REFERENCES

1. Harris JA, Benedict FG. A biometric study of human basal metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1918;4(12):370-373. doi:10.1073/pnas.4.12.370

2. Ishibashi N, Plank LD, Sando K, Hill GL.

3. Gletsu-Miller N, Broderius M, Frediani JK, et al. Incidence and prevalence of copper deficiency following roux-en-y gastric bypass surgery. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36(3): 328-335. doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.159

4. Fenves AZ, Shchelochkov OA, Mehta A. Hyperammonemic syndrome after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obesity. 2015;23(4):746-749. doi:10.1002/oby.21037

5. Nagarur A, Fenves AZ. Late presentation of fatal hyperammonemic encephalopathy after roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2017;30(1):41-43. doi:10.1080/08998280.2017.11929521

6. Hu WT, Kantarci OH, Merritt JL, et al. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency presenting as encephalopathy during adulthood following bariatric surgery. Arch Neurol. 2007;64(1):126-128. doi:10.1001/archneur.64.1.126

7. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults - the evidence report. Obes Res. 1998;6(suppl 2):51S-2019S.

8. Dewys WD, Begg C, Lavin PT, et al. Prognostic effect of weight loss prior tochemotherapy in cancer patients. Am JMed. 1980;69(4):491-497. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(05)80001-3

9. Apelgren KN, Rombeau JL, Twomey PL, Miller RA. Comparison of nutritional indices and outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 1982;10(5):305-307. doi:10.1097/00003246- 198205000-00003

10. Klein S. The myth of serum albumin as a measure of nutritional status. Gastroenterology. 1990;99(6):1845-1846. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(90)90500-Z

11. McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, et al.

12. Evans DC, Corkins MR, Malone A, et al. The use of visceral proteins as nutrition markers: an ASPEN position paper. Nutr Clin Pract. 2021;36(1):22-28. doi:10.1002/ncp.10588

13. Lennard-Jones JE. Oral rehydration solutions in short bowel syndrome. Clin Ther. 1990;12(suppl A):129-137.

14. Simpson WG, Marsano L, Gates L. Enteral nutritional support in acute alcoholic pancreatitis. J Am Coll Nutr. 1995;14(6):662-665. doi:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718557

15. McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutritional support for

polymorbid internal medicine patients. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(1):336-353.

16. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of medical care in diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(suppl 1):S211-S220. doi:10.2337/dc21-s015

17. Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists and american diabetes association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(4):353-369. doi:10.4158/EP09102.RA

18. Korytkowski MT, Salata RJ, Koerbel GL, et al. Insulin therapy and glycemic control in hospitalized patients with diabetes during enteral nutrition therapy. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):594-596. doi:10.2337/dc08-1436

19. Reignier J, Mercier E, Le Gouge A, et al. Effect of not monitoring residual gastric volume on risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults receiving mechanical ventilation and early enteral feeding: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2013;309(3):249-256. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.196377

20. Metheny NA, Schallom L, Oliver DA, Clouse RE. Gastric residual volume and aspiration in critically ill patients receiving gastric feedings. Am J Crit Care. 2008;17(6):512-520. doi:10.4037/ajcc2008.17.6.512

21. Gavi S, Hensley J, Cervo F, Nicastri Z, Fields S.

22. McDoniel K, Taylor B, Huey W, et al. Use of clonidine to decrease intestinal fluid losses in patients with high-output short-bowel syndrome. J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2004;28(4): 265-268. doi:10.1177/0148607104028004265

23. Braunschweig CL, Levy P, Sheean PM, Wang X. Enteral compared with parenteral nutrition: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74(4):534-542. doi:10.1093/ajcn/74.4.534

24. Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G, et al. Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. NEngl JMed. 2011;365(6):506-517. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1102662

25. Miles JM. Intravenous fat emulsions in nutritional support. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 1991;7(2):306-311. doi:10.1097/00001574-199104000-00018

26. Pradelli L, Mayer K, Klek S, et al. ω-3 fatty-acid enriched parenteral nutrition in hospitalized patients: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2020;44(1):44-57. doi:10.1002/jpen.1672

27. Durkin MJ, Dukes JL, Reeds DN, Mazuski JE, Camins BC. A descriptive study of the risk factors associated with catheter-related bloodstream infections in the home parenteral nutrition population. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2016;40(7):1006-1013. doi:10.1177/0148607114567899

28. Gundogan K, Dave NJ, Griffith DP, et al. Ethanol lock therapy markedly reduces catheter-related blood stream infections in adults requiring home parenteral nutrition: a retrospective study from a tertiary medical center. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2020;44(4):661-667. doi:10.1002/jpen.1698

29. Boateng AA, Sriram K, Meguid MM, Crook M. Refeeding syndrome: treatment considerations based on collective analysis of literature case reports. Nutrition. 2010;26(2):156-167. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.11.017

30. HigdonJ, DrakeV, Pao-HwaL. Micronutrient Information Center: Potassium. Linus Pauling Institute: Micronutrient Research for Optimum Health.

31. HigdonJ, DrakeV, ObarzanekE. Micronutrient Information Center: Sodium (Chloride). Linus Pauling Institute: Micronutrient Research for Optimum Health. Accessed September 20, 2021. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/potassium/

32. Trumbo P, Yates AA, Schlicker S, Poos M. Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium,

and zinc. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101(3):294-301. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00078-5

33. Mirtallo J, Canada T, Johnson D, et al. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2004;28(6):S39-S70. doi:10.1177/0148607104028006s39

34. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Chromium - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Published

2020. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/chromium-HealthProfessional/

35. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Iodine - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Published

2020. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/iodine-HealthProfessional/

36. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Zinc - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Published 2021. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/zinc-HealthProfessional/

37. Uauy R, Olivares M, Gonzalez M. Essentiality of copper in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67(5 suppl):952S-959S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/67.5.952S

38. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Iron - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Published 2020. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/iron-HealthProfessional/

39. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Selenium - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Published

2021. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/selenium-HealthProfessional/

40. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin A - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Published

2021. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamina-HealthProfessional/

41. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12 - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals.

42. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin C - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Published 2021. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminC-HealthProfessional/

43. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Published 2021. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind-HealthProfessional/

44. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B6 - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Published 2021. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/

45. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin E - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Published 2021. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamine-HealthProfessional/

46. Stern BR. Essentiality and toxicity in copper health risk assessment: overview, update and regulatory considerations. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2010;73(2):114-127. doi:10.1080/15287390903337100

47. Abumrad NN, Schneider AJ, Steel D, Rogers LS. Amino acid intolerance during prolonged total parenteral nutrition reversed by molybdate therapy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(11):2551-2559. doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.11.2551

48. Semrad CE. Zinc and intestinal function. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 1999;1(5):398-403. doi:10.1007/s11894-999-0021-7

49. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev. 2009;30(4):376-408. doi:10.1210/er.2009-0011

50. Santamaria AB, Sulsky SI. Risk assessment of an essential element: Manganese. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2010;73(2):128-155. doi:10.1080/15287390903337118

51. Fairweather-Tait SJ, Collings R, Hurst R. Selenium bioavailability: current knowledge and future research requirements. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(5):1484S-1491S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674J

52. Mahmood K, Samo AH, Jairamani KL, Ali G, Talib A, Qazmi W. Serum retinol binding protein as an indicator of vitamin A status in cirrhotic patients with night blindness. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(1):7-11. doi:10.4103/1319-3767.37794

53. Rosen J, Spatz ES, Gaaserud AMJ, et al. A new approach to developing cross-cultural communication skills. Med Teach. 2004;26(2):126-132. doi:10.1080/01421590310001653946

54. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.

2011;96(7):1911-1930. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385

55. Said HM. Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins in health and disease. Biochem J. 2011;437(3):357-372. doi:10.1042/BJ20110326

56. Deicher R, Horl WH. Vitamin C in chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2003;26(2):100-106. doi:10.1159/000070991