Military developments
Several works are devoted to Galician-Ukrainian military developments during World War II. A general survey of the battles fought by the various Galician- Ukrainian military formations is found in a large work by the Polish military historians Antoni B.
Szczfsniak and Wiestaw Z. Szota.[595] Individual aspects of the Galician-Ukrainian war effort have also been analyzed, whether they be OUN- Banderite volunteers in the units Roland and Nachtigall, which participated in the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 until they were recalled late in the year and finally disbanded in 1941 because of their opposition to German policy;[596] the so-called marching groups (pokhidni hrupy) dispatched by both factions of the OUN to organize the local population and lay the foundations for a new state on Soviet Ukrainian territory occupied by German forces between 1941 and 1943;33 the Division SS Galicia (SS Division Galizien) formed in 1943 by the Germans from Galician-Ukrainian volunteers who fought against the Soviets on the eastern front until its defeat at Brody in July 1944;34 the division’s successor, the Ukrainian National Army formed in late 1944 to fight alongside the Germans in Austria until the end of the war;35 or the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) of Stepan Bandera, which not only fought a guerilla war in Galicia and Volhynia against the retreating Germans and advancing Red Army during the last years of World War II, but continued its military operations against the Communist government of Poland until 1948, and the Soviet Union until as late as the early 1950s.3633 Lev Shankovs’kyi, Pokh'idni hrupy OUN: prychynky do istori'i pokhidnykh hrup OUN na tsentral’nykh i skhidnikh zemliakh Ukrainy v 1941-1943 rr. (Munich: Ukrai'ns’kyi samostiinyk 1958).
34 See the brief but objective analysis of the German motivation behind the formation of this unit in Basil Dmytryshyn, “The Nazis and the SS Volunteer Division ‘Galicia’,” American Slavic and East European Review, XV, 1 (New York 1956), pp.
1 -10; an account of the unit’s military activity by a member of the German general staff assigned to the division: WolfDietrich Heike, Ukrai'ns’ka dyviziia ‘Halychyna’: istoriia formuvannia i boiovykh di'i u 194345 rokakh, in Zapysky NTSh CLXXXIII (Toronto, Paris, and Munich 1970), and German edition: Sie wollten Freiheit: Die Geschichte der Ukrainischen Division 1943 -45 (Dorheim: Podzun Vlg. 1973); the extensive history by Jorge Tys-Krojmaluk [Krokhmaliuk], Guerra y libertad: historia de la Division 'Halychyna' (DUl) del ejercito nacional ucraino, 1943-1945 (Buenos Aires: Editorial Ucraino 1961); and the memoirs by a member in the unit: Roman Krokhmaliuk, Zahrava na skhodi: spohady i dokumenty z pratsi u viis'kovii upravi ‘Halychyna’ v 1943-45 rokakh (Toronto: Bratstvo kolyshnykh voiakiv 1-oi Ukrains’koi Dyvizii UNA 1978).35 Mykola Kapustians’kyi, “Persha ukrai'ns’ka dyviziia Ukrains’koi Natsional’noi Armii,” in Myron Levyts’kyi, ed., Istoriia ukra'ins’koho viis'ka, 2nd rev. ed. (Winnipeg: Ivan Tyktor 1953), pp. 604-634. See also the memoirs of the army’s commander, Pavlo Shandruk, Arms of Valor (New York: Robert Speller 1958).
36 For sympathetic histories of the UPA, see Petro Mirchuk, Ukrains’ka Povstans’ka Armiia, 1942-1952 (Munich 1953); Mykola Lebed’, UPA: it geneza, rist i di 'i u vyvol’nii borot'bi ukra'ins’koho narodu za ukra'ins’ku samostiinu sobornu derzhavu, pt I: Nimets’ka bkupatsiia Ukrainy (n.p.: Vyd. Presovoho biura UHVR 1946); O. Martovych, The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Munich 1950); Lev Shankovs’kyi, "Ukrai'ns’ka Povstancha Armiia,” in Myron Levyts’kyi, ed., Istoriia ukra'ins’koho viis’ka, 2nd rev. ed. (Winnipeg: Ivan Tyktor 1953), pp. 635-819; Enrique Martinez Codo, “Guerilla Warfare in the Ukraine,” Military Review, XL, 8 (Fort Leavenworth, Kan. 1960), pp. 3- 14; idem, Guerrillas tras la Cortina de hierro (Buenos Aires: Institute informative-Editorial ucranio 1966); Yuriy Tys-Krokhmaliuk, UPA Warfare in Ukraine (New York: Society of Veterans of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army 1972).
On the UPA’s postwar activity, see n. 31 above and chapter 9, notes 3-8, 11-12.Although critical of UPA activity, a useful description of the army’s organization during World War II is in Wiestaw Szota, “Zarys rozwoju Organizacji Ukrairiskich Nacjonalistow i Ukrainskiej Powstahczej Armii,” Wojskowy Przeglgd Historyczny, VIII, 1 (Warsaw 1963), pp. 163-218.
Soviet writers have glorified the underground military activity of various proSoviet partisan units that fought against the Germans and Ukrainian nationalists.37 Special attention has, of course, been given to the heroic efforts of the Red Army, which “liberated” eastern Galicia from the German fascist military machine and made possible the “reunification” of the region with the Soviet Ukraine.38 The Red Army’s advance into Galicia began with its victories after the siege of Ternopil’ (March-April 1944) and Battle of Brody (July 7-22, 1944), and ended in the fierce struggle to acquire the Dukla Pass in the Carpathian Mountains (September-November 1944), which opened the way to the Danube Basin.39 In the wake of these military victories, it was once again possible to install a Soviet regime.
37 Special attention has been given to the Soviet guerilla leader, Sydir Kovpak, who made a daring raid behind the German front line deep into Galicia in July 1943, an act that prompted other pro-Soviet partisan units as well as the UPA into action. Part of Kovpak’s memoirs deal with his action in Galicia. The original Russian-language edition was translated into English as S.A. Kovpak, Our Partisan Course (London and New York: Hutchinson 1947?) and into Ukrainian as Vid Putyvlia do Karpat (Kiev: Dnipro 1968), 2nd ed. (Kiev: Vyd-vo politychnoi literatury Ukrainy 1973).
See also Volodymyr O. Zamlyns’kyi, Karaiucha zemlia (L’viv: Kameniar 1965); Vira D. Variahina and Havriil S. Vakulenko, Narodna hvardiia imeni Iv. Franka: storinky heroichnoi borot’by pidpil’ no-partyzans' koi orhanizatsii zakhidnykh oblastei Ukrainy, 1942-1944 roky (L’viv: Kameniar 1967); and the extensive Soviet literature on World War II Galician partisan activity in the bibliography (items 414 -604), Zakhidni oblasti, listed in chapter 1, n.
55.On cooperation between pro-Polish and Ukrainian partisans, see Mieczyslaw Juchniewicz and Julian Tobiasz, “Polsko-ukrairiskie wspotdziatanie w ruchu podziemnym i partyzanckim w latach II wojny swiatowej,” in Z dziejdw stosunkdw polsko-radzieckich, vol. V (Warsaw: Ksijzka i Wiedza 1969), pp. 109-131; and Ihor Brechak, Boiovi pobratymy: z istorii uchasti pol’s’kykh antyfashystiv u radians'komu partyzans’komu rusi na Ukraini v roky Velykoi Vitchyznianoi viiny (L’viv: Kameniar 1974).
38 I.V. Parot’kin, Vyzvolennia zakhidnoi Ukrainy (Kiev: Ukrains’ke vyd-vo politychnoi literatury 1946); O. Tsybko, “Vyzvol’nyi pokhid Chervenoi Armii v Zakhidnu Ukrainu ta vozz’’ied- nannia Zakhidnoi Ukrainy z Radians’koiu Ukrainoiu,” in 300 rokiv vozz’ ’iednannia Ukrainy z Rosiieiu: naukovyi zbirnyk (L’viv 1954), pp. 187-212; M.A. Polushkin, Na Sandomirskom napravlenii: 1'vovsko-sandomirskaia operatsiia, iul’ -avgust 1944 g. (Moscow: Voenizdat 1969); Viktor B. Ananiichuk, Vyzolennia zakhidnykh oblastei Ukrainy vid nimets’ko- fashysts'kykh okupantiv (Kiev: Vyd-vo Kyivs’koho universytetu 1969); lu.K. Strizhkov, Geroi Peremyshlia (Moscow: Nauka 1969).
See also the collection of articles and memoirs in B.V. Samarin et al., V boiakh za L'vovshchinu (L’viv: Kameniar 1965) and Geroi osvobozhdeniia Prikarpat’ia (Uzhhorod: Karpaty 1970); B.S. Venkov, ed., V boiakh za Karpaty (Uzhhorod: Karpaty 1975), as well as the extensive Soviet literature listed in the bibliography (items 1068-1225), Zakhidni oblasti URSR chapter 1, n. 55.
39 For works on the Battle of Brody in which the Galician Division participated, see the emigre
memorial book: Oleh Lysiak, ed., Brody: zbirnyk stattei i narysiv (Munich: Bratstvo kolyshnikh voiakiv Pershoi UDUNA 1951), 2nd ed. (New York 1974), and the memoirs of a participant: Volodymyr Molodets’kyi, U boiu pid Brodamy 28. VI-28. VII. 1944 (Toronto: Dobra Knyzhka 1952). For the Soviet interpretation, see the collection of memoirs, documents, and articles in Brodovskii kotel, comp. M.V. Verbinskii and B.V. Samarin (L’viv: Kameniar 1974).
On the battle for the Dukla Pass, see D.M. Proiektor, Cherez duklinskii pereval (Moscow: Voennoe izd. Ministerstva oborony SSSR 1960). Because of its extreme importance in Communist Czechoslovakia’s historical iconography, the Battle of Dukla, especially the operations on the southern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, has received extensive treatment in Czech and Slovak Marxist writings. See the bibliography, Dukla: vyberovy zoznam literatury (Presov: Statna vedecka kniznica 1959).
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