russia 635, 638 passim, 646;
size of 3;
East Slavs in 21;
original homeland 29;
migration to 53, 56;
name of 69;
cities of 70, 122;
and Ukrainian themes 232, 243;
power of 318;
response to Central Rada 346;
principle of “one, indivisible”354;
and conquest of Ukraine 378;
glorification of 422–3, 491;
presence in contemporary Ukraine 524–6, 598–627 passim;
relations with 647–51, 648 passim, 654, 658, 661, 663, 671 passim. See also
Moscow;
Muscovy;
Russian Empire;
Russification
Russia Bloc 609
Russians: number in far East 262;
number of 272;
in cities of Ukraine 273;
as minority in Ukraine 274–5;
peasant view of 275;
in Communist party 386;
in Ukraine’s universities 398;
immigrants’ identification as 542;
language 656, 657
Russian Agrarian party 437
Russian Empire 165;
expansion of 173–7, 187, 193;
nature of 202;
presence in Ukraine 202–6, 219;
emergence of intelligentsia in 223;
impact of 1860s reforms in 259;
population growth in 261;
collapse of 339, 432, 477, 534. See also Kremlin;
Moscow;
St Petersburg
Russian Monarchist party 291
Russian National party 329
Russian Orthodox church 478, 488, 520;
in the USA 542
Russian Orthodox Mission 542
Russian Orthodoxy 548
Russian Peasant party 437
Russian revolutionary movement: in Ukraine 286–91;
and Ukrainian issue 288–9;
and Ukrainian intelligentsia 289;
reaction to 293
Russian Social Democratic party: creation of 290;
split in 291: RUP branch of 294, 297
Russian Social Democratic Group 290
Russian Socialist Revolutionary party: formation of 291
“Russian Truth” (Russkaia pravda) 207
Russification 122, 203;
Pestel views on 209;
emergence of 210;
in cities 274, 408;
intensified 421–3;
renewed 424, 492, 500, 502, 507;
and Shelest and Shcherbytsky 512–13;
and dissent 516–17, 521;
rationale for 521;
and dissidents 523;
in language 524;
demographic aspect of 524–6, 531–2;
in schools 536, 562, 565
Russkyi Narodnyi Soiuz (Ruthenian National Union) 545. See also Ukrainian National Association
Russo-Ottoman War of 1768–75;
impact on Ukraine 173–4
Russophiles: emergence and views of 317–19;
conflict with Populists 320, 321;
attacked by Radicals 322;
decline of 329;
in Bukovyna and Transcar-pathia 334;
internment of 341;
flight of 343;
in Transcarpathia 449–50, 458, 508, 542
Russo-Turkish War of 1735–9 169
Rusyny. See Ruthenians
Ruthenian, old Ukrainian/Belorussian language 72–3
Ruthenian Assembly (Ruskyi Sobor) 248
Ruthenian Council (Ruska Rada) 319, 334
Ruthenian National Home 313, 319
Ruthenian Riflemen 250
Ruthenian Society 334
Ruthenian Training School 550
Ruthenian Triad: members of 240;
goals and significance of 241, 317, 319
Ruthenian (Rus’) wojewodstwo 74
Ruthenianism (Rutenstvo): attitudes associated with 218–19
Ruthenians (Rusyny) 69, 86, 95;
usage of term 307, 311, 315, 318;
in interwar period 448–9;
national identity of 458, 526;
identity among immigrants 541–3;
in contemporary Czechoslovakia 568–70;
in Transcarpathia 578, 658
Ruzyna family 95
Rylski, Maksym, poet 396
Rylski, Tadei 281
Rzewuski family 189
Saburov, Alexander 475
Sadovsky (Tobilevych), Mykola 305
Šafarik, Pave, Slovak intellectual 241
Sahaidachny, Petro Konashevych, Cossack leader 113;
policies of 115–16, 121
St George cathedral 578
St George circle 317
St Petersburg 166–8, 170, 180–1, 207, 664;
formation of hromada in 280
St Vladimir University: founding of 210;
bulwark against Polish influence 211, 224. See also Kiev University
Sajudis 587
Sakharov, Andrei, Soviet scientist and dissident 515
Sakovych, Kassian, rector 116, 119–21
Saksahansky (Tobilevych), Panas 305
Sambir 115, 474, 561
Samoilovych, Ivan 148;
hetmancy of 150–2, 154, 156, 160
Samostiina Ukraina 294
Samus, Samuilo, Cossack leader 154, 161
San River 475
Sangushsky family 83, 95. See also Sanguszko family
Sanguszko family 189
Sarai, Mongol capital 62
Sarcelles 566
Sardinia and Sardinians 252, 314
Sarmatians: in Ukraine 11–12
Saskatoon 559, 564
Sazanov, Sergei, Russian minister 343
SB (Sluzhba Bezpeky) 475, 489
sblizhenie 521
Scandinavia and Scandinavians 26, 31, 32, 35, 45, 122, 534. See also Normans;
Norsemen; Varangians
Schlozer, Ludwig, German scholar 22
scholarship: in late 19th century 301–2;
Skoropadsky support of 357;
renaissance in 1920s 398–9;
attack on 419;
decline in quality 501;
among Ukrainians abroad 552, 562, 564, 566–72
Scranton 448
Scythia and Scythians: society and realm of 9–13
“Second Revolution” 403
Second World War: phase one in Ukraine 453–8;
phase two in Ukraine 460–3, 465;
collaboration in 471;
Ukrainian losses in 479–80, 554, 562, 564, 569, 597
Secret Chancellory: introduction of 169
secret services, British and American: ties with UPA 490
sejm, sejmiki 79, 87, 89, 431
self-determination: Shevchenko calls for 235, 349;
principle of 371, 379;
Bolshevik promises of 387;
applied unevenly 425
Selianyn 294
Semesenko, partisan otaman: and Proskuriv pogrom 363;
execution of 364
Semichastny, Volodymyr 499
Senchenko, Ivan 396–7
Senenko, Mykhailo 396
Senyk, Iryna, dissident 518
Senyk, Omelian 446, 464
separatism: Bolshevik antagonism to 292, 523. See also “Mazepism”
Serafim, bishop: and Orthodoxy in Canada 548–9
Serbia and Serbs 176, 639;
colonists in Ukraine 187;
Russophilism of 317
Serbo-Croatian 20
serdiuky 146
seredniaky: formation and characteristics of 263. See also peasants
Seredost culture 8
serfdom and serfs 125;
establishment in Ukraine 90;
impact on agriculture 178;
reintroduction in Hetmanate 184–5;
among West Ukrainian peasants 213–14;
in Galicia 218;
discussed in Istoriia Rusov 227;
liquidation of 252;
extent in Ukraine 258, 262;
impact on education 300
Serpent Island 602
Serving Sisters 550, 567
servitudes 309
Sergeevich, Vasilii, Russian legal historian 135
Sevastopol: defense of 252;
and the Black Sea fleet 585, 599, 600, 609–10, 647, 650, 657, 658
Ševčenko, Ihor, scholar 122
Severians 21, 22, 43
Severodonetsk Conference 637, 638, 658
“Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors” 304
Shafonsky, Opanas, historian 226
Shafranov, Petr, Russian archivist 135
Shakhmatov, Aleksei, Russian scholar 19, 299
Shakhrai, Vasyl, Ukrainian Bolshevik 391
Shakovskoi, prince, Russian official 168–9
Shandro, Andrew 550
Shapoval, Mykyta, Ukrainian activist 345, 552
Shashkevych, Markian, poet 240
Shaulo, Matvii, Cossack leader 114
Shaw, George Bernard: praises Soviets 416
Shchek 25
Shcherbytsky, Volodymyr, Ukrainian Soviet leader: policies of 511–14, 517, 528;
in Gorbachev era 535–6;
in the new era 574, 577
Shelest, Petro, Ukrainian Soviet leader 499, 511–14, 517, 528
Sheptysky, Andrei, metropolitan 327;
exile of 341;
growing popularity of 343;
criticizes OUN 431;
respect for 440;
and OUN 446;
on deportations 456;
and OUN-B 464, 472;
death of 478, 488, 549
Shevchenko, Taras, poet: evaluation of Khmelnytsky 138;
view of Hetmanate 177;
poetry of 232–5;
call for Ukrainian self-determination 235;
portrayal of Peter I and Catherine II 235;
political views of 237;
release of 279;
and St Petersburg hromada 280;
grave of 292;
celebrations in honor of 293;
influence of 304;
inspires youth 319;
writings of 320, 516, 539;
statue of in Washington 562
Shevchenko Literary Society 283, 321
Shevchenko Scientific Society: reorganized by Hrushevsky 326, 330;
in Lviv 436;
in the USA 562;
in Australia 568
shkilnyi poriadok 98
shliakhta 171, 182. See also szlachta
“Short Chronicle of Little Russia” 226
“Short Response to Piotr Skarga” 101
Shrah, Mykola, Ukrainian activist 354
shtetl 277
Shukhevych, Iurii, dissident 518
Shukhevych, Roman, UPA commander 446, 474, 490, 518, 658
Shulgin, Vasilii, Russian publicist 374
Shumsky, Oleksander 384;
background of 392;
ideas condemned 393;
transfer of 394;
death of 419, 436
Shumskyism 394
Shumuk, Danylo, dissident 518, 565
Shwartzbart, Samuel: assassinates Petliura 552
Shynkar, Mykola, Borotbist 384
Siberia 150, 163, 167, 174;
deportations to 488–9, 491, 493;
labor camps in 502;
unused lands in 504, 511, 513;
investment in 528–9, 532
Sich (mass organization) 324, 333, 553
Sich (student club) 322, 340
Sich Riflemen 350, 358;
in UNR army 443
Sichko, Petro, dissident 518
Sichynsky, Myroslav: and assassination of Potocki 332
Sicily 26
Sidor, Dimitrii 658
Sifton, Clifford 546–7
Sigismund, grand prince of Lithuania 78
Sigismund, prince of Starodub 76–7
Sigismund III, king of Poland 99
Sigismund Augustus, king of Poland and grand prince of Lithuania 79, 110
Silskyi Hospodar 325
Sinn Fein 445
Sirko, Ivan, Cossack leader 153
“sixtiers” 507, 515
Skaba, Andrii 507
Skarga, Piotr, polemicist: attacks Orthodox 94–5, 99;
and Union of Brest 101
Skoropadsky, Ivan 164;
hetmancy of 166–7;
landholdings of 181
Skoropadsky, Pavlo, general: rejected by Central Rada 347–8;
background of 356;
links with Russians 359;
opposition to 358;
flight of 359;
and Ortho-dox church 400;
movement among emigres 552–3
Skoropadsky-Myloradovych, Elisaveta 283
Skovoroda, Hryhorii, philosopher: views of 197–8
Skrypnyk, Mykola, Ukrainian Bolshevik 349, 364;
on Russian chauvinism 385;
and Ukrainization 389–90;
criticizes “nationalist deviations” 394;
suicide of 419, 501, 512
Skrypnyk, Mystyslav. See Mystyslav, patriarch
Slabchenko, Mykhailo, Ukrainian historian 399;
trial of 417
Slav Congress 248
Slavic colonization 19–20
Slavo Serbia 187
Slavs 11;
dispersion of 19, 22, 25, 27, 121, 467–8
Slavs, East: dispersion of 19;
society of 21;
and Varangians 22–6;
trade with Constantinople 26–7, 31, 42, 44, 49, 50;
Hrushevsky views on 53–4, 56, 185
Slavs, South 20
Slavs, West 20
sliianie 521
Slipy, Iosyf, cardinal and patriarch: successor of Sheptytsky 478, 488, 567, 579
Sloboda Ukraine: home of Kharkiv Romantics 231, 237
slobody 87, 107, 189
Slovak language 20
Slovaks: rightist movement among 442, 532, 541;
and Ukrainians 569–70, 572
Slovo 283, 318, 321
slovo i delo (Word and Deed Statute): impact in Ukraine 169
Słowacki, Juliusz, Polish poet 276
Slutsky, Iurii, magnate 96
Slutsky family 95
Smal-Stotsky, Stepan, Ukrainian activist 334
small business 661
Smolensk 35, 38, 77
Smotrytsky, Herasym, rector 96–7
Smotrytsky, Meletii, churchman 95–6, 120
Sobieski, Jan, king of Poland 154
sobor 100
“social banditry” 191–2
Social Democratic Party of Ukraine 588, 614
Social Democrats (United) Party 654
socialism: impact of Drahomanov on 284–6;
in Galicia 286;
first socialist party 287;
and peasants 287;
and peasant communes 289;
in Galicia 322–3;
and nationalism 391;
in Polish-ruled Ukraine 435–7;
among immigrants 553
Socialist party 588, 589, 592, 613, 615
Society of Nestor the Chronicler 302
Society of Notable Military Fellows 181. See also starshyna
Society of Ukrainian Progressives. See TUP
Society of United Slavs 207
Soiuz Ukrainok 440, 594
Sokil, youth organization 324, 333, 340, 439
Sokolovsky, partisan leader 362
Sokolynsky family 95
Solana, Javier, of the EU 638, 648
Solidarnosc 587
Solomyretsky family 95
Soloviev, Sergei, Russian historian 144
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksander, Russian author 506, 515
Somko, Iakiv, Cossack leader 145, 148
Soniashni kliarnety 396
Sosiura, Volodymyr, poet 397, 478, 494
sotni 140
South America 551
South East Ukrainian Republic 658
South Russian Workers Union 288
Soviet 655, 657, 658, 660, 662, 664 passim, 671, 673, 674
Soviet Bashkir Republic 461
Soviet Central Asia 461
Soviet Constitution of 1924 385
Soviet Constitution of 1936 421
Soviet Ukrainian encyclopedia 501
Soviet Ukrainian Republic: formation of 350
Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies: Kiev 345;
Petrograd 345
sovietskii narod 521
Sovnarkhoz (economic council) 505
Spain 672, 673
Spartocid dynasty 13
Spilka 295;
in 1905 Revolution 297–8
“Spring of Nations” 244
Sreznevsky, Izmail, scholar 231, 241
ss, elite units 468–9, 472
Stadion, Franz, governor of Galicia 244;
policy toward peasants 245–7;
pro-Ukrainian attitudes of 247
Stalin (Dzhugashvili), Iosif: and formation of USSR 385–6;
on Ukraine 387;
criticism of Shumsky 393;
criticism of Khvylovy 396;
background of 403;
control of party 404;
attitude to peasants 404;
and “socialism in one country” 405;
and industrialization 406;
orders collectivization 409;
and attack on peasants 409–10;
and 1932– 33 Famine 413–16;
and Great Terror 416–21;
and local nationalism 422;
and Hitler 454;
and Western Ukraine 455;
faith in Hitler 460;
and scorched earth 461, 471;
and Soviet return 477–505;
postwar policies of 481–7;
and retrenchment 492–7;
and de-Stalinization 499–508, 510–11, 514–15, 518;
cult of 535
Stalin Prize 478, 494
Stalingrad, battle of 472, 476
Stalinism: features of 404, 503, 506, 508, 509, 511
Stanyslaviv 368, 428, 461, 477, 479
Starodub 78, 185
Starodvorsky, M., revolutionary 287
starosty, Polish officials 109
starosty, Skoropadsky officials 357
START treaty 585
starshyna, Cossack officer-elite 10;
and manufacturing on Left Bank 180, 195;
growth of privileges and wealth 181–2;
imperial orientation of 182, 206;
interest in Ukrainian history 226, 281, 294. See also companions of the standard;
Society of Notable Military Fellows
Starytska-Cherniakhivska, Liudmyla: trial of 417
Starytsky, Mykhailo, playwright 304–5
Stashinsky, Bohdan, KGB assassin 566
state-building: Ukrainian attempts at 354, 377;
in post-Soviet era 603–5
Stauropegian Institute 319
Stavrovetsky, Kyril, churchman 98, 121
Stechishin, Myroslav 550
steel production 660
Stefanovych, Iakiv, revolutionary 287–8
Stefanovych, Vasyl, author 305
Stefanyk, Semen 497
Stefanyk, Vasyl, author: works of 327
Stempkowski, Jozef, Polish commander 193
Sterniuk, Volodymyr, bishop 578
Stetsko, Iaroslav, nationalist 446, 463
Stetsko, Slava 594
Stone Age 260
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, author 280
Strabo, Greek scholar 12
Strasbourg 648
Strauss, Emil 393
Strokach, Timofei 475
Strokata-Karavansky, Nina, dissident 518, 562
Struve, Petr, Russian publicist: views on Ukrainian issue 299
Stryi 97
Strzelcy 432
Stsiborsky, Mykola 446, 464
Stundists 541
Studium Ruthenum 217;
liquidation of 239
Studites 567
Stus, Vasyl, poet 515, 518, 524
Subotiv 126
Suceava 130
sudiia, Cossack official 110
Sudzilovsky-Rusel, Nicholas 539
Sukhovienko, Cossack leader 147
Sullivant, Robert: on glorification of Russians 422
Sultan Galiev 385
Sulyma, Ivan, Cossack leader 117
Sumy 153, 269, 667, 671
Supreme Court 638
Supreme Ruthenian Council (Holovna Ruska Rada): creation of 244;
members of 247;
and elections to parliament 249;
achievements of 251;
dissolution of 313, 319
Surazky, Vasyl 97
Surkis, Hryhorii 616, 635
surzhyk 608
Sushko, Roman, nationalist 446
Suzdal 53;
regional differentiation in 56–7, 60
Svaroh, pagan god 49
Sverstiuk, Ievhen, dissident 507, 515
Sviatopolk 34
Sviatoslav, prince of Chernihiv 35
Sviatoslav, prince of Kiev 25, 29;
reign of 29–31, 41
Sviatoslav, son of Volodymyr 34, 36
Svidnik 570
Svidrigaillo, prince of Siversk 76–7, 80
Svitlychna, Nadia, dissident 518, 562
Svitlychny, Ivan, dissident 507, 515
Svoboda 561
SUM. See Association of Ukrainian Youth
SVU (Union for the Liberation of Ukraine – Soiuz Vyzvolennia Ukrainy): formation of 340;
activity of 343;
trial of 417
Svydnytsky, Anatol, author 303
“The Swan” 155
Sweden and Swedes 23, 26;
and Mazepa 164
Świerczewski, Karol, general: killed by UPA 490
Switzerland 144, 324
Sydney 443, 567
Sylvester 51
Symbolists, literary group 396
Symonenko, Petro, leader of the Communist Party 613, 617, 651
Symonenko, Vasyl, poet 507, 515
Symyrenko, Vasyl 283
Symyrenko family 265
Syni Etiudy 397
Synia dalechin 396
“Synopsis” 155
Szczepanowski, Stanisław, Polish publicist 310
szlachta: emerges as estate 83–4;
gains political control 87, 89;
oppressiveness of 105;
and rise of Cossacks 113–14, 118, 238. See also nobles
Szporluk, Roman, historian 525
Tahanrih, conference 364
“Tale of the Cossack War with the Poles” 197
“Tale of the Host of Ihor” 51, 59, 61
Talerhof: Ukrainians interned in 341
Tanais 12
Tarashchanka, rebellion in 358
Tarasyuk, Borys, minister of foreign affairs 641, 644, 649
Tarnavsky, Myron, general 374
Tarnavsky, Vasyl 280
Tarnow 552
Tatars 39, 72;
in Crimean Khanate 78–9, 82;
Kiev exposed to attack of 86, 105;
raids of 106, 107, 109;
conflict with Cossacks 111, 122, 165;
last major raid in Ukraine 176, 178;
in post-Soviet era 609, 632. See also Crimean Khanate
Tavria, province of 204
Tbilisi 650
Tekeli, Russian general: and destruction
of Zaporozhian Sich 174
Teliha, Olena 444, 465
temnyki 634
Temujin (Jenghiz Khan) 39
Tenth Party Congress 381
Teofan, patriarch of Jerusalem 115–16, 119
Teplov, Russian official 171
Terekhtymyriv 111, 119
Terelia, Iosyp, dissident 565
Tereshchenko family 265
Terletsky, Kyrylo 99–100
Ternopil 428, 631, 667
Testament, Old 9
Testament, New 51
“Testament,” of Volodymyr Monomakh 51
Teteria, Pavlo, Cossack leader 145–6
Teutonic Knights 56, 64, 70, 74
theater: in late 19th and early 20th centuries 305, and national consciousness 321
Theodosia 13
Theological Academy (Lviv) 440
“Theory of the Struggle of Two Cultures” 387
Third Reich: areas conquered by 465, 468;
officials of 470;
Ukrainian organizations in 471
Third Rome doctrine 77
Third Section: establishment of 202, 205
Thor, pagan god 49
“Thoughts and Dreams” 304
Tien Shan Mountains 8
Tikhomirov, Mikhail, Soviet historian 48
Tikhon, patriarch 400–1
Time of Troubles 115
Tiutiunnyk, Iurii, partisan leader 362, 376
Tivertsians 21
Tkachenko, Mykola, Ukapist leader 384
Tkachenko, Oleksander 612, 613, 617
Tmutorokan 34
Tobilevych family. See Saksahansky, Karpenko-Kary, Sadovsky
Tolstoi, professor 389
Tolstoy, Lev. Russian author 423
Tomashivsky, Stefan, Ukrainian
historian 38, 57
Toronto 551–2, 563–4
Toth, Alexis, churchman 542
towns and townsmen: growth of 107;
in Great Northern War 163;
number in Hetmanate 187;
in Western Ukraine 215;
in Eastern Galicia 311–12. See also burghers, cities
Trabizond 112
Transcarpathia: population in 18th
century 189, 213, 238, 248;
and 1848
Revolution 250, 307;
and spread of Russophilism 317;
number of periodicals in 327;
Hungarian control of 334;
population and national consciousness in 334–5;
Hungarians in 368;
under Czech rule 448–9;
nationality issues in 449–50;
Hungarian occupation of 458–9, 483, 488;
population as immigrants 520, 539, 541–4;
population in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia 568, 569;
in the new era 578, 587, 636, 658
Transcarpathian Rus’ 63. See also Transcarpathia
Transcarpathian/Galician Schism 542–4
Transnistria 470
Trans-Siberian railroad: construction of 262
Treaty of 1997 658
Treaty of Cooperation and Good Neighborly Relations 602
Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership 599
“Trenos or the Lament of the Holy Eastern Church” 95
Trepov, general 288
Triasylo. See Fedorovych, Taras
Trilateral Treaty 600
trivium 96
Troshchynsky 182
Trotsky (Bronstein), Leon, Bolshevik leader: on Soviets in Ukraine 378;
on purge in Ukraine 419
Trotskyism 419, 455
Trubetskoi, Aleksei, Russian commander 144–5
Thrush, Ivan, painter 327
Trylovsky, Kyrylo, Ukrainian activist 323–4
Trynadsiata vesna 396
Trypillian culture 6–8
Tsentrobank 438
Tsentrosoiuz 438
Tsertelev, Nikolai, scholar 228
Tugor Khan (Tugurin) 52
Tuhai-Bey, Tatar leader 127
Tuhan-Baranovsky, Mykhailo, scholar 302
Tukalsky, Iosyp, churchman 146
Tulchyn 207
Tumansky, Fedir, Ukrainian noble 226
TUP (Tovarystvo Ukrainskykh Progresystiv) 343, 345
Tuptato, Dymtro, churchman 196
Turgenev, Ivan, Russian author 280
Turiv 96, 99
Turkic peoples 13, 45
Turkey 626, 660
Turks 111, 122
Tustanovsky, Zyzanii, churchman 98
Tuzla Island 635, 648
Tver 53, 77
Twelfth Party Congress 387
Twentieth Party Congress 500
“twenty-five thousands” (“25,000ers”) 410
Tychyna, Pavlo, poet 396, 419
Tymoshchenko, Yulia, prime minister 634, 637, 640 passim, 649, 651, 652, 655
Tymoshenko, Semen, general 454
“Typographical Description” 226
“Tyrolians of the East” 313, 315
tysiatsky 43
UAOC (Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox church) 674;
creation of 400–1;
growth slowed 401;
repression of 402;
implicated in SVU trial 417;
in Second World War 464–5, 594, 631
Ukapisty: goals of 383–4. See also Ukrainian Communist party
ukhody 109
Ukraina: usage of term 105
Ukraina, scholarly journal 399
Ukraina Irredenta 328
Ukraine Is Not Russia (Kuchma) 647
Ukraine, Sloboda: emergence of 132, 153, 181;
population of 189, 198
Ukraine, southern: colonization of 185–8;
population of 189
Ukraine-NATO Commission 645
Ukraine-NATO Partnership Agreement 645
Ukrainian: usage of term 307;
language 656, 657
Ukrainian Academy of Husbandry and Technology 552
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences: established by Skoropadsky 357;
under Soviets 398;
attack on 417;
fire at library of 508, 516;
in USA 562
Ukrainian Alliance of America 545
Ukrainian American Coordinating Council 561
“Ukrainian Anthology” 231
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox church. See UAOC
Ukrainian Autonomous church 579
Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox church 464
Ukrainian Canadian Committee (UCC) 563
Ukrainian Catholic church. See Greek Catholic church
Ukrainian Catholic National party 440
Ukrainian Catholic party 437
Ukrainian Catholic University 567, 674
Ukrainian Central Committee (UCC), in Cracow 457–8, 470, 472
Ukrainian Communist Party. See Ukapisty
Ukrainian Congress Committee of America (UCCA) 561
Ukrainian Congress of Peasants 346
Ukrainian Culturological Club: emergence of 535
Ukrainian Farmers Organization 628
Ukrainian Fraternal Association 561
Ukrainian Free University 552, 566
Ukrainian Galician Army: formation of 369;
size and quality of 372;
disintegration of 374
Ukrainian Greek Orthodox church 549
Ukrainian Helsinki Group 517–19
“Ukrainian Herald” 232
Ukrainian Herald 517
Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA): emergence and activity of 473–9;
under Soviet occupation 488–91, 495, 502, 518;
in Germany 555;
in Polish media 571;
reputation of in the new era 575
“Ukrainian Journal” 232
Ukrainian Labor Temple Association 553, 565
Ukrainian Land Committee 470
Ukrainian Legion 340
Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO): establishment of 443;
and violence 445
Ukrainian Monarchists 552–3
Ukrainian National Assembly 588
Ukrainian National Association 545, 561
Ukrainian National Bank 673
Ukrainian National Committee 545
Ukrainian National Congress 346
Ukrainian National Council 366, 368–9
Ukrainian National Council (Kiev) 465
Ukrainian National Democracy party: formation of 328
Ukrainian National party 295;
in Bukovyna 447–8
Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) 352;
reestablished 359, 360;
union with ZUNR 362;
differences with ZUNR 372–3, 552;
in the new era 576, 594. See also Directory;
Petliura
Ukrainian National State Union 358
Ukrainian National Union (UNO) 553, 588
Ukrainian National Women’s League 561
Ukrainian Nationalist Youth (Lviv) 443
Ukrainian Orthodox church 579
Ukrainian Orthodox church, Kiev patriarchate 579, 630–1
Ukrainian Orthodox church, Moscow patriarchate 631
Ukrainian Parliamentary Club 343
Ukrainian Partisan Command 475
Ukrainian Radical Democratic party 296, 298
Ukrainian Republican party 578, 588
Ukrainian School, in Polish literature 232
Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (Ukrainskii Sichovi Striltsi) 340
Ukrainian Social Cultural Association (USKT) 571
Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers party (USDWP) 295;
and Jews 297–8, in Galicia 328;
in Central Rada 345;
in General Secretariat 347;
split in 363, 384
Ukrainian Socialist Radical party 436
Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries: in Central Rada 345, 347;
membership of 348;
split in 362–3, 384;
in Volhynia 436
Ukrainian Socialist Union 550
Ukrainian Soviet government: first 350;
second 364–5;
third (Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic) 376;
controlled by Moscow 383, 384;
jurisdiction of 385;
position in USSR 386;
demand for independence 391
Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council (UHVR) 474
Ukrainian Teachers’ Association: in Transcarpathia 450
Ukrainian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (USPP) 628
Ukrainian Weekly 561
Ukrainian Workers’-Peasants’ Socialist Union (Sel-Rob) 437
Ukrainian Workingmen’s Association 561
Ukrainians, East: and West Ukrainians 219–20;
interest in Western Ukraine 242;
and imperial reforms 259;
involvement in Galicia 329–30;
attempts to establish state 377;
government-in-exile of 428, 443;
and OUN 464–5;
in UHVR 474, 514;
national consciousness of 526;
emigration eastward 538;
as emigres 552;
tension with Westerners 557;
in Australia 567
Ukrainians, West 62–4, transition from Polish-Lithuanian to Habsburg sovereignty 219–20;
and imperial reforms 259;
organizational abilities of 307, 335;
attempts to establish state 367;
new status of 425–8;
socio-economic conditions of 432–4;
response to Poles 434–40;
revolutionary movement among 441–6;
under Romanian rule 446–8;
under Czech rule 448–50;
absorption in USSR 491–2;
and regional identities 526;
emigration westward 538, 541, 545;
as DPS 557
Ukrainization: rationale for 387;
implementation 387–8;
of education 388–9;
resistance to 389;
in cities 389–90;
and modernization 390;
of Orthodox church 400–1;
Stalin’s dissatisfaction with 418;
Postyshev criticism of 418;
dismantling of 421–3;
in Western Ukraine 455, 500, 524, 553, 569;
in post-Soviet era 606, 608–9, 659
Ukrainka, Lesia (Laryssa Kosach-Kvitka): works of 304
Ukrainophilism: lack in Black Sea area 238;
appearance of 279;
Russian reaction to 280;
features of 281;
attacks against 282–3;
critique of 293;
and Russian nationalists 299;
internment of supporters 341, 450, 458
Ukrainske Slovo 465
Ukrainskyi Istorychnyi Zhurnal 501
Ulam, Adam: on Great Terror 421
Ulychians 21, 28
Uman 190
Umov, N., scholar 301
Uncle Tom’s Cabin 280
UNDO (Ukrainian National Democratic Union): leading party in Galicia 435–6;
disbanded 455
Uniate. See Greek Catholic
Union for the Liberation of Ukraine. See SVU
Union of Brest 99–102, 119;
dissolution of 488
“Union of Brest and Its Defense” 101
Union of Greek Catholic Russian (Rusyn) Brotherhoods 544
Union of Krevo 74, 76
Union of Liberation 291
Union of Lublin 78–9, 81, 85
Union of Russian People: and pogroms 277, 291
Union of Salvation 207
Union of Slavs 233
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See USSR
Union of Ukrainian Students 588
Union of Ukrainian Women. See Soiuz Ukrainok
United Nations 487, 604, 673
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) 554
United Russia Party 651
United States 658, 661;
West Ukrainians immigrate to 311, 481, 505;
grain production of 528;
first wave of immigrants to 538–41, 543, 545;
comparison to Canada 548–9, 551, 554, 557;
Ukrainians in 559–567, 599–600;
Ukraine’s relations with 635, 644, 647, 648;
immigration to 672, 673
“Unity of God’s Church” 95, 99
universals: first 346;
third 350;
fourth 352
universities: growth of 286;
number of students in 304;
created by Skoro-padsky 357;
Soviet reorganization of 398
Untermenschen 467, 469
UPA. See Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Ural Mountains 8
urbanization 667–9;
quickening tempo of 269–70;
Ukrainian participation in 407–8;
transformations due to 526–7
USA. See United States
USSR: creation of 383–4;
structure of 385;
Ukrainian response to 386;
pseudo-federalism of 386;
Volobuev on economy of 394
Ustashi 442
Uvarov, Sergei, Russian minister: and founding of St Vladimir’s University 210
UVO. See Ukrainian Military Organization
Uzhhorod 451, 667
Vahylevych, Ivan: and Ruthenian Triad 240;
role in 1848 248
Vakhnianyn, Anatol: and founding of Prosvita 321, 324
Valdemar 45
Valnytsky, Kyrylo 437
Valuev, Petr, Russian minister 282–3
Vaplite (Free Academy of Proletarian Literature) 36
Varangians: trade of 22–3, 25;
and Normanist controversy 26–7, 32, 34, 42.
See also Normans;
Norsemen;
Scandinavians;
Vikings
Varna 112
Vasylchuk, Pavlo 437
Vasylenko, Mykola, scholar 399
Vasylko, prince of Volhynia 61, 63
Vasylko, Mykola, baron 334
vataha 109
Vatican 541, 543, 549
Vatutin, Nikolai, general 477, 479
Vechornytsi 320
Vedel, Artem, composer 197
Veliaminov, Russian official 167
Velychko, Samuil, Cossack chronicler 197
Verkhovna Rada (parliament) 576
Verlan, haidamak leader 192
Vernadsky, Volodymyr, scholar: first
president of Academy of Sciences 399
Versailles 427
Vershyhora, Petro, partisan leader 475
vertep 197
Ves 22
Vestnik Iugozapadnoi Rossii 282
Viacheslav, prince of Smolensk 35
Viatichians 22, 29, 32
viche 43, 44;
in modern period 321, 328
Vienna 69, 112, 213, 216, 664;
riots in 244;
economic policies in Galicia 308;
concessions to Poles 314;
policy in Bukovyna 334, 443, 447, 552. See also Austria;
Habsburg empire;
Habsburgs
Vikings 122
village: decline of 669–71
Vilnius 75
Vinhranovsky, Mykola, poet 507, 515
Vinnytsia 94, 106;
mass graves in 421
Vins, Georgii, dissident 520
Vira, credit cooperative 325
“virgin lands” project 504
Virginia 539, 541
Vishegrad Countries 601
Vistula River 87
Vistula valley 19
Viter z Ukrainy 396
Vitovsky, Dmytro: leads coup 367
Vityk, Semen 328
Vladimir 196
Vladimirsky-Budnov, Mikhail, scholar 302
Vladimir-Suzdal 38, 39, 41, 53;
regionalism in 56–7
Vobly, Konstantyn, scholar 399
Voitsekhovych, Ivan, scholar 230
Volga River 9, 19, 22, 26, 28, 29, 31, 47, 62
Volhynia 3, 21, 53;
Romanovychi in 60–4, 70;
Polish expansion into 73–4;
Polish-Lithuanian conflict in 76–7, 79, 83;
towns in 86–7, 91, 94, 96;
Tatar raids in 105–7;
Cossack insurrections in 113–14, 119, 189, 192, 204;
Napoleon’s force in 207;
in interwar Poland 428–9, 432–3, 435–40, 444;
Orthodox church in 456;
UPA in 473–4;
Ukrainian/Polish massacres in 475, 479, 481, 483;
UPA in 488–9;
emigres in 552
Voliansky, Ivan, churchman 541, 544
Volkhovsky, Fedir, revolutionary 287
Volobuev, Mykhailo, economist: views on industrialization in Ukraine 269, 394
Volobuevism: on economic exploitation of Ukraine 393–4
Volodymyr, Galician prince 60
Volodymyr, the Great, prince of Kiev 23–34;
reign of 35, 41;
panehyric to 51;
court of 52, 57
Volodymyr (Sabodan), Metropolitan, Ukraine Orthodox Church, Moscow Patriarchate 579, 674
Volodymyr, prince of Volhynia 63–4
Volodymyr Monomakh: reign of 36–7, 41, 51, 57
Volodymyr-in-Volhynia 48, 57, 96, 99
Volodymyrko, Galician prince 59
Voloky Ustav of 1557 90
Volshyn, Avhustyn 335;
government of 450–1
Volovych, Tyshko, Cossack 111
Voniatovych, Varlaam, churchman 184
Vorkuta: prisoner revolt in 502
Voroshilovhrad 527
votchyna 37, 55
Vovchok, Marko, author 280
Vseslav, prince of Kiev 36
Vsevolod, prince of Pereiaslav 35, 36, 52
VUSPP 396
vyborni 183
Vyhovsky, Ivan: election of 143;
hetmancy of 143–5, 146–7, 156
Vynntysia 667
Vynnychenko, Volodymyr, author and politician 294;
works of 304–5;
in Central Rada 345;
on bureaucrats 348;
feud with Petliura 354;
opposes Skoropadsky 358;
preference for Soviets 361
Vyshensky, Ivan, churchman and polemicist 101
Vyshnegradsky, Russian minister 264
Vyshnevetsky, Dmytro “Baiba”: establishes Zaporozhian Sich 109–10;
grandson of 118
Vyshnevetsky family 83, 95, 108. See also Wisbniowiecki family
Vyshnia, Ostap, humorist 397, 493
Vytautas (Vitovt), Lithuanian ruler 75–6, 82
Vytvysky family 83
Wächter, Otto, Nazi official 472
Wallachia 134
Wallenstein 137
War Communism 380–3
“Warning” 101
Warsaw 69, 107, 114;
and policy in Galicia 427, 473;
Ukrainian emigres in 552, 571
Washington, DC 531, 562, 583, 585, 594, 598, 600, 601, 644, 648
Wasilewska, Wanda 494
Wasilewski, Leon 428
WCFU (World Congress of Free Ukrainians) 563
West: relations with 643, 665;
influence on Ukraine 649, 664
West European 667
West Ukrainian National Republic. See ZUNR
Western Europe 81–2, 85, 87, 90–1, 641, 654, 659, 668, 670, 672;
markets in 181, 188;
population growth in 261–2, 527, 531–2, 552
White House 545
Whites: French support for 361;
and pogroms 363;
attitudes toward Ukrainians 374. See also Denikin, Anton
wild field (dyke pole) 106, 109
Wiles, Peter, economist 529
Wilson, Woodrow: Fourteen Points of 371
“Wings of Song” 304
Winnipeg 547–8: arrival of immigrants in 550–1, 563;
mayor of 564
“Wisła” action 490
Wisbniowiecki, Jeremi, magnate: land-holdings of 108;
quells uprising 118;
terror tactics of 128
Władysław IV, king of Poland 126–7
Women’s Community (Zhinocha Hromada) 629
Women’s Union (Souiz Zhinok) 629
workers: increasing numbers of 288;
general strike of 296;
number in Ukraine 348;
increase of in Western Ukraine 491–2;
great growth of 530. See also proletariat
Workers Congress 614
World Bank 589, 623
World Trade Organization (WTO) 650, 662
Writers’ Union of Ukraine 535–6
Wrocław 570
Yalta Conference 481
Yanukovych, Viktor, prime minister 635, 636, 638, 640, 641, 642, 649, 651, 654, 658
Yatseniuk, Arsenii 642
Year of Russia 635
Yekhanurov, Yuriy 641
Yeltsin, Boris 581, 583, 585, 586, 644
Young Ukraine 588
Yugoslavia 390;
Ukrainians in 568, 601
Yushchenko, Viktor, president of Ukraine 634 passim, 647;
policies of 648–51, 650 passim, 658
Zabachynsky, Orest 448
Zabludniv 96
Zaborovsky, Rafail, rector 195
zakupy 46
Zaleski, Bogdan, Polish writer 232
Zalizniak, Maksym, rebel leader 192–3
Zalozetsky, Volodymyr 447
Zamist sonetiv i oktav 396
Zamość 129
Zamoyski family 108
Zankovetska, Maria, actress 305
Zap, Karel, Czech intellectual 241
Zaporozhia: industry in 406, 408, 527, 667–8
“Zaporozhian Antiquities” 231
“Zaporozhian beyond the Danube” 305
Zaporozhian Host 126, 138;
organization of 140–1, 148, 151
Zaporozhian lands: settlement of 174–6
Zaporozhian Sich 190, 575;
establishment of 115–17;
final destruction of 187;
support of haidamaky 191, 192
Zaporozhians 110–12, 114–15, 184;
numbers of 187;
favorites of Ukraino-philes 281;
in spirit of 397
Zapovit 234
Zapysky 326
Zasłavsky, Evgenii, revolutionary 288
Zasławski, Dominik, Polish commander 128
Zasławski family 83, 95, 275
Zasulich, Vera, revolutionary 287–8
Zatonsky, Vladimir, Bolshevik leader 364
Zavadovsky 182, 205
Zavisny, Cossack commander, wife of 136
Zbarazh 129
Zbarazky family 83, 95, 108
Zboriv, treaty of 129–31
Zbyriusky, Dionisii, churchman 99
Zeleny, partisan leader 362
Zemlia 397
zemstva: creation and function of 257;
and medical care 261, 271;
liberals in 291;
support cultural Ukrainism 299;
and education 300
Zerov, Mykola 396
Zhabotinsky, Vladimir, Zionist leader: and contacts with Petliura 278;
supports Ukrainian autonomy 299;
and Jewish units 364
Zhatkovych, Iurii 335
Zhdanov, Andre, Stalin associate 493
Zheliabov, Andrei, revolutionary 287;
and assassination of Alexander II 288
Zhmailo, Marko, Cossack leader 116
Zhovti Vody, battle of 127
Zhuk, Radoslav 564
Zhydovyn 52
Zhytetsky, Pavlo, Ukrainian activist 284
Zhytomyr 269, 363, 464, 667
Ziber, Mykola: member of Old Hromada 282;
introduces Marx’s ideas 286, 290
Zina 305
Zinkivsky, Vasyl, Skoropadsky minister 400
Zionists 291, 494, 508
Zlenko, Anatolii, minister of foreign affairs 644
Znachko-Iavorsky, Melkhysedek, churchman 191
Zolotarenko, Vasyl, Cossack leader 128;
in Belorussia 136, 149
Zoria Halytska 248
Zubrytsky, Denys, scholar 240, 317
ZUNR (Zakhidno Ukraiinska Narodna Respublyka):
union with UNR 362, 576;
and Jews 368;
army and administration of 369;
diplomatic relations of 370–1;
evaluation of 371–2;
differences with UNR 372–3, 435;
contacts with UVO 443;
in exile 552
Zvenyhora 397
Zvenyhorod, rebellion in 358
Zviahilsky, Iukhym 620
Zyzanii, Lavrentii, churchman 119
* The term “Ukraine” first appeared in the chronicles in 1187. Originally, it was used in a geographical sense to refer to the lands on the periphery of Kiev.
* During the Polish-Lithuanian period, Ukrainians called themselves Ruthenians (Rusyny), a name derived from Rus’. Belorussians were also called by this name. At this time, Russians were generally called Muscovites.
* In the 18th and 19th centuries the Ukrainians in the Russian Empire were usually called Little Russians (Malorossy). Those in the Austrian Empire continued to refer to themselves as Ruthenians (Rusyny).
* In the late 19th and early 20th century, nationally conscious West Ukrainians began to call themselves “Ukrainians,” a national name that had been adopted by the Ukrainian intelligentsia in the east. There were two basic reasons for abandoning the traditional designation, Rusyn (Ruthenian): it was felt that Rusyn was too similar to Ruskyi (Russian) and, by adopting the name used by their compatriots in the Russian Empire, the West Ukrainians wished to stress their unity with them.