Index

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 115, 117 11β-hydroxysteroid

dehydrogenase 118 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) 379

2,3-diphosphoglycerate

(2,3-DPG) 113

24-hour creatinine clearance 114

24-hour urine collection, 269

2D (classical/conventional) treatment planning 832

3 Ps of labour 395, 396, 400

3D treatment planning 832

5-fluorouracil 798,812

Abbott, J.

593

ABC (airway, breathing, circulation) approach 363, 490, 495 abdomen 147, 148

abdominal circumference

(AC) 146

abdominal drainage 794 abdominal examination, for infertility 641

abdominal incision

(laparotomy) 409, 495

for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 814

abdominal pain 489

abdominal sacrocolpopexy 49,700-1 abdominal wall 44-5

closure following caesarean section 409

ablation, endometrial 509, 517, 597, 598-600

abnormal bleeding 616 abnormal uterine bleeding

(AUB) 507-8, 509, 511-23, 597

AUB-P(polyps) 508,514-17, 524-5, 597, 598, 609-12 cervical 292

AUB-A (adenomyosis) 508, 514, 516, 517, 524, 550-1, 554, 555, 599, 612-14

AUB-L (leiomyomas) 484-5,508, 514, 516-17, 524, 614-18

AUB-M (malignancy) 101, 508, 514, 516, 517, 518, 521, 530, 779-80, 857-8

AUB-C (coagulopathy) 172, 189, 449, 508, 512, 514, 516, 517

AUB-O (ovulatory disorders) 508, 512, 514, 516 and infertility 646, 647, 648

AUB-E (endometrial disorders) 508, 512, 514, 516, 517

AUB-I (iatrogenic disorders) 508, 514

AUB-N (not otherwise classified) 508, 514 abnormally invasive placenta

(AIP) 128

abortion 38-40, 678 contraception following 671, 682 counselling before 678-9 medical assessment for 679 methods 679-81

postabortion care 682

abscess formation 213 absorption of waves 31

ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) 192

acardia malformation 129 accessible dimension of quality 73 ACE inhibitors see angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors acetabulum 53

acetaminophen 91, 310, 314 acetyl coenzyme

A (acyl-CoA) 18, 21, 22 acetylcholine 707 acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) 308 achondroplasia 61-2, 64 acidaemia 349

acid-base balance 21-2

acidosis 171, 343, 348, 349 Acinetobacter 14

ACOG see American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology acquired resistance 824 acquired thrombophilia (antiphospholipid syndrome [APS]) 173, 186-8, 195-6, 477, 483, 484

acquired uterine anomalies 484-5 acrania 147

acromegaly 303 acrosome reaction 7

ACTH see adrenocorticotropic hormone

actinomyces 15 actinomycin D 812 activated partial thromboplastin time 189

activated protein C resistance (APCR) 195, 483, 484

active failures vs.

latent failures 80 active management of labour (AML) partogram 332, 336

active phase of labour 331-2, 336-7 active transport 22

acupuncture 310, 557, 582 acute chest syndrome (ACS) 200 acute fatty liver of pregnancy

(AFLP) 174, 188, 296, 298 acute hypoxia, 349 see also hypoxia acute kidney injury

(AKI) 171-3, 174 acute leukaemia 192 acute phase proteins 16 acute pyelonephritis 176

see also pyelonephritis acute renal cortical necrosis 173 acute renal replacement therapy

(dialysis) 171, 181, 195 acute renal tract obstruction 174 acute respiratory distress syndrome

(ARDS) 325-6 see also respiratory distress syndrome acute uterine inversion 366-8 acyclovir 223, 322 acyl-CoA see acetyl coenzyme A ADAMTS 13 173, 272 ADAPTE II 280 adaptive immunity 16 add-back therapies 556 Addison's disease 27, 301-2, 521 adenine 59 adenocarcinoma 521, 771, 778, 780,

857-60, 862-4, 865 adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) 5, 24, 26, 117 adenomyosis (AUB-A) 508, 514,

516, 517, 524, 550-1, 554, 555, 599, 612-14 adenosarcomas 784 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 18 adenosis of the vagina 805 adenosquamous carcinomas 771 adhesiolysis 556, 600 adhesion formation, following hysteroscopy 601 adhesions 550, 556, 598 adipocytes 98 adipose tissues 6, 19 adjuvant radiotherapy 773, 783, 840 for endometrial cancer 820 for vulval cancer 804 see also radiotherapy adolescents

contraception 672-4 iron deficiency in pregnancy 110 as mothers 444 obesity 97-8, 101 as patients 37 sexual behaviour 98

adrenal cortex 6, 25 adrenal cortical carcinoma 825 adrenal disease 301-2 adrenal hormones 117-18

adrenal medulla 25

adrenal system 25 adrenaline 118 adrenarche (axillary and pubic hair development) 6, 503, 518 adrenocorticotropic hormone

(ACTH) 25, 26, 27, 117 advocacy 471 aerobic Gram-positive cocc, 15 aerobic streptococci 538 aeromonas 14

aerotolerant anaerobes 12 afterbirth 120 see also placenta afterpains 437

age 152, 390, 656, 867

and childbirth trauma 730

and endometrial ablation 600

and female sexual dysfunction 746 and induction of labour 449

and infertility 83, 84, 639-40 and risk of stillbirth 422, 424, 429 agenesis 148

of the corpus callosum 143 aggressive lymphoma 192 agitation, cancer patients experiencing 850

ahistorical bioethics 33-4

AIDS (autoimmune deficiency syndrome) 225

airway, breathing, circulation (ABC) approach 363, 490, 495

airway management, in general anaesthesia 356

AKI see acute kidney injury

AKT inhibitors 827

ala 53

alanine transaminase (ALT) 296, 297 albumin 19, 125, 296

concentration 116 excretion 115 alcohol consumption

and infertility 640 and stillbirth 424

aldosterone 25, 27, 151 alemtuzumab 309 alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 296 alkalosis 320 allantois 8, 10, 11

allergic contact dermatitis 632, 633 allergies 562

vulval 630

all-fours position 372, 400 allodynia 629, 634 alpha-1-antitrypsin 125 alpha-blockade 302 alpha-fetoprotein 125 alpha-lactalbumin 117 alpha radiation 31 alpha thalassaemia 192-3, 194 alprostadil 650 alternative pathway 17, 18 alternative therapies 310, 352,

557, 582

alveolar ventilation 113, 170 Alzheimer's disease 580 ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) 268-9 amenorrhoea 6, 101, 158, 512, 514,

516, 518-23, 530

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) 40, 41, 103, 262, 337, 338, 450, 454, 567, 590

American Institute of Medicine 97 American Psychiatric

Association 233, 239 American Society of Reproductive

Medicine (ASRM) 528, 569, 571 American Thyroid Association 301 amino acid side chains 25 amino acids 3, 56

excretion 115 amino group 25 aminoglycosides 220, 441 amiodarone 28 amitriptyline 850 amniocentesis 56, 64, 145, 226, 257 amnion 8, 10 amnionicity 255 amnioscopy 345 amniotic band syndrome 89 amniotic cavity 9, 13, 124 development 9, 10 amniotic fluid

aspiration 216-17, 681 amniotic fluid embolism 172,

188, 325

neurological symptoms 314-15 amniotic fluid production 9, 148 amniotic sac 8, 124, 125 amniotomy (artificial rupture of

membranes [ARM]) 332, 336

7, 391-2, 447, 452, 453 amoxicillin 220 amphotericin 322 ampicillin 28, 217, 220 ampulla 47 Amsterdam Placental Workshop

Group 130 anaemia 110, 129, 151, 170, 193, 314,

508, 513, 515, 517 causes 196 and dialysis 181 fetal 64, 245 in pregnancy 110, 196-8 anaerobic Gram-positive cocci 15 anaerobic metabolism 11, 16 anaesthesia 352, 354-7 during abortion 680 for caesarean section 408-9 for external cephalic version

(ECV) 418 general anaesthesia 279, 356 and hypertensive disorders of

pregnancy 279 for hysteroscopy 604 during labour 158 and obesity 102

for perineal trauma 732

spinal 113, 355-6 toxicity 355 see also analgesia anal bulking agents 722 anal canal, resting pressure/squeeze pressure 717 anal folds 12 anal glands 717 anal incontinence see faecal incontinence

anal plugs 720 see also faecal incontinence

anal sphincter 48-9

injury 443, 728, 733-5

perineal tears 92, 415-16 surgery 721-2

anal ultrasound 717-18 anal valves 48 anal verge 48 analgesia 28, 91, 352-5, 393

for endometriosis 568-71 during general anaesthesia 356 during hysteroscopy 603 postoperative 591-2

for primary dysmenorrhoea 525 see also anaesthetic

anastomoses 46 androgen excess see hyperandrogenism

Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria 529

androgens 25, 27, 98

production 6, 501 android pelvis 54, 401 androstenedione 25, 528 anejaculation 650 anencephaly 145, 147, 389 aneuploidy screening 56, 64 angiogenesis 117 angiogenesis inhibition 827 angiogenic cell cluster 10 angiopoietin-2 117 angiotensin I 151 angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs) 25, 91, 111, 117, 151, 275 angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors 29, 86, 91, 199, 275

angiotensin receptor blockers 199 angiotensinogen 151 anhydramnios 148 animal studies 507

anorectal anatomy 716-18 anorectal dysfunction 696 anorectal mucosa 416 anorgasmia 745 anovulation 101, 503, 530, 531,

642, 643 antacids 91, 356 antenatal care

antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) 187-8

for bleeding disorders 190 maternal cardiac disease 154-5 multiple pregnancies 263 for pre-pregnancy diabetes 167 sickle cell disease 199 thalassaemia 193-4

antenatal corticosteroids 133 antenatal steroids 462 antepartum haemorrhage

(APH) 284-92

anterior commissure 4

anterior compartment prolapse 698, 701, 702 see also prolapse

anterior fontanelle (bregma) 51, 53, 396, 400

anterior lobe 4

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) 5, 24,

26, 117

anterior superior iliac spine

(ASIS) 44, 51, 53

anterior uveitis 324 anteroposterior diameter

(APAD) 146

anthrax 227

anthropoid pelvis 54, 401 antiangiogenic therapy 790,

792-3, 819-20

antiarrhythmics 244

anti-beta-2 glycoprotein-1 186, 187 antibiotics 13, 28, 29, 91

for newborns 469

risk of cerebral palsy 176 antibody production 16, 17 anticardiolipin 186 anticholinergic drugs 323, 711 anticipation, genetic 62 anticoagulants 29, 87, 156, 157, 848

in pregnancy 206-7

anticonvulsants 28

anti-D immunoglobulin 682

safety in administration 75

anti-D rhesus prophylaxis 480 antidepressants 91, 234-5, 850 antidiuretic hormone

(vasopressin) 5, 24, 26, 170, 523

antiemetics 295, 846 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) 28, 88,

91, 306-7

antifibrinolytic therapy 505, 516 antifolate drugs 28 antigen-presenting cells

(APCs) 16, 17

antihypertensive therapy 28, 86, 91, 275-7, 279

anti-Mullerian hormone

(AMH) 503, 529, 578, 646, 647, 656

antimuscarinic medications 710 antioxidant supplements 649 antiphospholipid syndrome (APS;

acquired thrombophilia) 173,

186-8, 195-6, 477, 483, 484 antiphospholipid antibody

syndrome 88, 271

antiplatelet therapy 311 antipsychotics 237 antipyretics 215 antiretroviral (ARV)

medicines 89, 92

antiretroviral therapy (ART) 225-6 antirheumatics drugs 28 antisperm antibodies 644 antithyroglobulin antibodies

(TG-ab) 483

antithyroid peroxidase (TPO-ab) 483 anti-tumour necrosis factor

(anti-TNF) 87

antral blood flow 504 antral follicle count (AFC) 5,

646, 656

antrum 503

anus 12, 13, 46, 48-9, 716-18 anxiety, and cancer 850 anxiety disorders 235-6 aorta 48 aortic dissection 155 aortic root 156 aortic stenosis 156 aortopathies 156 aphasia 310 apical prolapse 702 apologies from healthcare

professionals 76 apomorphine 748 apoptosis 117 appendectomy 44-5 appendicitis 543 appendix epididymis 11 appendix testes 11 appetite loss 846 applying quality improvement

(QI) methods (RADICAL framework) 72, 73-4 APS see antiphospholipid syndrome Arabin pessary 381 arachidonic acid 19, 23 arcuate arteries 122 arcuate line 44, 45 arcuate nucleus 4, 500 arcuate uteri 484 arginine vasopressin (AVP) 115, 117 argino-succinate lyase 23 argino-succinate synthetase 23 Arias-Stella reaction 121, 477 ARID 1A 827 Aristotle 500 ARM (artificial rupture of

membranes; amniotomy) 332, 336-7, 391-2, 447, 452, 453 arms, delivery in childbirth 419 Arnold-Chiari II malformation 250 aromatase inhibitors (AIs) 531,

569, 648

array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) 3, 56-8, 63, 64 arrhythmia 152, 156, 157 fetal 243-4, 246 arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy 152

ART see antiretroviral therapy;

assisted reproductive technology artefacts of ultrasound imaging 31 arteriovenous malformation

(AVM) 311 arthropathy 324 artificial bowel sphincter 721 artificial neural networks 350 artificial rupture of membranes

(ARM; amniotomy) 332, 336-7, 391-2, 447, 452, 453 as low as is reasonably achievable

(ALARA) exposure 141, 874 Asherman syndrome (intrauterine

synechiae) 442, 521 ASIS (anterior superior iliac

spine) 44, 51, 53 aspartate transaminase (AST) 296 asphyxia 339-40, 349, 470 aspiration of gastric contents 356 aspirin 28, 273, 310, 311

in pregnancy 168

sensitivity 324

ASRM (American Society of Reproductive Medicine) 528, 569, 571

assisted conception 651

assisted decision-making 36, 37 assisted reproductive technology

(ART) 36-7,463

and endometriosis 571, 572 genetic disorders 56 history 655

incidence of umbilical cord anomalies 130

management of tubal factor infertility 649

multiple pregnancies 253 newuses 659-60

and obesity 100, 101 outcomes 659 patient selection 655-6 pelvic inflammatory disease 540 preimplantation genetic diagnosis/ screening (PGD/S) 63

risk of ectopic pregnancy 489-90 treatment cycle 656-9

assisted vaginal breech delivery 418-20

Association of Anaesthetists of

Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI) 355

ASTEC study 783 asthenozoospermia 643-4 asthma 98, 322-4, 562 asymptomatic bacteriuria 175-6 ataxia 310

atenolol 275 atherosclerosis 310

atherosis 12

atonic uterus 172

atopic disease, link to endometriosis 562

atopic eczema 632

Atopobium vaginae 536, 538 atosiban 383

atresia 148

atrial flutter 243, 244 attention deficit hyperactivity

disorder (ADHD) 375

attenuated plasma volume expansion 177

attenuation of waves 31 atypical-HUS(aHUS) 173

AUB see abnormal uterine bleeding audit, hysteroscopy 603 augmentation cystoplasty 711 AURELIA trial 792, 820 auscultation 339, 340, 342, 343 Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance

Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) 164-5

autism 375

autocrine effects 19 autoimmune cause of premature

ovarian insufficiency 576 autoimmune deficiency syndrome

(AIDS) 225

autoimmune disease, link to endometriosis 562

autoimmune hepatitis 297, 299 autoimmune hypothyroidism 300-1 autoimmune vulval disease 631-2 autolysis 11 autonomic nervous system 114 autopsy (postmortem) 427-8 autosomal dominant

conditions 63, 64, 65 autosomal dominant polycystic

kidney disease (ADPKD) 180 autosomal recessive

conditions 62, 63, 64 average for gestational age

(AGA) 133

AVP see arginine vasopressin axial traction 370 axillary hair development

(adrenarche) 6, 503, 518 axons (white matter) 213-14 azathioprine 180, 182, 299, 300, 308 AZD2281 (olaparib) 793 azithromycin 91, 544, 679 azoospermia 641, 642, 643, 644-5,

649-50, 669, 670 azoospermia factor (AZF) 644

B cells 16, 17, 109 bacillus 15, 322 back presentation 399-400 bacteria 12-13

bacterial metabolism 12 bacterial vaginosis (BV) 217-20,

536, 538

bacteriostatic antibiotics 13 Bacteroides 14, 442 bad obstetric history, and induction of labour 450

Baden-Walker Halfway Scoring

System 697 balanced reciprocal translocations 63 balloon catheters 391, 452 banana sign 147 banding 299 barbiturates 28

bariatric (weight loss) surgery 102-3 pregnancy after 84 and use of contraceptives 98 barium enema radiography, for endometriosis 564-6

barrier contraception 158,

669, 670-1

around the menopause 674 barrier function 632

Bart's Hb 193

Bartholin's glands 45, 46, 805 basal arteries 122

basal cell carcinoma 800, 805, 854 basal cells 11

basal layer of endometrium 504, 505 basal plasma membrane 126 basal plate 124, 125 basaloid carcinomas 854 basilar thrombosis 310 basophil levels 109

BCR genes 17 bearing down 158 Beckwith-Wiedemann

syndrome 56, 97, 137, 144 beclomethasone 323 bed rest, to prevent preterm birth 382 Bell's palsy 314 beneficence principle 34-6, 40-1 benzodiazepines 28, 237, 275 bereavement support 852

after stillbirth 430, 432 best interests standard 36 beta-adrenergic blocking drugs 155 beta-amylase 7 beta-blockers 28, 152, 156

for migraine 310 beta-glucuronidase 7 beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin(β-hCG) 141, 142, 256

beta-lactam antibiotics 13 beta-oxidation 19 beta radiation 31 beta sympathomimetic agents 244, 383

beta thalassaemia 62, 63, 192, 193, 194

betamethasone 307, 323 bevacizumab 790, 792-3, 818,

820, 821

bicarbonate 24

bicarbonate concentration 21 bicarbonate reabsorption 115 bicarbonaturia 170

bicuspid aortic valve disease 156 bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy 324 bilateral renal agenesis 145, 148 bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) 66, 571

bile 115

bile acids 296

bile acid concentrations 297-9 biliary atresia 467 biliary obstruction 296 biliopancreatic diversion 103 bilious vomiting 469, 470 bilirubin 19, 174, 296, 297, 467, 468 Billings method 671 bimanual compression 364-6 bimanual examination 541, 553 binding globulins 117 bioavailability 27 biochemical markers in maternal serum 141

biochemical thyrotoxicosis 295, 300 biochemistry 18-20 bioethics 33-4

biofeedback 710

for constipation 723

for faecal incontinence 720-1 biomarkers 819 bionomic approach to patient safety 73, 80 biopanic 83 biopsy 598

for endometrial polyps 610 in pregnancy 869 vulval 629

biparietal diameter (BPD) 146 bipolar disorder 234, 237-8 bipolar energy 598 bipolar instruments 591 bipolar resectoscopes 599 bird cup (metal cup) 411, 412 birth see delivery birth trauma see childbirth trauma birth weight 133-4, 136-8, 164, 166 cardiac lesion group 153 and childbirth trauma 731-2 multiple pregnancies 262 see also fetal growth restriction;

macrosomia; shoulder dystocia bisacodyl 723 Bishop score 447, 448-9, 451 bisoprolol 155 bisphosphonates 580 black cohosh 582 black lesion 563 bladder 47-8, 706

effect of menopause 579 examination 555 surgery for incontinence 711-14 voiding dysfunction 442, 708, 711, 712

see also urinary incontinence; urinary tract bladder cancer 551 bladder endometriosis 563, 570 bladder exstrophy 148 bladder neck suspension 711 blame culture 73, 80 blastocyst 8 blastomeres 8 bleeding, stopping 364-5 bleeding disorders in pregnancy 189-91 bleomycin 192 blighted ovum 478 blind biopsy 610 blind curettage 611 blind dilatation 611 blocked atrial ectopic beats 244 blood, colour 513 blood-brain barrier 213, 720 blood count 197, 515 blood film 197, 515 blood flow (circulation)

changes during pregnancy 111 fetoplacental 123 placenta 114 renal 114

uteroplacental 121-3 blood loss

abnormal 616 see also abnormal uterine bleeding

and ectopic pregnancy 490 in pregnancy see antepartum haemorrhage

stopping 364-5

see also bleeding disorders in pregnancy blood management 517 blood plasma 20 blood pressure (BP) 86, 91, 151,268-80

difference between erect and supine 490

during pregnancy 111, 112

see also pre-eclampsia blood transfusion 189, 198, 291, 517

safety practices 75 blood volume 109 BMI see body mass index body (of ilium) 53 body fluid compartments 24 body fluids, electrolytes 24 body mass index (BMI) 96, 97 and endometrial ablation 600 and infertility 640 and nerve injury in surgery 588 and PCOS 530, 531 and recurrent miscarriages 483 and risk of childbirth trauma 730 see also obesity body-stalkanomaly 145 bone marrow biopsy 197 bordatella 14

borderline tumours 861 botulinum toxin 711, 724 bowel dysfunction, from

prolapse 696

bowel endometriosis 562-3, 570 bowel fistula 148

bowel habits, assessment 719-20 bowel injury, during laparoscopy 589 bowel management 720-1 bowel movements, straining see constipation

bowel obstruction 144, 793 bowel preparation, for

laparoscopy 587 bowel repair 721 brachytherapy (internal

radiotherapy) 798, 832, 834-6, 837-8

vaginal 839 bradyarrhythmias 244 bradycardia 345, 418 BRAF pathway 826 brain damage, caused by infection/ inflammation 213-14

brain measurements 146 Braxton Hicks contractions 114

BRCA gene mutation 787, 793, 820, 825-6

BRCA hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome 66-7 breakthrough nausea and

vomiting 846 breakthrough pain 845 breast abscess 440 breast cancer 532

genetic predisposition 66-7

and obesity 102

in pregnancy 874, 877

risk from hormone therapy 581 survival rates 759

breast growth in pregnancy 27 breast tissue, appearance of

(thelarche) 6, 503, 518 breastfeeding 467, 469

afterpains 437

and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) 88, 307

and contraception 444, 671

and diabetes 168

on dialysis 181

difficulties 443

and drug metabolism 28-9 mothers with renal

transplantation 182

with sickle cell disease 200 breasts, physiology 117 breathing problems 320

asthma 322

newborn babies 466 overbreathing in pregnancy 113 sleep-disordered breathing 327 breech presentation 368, 400, 409, 417, 451

assisted vaginal delivery 418-20 bregma (anterior fontanelle) 51, 53, 396, 400

bremelanotide 749

British Menopause Society 580 British National Formulary 92

British Society for the Study of Vulval Diseases 634

broad-spectrum antibiotics 13, 157, 440-1,442

bromocriptine 117, 155, 302 bronchial atresia 148 bronchoconstriction 113

reversible 322 bronchodilation 113 bronchogenic cysts 148 bronchopulmonary dysplasia 214 brow presentation 396, 397, 399, 731 Brown, Louise 655 brucella 14

Brugada syndrome 157 bubble study 310 buccopharyngeal membrane 10 Budd-Chiari syndrome 299 budesonide 323

buffering system 21-2, 25 bulbocavernosus reflex 709 bulbospongiosus muscles 8, 48,

49, 706 bulk flow 125 bupropion 748 Burch colposuspension 708, 711-12 Burns-Marshall method of

delivery 419-20

cabergoline 302, 649 caesarean delivery 40-1

and bleeding disorders in pregnancy 190

childbirth trauma,

prevention of 737

conjoined twins 260

and gestational diabetes mellitus 164, 166

heart disease, mothers with 87

HIV, mothers with 225

of large birth weight babies 136 malposition 401-2 and obesity 100 and prepregnancy diabetes 166, 168

and pulmonary hypertension 157 recovery from 435-6

risk factor for placenta praevia 128 and stillbirth 427

caesarean section (CS) 44,

407-8, 463

and induction of subsequent labour 454

place of incision 114

risk of infection 439-40

risks and complications 410 scar, effects of 410, 489 technique 408-9 types of incision 408 vaginal birth after

(VBAC) 40-1, 410 caffeine 310, 355, 481, 561, 641,

708, 710

calcitonin 117 calcitonin gene-related

peptide 114, 744

calcium 20, 24

balance 25

excretion 115

levels in pregnancy 116 mobilization 114

supplements 181, 273

uptake 7

calcium channel blockers 310, 383 calcium homeostasis 22 calendar days method 671 calyces 114

Camper's fascia 44 campylobacter 14 Canadian Hypertension Education

Program 268 cancer 3, 37, 50 breast see breast cancer cervical see cervical cancer dying of 850-2 endometrial see endometrial cancer gastrointestinal symptoms 846-7 genetic mutations 59, 64-7, 824-7 and induction of labour 449 medical advances 817-28 and obesity 102 oedema 849 ovarian see ovarian cancer pain management 844-6 and polycystic ovarian

syndrome 532 in pregnancy 874-7 prevention 759-60 psychological issues 849-50 respiratory symptoms 847-8 screening 755-62, 766-7, 778-9 systemic therapy 817-21, 828 targeted therapies 828 urinary tract symptoms 847 vaginal see vaginal cancer vulval see vulval cancer wound management 848-9 see also carcinoma

Cancer Genome Atlas, The

(TCGA) 822, 825, 858

Candida 16 candour 36, 76 capacitation 7 captopril 276 carbamazepine 28, 30, 88, 306 carbamoyl phosphate 23 carbidopa-levodopa 314 carbimazole 28, 301 carbohydrates 124 carbon dioxide

as distension medium 601, 602, 604 levels, in pregnancy 113 carbonic acid (H2CO3) 24 carboplatin 790, 791, 819, 820 carboprost 365 carboxylic acid group 25 carcinoma

adenocarcinoma 521, 771, 778, 780, 799, 800, 805, 821, 824, 857-60, 865

adrenal cortical carcinoma 825 Bartholin's gland carcinoma 805 basal cell carcinoma 800, 805, 854 bladder 551 breast 877 s ee also breast cancer carcinoma in situ (CIS) 806,

854, 856

cervical 451, 756, 759, 767, 771-2, 821, 855 see also cervical cancer choriocarcinoma 129, 809, 812, 814-15, 864-5, 866

clear cell carcinoma 760, 805, 822, 858, 861, 862-4

colonic 723

endometrial 521, 777-81, 783, 825-7, 838-9, 857-60, 862-4, 865 see also endometrial cancer

fallopian tubes 861

see also fallopian tube cancer hepatocellular carcinoma 224 high-grade serous carcinoma 760, 861, 862-3

and hyperthyroidism 301 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma 102

invasive 854, 856-7, 862, 867-9 low-grade serous carcinoma (LGSC) 760, 861, 862-3

metastatic 865

mucinous carcinoma 760,

788, 862-3

ovarian 670, 760, 761, 778, 780, 822, 861, 862-4 see also ovarian cancer

and polycystic ovarian syndrome 530

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (serous EIC) 858 squamous cell 629, 771, 797, 798801, 805, 821, 824, 854-7 vaginal 797, 806, 855 see also vaginal cancer verrucous 854

vulval 798, 801, 834, 840, 854-5 see also vulval cancer

vulval squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) 629, 825

see also genetics

chronic atrial fibrillation 157

chronic (long-standing) hypoxia 349 chronic illness, drugs for 90

chronic kidney disease

(CKD) 173, 176-9

chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) 192

chronic neutrophilic leukaemia 192 chronic pelvic inflammatory disease 524

chronic pelvic pain (CPP) 550 causes 550-2

clinical assessment 552-5 management 555-7

chronic villitis 428

ciclosporin 182, 300, 308 ciliary dyskinesia 644 ciprofloxacin 29, 544 circulation (blood flow)

changes during pregnancy 111 fetoplacental 123

placenta 114

renal 114

uteroplacental 121-3

cirrhosis 299 s ee also liver

cisplatin 774, 790, 819

cisterna magna 143

citalopram 850

citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid/

Krebs cycle) 18, 20, 21

citrulline 23

CKD see chronic kidney disease classical hydatidiform moles

(CHMs) 129

classical incision 408, 409 classical pathway 17, 18 classical (2D/conventional) treatment planning 832

claustrophobia 31 clear cell carcinoma 760, 805, 822, 858, 861, 862-4

clear cell ovarian cancer 824-5 clearance 27 cleft lip/palate 143, 145, 147, 307 Cleveland Clinic (Wexner) score 720, 721

Clexane (low-molecular-weight heparin) 187-8, 196, 207, 20910, 273, 311, 312, 848 clindamycin 91, 217-18 clinical audit 76-8 clinical consultations, genetic aspects 59-63

clinical deterioration, awareness of 74 clinical effectiveness 75, 77 clinical governance 72-80 clinical judgement 34-5, 38-9, 40-1 Clinical Practice Research

Datalink 536 clinical trials 818 clinodactyly 144 clitoridectomy 688 clitoris 13, 46 erection 8, 45 cloaca 9 cloacal exstrophy 144 cloacal membrane 10 clomiphene citrate 531, 648, 651 clonazepam 314 clonidine 276, 578, 581 clostridia 15

Clostridium perfringens 440, 442 clotting 173 clotting factors 109-10, 190 clotting screen 362 clubfoot (talipes equinovarus) 149 CNGOF (French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians) 590

CNVs (copy number variants) 58, 64 CO₂ lasers 32 coagulase-negative staphylococci 15 coagulation 438, 570 coagulation necrosis 614 coagulation system 109-10, 505, 506 coagulopathy (AUB-C) 172, 189, 449, 508, 512, 514, 516, 517 coagulopathy screening 515 coarctation of the aorta 148, 243 cobalamin (vitamin B₁₂) 197,

198, 243 cobalt-60 832 coccidioidomycosis 321, 322 coccygeus 48 COCs see combined oral contraceptives codeine 353 codeine phosphate 525, 720 coding regions of genes 56 coelom 9 coelomic cavity 8 coelomic mesoderm 25 cogwheel sign 542 coitus see sexual activity coitus interruptus (withdrawal method) 671

cold (thermal) coagulation 768-70 cold knife excision 770 colectomy 723 collecting and analysing

data (RADICAL framework) 72,76-80 colon transit studies 718-19 colonoscopy screening 66 colostomy 722 colostrum 117, 467, 469 colour flow Doppler 610 colpocleisis 700 colporrhaphy 701 colposcopy 768, 769 in pregnancy 868-9, 876 colposuspension 708, 711-12 columnar mucosa 48 combination chemotherapy 812-13 combined hormonal vaginal

ring 668

combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) 158, 520, 526, 555 combined oral contraceptives (COCs) 666-7

as cancer prevention 762

for treatment of

endometriosis 568, 572 around the menopause 674 combined procedures 103 commercial sexual

exploitation 687-8 common iliac arteries 47, 49 communication with patient 404 comparative genomic hybridization

(CGH) 3 see also array comparative genomic hybridization compassion 34 complaints procedures 76 complement 16, 17, 18 complement blockers 173 complementary therapies 310, 352, 557, 582

complete heart block (CHB) 244 complete hydatidiform mole 865 compound presentation (transverse lie) 399, 400, 409

compression duplex ultrasonography 209

compressor urethra 48 computed tomography (CT) 31, 155, 507, 555, 832, 833, 834, 836 for ovarian cancer 788, 789 for pelvic inflammatory disease 542

in pregnancy 874 computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) 209 computerized CTG analysis 349 conceptus 8

CONCORD-2 759 condoms 158, 669, 670 Confidential Enquiry into

Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 358 confusion, in cancer patients 850 congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) 244

congenital anomalies 463-4

congenital cardiovascular

malformation 151-2 congenital cystic adenomatoid

malformation (CCAM) 148 congenital cytomegalovirus

infections 220 congenital diaphragmatic hernia

(CDH) 143, 145, 148,

248, 249-50

congenital heart disease

(CHD) 86-7, 244

in pregnancy 151-8 during puerperium 158 and use of contraception 158-9 congenital infection 144 congenital renal tract abnormalities 174 congenital syphilis 219-20 congenital ureteric

obstruction 174-5 congenital uterine

abnormalities 484, 641 conjoined twins 254, 260 Conn syndrome (primary

aldosteronism) 302 connecting stalk 10 connective tissue disease

(CTD) 326-7

connective tissue injuries in

childbirth 728-9 consanguinity 61, 63 and stillbirth 424 conscience-based objections of

doctors 39-40 conscious sedation 604 Consensus on Recording Deep

Endometriosis Surgery

(CORDES) 571

consent to treatment 75-6, 145, 404 conservative non-surgical

management of polyps 611 conservative surgical treatment for adenomyosis 614 for polyps 611 constipation 115, 442, 723-5 damage to pelvic floor 710 during menstrual bleeding 566 management 846 contact abuse of children 687 contact dermatitis 628, 630, 631,

632, 633

continuous cardiotocography

(CTG) 342-3 continuous positive airway

pressure 327 continuous QI 74 contouring 832-3 contraception 36, 158-9 after abortion 671, 682 for adolescents 672-4 and amenorrhoea 512 barrier 158, 669, 670-1, 674 and breastfeeding 444, 671 ectopic pregnancy, risk of 489 efficacy 666, 667 hormonal 666-9 international goals 665-6 intrauterine devices (IUDs)

see intrauterine contraceptive devices

male 158, 669, 670

and medical disorders 674 after molar pregnancy 811 natural 671

and obesity 98, 101 perimenopausal 674 postpartum 168, 444, 671-2 reduction of menstrual

bleeding 516 safety 665 special considerations 671-4 sterilization see sterilization and weight gain 98, 667 contractions of the uterus during labour 114

contralateral mastectomy 66 contrast agents 31

contributory factors in safety incidents 80

Control of Hypertension in Pregnancy Study (CHIPS) 275 controlled cord traction 416 conventional (2D∕classical) treatment planning 832

Cook Balloon (Cervical Ripening Balloon) 447, 452

Coordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralised Procedures 306

copper intrauterine contraceptive device see intrauterine contraceptive devices

copper T intrauterine device 158-9 copy-number high tumours 825 copy-number low tumours 825 copy number variants (CNVs) 58, 64 cord accidents 246

cord clamping 464, 465 cord Doppler 167

CORD mnemonic 368-9 cord occlusion 249 cord prolapse (UCP) 368-9, 392 cord traction 416

corona radiata 7 coronal suture 51 corpus 47, 50 corpus albicans 504 corpus callosum 4, 143 corpus luteum 5, 6, 7, 9, 27, 126, 501-3, 504, 505

corticosteroids 163, 168, 195, 277, 307, 308, 382-3, 850

inhaled 323

for labour induction 453 multiple pregnancies 263 corticotropin-releasing hormone

(CRH) 25, 27, 117, 377

cortisol 25, 27

levels in pregnancy 27 cortisol-binding globulin 117, 118 cortisol synthesis 117 Corynebacterium 15 coughing 156, 848 counselling, pre-abortion 678-9 covert menstruation of

mammals 500

COXinhibitors 383-4

Coxsackie B virus 90

cranial nerve syndromes 314 C-reactive protein 97 creatinine clearance 114, 170 creatinine phosphokinase 11 Cretaceous-Paleogene event 120 criteria of clinical audits 77-8 CRL see crown-rump length crowning of the fetal head 396 crown-rump length (CRL) 134, 142, 255, 256, 478

cryoprecipitate 189 cryopreservation of eggs and embryos 660

cryotherapy 614, 759, 768 cryptosporidium parvum 16 C-STICH trial 381

CT scanning see computed tomography cube pessaries 699 cuddle cots 430, 432 cultural challenges 37-8 curare 28

curettage 611 Cushing syndrome 27, 302, 303 cyanosis 152, 156 cyclic adenosine monophosphate∕ protein kinase A (cAMP∕ PKA) 7, 114

cyclical pain 552 cyclizine 295 cyclooxygenase 19, 555 cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors 28 cystectomy 570

cystic fibrosis (CF) 62, 63, 144, 325 cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene 644 cystic glandular hypertrophy 613 cystic hygroma 143 cystic lesions of the lung 148 cystic renal disease 148 cystitis 551, 552, 555 cystocele 720 cystometry 709-10 cystoplasty, augmentation 711 cystoscopy 555, 710 cytogenetic (chromosome) approaches 55, 56-8, 615 cytogenetic karyotype analysis 3 cytokine release 505 cytokines 213 cytology, cervical 755-9, 766-7, 868 cytomegalovirus (CMV) 90, 220-1 Cytotec 391 cytotoxic anticancer drugs 28 cytotoxic cells 16 cytotoxic chemotherapy 789-90 cytotrophoblast cells 9, 121 cytotrophoblast invasion 126 cytotrophoblastic columns 121 cytotrophoblastic shell 121, 124

dacarbazine 192 danazol 30, 555 Dandy-Walker malformation 143 Danish Osteoporosis (DOPS) trial 580 dapoxetine 650 dashboard approach 80 data management 72, 76-8 Database of Genomic Variants 64 datasets, on preterm births 462 DCDA multiple pregnancy 263 DCTA multiple pregnancy 263 de Lee (lower vertical) incision 408 De 732

de Ribes' bag 447, 448 death of patients 850-2 see also

fetal loss; maternal mortality; neonatal deaths; stillbirth debulking surgery 791

decidua 9, 123, 125

decidua basalis 122

decidual cells 121

decidual infection 213

decidual natural killer cells 109 decidualization 500, 568 decision-making capacity of

patients 35-6, 37, 38, 75-6 shared 39

decreased fetal movements

(DFMs) 426, 429

deep circumflex iliac artery 49 deep endometriosis 562-4, 570-1 Deep Endometriosis Surgical Sheet (DESS) 571

deep transverse perineal 48

deep urogenital diaphragm layer 48 deep venous thrombosis (DVT) 206, 209, 408

defecation 716-19 see also constipation; faecal incontinence

definitiveplacenta 124-5 definitive radiotherapy 840 definitive yolk sac 9 deflexed occipitoposterior

position 397 dehydroepiandrosterone

(DHEA) 25, 27, 30, 747 deinfibulation 688 delayed ejaculation 650 Delclos (Fletcher-Suit)

applicators 835 deletions, genetic 56 deliberative clinical judgement 34-5,

38-9, 40-1

delivery

assisted breech 418-20 see also breech presentation caesarean see caesarean delivery; caesarean section

cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) 403-5

cervical intraepithelial

neoplasia 869

clean environment 464-5 contraceptionfollowing 671-2 debriefing 444

epilepsy, mothers with 307 fetal skull 51, 53-4 home births 465, 729 hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, mothers with 277-9 and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 87

instrumental see instrumental delivery

intrapartum care 157-8, 159-60 management 332

multiple pregnancies 263-4 myasthenia gravis, mothers with 308

normal process 396

placenta 120

placenta accreta 289 placenta praevia 287-8 placental abruption 291 placental examination 130 see also placenta

position of baby 92, 337, 395, 400-3, 731 position of mother 737 of the posterior arm 371 presentation of baby 395, 396-400, 731 see also breech presentation

preterm births 385 prolonged 337-8 pushing (Valsalva manoeuvre) 158, 396, 553, 737 recovering from 436-7 stillbirth see stillbirth

trauma see childbirth trauma umbilical cord

prolapse 368-9, 392

see also intrapartum care; labour delusions 236

dementia 580 denaturation 19

Denonvilliers' fascia 48 denosumab 580 dentate (pectinate) line 48 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) see DNA

depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) 98, 668

depression 233-5, 439 and cancer 850

dermatitis, vulval 632 dermatophytes 16 descending hypothalamic connections 4

descending perineum syndrome 701 descent of the fetal head 396 designing for quality (RADICAL framework) 72, 74-5

desire disorders 745, 746 DESKTOP II trial 791 desmopressin 170, 190, 191, 303 desogestrel 158

destructive therapy 768, 770 deterioration, awareness of 74 detoxification process 19 developing countries, cervical cancer screening programmes 758-9 developmental delay 157 devices, use of new technologies 75 dexamethasone 244, 307, 323 dextropropoxyphene 525

DFMs see decreased fetal movements DHEA see dehydroepiandrosterone diabetes 390

comorbidities 166 during pregnancy 136 poorly controlled or occult 481, 482

and stillbirth 422

diabetes insipidus 172, 303 diabetes mellitus 84-6, 99, 115, 521 gestational (GDM) 99, 117,

136, 163-6

link to cancers 102

and polycystic ovarian syndrome 531

prepregnancy 166-8 diabetic nephropathy 167, 181 diabetic neuropathy 102 diacylglycerol (DAG) 23, 501 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) 233 on female sexual

dysfunction 743, 744-5 diagnostic procedures 144-5 diagnostic testing for cancer predisposition 66 dialysis (acute renal replacement therapy) 171, 181, 195

diaphragm 147, 148, 320 adhesions to liver capsule 541 diaphragmatic hernia 99, 143, 145, 148

diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 86, 268-9, 275

dichorionic triamniotic (DCT) triplets 262

dichorionic twin pregnancies 247 diclofenac 353

didanosine 92 didelphic uteri 484 diencephalon 4, 22 diet 165, 273, 720 diethylstilbestrol (DES) 805 diethylstilbestrol teratogen 120 differentiated VIN (dVIN) 799, 800 differentiation oftissues 11-12 diffraction of waves 30-1 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 192 diffusion 22, 125

DiGeorge syndrome 156 digital vaginal examination 627 digoxin 244

dihydrocodeine 353 dihydroergotamine (DHE) 555 diiodotyrosine 24

Dilapan 391 dilatation 611

dilatation and evacuation (D&E) 681 dilatational hyponatraemia 601 dilated cardiomyopathy 152, 155 dilated pelvicalyceal system 175 dimensions of quality 73 dimethyl fumarate 309 dimorphic fungi 16 dinoprostone (PGE₂) 391, 452, 454 diphtheria 227 diploid cells 3

diploid miscarriage 810, 811-12 diplopia 310

direct entry for laparoscopy 589, 590 direct fetal pharmacological therapy 246

direct fluorescence antibody testing (DFA-TP) 219

direct referrals 40

directive counselling 39, 41 directiveness, in genetic counselling 63

directives to physicians 37 disabilities, due to preterm birth 374 disc bulges 314

discriminatory zone 493 disease-modifying agents 88, 308 disinfection 13

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 188-9 distension medium 601, 602, 604 diuresis 115, 155

divalproex sodium 88 diversity, feature of adaptive immunity 16

division of adhesions 598 division of septa 598 dizygotic twins 253, 255, 256 dizziness 310

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 3, 12

DNA fragmentation (DFI) 644

DNA methylation 3, 56

DNA repair genes 64, 66-7, 826 inhibition 793

DNA replication 59 documentation 404 domestic abuse 684-6 Donald, I., et al.

245 donor insemination (DI) 83, 85 dopamine 27 dopamine agonists 303, 649 dopamine antagonists 117 Doppler velocimetry 271 Doppler waves 141 dorsal aorta 10 double-needle technique 145 doughnut pessaries 698-9 Down syndrome (trisomy 21) 83, 84,

90, 97, 141, 142, 144, 154, 481 screening in multiple

pregnancies 256 doxorubicin 192 doxycycline 544, 679 doxylamine 525 D-penicillamine 174 drainage

abdominal 794

of endometriomas 570 postsurgery 593 driving, following birth 436 drug abuse 239 drug-induced liver injury (DILI) 296 drugs

analgesic 352-4

to avoid preconceptionally 90-2 interactions 27-8

metabolism 27, 28-9, 30 pharmacodynamics 27 pharmacokinetics 27 and stillbirth 424

DSM-5 see Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders Duchenne muscular

dystrophy 62, 64 ductus venosus flow 142 duloxetine 850 duodenal atresia 143, 148 duodenal switch 103 Duphaston (dydrogesterone) 482, 613 dura matter, development 8 duties of doctors 35 dydrogesterone

(Duphaston) 482, 613 dynamic graciloplasty 721 dysarthria 310 dyschezia, during menstrual

bleeding 566 dysfunctional uterine bleeding

(DUB) 507, 511, 512 dysgerminoma 864 dyslipidaemia 530 dysmenorrhoea (menstrual

pain) 513, 518, 523-7

and endometrial ablation 600

symptom of endometriosis 566 dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse) 543, 696, 745, 747 postmenopausal 579 postpartum 736 dysphagia 308 dyspnoea 113, 308, 320 dystrophin mutations 62

E. coli see Escherichia coli earlier-onset hyperglycaemia 531 early menopause see premature ovarian insufficiency early-onset neonatal GBS disease (EOGBSD) 217-18 early pregnancy assessment units (EPAUs) 477, 479

early pregnancy loss see miscarriage eating disorders 239

Ebstein's anomaly 29, 156, 243 eccentrically placed sac 491 ECF see extracellular fluid ECG see electrocardiogram echocardiography 154 echogenic cystic lesions (ECLs) 123 eclampsia 86, 88, 99-100, 188, 362, 363, 364

and epilepsy 306 neurological symptoms 314 see also pre-eclampsia ectocervix 47 ectoderm 8, 10, 48 ectopia cordis 148 ectopic pregnancy (EP) 37, 477, 489-90, 543

diagnosis 490-3 management 495-8 non-tubal 497-8 eculizumab 173

eczema 562, 627, 631, 632

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) 439 edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) 308

Edward syndrome (trisomy 18) 90, 142, 143-4, 145, 148, 481 Edwaefavirenz 92 effective dimension of quality 73 Efficacy of Metformin in Pregnant Obese Women (EMPOWeR) trial 137

efficient dimension of quality 73 EFW see estimated fetal weight egg donation, and obesity 101 egg freezing 660 eicosanoids 19, 117

Eisenmenger syndrome 153 ejaculation 8 ejaculatory disorders 650 electrical vacuum aspiration 679-80 electrocardiogram (ECG) 155, 157 electroconvulsive therapy 237 electro-ejaculation 650 electrolyte and water balance 20-1 electrolytes 24 electron microscopy 16 electronic fetal monitoring

(EFM) 339-50 electrophoresis 59 electrosurgery 591, 770-1 embolism 157 embolization 213 embryo 13

attachment to uterine cavity 8 development 10 early development 8 epigenetic programming 56 preimplantation genetic diagnosis/ screening (PGD/S) 63 see also fetuses

embryo cryopreservation 83

embryo growth, during IVF

treatment 658 embryo transfer, during IVF treatment 658-9 embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

(sarcoma botryoides) 855 embryonic disc 9 embryonic karyotype abnormalities 481

emergency contraception 668-9 emotional transition to

parenthood 438-9 encephalitis 222 encephalocoele 147 encephalopathy 215, 469-71 end colostomy 722 endocarditis 157 endocervical adenocarcinoma 857 endocervical polypectomy 598 endocrine cells 19 endocrine disorders 300-3, 531 endocrine factors in recurrent

miscarriages 481-3 endocrine function 170 Endocrine Society 302, 531 endocrine system, changes during

pregnancy 117-18 endocrinology 22-7, 126 endocytosis 13, 126 endoderm 8, 10 end-of-life care see palliative care endometrial ablation 509, 517, 597, 598-600

endometrial adenocarcinoma see carcinoma: endometrial; endometrial cancer endometrial biopsy 526 endometrial cancer 521, 530, 532,

589, 597, 761-2, 777-8, 838-9, 857-60, 862-4, 865 clinical features 779-80 genetic mutations 825 genetic predisposition 66 investigations 780 and obesity 102 in pregnancy 871 risk factors 778 screening for 778-9 staging 780, 781 systemic therapy 820 treatment 780-4 endometrial cells 507 endometrial cycle 5-6 endometrial disorders (AUB-E) 508,

512, 514, 516, 517 endometrial hyperplasia (malignancy

[AUB-M]) 101, 508, 514, 516, 517, 518, 521, 530, 779-80, 857-8 endometrial infection 213 endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia

(EIN) 857-8 endometrial polypectomy 598 endometrial polyps (AUB-P) 508,

514-17, 524-5, 597, 598, 609-12 endometrial receptivity 101 endometrial sampling 542-3 endometrial sarcomas 860 endometrial stromal tumours 784 endometrial thickening 613 endometrial tissue 507 endometrial vessels 121 endometrioid EOC 825 endometriomas 564, 567, 570 endometriosis 524, 525, 538-9, 543,

550, 554, 556, 560 diagnosis 564-8 genetics 560-1 and infertility 571, 572, 647-8, 651 pathogenesis 561-2 phenotypes 562-4 prevention 572-3 risk factors 561

staging system 564, 565 symptoms 566 treatment 568-72

Endometriosis Fertility Index

(EFI) 564, 566

endometritis 441

endometrium 6, 8, 9, 13, 47, 121 response to ovarian function 504-5 endomyometrial ablation 614 endopelvic fascia 435

Endosee device 601 endothelium 125, 151 endotracheal intubation 325 endotracheal occlusion 249-50 endovascular trophoblast

invasion 12

end-stage renal disease

(ESRD) 181, 182 engagement of the fetus 395-6 entamoeba histolytica 16 Enterobacter 14, 440 enterocoele 698

Entonox (nitrous oxide) 353

ENZIAN score 564

enzyme immunoassay 16 enzyme inducers 27 enzyme inhibitors 27-8 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

(ELISA) 222, 379

enzymes 19

EOC see epithelial ovarian cancer

EORTC ACTION trial 790 eosinophil levels 109 epiblast 9 epidemiology, obesity 96 epididymal surgery 650 epididymis 7, 11 epidural analgesia 158, 354-6, 393 and asthma 324

and childbirth trauma 731 epigastric vessels 45 epigenetic modulation 827 epigenetic regulation 56 epigenetics 3 epilepsy 28, 87-8, 91, 306-7 epimenorrhoea/epimenorrhagia, obsolete terms 512

epiphyseal stippling 157 episiotomy 92, 332, 415, 727, 731,

732-3, 736 epithelial cells 507 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) 760,

761, 787

genetic mutations 824-5 staging 788 systemic therapy 819-20 treatment 788-90 see also ovarian cancer epithelial tumours 861-2 epithelioid trophoblastic

tumour 809, 815

epoophoron 11

equitable dimension of quality 73 erectile dysfunction 650 ergometrine 324, 335, 364, 416 ergotamine 310 erosion 629

erosive lichen planus 627 erysipelothrix 15 erythema 627-9 erythema infectiosum 222 erythema nodosum 324 erythrocytes 19, 124 erythromycin 91, 217-18, 220 erythropoietin 109, 181

Escherichia coli (E.

coli) 14, 175, 218, 440, 442, 538

ESHRE see European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology

Esmya (ulipristal acetate) 516-17, 614, 615, 668

essential thrombocythaemia 192 Essure 670

estimated fetal weight (EFW) 259, 262 ethacridine lactate 681

ethambutol 322

ethical principles 33-5 in gynaecology 36-8 invention 34 non-beneficial clinical

management requests 36 obstetrics 38-42 rights and obligations 35 ethinyl oestradiol 666 ethnicity

and childbirth trauma 730

and genetic risks 63

and obesity 97

and polycystic ovary syndrome

(PCOS) 529

and uterine fibroids 615 etonogestrel 668 etoposide 812 euploid fetuses 142 EUROCAT database 149 Eurofetus randomized trial 259 European Academy of

Neurology 306

European Board and College of

Obstetrics and Gynaecology 99

European Medicines Agency

Pharmacovigilance Risk

Assessment Committee 306

European Society of Cardiology 154 European Society for Gynaecology

Endoscopy 603

European Society of Human

Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) 195, 528, 566, 567-8, 569, 571, 578

eutopic endometrium 562 evacuation proctography 718 Evaluation of the Prevalence of

Urinary Incontinence (EPIC) study 706 evening primrose oil 582 evidence-based informed

consent 40-1 evidence-based medicine 34, 75,

471, 603-4

EVT cells see extravillous

trophoblast cells ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) 246, 249, 250 exchange mechanisms, placental 125-6 excision 688

for cervical abnormalities 770-1 effect on future

pregnancies 869-70

of the vagina 797-8 excitation phase 8 excoriation 629 exercise in pregnancy 165 exercise therapy 530 EXIT see ex utero intrapartum treatment

exocoelom 120 exomphalos 143-4, 145, 148 exons 3

expectant

management 450-1, 479-80

ectopic pregnancy 497

for infertility 650 expression 90 expressivity 61-2 extended field radiation 783 extension 396 external anal sphincter, injuries 734-5 external beam pelvic radiation 783 external beam radiotherapy 773-4, 832, 837 external cephalic version

(ECV) 417-18 external genitalia 45-6 external iliac artery 44, 49 external oblique muscle 44 external rotation 396 external sphincter 716, 717 extracellular fluid (ECF) 11, 20 calcium in 22

volume 20-1,24 extraembryonic coelom (chorionic cavity) 124, 125 extra-embryonic mesoderm 9, 13, 120 extramammary Paget's disease 855 extraperitoneal insufflation 589 extrasystole arrhythmia 157 extravillous trophoblast (EVT)

cells 9, 17-18, 109, 121, 122, 124

face presentation 396, 397-9, 731 facial abnormalities 147 facial cleft 143 facial measurements 146 facial palsy 310, 314 facilitated transport 22 factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation 88, 483 factor Xa inhibitors 207 facultative anaerobes 12 faecal incontinence 102, 416, 443, 696, 719-22

associated with cancer 846-7

following OASIS 735

Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire 720 failed delivery 403-4 failed induction of labour 392, 455 failure to rescue 74 fallopian tube cancer 761, 787, 861 staging 788 treatment 788-90 fallopian tubes 7, 46-7, 49 and infertility 646, 649 patency assessment 642 and pelvic inflammatory disease 540

removal (salpingectomy) 159,

495-6, 670, 761

rupture 489

in sterilization 159 transport of conceptus 8

Falope ring 670 false-positive serum hCG 811 family history 59-63, 90 family members, of terminally ill

patients 852 fascial closure 592-3 FASP see Fetal Anomaly Screening

Programme fat stores, increasing during

pregnancy 99 fatigue, postpartum 439 fatty acids 22, 117 oxidation 19, 21 fatty liver of pregnancy 174, 188,

296, 298

Fc receptor 16 Federation Internationale de

Gynecologie et d'Obstetrique

(FIGO) see FIGO feeding problems 469 female condoms 670 female genital mutilation/cutting

(FGM/C) 38,688-90 female orgasmic disorder 745 female sexual dysfunction

(FSD) 743,744-6 assessment 746-7 future perspectives 749 treatment 747-9 see also sexual disorders

Female Sexual Function Index

(FSFI) 747

female sexual interest and arousal disorder (FSIAD) 745 female sterilization 670 femoral artery 49 femoral nerve 51

femur 49

femur length (FL) 146 Fenix procedure 721-2 Ferguson's reflex 114 fermentation 16 fertility 522, 530-1 see also infertility fertility-sparing management of endometrial cancer 783-4 of ovarian cancer 789 fertility techniques 83, 85 fertilization 7-8, 504 fetal abnormality

and induction of labour 450 multiple pregnancies 257-8 and obesity 99 fetal acoustic stimulation 348 fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

(FMAIT) 244-5 fetal anaemia 64, 245 Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme

(FASP) 141, 143, 145, 146

fetal arms delivery 419 fetal arrhythmia 243-4, 246 fetal blood sampling 145 fetal capillaries 123 fetal complications 90, 449 fetal core temperature 215 fetal ECG waveform analysis 348 fetal fibronectin (FFN) 378-9, 462 fetal genetic overgrowth

syndromes 137

Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study (FGLS) 135

fetal growth restriction (FGR) 12, 109, 120, 127, 128, 129-30, 144, 152, 155, 166, 173, 390, 462-3 and induction of labour 450 in monochorionic twin pregnancies 249

multiple pregnancies 259 and stillbirth 426

fetal heart malformations 85

fetal heart motion 493, 494 fetal heart rate (FHR) abnormalities 246

monitoring 216, 339, 340-50

fetal hydrocephalus 247 fetal hydrops 129, 244, 248

fetal hydrothorax 248

fetal hyperthyroidism 118

fetal injury 410, 420

fetal intramuscular (IM)

injection 246

fetal lactate measurement 347

fetal lie 395, 409

fetal loss 89-90

multiple pregnancies 257, 260-1 procedure-related 246 risk from warfarin 157

and thrombophilia 195-6 see also miscarriage

fetal movements 165

monitoring 429

fetal parathyroid gland 117

fetal pole 478, 493

fetal position 92, 337, 395,

400-3, 731

fetal presentation 395, 396-400, 731 see also breech presentation

fetal pulse oximetry 348

fetal rights-based reductionism 38 fetal scalp blood sampling

(FBS) 343,345-7

fetal shunting procedures 247-8 fetal skull 51, 53-4

fetal stress 377

fetal surveillance, and prepregnancy diabetes 167

fetal systemic inflammatory response syndrome (FSIRS) 214-15

fetal varicella syndrome 223 feticide 38-40, 257-8 see also abortion fetomaternal exchange 126 fetomaternal haemorrhage 245, 246 fetoplacental circulation 123 fetoplacental tissue 17-18 fetoplacental unit 117 fetoscopic cord occlusion 249 fetoscopic endotracheal

occlusion 249-50

fetoscopic laser ablation 248-9, 259 fetoscopic procedures 248-50 fetotoxic drugs 178 fetuses

birth weight associated with gestational diabetes mellitus 164, 166

DNA damage 124 drug metabolism 28-9 genetic assessment 56 glucocorticoid exposure 118 glucose requirements 116 growth 134-6 heart defects 56 immunity 17, 213 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 149 affected by maternal cardiac disease 152

measurement 146 metastasis 877 monitoring during labour 339-50 mutation testing techniques 64 open surgery 250 as patients 38

peripartum fetal therapy 250 screening for

abnormalities 141-2, 145-9 sex, determining 64 sonographic evaluation 62 thalassaemia diagnosis 193 thrombocytopenia 194-5 transmission of HIV 89 transplacental therapy 243-5 ultrasound-guided therapy 245-8 wellbeing during maternal surgery 875 see also embryo

FEV₁ (forced expiratory volume) 113, 322 fever 324, 541

FGR see fetal growth restriction fibrillin-1 156

fibrin 505, 506 fibrin clot 109-10 fibrinogen 110, 189 fibrinogen concentrate 190 fibrinoid material 122 fibrinolysis 505, 506 fibroids 507, 508, 509, 514, 554, 597 and endometrial ablation 600 removal 484, 598, 600, 617 similarity to polyps 610 uterine (leiomyomas) 484-5, 508, 514, 516-17, 524, 614-18

Fick's law 125

FIGO (Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et d'Obstetrique) 99, 507-8, 511, 514, 771, 772, 777, 780, 781, 784 diagnosis and staging of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 812, 813 staging of endometrial cancer 820 staging of ovarian and fallopian tube cancers 788

staging of vaginal cancer 806 staging of vulval cancer 801-2 Filshie 670

filtration 22 fimbria 11, 47 fimbriectomy 670 finasteride 532 finger-tip units 633 fingolimod 309 ‘first do no harm' principle 34-5 first-pass metabolism 27 fissure 629

fistula 443-4, 846-7 Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome 541 Fletcher-Suit (Delclos) applicators 835 flexed vertex presentation 397 flexible hysteroscopy 604, 611 flexion 396 flibanserin 748

FloSeal 556

flow rate of urine, measuring 709 fluid balance 173, 181

fluid management system 602

fluid replacement 173

fluid resuscitation 361 fluid retention 28 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) 3, 56, 58, 63

fluorescence microscopy 16 fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption(FTA-ABS) 219 fluorinated corticosteroid

therapy 244 fluoroquinolones 218, 544 fluoroscopic proctography 718 flutamide 532

fluticasone propionate 323 focal intrauterine lesions 597 see also fibroids; polyps

folate deficiency 196-7

folate receptor alpha (FRα) 828

Foley catheter 452, 454, 455 folic acid 85, 87, 88, 90, 167, 181, 198, 199

follicle arrest 529

follicle loss 503 follicle-stimulating hormone

(FSH) 5, 7, 26, 102, 117, 501-2, 503-4, 519, 520-1

assessment before IVF treatment 656

increase during menopause 576 and infertility tests 646 levels in pregnancy 27

follicular (indolent) lymphoma 192

follicular cells 11, 24

follicular development 7

follicular phase 5-6, 501, 503 folliculogenesis 101

Fonseca, E.

B., et al. 380 fontanelles 51, 53

Food and Drug Administration (United States; FDA) 92, 379 footling breech presentation 409 forced expiratory volume (FEV1) 113, 322

forced marriage 688

forced vital capacity (FVC) 322 forceps delivery 338, 399, 403, 404, 410-11, 413-14, 419, 436

and childbirth trauma 731, 737 foregut 10 fornix 4, 46

four-chamber view of the heart 147, 148

fourchette 45

Fourestier 597

four-field box technique 833 fourth ventricle 143 fracture risk assessment tool

(FRAX) 579

fragile X syndrome 519, 522

Framingham risk calculator 580 free fatty acids 116 free fetal DNA 64 free hormone 22

free pelvic fluid 493, 494, 542

free pulmonary valve regurgitation 156

free thyroxine (FT₄) 519 free triiodothyronine (FT₃) 519 French College of Gynaecologists and

Obstetricians (CNGOF) 590 fresh frozen plasma 189 frontal suture 51

FSD see female sexual dysfunction FSH see follicle-stimulating hormone fullPIERS model 270 functional layer of

endometrium 504, 505

functional pain (Mittelschmerz) 543 functional residual capacity

(FRC) 320

functional ribonucleic acid 3 functional uterine bleeding, obsolete term 512

fundus 47

fungi 16

funic (cord) presentation 451 funisitis 214, 216

fusobacterium 14

gadolinium 874-5

gait 553

galactogogues 443 galactorrhoea 641

Galen 120

gallbladder 115

gallbladder disease 296 gallstones 297, 299 gametogenesis 7, 56 gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase

(γGT) 296

gamma radiation 31

gamma receptor 117 gap junctions 19, 114

Gardasil Access Program 760

Gardnerella vaginalis 538

Gartner's cyst 11

gas lasers 32

gaseous diffusion 22

gastric acid aspiration 325, 356 gastric bands 103

gastroenteritis 543 gastroesophageal reflux 91, 323 gastrointestinal injury, during laparoscopy 589

gastrointestinal symptoms of cancer, management 846-7

gastrointestinal system

changes during pregnancy 115 puerperium 438

gastrointestinal tract 148 gastroschisis 99, 145, 148

Gavi 760

G-banding 56, 58, 65

GDM see gestational diabetes mellitus GEC-ESTRO group 837 gelatin haemostatic matrix 556 Gelhorn pessaries 698-9

gene expression 3

gene sequencing 59

general anaesthesia 279, 356

General Medical Council (GMC) 76 generalized tonic-clonic seizures 306 genetic abnormalities, preconceptual counselling for 90

genetic causes

of amenorrhoea 521

of polyps 609

of premature ovarian insufficiency 576

of preterm birth 377

genetic counselling 63

genetic mutations see mutations

genetic overgrowth syndromes 137 genetic variation 55-6

genetics 3, 55

endometriosis 560-1

obesity 97 oncogenetics 64-7 and ovarian cancer 760

and stillbirth 428

see also cervical cancer;

endometrial cancer; ovarian cancer; vaginal cancer;

vulval cancer

gynaecological chair 602 gynaecological malignancies 66 Gynecare tvt exact

Continence System 712 Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup

(GCIG) 819

Gynecologic Oncology Group

(GOG) 790, 791, 820, 821

H 1N1 pneumonitis 326

H₂ receptor antagonists 91, 356 Hadlock fetal growth curves 463 haematological malignancy in

pregnancy 191-2 haematological system, changes in

pregnancy 109-11, 268 haematomas 128-9, 735-6 haematuria 175 haemodialysis (HD)

systems 181, 182 haemoglobin (Hb) 19, 21-2, 189, 196 haemoglobin

electrophoresis 193, 197 haemolysis 188 haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes,

low platelets (HELLP) syndrome 173, 195, 275-7, 296, 297

haemolytic uraemic syndrome

(HUS) 172, 173, 195 haemoperitoneum 490 haemophilia A 64, 190, 191 haemophilia B 190, 191 haemophilus 14

Haemophilus influenzae 321, 538 haemorrhage

and dialysis 181

during hysteroscopy 600-1 pelvic 847

postpartum (PPH) 113, 128,

157-8, 362-6, 441-2, 735

safety in blood transfusion 75 haemorrhoids (piles) 442-3, 716 haemovigilance 75 half-life 27

hammock theory 712 haploid gametes 3 harassment, sexual 686

Hart's lines 45

Hasson open entry 589, 590 HbA 1c see glycated haemoglobin hCG see human chorionic

gonadotropin

head bobbing 467 head circumference (HC) 146 head formation 8 headache 308-10, 355

head-raise test 553

healthcare audit 76-8

healthcare justice principle 35, 42 healthcare professionals

antenatal care for cardiac disease patients 154-5

hysteroscopy 603

patients' faith in 633-4

support for parents after stillbirth 430

sympathetic 552

Healthcare Safety Investigation

Branch (HSIB) 80 healthcare for women and children,

international 41-2

heart 147

heart attack 359-60

heart disease see cardiac disease heart failure 118, 156, 601 heart rate (HR), during pregnancy 111

heart tube 10

heart valves, prosthetic 157 heartburn 115

heat intolerance 301

heat loss in newborns 465-6

heavy menstrual bleeding

(HMB) 101, 505, 507-8, 509, 512-13, 514, 515-18, 543

following uterine artery embolization 617 heavy uterine bleeding 598 HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome 173, 195, 275-7,

296, 297

helper cells (CD 4 molecules) 89, 225 hemianopsia 310

hemineglect 310 hemiparesis 310 Henderson-Hasselbalchequation 21 Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) nephritis 179

Henschke applicators 835 heparin 28, 188, 311, 483, 484 hepatic disease see liver disease hepatic system, changes during pregnancy 115

hepatic urea synthesis 170 hepatitis

autoimmune 297, 299

viral 295, 296, 298-9

hepatitis A 227, 228

hepatitis B virus (HBV) 223-4, 227, 228, 298-9

vaccine 91

hepatitis C virus (HBC) 224,

297, 299

hepatitis E 299 hepatobiliary disease 296 hepatocellular carcinoma 224 HER pathway 818

Herbal Alternatives for Menopause Trial (HALT) 582 hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPPC; Lynch syndrome) 66, 761, 778-9, 787, 826, 861

hereditary thrombophilia 206, 483-4 hernia, incisional 45

herniation of the abdomen 148 herpes simplex virus (HSV) 222-3 herpes viruses 220

Herpesviridae family 220 heterokaryotic monozygotic twins 256

heterotopic pregnancy 498

HGSOC see high-grade serous ovarian cancer

HICs see high-income countries high block 355-6 higher-order multiple

pregnancies 262, 263 high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas (HGESSs) 860 high-grade serous carcinoma 760, 861, 862-3

high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) 818, 819, 820, 822, 824, 826

high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) 768, 771 high-grade tumours 787 high-income countries (HICs), stillbirths 422, 426, 428-9 high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation 614

high-level investigation 79 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) 225

high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) 199

high-resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM) 717, 718

high-risk population screening 755

Hilton's white line 48 hindgut 10, 48

Hippocratic Oath 33

Hirschsprung's disease 717 hirsutism, and polycystic ovarian syndrome 530, 531-2

histone modification 3

histone molecules, modification 56 Histoplasma capsulatum 16 history-indicated cervical cerclage 380

histotrophic nutrition pathways 124 HIV see human

immunodeficiency virus

HMB see heavy menstrual bleeding

HNPCC see hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

Hodgkin's lymphoma 192 holoprosencephaly 143, 145, 147 Holter test 157

home-based therapy 845 home births 465, 729 home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) 268-9

homeostasis 22, 97 homologous recombination deficiency 822, 826

‘honour' crimes 688

Hopkins 597 hormonal contraceptives 666-9 hormone levels, and male

infertility 644

hormone (replacement) therapy (HRT/HT) 520,578, 580-1, 828, 838

for endometrial cancer 784

for endometriosis-associated infertility 571

for hot flushes 578

for recurrent ovarian cancer 792 reduction of menstrual bleeding 516

for sexual dysfunction 747-9 hospice care 851-2 hot flushes 578, 581-2 HOXA 10 (homeobox A10) 560 HOXA 11 (homeobox A11) 560 HPV see human papilloma virus HRT see hormone (replacement) therapy

HSDD (hypoactive sexual desire disorder) 745, 748

HSG see hysterosalpingography HT see hormone (replacement) therapy

Hulka 670

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 6, 27, 30, 86, 109, 115, 117, 126, 151, 300, 478, 504 injections 659 monitoring 810-11 human factors approach to patient safety 73

Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA) 253, 463 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 3, 89, 225-6 and contraception 672, 673 and pelvic inflammatory disease 545

human leucocyte antigen

(HLA) 18, 109

human papilloma virus (HPV) and cervical cancer 766,

767-8, 824

and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 855-6

DNA testing 759, 762, 767 vaccination 91, 759-60 and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia 797, 798 and vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) 799 human placental lactogen (hPL) 27, 30, 109, 163 human platelet antigens (HPAs) 244-5

Huntington disease 62 HUS (haemolytic uraemic

syndrome) 172, 173, 195

hydatidiform moles 129 hydralazine 276 hydramnios 39 hydrocephalus 147, 247 hydrocortisone 302 hydrogen ion excretion 115 hydronephrosis 144, 148 hydronephrotic kidney 175 hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid

(HPETE) 23

hydrophilic molecules, diffusion 125 hydropic miscarriage 809 hydrops 129, 148, 222, 244, 248 hydrosalpinges 496 hydrosalpinx 649 hydrostatic method 367-8 hydrothorax 248 hydroxycarbamide 199 hydroxychloroquine 180, 244 hydroxy-eicosanoic acids 19 hydroxyl (alcohol) group 25 hygroscopic dilators 391 hymen 45, 46

measurement of prolapse 697 obstruction 520

hyperaemia 345 hyperalgesia 629, 634 hyperandrogenaemia 482, 483,

530,531-2

hyperandrogenism 84, 101, 521, 522, 528, 531

hyperbilirubinaemia 393 hypercalcaemia 324, 850 hypercalciuria 174 hyperechogenic bowel 144 hyperemesis 129 hyperemesis gravidarum 171, 172, 295-6, 300

hypereosinophilic syndrome 192 hyperglycaemia 85-6, 99, 163, 165, 323, 531

Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study 136, 164

hypergonadotropic hypogonadism 647, 648-9

hyperinsulinaemia 101, 482, 483 hyperinsulinism 528-9 hyperkalaemia 171 hyperlipidaemia 116 hypermenorrhoea, obsolete term replaced by ‘heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB)' 512 hyperplasia, endometrial 779-80 hyperpolarization of membrane potential 7 hyperprolactinaemia 481, 482, 644, 649 hyperstimulation

(tachysystole) 451, 452 hypertension 86, 91, 168, 173, 177 and multiple pregnancies 261 hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

(HDPs) 99-100, 268-80 see also pre-eclampsia hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) 790 hyperthyroidism 118, 129, 295, 301, 483, 521

hypertonic saline 681 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 152 hyperventilation 320 HYPITAT-IItrial 461

hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) 745, 748

hypoalbuminaemia 174 hypoblast 9 hypochromic microcytic anaemia 193

hypogastric nerves 48 hypogastric plexus 49 hypoglycaemia 166, 167, 174 hypoglycaemic agents 28, 166-7 hypogonadotropic

hypogonadism 647, 648 hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia 62

hypokalaemia 181, 295 hypomenorrhoea, obsolete term 512 hyponatraemia 173, 295 hypo-oestrogenism 520 hypoperfusion 172

hypophyseal arteries 24 hypophyseal portal capillaries 5, 26 hypoplastic left heart syndrome 147-8 hypopnoea syndrome 327 hypotension 172 hypothalamic anovulation 648 hypothalamic disease 302-3, 520 hypothalamic hormones 27 hypothalamic neurons 26 hypothalamic neuropeptides 502, 503 hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis 4-5, 502, 503, 646 hypothalamic sulcus 4 hypothalamus 4-5, 22-4, 25,

97, 500-3

relationship with pituitary gland 26 hypothermia

in newborns 465-6

therapeutic 470 hypothyroidism 86, 521

autoimmune 300-1 hypoxaemia 320, 349 hypoxia 339, 340-2, 348-9, 350, 356, 827

hypoxia-ischaemia 214, 470 hysterectomy 47, 49, 366, 507, 509, 517, 526, 557, 591

for adenomyosis 613

for cervical abnormalities 770

for cervical cancer 773

for endometrial cancer 781

for endometrial hyperplasia 779, 858

for endometriosis 571

for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 814

incidence of prolapse 695

for placental site trophoblastic tumour 814

for prolapse 699

for uterine fibroids 616 hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSys) 642, 644 hysterosalpingography (HSG) 484, 541, 641, 642, 643, 644 hysteroscopic endometrial ablation 526 hysteroscopic myomectomy 617 hysteroscopic polypectomy 611-12 hysteroscopic resection 614 hysteroscopic sterilization 597, 598 hysteroscopy 159, 484, 508, 515, 522, 525, 554, 597, 603-4

audit 603

complications 600-1 contraindications 598 endometrial ablation 598-600 for endometrial polyps 610-11 evidence-based practice 603-4 future developments 603 indications 598

for infertility 641, 646 recent developments 601-2 set-up 602-3

training and accreditation 603 HystSim 603

iatrogenic cause of premature ovarian insufficiency 576

iatrogenic disorders

(AUB-I) 508,514

iatrogenic malabsorptive state 102 iatrogenic prematurity 393 iatrogenic preterm birth 374 ibuprofen 352-3 see also NSAIDs ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases) 422, 744

ICON 7 790, 820

ICSI see intracytoplasmic sperm

injection treatment ID 4 (inhibitor of DNA

binding 4) 561 identifying risk 79 idiopathic dilated

cardiomyopathy 155 idiopathic intracranial

hypertension 310 ifosfamide-based combination

treatment 783 ileorectal anastomosis 723-4 iliac crest 53 iliohypogastric nerve 51 ilioinguinal nerve 51 iliolumbar artery 50 iliopectineal lines 53 ilium 53 image guidance in brachytherapy 836 image-guided radiotherapy

(IGRT) 832, 834 imaging techniques 507 for endometriosis 567 for ovarian cancer 788 for pelvic inflammatory

disease 542

for uterine fibroids 616

see also ultrasound scanning imiquimod 798 immune cells 121 immune thrombocytopenic

purpura 194-5 immunity adaptive 16 innate 16-17,213 immunizations 91, 827 during pregnancy 226-8 immunoadsorption 308 immunoglobulin 16, 126 immunoglobulin (Ig)-A

nephropathy 179 immunology 16-18 immunosuppressive agents 91,

182, 300 immunotherapy 827-8 implantation 8 implantation of the placenta 121 implants, contraceptive 158 imprinting disorders 56 IMRT see intensity-modulated

radiation therapy in situ hybridization 3 in vitro fertilization (IVF) 83, 85,

463, 651

with embryo transfer

(IVF-ET) 489-90, 496, 498 for endometriosis-associated

infertility 571, 572 genetic disorders 56 history 655 incidence of umbilical cord

anomalies 130 management of tubal factor

infertility 649 multiple pregnancies 253 new uses 659-60 and obesity 100, 101

outcomes 659

patient selection 655-6 pelvic inflammatory disease 540 preimplantation genetic diagnosis/ screening (PGD/S) 63

risk of ectopic pregnancy 489-90 treatment cycle 656-9

incisions for caesarean section 408-9 incontinence see faecal incontinence;

urinary incontinence

Incontinence Quality of Life

Questionnaire(I-QOL) 714 Independent Complaints Advocacy

Service (ICAS) 76 indirect referrals 40 indolent (follicular) lymphoma 192 indomethacin 383 induced abortion 38-40 induction of labour 113, 158, 165, 390-3, 447-9

clinical considerations 451 contraindications 451 elective 450-1

indications 449-50

for large (LGA) babies 137 methods 451-4 prepregnancy diabetes 168 special situations 454-5 for stillbirths 427

infant mortality 462 linked to preterm birth 375 see also fetal loss

INFANT study 349-50 infanticide and postpartum psychosis 237 infarction 128, 213 infection

bacterial 12-13

following hysteroscopy 601 leading to fetal loss 90 neonatal 467-9 and obesity 100 perineal wound 736 postpartum 439-42 and preterm birth prevention 464-5 and stillbirth 427 tested with vaginal swabs 629 viral 16, 220-6

infection-driven brain damage 213-14 inferior epigastric artery 49 inferior epigastric vessels 44 inferior hypogastric plexus 48 inferior mesenteric artery 48 inferior mesenteric vein 48

inferior rectal artery 48 inferior vena cava (IVC) filters 210 infertility 597

and adenomyosis 612 age-associated 83, 84, 639-40 clinical examination 641 definition 639 diagnoses 646-8 endometriosis-associated 571-2 and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 87

investigations 642-6 lifestyle factors 640-1 management 648-51 and obesity 84, 101-2 see also assisted reproductive technology; in vitro fertilization infibulation 688 inflammation cause of preterm birth 376 feature of endometriosis 562

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 87

inflammatory vulval skin conditions 630-3

influenza 227, 321-2, 360

influenza pneumonitis 326 influenza vaccines 91 informedconsent 40-1

informed

decision-making 35-6,37, 38 infralevator haematomas 735-6 infrequent menstrual bleeding 101, 512, 514, 518, 530, 532 infundibulopelvic (suspensory) ligament 46, 49, 50 infundibulum 47 inguinal ligament 49 inguinofemoral

lymphadenectomy 804, 805 inhaler use 322-3

inherent resistance 824 inheritance 59-63, 90, 154-5 inherited bleeding disorders, in pregnancy 189-91

inherited cancers vs. sporadic cancers 64, 66

inherited thrombophilia 195 inhibin B 501, 576

injectable contraceptives 668 innate immunity 16-17, 213 inner cell mass 8

inner mitochondrial membrane 21 innervation, uterus 114 inositol triphosphate (IP3) 501 insertions, genetic 56

inspiratory reserve volume 113 Institute of Medicine 137 instrumental delivery 338, 399, 403, 404, 410-15, 419, 436

childbirth trauma 731, 737 result of prepregnancy diabetes 166

instruments, for hysteroscopy 602-3 insufflation 589, 590

insulin 28, 85, 116-17, 165 excess see hyperinsulinism

insulin levels 98, 99

insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 168 insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP1) 379 insulin pump 167

insulin resistance 27, 101, 136

and PCOS 530, 531

integrity 34, 35-6, 38, 42 intellectual disability 29 intellectual excellence in clinical

practice 34 intensity-modulated radiation

therapy (IMRT) 832, 833-4, 839

intercellular cavities in lateral plate 10

intercostal recession 467 interdisciplinary care 844 interferon 16

interferon beta 308, 309 interferon-gamma 213 INTERGROWTH-21^st

Project 135-6,137 interleukin (IL)-1β 213, 612 intermediate cell mass 4, 8 intermediate mesoderm 10 inter-menstrual bleeding 512, 513 intermittent auscultation 339, 340, 342, 343

internal anal sphincter, injuries 733 internal capsule 4 internal cervical os 128 internal genital organs 46-7 internal iliac artery 47, 49-50 internal oblique muscle 44 internal rotation 396 internal sphincter 716, 717 internal vaginal manoeuvres 371-2 International Agency for Research on

Cancer (IARC) 756

International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) 163, 164 International Classification of

Diseases (ICD-10) 233, 422, 744

International Continence Society (ICS) 551, 696, 706 International Federation of

Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) see FIGO international healthcare for women

and children 41-2 International League against

Epilepsy 306

International Menopause

Society 578

International Ovarian Tumour

Analysis (IOTA) studies 567

International Pelvic Pain

Society 552

International Society for the Study of

Vulval Disease (ISSVD) 799

International Society for the Study of

Women's Sexual Health 579

International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (ISUOG) 255, 258, 262

International Stillbirth Alliance

(ISA) 429, 430 International Urogynecological

Association (IUGA) 696 intersphincteric gland 716-17 interstitial cystitis 551, 552, 555 interstitial fluid 20, 21, 24 interstitial laser therapy (ILT) 246-7 interstitial lung disease 326 interstitial portion 47 inter-twin membrane 255 intervertebral disc herniation 102 intervillositis 214 intervillous space 9, 114, 124-5,

126, 127

blood flow 12 intestinal protozoa 16 intra-amniotic bleeding 144 intra-amniotic inflammation 216 intra-amniotic injections for abortion 681 intracardiac route 245 intracavitary distortion 484 intracellular calcium 20 intracellular enzymes 11 intracellular fluid 20

volume 21, 24 intracerebral haemorrhage 29, 310 intracerebral parenchymal haemorrhage 311-12

intracervical hyaluronidase injection 453

intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) 157, 245, 414

intracranial venous thrombosis 306 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment 463, 644, 650, 655, 658

intradetrusor botulinum toxin 711 intra-embryonic body cavity 10 intraepidermal Paget's disease 855 intraepithelial neoplasia 766, 767-8, 770-1,777

intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma 102

intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP; obstetric cholestasis) 296, 297-8 intramuscular iron 198 intraoperative analgesia 592 intrapartum care 40-1,

157-8,159-60

for bleeding disorders 190-1 in cases of gestational diabetes mellitus 165

mothers with prepregnancy diabetes 168

sickle cell disease 199-200

see also delivery; labour intrapartum hypoxia 339, 340-2, 348-9

intrapartum maternal fever 215-16 intraperitoneal bleeding 489 intraperitoneal (IP)

chemotherapy 790, 819 intraperitoneal route 245 intrauterine adhesions 598 intrauterine balloons 366 intrauterine blood transfusion

(IUT) 245-6

intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) 98, 158-9, 668, 669-70, 671

around the menopause 674 lost 597

and pelvic inflammatory disease 545

and risk of ectopic pregnancy 489 intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) 8990, 447, 449-50, 453, 454

intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) 118, 133, 262, 462-3

intrauterine haemorrhages 478 intrauterine insemination (IUI) 571, 650, 651

intrauterine morcellation 601-2

intrauterine pressure 114 intrauterine synechiae (Asherman syndrome) 442, 521

intrauterine system (IUS), and endometrial cancer 778

intrauterine temperature 215 intravascular plasma 170 intravascular volume 490 intravenous contrast agents 31 intravenous immunoglobulin

(IVIG) 195, 196, 244, 245, 308 intraventricular haemorrhage

(IVH) 213, 214, 375

introitus 45 introns 3, 56 invasive carcinoma 854, 856-7, 862, 867-9

invasive hydatidiform mole 866 invasive prenatal testing, multiple pregnancies 256-7 inversions, of chromosomes 56 inverted T incision 409 investigation bodies 80 involvement of service users (RADICAL framework) 72, 75-6 iodide 24 iodine 118 iodine uptake 117 iodotyrosines 24 ionization 31 ionizing energy 874 ipratropium bromide 324 iron chelation therapy 194 iron deficiency anaemia 110, 193, 196-8, 314, 513, 515, 517 see also anaemia iron levels 109 iron therapy 516-17 irregular menstrual bleeding 512, 513

irritable bowel syndrome 551 irritant contact dermatitis 632 ischaemia 213

ischaemic heart disease 152, 155 ischaemic stroke 310-11 ischial spines 53 ischial tuberosities 54 ischiocavernosus muscles 8, 48, 49 ischium 53 isoimmunization, and induction of labour 450

isolated office (white coat) hypertension 268, 269, 270 isoniazid 322 isthmus 47

ISUOG see International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology

IUFD see intrauterine fetal demise IVF see in vitro fertilization IVF-ET see in vitro fertilization: with embryo transfer

J incision 408, 409 Jacobs, I. J., et al. 760-1 Jango, H., et al. 737 Jansen, F. W., et al. 600 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction 219 jaundice 115, 467, 468 Jiang, X. 590

Joel-Cohen incision 409 junctional zone 121, 122 justice principle 35, 42 JZ thickness 613

Kallmann syndrome 519, 644 kanamycin 29 karyotype 3, 56-8, 65 karyotype abnormalities 90, 481 in male infertility 644

Kasai portoenterostomy 467 keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas 854, 855 kernicterus 467

Kerr incision (transverse incision) 408 keratinized cells 11 ketamine 356 ketoacidosis 167 ketoconazole 302 ketone bodies 21 ketonuria 174 kidney stones (renal calculi) 174 kidneys 19, 21, 115, 147 abnormalities 148 acute kidney injury

(AKI) 171-3, 174 drug metabolism 27 effects of pregnancy 151 function during pregnancy 170-82 Kielland's rotational forceps 403,

411, 412

killer cells (null cells) 16 killer immunoglobulin-like receptors

(KIRs) 109 kisspeptin 6, 503 Kiwi OmniCup 411, 412 Klebsiella 14, 440 Kleihauer test 682 Klinefelter syndrome 644 knife cone biopsy 772 Knudson's two-hit hypothesis 66 Kobayashi's space 49 Koplik's spots 222 Korotkoff sounds 112 KRAS pathway 826 Krebs cycle (tricarboxylic acid/citric

acid cycle) 18, 20, 21

labelling of twins 255-6 labetalol 276, 277 labia majora 13, 45, 46 labia minora 8, 13, 45, 46 labial complications, postpartum 736 labial tears 732 labour 331-2

3 Ps 395, 396, 400 abnormal 336-8 active phase 331-2,336-7 adrenaline and noradrenaline 118 asthma attacks 324 cephalopelvic disproportion

(CPD) 403-5 contractions 114 duration 392-3, 731 effect on heart 151, 157-8 hyperventilation 320 induction see induction of labour management of 332-6 mechanism 395-6 monitoring of fetuses 339-50 and obesity 100 obstetric emergencies 358-72 pain relief in 158, 352-7 position of baby 92, 337, 395,

400-3, 731 presentation of baby 395,

396-400, 731 see also breech presentation

second stage see delivery stillbirth see stillbirth vasa praevia in 130 see also delivery; intrapartum care labour admission test (LAT) 341-2 lactate concentration 362 lactate dehydrogenase 11 lactation 27, 117, 437-8 lactational amenorrhoea method

(LAM) 671

Lactobacillus 15, 217, 538 lactogens 126 lactotrophs 117 lactulose 723

Ladner, J., et al. 760 Lam, K. W. 592

lambda (posterior fontanelle) 51, 53 lambda (λ; twin peak) sign 255 lambdoid suture 51

lambskin condoms 670 lamina terminalis 4 laminaria 452 laminaria tents 391 lamotrigine 30, 306 laparoscopic Burch colposuspension 711-12 laparoscopic laser uterine nerve ablation 526

laparoscopic myomectomy 617 laparoscopic myometrial electrocoagulation 614 laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy 556 laparoscopic ovarian drilling 648 laparoscopic salpingectomy 649 laparoscopic sterilization 98, 599-600

laparoscopic surgery 45, 51

for endometrial cancer 781 laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation (LUNA) 557, 571 laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy 724-5 laparoscopy 159, 484, 495, 496, 498, 526, 554

analgesia 591-2

bowel preparation 587

for endometriosis 567-8, 571 energy sources 590-1 entry techniques 589-90, 591 future 593

for infertility

investigations 642, 644

patient positioning 587-9

for pelvic inflammatory

disease 542

port site closure 592-3 postoperative pneumoperitoneum 593 uterine manipulation 589 laparotomy (open abdominal incision) 409, 495

for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 814 large for gestational age

(LGA) 133,136-8

large loop excision of the transformation zone

(LLETZ) 768,770-1

laser excision 798

laser microwave 614 lasers 31-2 last menstrual period (LMP) 389 see also menopause

latent failures vs. active failures 80 latent phase of labour 331-2, 336-7 latent syphilis 219

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (LFCNT) 51

lateral plate 10

lateral plate mesoderm 8

lateral sacral 50

lateral ventricle 4 latex condoms 670 laxatives 28, 723 LC-acylcarnitine 21 Lean 74

Lean Six Sigma 74 learning from incidents (RADICAL framework) 72, 80 lectin pathway 17, 18 Lee-Frankenhauser sensory nerve plexuses 556-7

left renal pelvis 170 LEFt rule 209 left ventricular end-diastolic diameter 111-12

left ventricular non-compaction 152 legal considerations, in fetal

monitoring 348-9 legionella 14 leiomyomas (AUB-L; uterine

fibroids) 484-5, 508, 514, 516-17, 524, 614-18 leiomyosarcomas 784, 860 lemon sign 147 leptin 6, 84, 101 Leptotrichia 536, 538 lesion biopsy 526 letrozole 531, 648, 792 leucocyte esterase 175 leucocytes, infiltration 505 leukaemia 192 leukaemia inhibitory factor 121, 612 leukotriene receptor

antagonists 323-4 leukotrienes 19, 23 levator ani muscle (LAM; pelvic

diaphragm) 48, 49, 716 injuries 727 spasm 736 levator plate 435, 436 levetiracetam 306 levonorgestrel (LNG) 668 levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine

system (LNG-IUS; Mirena) see LNG-IUS (Mirena) Leydig cells 7 LGSOC (low-grade serous ovarian

cancers) 822-3, 824 LH see luteinizing hormone libido, loss of 696, 745, 746 lichen planus 631-2 lichen sclerosus 630-1, 801, 854 lichen simplex 631 lichenification 628 lifecycle, changes in menstrual

cycle 6 lifestyle factors clinical assessment 552 in urinary incontinence 710 lifestyle therapy 530, 531 life support 359 light sources 602 limb-reduction defects 148-9 limbs 147, 148-9, 157 Limiting Weight Gain in Overweight and Obese Women during Pregnancy to Improve Health Outcomes (LIMIT) trial 137 linaclotide 723 linacs (linear accelerator-based

machines) 832, 836 lincosamides 13 linea alba 44 lipiarmycin 13 lipid droplets 124 lipid peroxidases 116 lipooligosaccharide 539 lipopolysaccharide 213 lipoprotein level 97 lipoxygenase 19

Listeria monocytogenes 15, 465 listeriosis 220

lithium 28, 29, 30 lithotomy position 553, 587, 731 liver 19

acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) 174, 188, 296, 298 cirrhosis 299

cortisol in 25

drug metabolism 27

liver bud 10

liver cancer, survival rates 759

liver capsule 541

liver disease, in pregnancy 295-300 liver function 324

liver function tests (LFTs) 295, 296 liver metastases 812

liver transplantation 300 living wills 37

LMICs see low- and middle-income countries

LMWH see low-molecular-weight heparin

LNG-IUS (levonorgestrel- releasing intrauterine system; Mirena) 158, 508-9, 516, 517, 526, 530, 556, 669, 671 for adenomyosis 613 and endometrial cancer 778 for treatment of polyps 611 lobular architecture 125 local anaesthesia

during abortion 680 for hysteroscopy 604 for perineal trauma 732 toxicity 355

lochia 437 loin pain 175

Lomotil 720

London Protocol 79 long QT syndrome 157 long-acting β-agonists (LABAs) 323

long-acting, reversible contraceptives (LARCs) 668, 671

longitudinal folds 48 longitudinal muscle 716 long-standing (chronic) hypoxia 349 long-term morbidity, following preterm birth 376

loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) 768, 770-1 loop endometrial ablation 599 loperamide 720

Lovset manoeuvre 409 low birth weight (LBW) 133 low-dose perfusion (Q) lung scans 209

low-dose progestogen-only pills 158

low-grade serous ovarian cancers (LGSOCs) 822-3, 824 low- and middle-income countries

(LMICs)

prevalence of cervical cancer 766 screening programmes 757-8 stillbirths 422, 426, 428

Lower Anogenital Squamous

Terminology (LAST) 799 lower segment incision 408, 409 lower urinary tract obstruction

(LUTθ) 247, 250 lower vertical (de Lee) incision 408 low-grade endometrial stromal

sarcomas (LGESSs) 860 low-grade epithelial tumours 787 low-grade serous carcinoma

(LGSC) 760, 861, 862-3 low-grade serous tumours 790-1 low-grade squamous intraepithelial

lesions (LSILs) 768 low-molecular-weight heparin

(LMWH; Clexane) 187-8, 195, 207, 209-10, 273, 311, 312, 848 low platelet count 189 low transverse (Pfannenstiel)

incision 40-1, 44 lubiprostone 723 lubricants, vaginal 579 lumbago 314 lumbar plexus 51, 52 lumbar region 9 lumbosacral radiculopathies 314 lung, abnormalities 148 lung bud 10 lung cancer, survival rates 759 lung capacity 22, 26, 320 lung metastases 812 lung sequestration 148 lupus anticoagulant 186 lupus nephritis 172, 180 luteal cells 504 luteal-follicular transition 504 luteal phase 6, 504 insufficiency 481-2 in IVF treatment 659 luteinization 6, 7 luteinizing hormone (LH) 5, 7, 26,

101, 117, 126, 501-2, 503-4, 519, 520-1

levels in pregnancy 27 LUTO see lower urinary tract obstruction

LVSI see lymphovascular system space invasion lymph nodes, removal 50 lymph vessels 46 lymphadenectomy 773, 781-2,

804, 805 lymphadenopathy 219, 324 lymphangioleiomyomatosis 327 lymphocysts 50 lymphocyte count 109 lymphocytes 16 lymphocytic hypophysitis 303 lymphoedema 50, 849 lymphoma 192 lymphovascular system space

invasion (LVSI) 780, 783 Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer [HNPPC]) 66, 761, 778-9, 787, 826, 861

lysis of the extracellular matrix 505 lysosomal rupture 11 lytic enzymes 7

MacDonald suture 380 macrocephaly 403 macrolide resistance 544 macrolides 13 macrophage surface markers 16 macrophages 505, 562 macrosomia 92, 99, 136, 164, 165, 166, 168, 337, 389-90, 403 and childbirth trauma 731-2 and induction of labour 450 see also gestational diabetes mellitus macule 629 maculopapular rash 219 magnesium 24 magnesium hydroxide 723 magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄) 275, 279, 280, 308, 362, 384, 462 magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) 614 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) see MRI scanning magnetic resonance (MR) proctography 718 maintenance therapy 819 major congenital malformation (MCM) 306 malabsorptive procedures 103 malaria 16, 90 male babies, and risk of stillbirth 426 male contraception 158, 669, 670 male factor infertility 646 examinations 641 investigations 642-6 management 649-50 male sterilization 670 malignancy (AUB-M; endometrial hyperplasia) 101, 508, 514, 516, 517, 518, 521, 530, 779-80, 857-8

malignant epithelial tumours 862 see also carcinomas

malignant melanoma 854 malignant polyps 610 see also polyps malposition of the fetus 92, 337, 395, 400-3, 731

malpresentation of the fetus 395, 396-400, 731 see also breech presentation

mamillary bodies 4 mammals 120 fertility 639 menstruation 500, 507 mammillothalamic tract 4 Manchester system 773, 835 mantle cell lymphoma 192 Manufacturer and User Device

Experience (MAUDE) database 702

MAPK pathway 818, 826

Marcaine 158 Marchall-Smith syndrome 137 Marfan syndrome 153, 154, 155, 156 Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz colposuspension 708

Mash-2 transcription factor 126 masked hypertensive effect 270 mass closure 45 massively parallel sequencing 59, 64 mast cell disorders 192 mastectomy 66 mastitis 440

maternal age 152, 390, 656, 867 and induction of labour 449 and risk of childbirth trauma 730 and risk of stillbirth 422, 424, 429 see also age

maternal blood tests, following stillbirth 427-8 maternal-choice caesarean delivery 41

maternal collapse 358-60 maternal cyanosis 152 maternal disease, prevention by induction of labour 449 maternal-fetal haemorrhage 89 maternal morbidity 100 maternal mortality 100-1 congenital heart

disease 151-2,153-4 multiple pregnancies 253 pulmonary hypertension 157 maternal position during delivery 737 maternal proteins 124 maternal pyrexia 215 maternal rights-based reductionism 38

maternal sepsis 360-2 maternal serum biochemistry 141 maternal sleep position, and risk of stillbirth 429-30

maternal spiral arterioles 9 maternal steroids 244 maternal stress 377 maternal trauma 90 maternity dashboard 80 maternity services 471 maternofetal exchange unit 125 matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 126, 505 mature T cell lymphoma 192 Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit manoeuvre 409, 419

McBurney (grid iron) incision 44-5 McCall's culdoplasty 699 MCDA see monochorionic

diamniotic pregnancies

McGill Pain Questionnaire 552 MCMA see monochorionic monoamniotic pregnancies

McRoberts' manoeuvre 370, 371 MCTA 263 measles (rubeola) 221-2, 227 measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine 91, 221, 222 mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) 587, 588

mechanical heart valves 87 mechanical methods of labour induction 391

Meckel-Gruber syndrome 144, 147 meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) 216

meconium-stained liquor 348, 465 meconium staining of the amniotic fluid(MSAF) 216-17

median eminence 4 median episiotomy 415 mediastinal shift 148 medical abortion 680-1

Medical Eligibility Criteria

(MEC) 665

medical management of miscarriages 479, 480 medically reasonable alternatives 35 mediolateral episiotomy 415 medroxyprogesterone acetate

(MPA) 556, 779

medulla oblongata 113 medullary sex cords 11 mefenamic acid 508

megacystis 144, 145 megestrol acetate 779 meiosis 3, 5, 503-4 meiotic division of spermatozoa 7 melanomas

cutaneous 805

malignant 799, 800, 805, 854 placental 877

vaginal 805

vulval 799-800, 805

membrane lipids 7 membrane sweeping 451 memory, feature of adaptive immunity 16

menarche 6, 97, 503, 511

Mendelian inheritance 62 meningococcus 227 menometrorrhagia, obsolete term 512

menopause 6-7, 503, 511, 576 contraception around 674 endometrial cancer risk 761-2 and female sexual dysfunction (FSD) 745

management 580-2

and obesity 102

and polycystic ovarian syndrome 532

symptoms 578-80

menorrhagia, obsolete term replaced by ‘heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB)' 511, 512

menstrual pain (dysmenorrhoea) 513, 518, 523-7

and endometrial ablation 600

symptom of endometriosis 566 menstruation 5-6, 500-5

amenorrhoea 6, 101, 158, 512, 514, 516, 518-23, 530

blood colour and composition 513

cessation see menopause

clinical relevance 505

cultural myths 514

delay 518-20

disorders 101, 511-27

obsolete terminology 511, 512 onset (menarche) 6, 97, 503, 511 parameters 508, 512 pathologies 507-9

restoration 522

secretory phase 121

studies of 507

mental disorders 233-5

severe 236-9

mental health, after stillbirth 432 mesenchymal core of secondary villi 123

mesh used in prolapse surgery 702-3 mesoderm 8-9, 10 mesodermal germ layer, development 10 mesonephric duct (Wolffian

duct) 8-9,11

mesonephric tubules 11 mesosalpinx 46 messenger ribonucleic acid

(mRNA) 3 mestranol 666 metabolic syndrome 99, 531, 532 metabolism 18-19, 23, 124

drugs 27, 28-9, 30 metal cup (bird cup) 411, 412 metastatic carcinomas 865 metformin 137, 165, 166-7, 482,

528-9, 531, 720

for endometrial cancer 783 methadone 91 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 3

methimazole 28

methotrexate 28, 91, 308, 496-7, 812 methylation defects 144 methyl-dopa 28, 275, 276, 277 methylene blue dye 642 methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase

(MTHFR) 483 methylmalonic acidaemia 243 methylprednisolone 307 methylxanthines 323 metoclopramide 91, 295, 310,

356, 846 metoprolol 310 metronidazole 217, 679 metropathia haemorrhagica, obsolete term 512

metrorrhagia, obsolete term replaced by ‘irregular menstrual bleeding' 511, 512

metyrapone 302 mice, simulating menstruation 507 microaerophilic organisms 12 microalbuminuria 181

microarrays 3 microbiology 12-16 microdeletion syndrome 56 microdeletions (submicroscopic

deletions) 56 microdissection testicular sperm

extraction (microTESE) 650 micrognathia 143 microhaemagglutination test 219 microinvasive disease 772 microinvasive squamous cell

carcinoma 857 micromanipulation 659 Micronor 158 microprolactinomas 302 microRNA 148a 560 microsatellite instability

hypermutated tumours 825 microsurgical epididymal sperm

aspiration (MESA) 650 midazolam 353 middle cerebral artery (MCA) 259 midgut 10 mid-urethral synthetic slings 712-14 mifepristone 427, 453, 504, 668,

680, 681

migraine 91, 308-10 milk production 27, 117, 437-8 milk stasis 440 milk supply 443

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 665

Million Women Study 578 miniature hysteroscopes 603 miniPIERS model 270 minute ventilation 320 mirabegron 710-11

Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system [LNG- IUS]) 158, 508-9, 516, 517, 526, 530, 556, 669, 671 for adenomyosis 613 and endometrial cancer 778 for polyps 611

miscarriage 126, 127, 422 causes 477 clinical management 479 complete vs. incomplete 478, 479 definition 477 diagnosis 477-8 distinction from preterm birth (PTB) 374

missed 478-9, 480 multiple pregnancies 257, 260-1 and obesity 98-9, 483 placental growth 120 and prepregnancy diabetes 166 recurrent (RM) 63, 186, 187, 1956, 480-5, 597

removal of corpus luteum 504 threatened 478, 479 and thrombophilia 195-6 warfarin risk 157

misoprostol (PGE₁) 366, 391, 427, 452-3, 454, 455, 479, 680-1 missed miscarriage 478-9, 480 mitochondria 18 mitochondrial (non-Mendelian) inheritance 63

mitochondrial damage 11 mitochondrial matrix 23 mitosis 3, 5

of oocyte 8

production of spermatogonia 7 mitoxantrone 308, 309 mitral incompetence 154 mitral stenosis 151, 155-6 Mittelschmerz (functional pain) 543 mixed urinary incontinence

(MUI) 706, 707, 710

Model for Improvement method 74 Model List of Essential Medicines 274 modern 3D treatment planning 832 Modified Obstetric Early Warning Score (MOEWS) 74, 358, 360 modified Wells score (MWS) 209 moisturizers, vaginal 579 molar pregnancy 809-12 molecular biology techniques 3 molecular cytogenetics 55, 56-8 molecular genetic (genes) approaches 55, 58-9 mometasone furoate 630 monoamines 581 monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) pregnancies 254, 255, 260, 263 monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) pregnancies 254, 255, 260

monochorionic twin pregnancies 249 complications 258-60 monochorionicity 130 monocyte levels 109 monoiodotyrosine 24 monopolar electrosurgical instruments 591 monosomy X (Turner syndrome) 142, 143, 481, 519-20,522 monotherapy 87 monozygotic twins 253-5, 256 mons pubis 45, 46 monthly combined injectable contraceptives 668 mood, in puerperium 438-9 mood disorders 235 moral excellence 34 Moraxella 14 morcellators 603 morning after pill 668-9 morphine 353-4, 845 morula 8 motor nerve cells 213 moulds 16 moxifloxacin 544 MRgFUS, for uterine fibroids 617, 618

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanning 31, 149, 155, 507, 515, 555, 832, 836

for adenomyosis 613 for endometriosis 564, 567 for infertility 641 for levator ani muscles injury 727 for ovarian cancer 788 for pelvic inflammatory disease 542

in pregnancy 874 for uterine fibroids 616 mTOR inhibitors 827 mucinous carcinoma 760, 788, 862-3

mucinous ovarian cancer 824

Mullerian (uterine) adenosarcoma 860

Mullerian agenesis 520

Mullerian (paramesonephric) duct 9, 11, 47, 175

Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS; WHO) 135 multicultural challenges 37-8 multicystic dysplastic kidney 148 multifetal pregnancies, risk to one fetus 39

multi-focal lower genital tract neoplasia 797 multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast 121 multinucleated trophoblast giant cells 121

multiparity, and risk of childbirth trauma 730

multiphasic 4

paravesical spaces 47 paraxial mesoderm 8, 10 parenteral iron 198 Paris system 835 parity

and endometrial ablation 600 and pelvic floor trauma 730 paroophoron 11 paroxetine 581, 582 paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea 156 PARP inhibitors see poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors pars tuberalis 4 partial-birth abortion 39 partial hydatidiform moles 129 partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) 21

partner screening 193, 199 partogram 331-2, 333-5, 397, 398, 400

parvovirus B 19 222, 245 passive incontinence 719 Pasteurella 14

Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) 142, 143-4, 145

patch testing 630 pathogenic mutations 55, 56 Patient Advice and Liaison Service

(PALS) 76

patient blood management 517 patient-centred care 75-6 patient-centred dimension of quality 73

patient-choice caesarean delivery 41

Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) 714 patient safety incidents 76, 78-80 patients

adolescent 37

anxiety 602 choices

caesarean delivery 41 in pain management 845 clinical deterioration 74 complaints 76 consent to treatment 75-6,

145, 404 cultural values and traditions 37-8 decision-making capacity 35-6,

37, 38, 75-6 fetuses as 38 refusal of medically reasonable clinical management 36, 37 safety 73 shared decision-making 39 pazopanib 793 PCOS see polycystic ovarian syndrome

PCR-based techniques 59, 64 PEACH study 541, 542, 543, 546-7 peak expiratory flow rate

(PEFR) 322, 324

peak systolic velocity (PCV) 259 pectinate (dentate) line 48 Pederson hypothesis 168 PEFR see peak expiratory flow rate pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) 790, 792

pelvic adhesions 550 pelvic bleeding 847 pelvic bones 51, 53-4 pelvic cavity 54 pelvic congestion syndrome 551, 554-5

pelvic diaphragm (levator ani) 48, 49, 716

injuries 727 spasm 736 pelvic examination 515, 525, 553

for infertility 641 pelvic floor damage 727, 730-2

from constipation 710 prevention 737 pelvic floor disorders 435, 436,

708, 724

and obesity 102 pelvic floor muscle training

(PFMT) 443, 710, 720-1 antenatal 737 pelvic floor muscles 48, 695-6,

698, 703

contractions 8

pelvic floor tension myalgia 552 pelvic inflammatory disease

(PID) 536-9, 550, 598 diagnosis 541-3 long-term consequences 546 pathogenesis 539-41 prevention 546-7 special considerations 545 treatment 543-4, 545 pelvic inlet 53-4 pelvic organ prolapse (POP) 314,

695-6, 728-9

clinical evaluation 697 management 698-701 meshes 702-3 prevention 703 recurrence 701-2 symptoms 696 types 698

Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification

(POP-Q) system 697

pelvic outlet 54 pelvic pain 523 pelvic serous cancer 761 pelvic transvaginal ultrasound 641 pelvic venography 554-5 pelvic venous congestion 557 pelvimetry 403 pelvis 47

arteries 49

blood supply 49-50 free fluid 493, 494 lymphatic drainage 50 nerve supply 51-3 shapes 54, 401 pemphigoid 627 pemphigus vulgaris 627 penetrance 61-2, 63, 90 penicillin 13, 28, 91, 217-18,

219, 220

penis, erection 8 pentalogy of Cantrell 144 pentamidine 322 PEPFAR 758 peptide hormones 22, 615 peptides 523 peptidoglycan 539 peptococcus 15 Peptostreptococci spp. 15, 538 percutaneous epididymal sperm

aspiration (PESA) 650 Percutaneous Shunting in Lower

Urinary Tract Obstruction

(PLUTO) trial 247 percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation

(PTNS) 711

percutaneous umbilical cord sampling 64

percutaneous vesicoamniotic

shunting (VAS) 247 pericardial cavity 10 periconception glycaemic

control 482

perimenopause 7, 576, 578 contraception 674 transition 503

perimetrium 9 perinatal brain damage 213 perinatal outcome/mortality

audit 426

perineal injury, risk of infection 439 perineal massage 737 perineal pain 736 perineal raphe 46

perineal support, at delivery 737 perineal tear 92, 415-16 perineal trauma 166, 435,

727, 728-32

clinical assessment 732 complications 735-7 management 732-5 prevention 737 perineal wound infection and breakdown 736

perineum 12, 13, 45-6 peripartum anticoagulant

therapy 210 peripartum cardiomyopathy 152, 155, 172

peripartum fetal therapy 250 peripartum haemorrhage 172 peripheral nerve compression

syndromes 313-14 peripheral nervous system disorders 313-14 peripheral resistance 151 peripheral sympathetic activity 111 peripheral vasodilatation 170 peritoneal (superficial)

endometriosis 562, 566, 569 peritoneal cancer 761, 787 treatment 789-90 peritoneal cavity 8 peritoneal dialysis (PD) 181 peritoneum 44, 47, 48, 562 periurethral glands (Skene's

glands) 45, 46 periventricular leukomalacia

(PVL) 214, 375 Perlman syndrome 137 personality disorders 239 pessaries, to treat prolapse 698-9 PET scanning 188, 195, 832 for ovarian cancer 788 pethidine 353 Pfannenstiel (low transverse)

incision 40-1, 44, 51, 409 PFS (progression-free survival) 792 PGE1 (misoprostol) 366, 391, 427,

452-3, 454, 455, 479, 680-1 PGE₂ (dinoprostone) 391, 452, 454 PGS see preimplantation genetic

screening phaeochromocytoma 302 phagocytes 16-17, 213 phagocytosis 7, 22 phallus 12 pharmacodynamics 27 pharmacokinetics 27 pharmacological amenorrhoea 518 pharmacology 27-9 pharynx 24 phenobarbital 306 phenotype 3 phenoxybenzamine 302 phenytoin 28, 30, 275, 306 Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms 192 philosophy of medicine 34 phosphate 24 phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) 783, 818, 826-7 phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors 650 phospholipid 23, 116 phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (phIGFBP1) 379 phototherapy 467, 468 physical exam-indicated cervical cerclage 380 physics 30-2 physiological amenorrhoea 518 physiology 20-2 PI 3K pathway 783, 818, 826-7 Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBAC) 599

PID see pelvic inflammatory disease PIERS dataset 270-1 piles (haemorrhoids) 442-3, 716 PILS (Posterior division, Iliolumbar, Lateral sacral, Superior gluteal) 50

Pipelle sampling 779 Piper's forceps 411, 412, 419 piriformis 48 pitocin 453 see also oxytocin pituitary apoplexy 310 pituitary disease 302-3 pituitary downregulation 657 pituitary dysfunction 520 pituitary gland 24, 117 relationship with hypothalamus 26 pituitary hormones 27, 501 pituitary insufficiency 303 Pituitary Society 302 pituitary stalk 4, 26 pituitary tumours 302-3 placenta 117, 120 blood flow 114 definitive 124-5 delivery by caesarean 409 detachment 332-5 development 9, 121-5 disorders of pregnancy 126-7 effect of drugs 28-9 endocrinology 126 examination at delivery 130 manual removal 416 metastasis 877 monitoring 127-30 pathology 12 physiology 125-6 position 128 primitive 123-4 protective role 120 tumours 129 vascular anomalies 128 placenta accreta 128, 284, 288-90 placenta praevia 127-8, 284, 285-8 placental abruption 89, 172, 284, 290-1 placental anastomoses 246 placental chorioangioma 245 placental cotyledon 114 placental lactogen 117 placental pathology 89 placental proteins 27 placental site trophoblastic tumour

(PSTT) 809, 814-15, 866 placental steroid sulphatase

deficiency 389 placentation 121, 124 defective 126, 127-8

Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles 74 plaque 629

plasma 190 plasma bilirubin levels 467 plasma catecholamine 118 plasma exchange 173, 195 plasma fibrinogen levels 110 plasma fibrinolytic activity 110 plasma glucose levels 163 plasma levels 28 plasma lipids 116 plasma membrane 7, 19-20 plasma prolactin concentrations 117 plasma volume 24, 109, 111, 114-15,

151, 268

plasma volume expansion 170 plasmapheresis 195, 308 plasmin 516 plasminogen 505 plasminogen activator inhibitor

(PAI) 505 plasmodium 16 plateau phase 8 platelet count 194 platelet transfusion 189, 195 platelets 109, 190 platinum chemotherapy 790, 818 platinum-sensitive and platinum

resistant relapse 791-3 platypelloid pelvis 54, 401 PLD see pegylated liposomal

doxorubicin pleural cavity 8 pleural effusions 148 Pliny the Elder 500 plugging phase 124, 126 pneumococcal vaccine 199 pneumococcus 227 Pneumocystisjirovecii 321, 322 pneumonia 225, 320-2 pneumoperitoneum 102, 588,

590, 593 pneumothorax 326 point-of-care testing 189 polar bodies 8 POLE ultramutated

tumours 822, 825 poliomyelitis 227 poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP)

inhibitors 66-7, 793, 818, 820, 822, 826 polycystic kidneys 144 polycystic ovarian syndrome

(PCOS) 84, 98, 102, 481, 482, 521-2, 528, 648

causes 528-9, 530, 531 clinical manifestations 529-30 long-term health 532 management 530-2 and obesity 101 polycythaemia 326 polycythaemia vera 192 polydactyly 144 polydioxanone (PDS) 416 polyglactin 910 material 732 polyhydramnios 129, 148, 181, 452 polyhydramnios-oligohydramnios sequence 258 polymenorrhoea/polymenorrhagia, obsolete terms 512 polymerase chain reaction

(PCR) 3, 16 polymicrogyria 214 polymixins 13 polymorphism 55 polymorphonuclear leucocytes

(PMNs) 539 polypectomy 598, 600, 601, 611-12 polypeptide chains 56 polyps(AUB-P) 508,514-17,524-5,

597, 598, 609-12

cervical 292 polytherapies, for epilepsy 306 polyurethane condoms 670 pons 4 population-based (organized mass) screening 755 porphyromanas 14 port site herniation 592-3 PORTEC studies 783 portio vaginalis 47 postabortion contraception 671 post-defecatoryleakage 719 postdural puncture headache 355 postembolization syndrome 617 posterior arm delivery 371 posterior commissure 4 posterior compartment

prolapse 698, 701 posterior fontanelle (lambda) 51, 53 posterior lobe 4 posterior pituitary

(neurohypophysis) 5, 24,

26, 117

posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) 310, 313 posterior tibial nerve stimulation 722 posterior ventricular atrium

(Vp) 146 postmortem (autopsy) 427-8 post-natal care

for bleeding disorders 191 multiple pregnancies 264 sickle cell disease 200 thalassaemia 194 post-natal depression 439 postoperative care

analgesia 591-2

for external cephalic version (ECV) 418

following caesarean section 409 postoperative

pneumoperitoneum 593 postoperative radiotherapy 837 postpartum bleeding 128 postpartum blues 234 postpartum care

antiphospholipid syndrome

(APS) 188

for hypertension patients 86 mothers with prepregnancy diabetes 168 postpartum contraception 168,

444, 671-2

postpartum depression 233-5 and female sexual dysfunction 746 postpartum haemorrhage

(PPH) 113, 128, 157-8, 362-6, 441-2, 735

postpartum hypertension 279 postpartum period, psychiatric disorders 233-9

postpartum psychosis 234, 236-8 post-reproductive symptoms, and obesity 102

postsurgical scarring 552 post-traumatic stress disorder

(PTSD) 236, 358

potassium 11, 24, 25

potassium concentrations 295 potassium salts 21 pouch of Douglas 48, 493, 494 povidone iodine 849 power of attorney 37

Power Doppler technology 542, 610

PPROM (preterm prelabour rupture of membranes) 89, 100, 246, 249, 250, 374, 376, 384-5 and induction of labour 450

Practical Obstetric Multi-Professional Training (PROMPT) Maternity Foundation 358

Prader-Willi syndrome 97 prazosin 275 pre-albumin 125 preantral follicles 5 precision medicine 821-4 preconceptual counselling 59-63 antiphospholipid syndrome

(APS) 187 for bleeding disorders 190 cardiac disease 152-4, 156 on drugs to avoid 90-2 for existing conditions 83-90 for infertility 648 prepregnancy diabetes

mellitus 166

for previous third- and fourthdegree perineal tears 92 sickle cell disease 199 thalassaemia 193

prednisolone 180, 182, 307, 308,

323, 324

prednisone 307, 308 pre-eclampsia 12, 86, 88, 99-100, 112, 126-7, 128, 129, 164, 268, 269-78, 279-80

headaches 310

and the kidney 171-3 with liver diseases 296, 297 and lupus nephritis 180 neurological symptoms 314 caused by prepregnancy diabetes 166

risk with prepregnancy diabetes 167, 168 timing of delivery 461 pre-eclampsia/toxaemia (PET) 186

pregnancy

acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLp) 174, 188, 296, 298

adolescents 110, 444

anaemia 110, 196-8 antepartum haemorrhage

(APH) 284-92 anticoagulation treatment 206-7 and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) 186-8 bacterial infections 217-20 after bariatric surgery 103 bleeding disorders 189-91 blood pressure (BP) 111, 112 see also pre-eclampsia cancer in 874-7 cardiac disease 151-8 cardiovascular

changes 110-12, 151 and cervical cytology 868 and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 867-70 chemotherapy during 869, 876 and colposcopy 868-9 complications, and risk of stillbirth 425-6 contraindication for

hysteroscopy 598 diabetes in 136 diagnostic procedures 144-5 disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 188-9 and drug metabolism 28-9 duration 389 ectopic (EP) see ectopic pregnancy effect of excision 869-70 endocrine disease in 300-3 endocrine system changes 117-18 fetus as a patient 38 gastrointestinal and hepatic systems changes 115 gestational diabetes mellitus

(GDM) 163-6

glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 170

haematological malignancy 191-2 haematological system

changes 109-10 haemodynamic changes 268 and heart disease 86-7 heterotopic 498 hormones 27, 30, 53 hypertensive disorders

(HDPs) 86, 268-80 see also pre-eclampsia

immunity in 17-18 immunization during 226-8 inherited bleeding

disorders 189-91

liver disease in 174, 188, 295-300 maternal age 83, 84 maternal deaths 100-1 molar 809-12 monitoring gestational age 134 multiple see multiple pregnancies nephrotoxic drugs 174 neurological disorders 306-15 normal pulmonary changes 320-1 nutrition 116-17 obesity in 83-4, 96, 97, 98-101, 116-17, 136-7

parasite infections in 226 and pelvic inflammatory disease 545, 546 physiology of the breasts 117 placental-related disorders 126-7 following polypectomy 612

premalignant disease of the uterus 871

prepregnancy diabetes mellitus 166-8

prevention see contraception prolonged see prolonged pregnancy

psychiatric disorders 233-9 radiotherapy 875 recurrent early losses 63, 186, 187, 195-6, 480-5, 597

renal endocrine function 170

renal function 170-82

renal system changes 114-15 and renal transplantation 182 renal tubular function 170 respiratory diseases 320-7 respiratory system changes 112-13

screening in first trimester 142-3 screening in second

trimester 143-4

sickle cell disease (SCD) 198-200 smoking during 100, 310 supine position 151 surgery during 875 termination see abortion thalassaemia 192-4 thrombocytopenia 194-5 thrombophilia 195 universal screening 141-2, 149 uterine physiology changes 113-14

viral infections 220-6

vulval intraepithelial neoplasia 870

Pregnancy and Lactation Labelling Rule 92

pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) 141, 142, 256, 429 pregnancy-induced hypertension

(PIH) 269 see also hypertensive disorders of pregnancy pregnancy of unknown location

(PUL) 477, 479, 493-5, 497 pregnancy testing, during IVF treatment 659 preimplantation genetic diagnosis

(PGD) 63, 655 preimplantation genetic screening

(PGS) 63, 655, 660 premalignant disease of the vulva 798-800

premature ejaculation 650 premature ovarian insufficiency

(POI) 519, 521, 522, 576-8 premyelination stage 213 prenatal testing 63-4 preoperative preparation 408 external cephalic version

(ECV) 417

preovulatory follicle 9 prepregnancy diabetes mellitus 166-8

prepubertal development 503 presacral neurectomy (PSN) 526, 557, 571

PRESIDE survey 744 pressure cuff 602 preterm birth (PTB) 166, 374-5 breastfeeding 467 causes 376-9

definitions 462

management 461-2 neonataloutcomes 375-6

prevention 379-82

and stillbirth 426

preterm labour (PTL) 133, 246 management 382-5 multiple pregnancies 261-2 preterm prelabour rupture of

membranes (PPROM)

see PPROM

Preventative Services Task Force

(United States) 86

Prevention of Pelvic Infections

(POPI) trial 546 previous low transverse classical

uterineincisions 40-1

Prevotella spp. 14, 538 primary adrenocortical deficiency 27 primary aldosteronism (Conn

syndrome) 302 primary amenorrhoea 518-20 primary biliary cholangitis/cirrhosis

(PBC) 296, 299

primary capillary plexus 26 primary dysfunctional

labour 336, 337 primary dysmenorrhoea 523, 525-6 primary glomerulonephritis 177, 179 primary hyperparathyroidism 303 primary myelofibrosis 192 primary obstetric survey 359 primary ovarian failure 519, 520 primary ovarian insufficiency (early

menopause) 7 primary papillary serous peritoneal

cancer 761

primary postpartum haemorrhage

(PPH) 363, 441

primary sclerosing cholangitis

(PSC) 296, 299 primary syphilis 219 primates 507 primiparity, and risk of

stillbirth 422-4 primordial follicles 7 decrease 576

pristinamycin 544

PROBAAT trials 452 procedure-related fetal loss 246 prochlorperazine 295 proctography 718 professional responsibility model of

ethics 33, 35 professional virtues 34-5, 36 progesterone 5, 27, 113, 114, 117,

163, 379-80, 384, 479, 502, 503-4, 505 levels in pregnancy 110 production 126 withdrawal 506

progesterone receptor

modulator 516

Progesterone in Recurrent

Miscarriages (PROMISE)

trial 482

progestin therapy 779 progestogen implant devices 158 progestogen injections 668 progestogen-only contraception 668 around the menopause 674 progestogens 556

for adenomyosis 613

for treatment of endometriosis 568

in IVF treatment 659

synthetic 666-7

prolactin 26, 109, 117, 126, 438, 519 levels in pregnancy 27, 522, 649 prolactinomas 300, 302-3 prolapse 314, 695-6, 728-9

clinical evaluation 697 management 698-701 meshes 702-3

prevention 703 recurrence 701-2

symptoms 696

types 698 proliferative phase 6, 504-5 prolonged menstrual bleeding 513 prolonged pregnancy 389

and induction of labour 450 parental preferences 390 and risk of stillbirth 425-6 risks 389-90 treatment/prevention 390-3 promethazine 295 pronephros 8-9 prophylactic anticoagulants 207-8 prophylactic surgery 66 Propionibacterium 15 propofol 356 propranolol 310 propylthiouracil 301 PROSPECT study 702 prostacyclin 114 prostacyclins 19 prostaglandin E 113 prostaglandin F₂α 113 prostaglandin H₂ (PGH₂) 23 prostaglandin inhibitors

(NSAIDs) 525-6 prostaglandins 19, 23, 110, 114, 324, 391, 504, 523

for labour induction 447,

452-3, 454

prostanoids 157

Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and

Ovarian (PLCO) trial 787 prostatic utricle 11 prosthetic heart valves 157 protein (mg):creatinine (mmol) ratio

(PCR) 170

protein A 126

protein concentrations 28 protein S deficiency 483, 484 proteins 3, 125-6

acute phase 16 maternal 124

proteinuria 168, 173, 175, 268, 269-70, 272

proteolytic enzymes 504 proteus 14 prothrombin gene mutation

(PGM) 88, 483

prothrombin time 189

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Person 687

protocols 73 proto-oncogenes 12, 64-5 proton pump inhibitors 91

ProTwin study 382 proximal convoluted tubule 117 pruritus 295, 296, 297-8 pseudomonas 14 pseudosacs 491 psoas major muscle 47 psoriasis 627, 628, 629, 631 psychiatric disorders in pregnancy and postpartum period 233-9

psychological therapies, for chronic pelvic pain 557

psychosexual education 747 psychosexual problems 627 psychosis 234, 236-8

psychosocial factors in chronic pelvic pain 552

psychotherapy, for ejaculatory disorders 650

pubarche 6

puberty 6, 45, 503

delay 518-20 obesity in 97-8

pubic bone 49

pubic bone injuries 729

pubic hair development (adrenarche) 503, 518

pubic symphysis 53

Public Health England 537

public trust 34 pubocervical fascia, injury 728 puborectalis muscle 716, 717 pudendal blocks 357 pudendal nerves 435, 707

injury 727-8

puerperium 435-8 afterpains 437 complications 439-44 debriefing 444 emotional transition 438-9 gestational diabetes mellitus 165-6

maternal cardiac disease 158 physiological transition 438 social support 444-5

pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) 327

pulmonary artery pressure 112 pulmonary changes in

pregnancy 320-1

pulmonary embolism (PE) 209 pulmonary hypertension 148, 152, 153, 157, 199

pulmonary hypoplasia 148 pulmonary lobectomy 814 pulmonary oedema 155, 171, 176 pyelonephritis 172, 175-6, 326 pyometra 589

pyosalpinx 542

pyramidalis 44 pyrazinamide 322 pyrexia 215 pyridostigmine 308 pyruvate ions 18 pyuria 175

quadratus femoris 51 quadruple (serum biochemistry) test 144

quadruplets 262

quality improvement (QI) methods (RADICAL framework) 72, 73-4

quantitative fluorescent PCR electropherogram 65 quinolones 13, 322, 544 Quintero staging 258

rabies 227, 228 radial arteries 122 radially expanding entry 590 radiation 31, 874 radiation dosimetry 102, 836 radiation protection 836 Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 834

RADICAL framework 72-80 radical hysterectomy 47, 49

for endometrial cancer 781 radical radiotherapy 773 radical surgery, for adenomyosis 613 radioactive decay 31 radiofrequency 614 radiofrequency ablation

(RFA) 246, 249

of uterine fibroids 617 radiotherapy 832-4

adjuvant 773, 783, 804, 820, 840 for cervical cancer 820-1, 836-8 for endometrial cancer 782-3, 820 for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 814

internal (brachytherapy) 798, 832, 834-6, 837-8, 839

during pregnancy 192, 875

for rare tumours 839-40

for sarcomas 784-5

for uterine cancer 838-9

for vulval cancer 804 radium 834-5 RADIUS trial 142, 149 raising awareness (RADICAL framework) 72-3 raloxifene 580 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) 339-40, 348

of induction 393

rape 686

rapid desaturation 356 rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test 219 rapid sequence induction 356 RAS see renin-angiotensin system rash, maculopapular 219 Rathke's pouch 24

RCOG see Royal College

of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists

RCTs see randomized controlled trials

real-time PCR 3 receptor-ligand system 109 recombinant factor VIIa 189 recombinant factor VIII 190 rectal ampulla 48 rectal examination 720 rectal plexus 48 rectoanal inhibitory reflex 717 rectocele 698, 701, 720 rectosigmoid junction 48 rectouterine pouch 46 rectovaginal fascial plane 48 rectovaginal fistula 444 rectum 48, 716-17, 718 rectus abdominis 44 rectus sheath 44 recurrent cervical cancer 774 recurring ectopic pregnancies 489 recurrent miscarriages (RM) 63, 186, 187, 195-6, 480-5, 597 recurrent molar pregnancy 811-12 recurrent ovarian cancer 791-3 recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) 8990, 481, 483 see also recurrent miscarriages

recurrent preterm birth (PTB) 375, 378

recurring stillbirths 425, 428 recurrent uterine cancer 839 recurrent vulval cancer 804-5 red cell folate 197 red cell indices 197 red cell mass 109, 151, 170, 268, 467 red nucleus 4 red polypoid lesion 563 reflection of waves 30 reflux nephropathy (vesicoureteral reflux [VUR]) 180 refraction of waves 30, 31 refusal of medically reasonable clinical management 36, 37 regional anaesthesia 408-9 and childbirth trauma 731 regional analgesia 354, 355 regulatory elements 56 relationships, in puerperium 439 relaxin 53 religious beliefs 851 remifentanil 353 remote afterloading (RAL) 835 renal abnormalities 144 renal agenesis 144 renal arteries 49 renal artery stenosis 172 renal blood flow 28, 111, 114, 170 renal calculi (kidney stones) 174 renal clearance 27 renal colic 174 renal cortical necrosis 173 renal dilatation 148 renal endocrine function 170 renal failure 847 renal function, during pregnancy 170-82 renal hormones 117 renal hyperfiltration 181 renal pelvis 114, 170 renal replacement therapy (dialysis) 171, 181, 195 renal system, changes during pregnancy 114-15 renal tract abnormalities 148 renal tract obstruction 174 renal transplantation 182 renal tubular function 115, 170 renal vein 46, 49 renin-aldosterone-mediated plasma volume expansion 170 renin-angiotensin system

(RAS) 110-11,117 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone nervous system 21 renovascular disease 172 repair of episiotomy 415 repair of perineal tear 415-16 reproductive ageing 529 reproductive phase 511 reputation 33 rescue management 845 residual ovarian syndrome 551 residual peritoneal gas 593 residual urine, assessment 709 resilience 73 resolution phase 8 respect for autonomy principle 35-6,

38-9, 41 respiration 21, 22 respiratory alkalosis 170 respiratory arrest 355-6 respiratory chain 18-19, 21 respiratory diseases in

pregnancy 320-7 respiratory distress syndrome 325-6,

375, 467

respiratory symptoms 847-8 see also breathing problems

respiratory system, changes in pregnancy 112-13 resting pressure of the anal canal 717 restitution 396 restless leg syndrome (RLS) 314 restrictive cardiomyopathy 152 restrictive lung disease 326 restrictive procedures 103 resuscitation 359-60, 361, 465, 466 retained dead fetus 188 retained products of

conception 441, 478 rete testis 11 reticular formation 4 reticulocyte haemoglobin

content 197 reticulocytes 197 retinoic acid 22, 28 retinoids 30 retinopathy 166, 167, 199 retrocaval ureter 47 retrograde ejaculation 650 retrograde menstruation 562 retroplacental haematomas 128 retropubic bladder neck

suspension 711-12 retropubic slings 712-13 reverberation of waves 31 reverse-transcription quantitative

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 3 reversible bronchoconstriction 322 reversible cerebral vasoconstriction

syndrome (RCVS) 310, 313 reversible posterior

leukoencephalopathy 306 revised American Society for

Reproductive Medicine (rASRM) 564, 565

RFA see radiofrequency ablation rhesus monkeys 507, 560 rhesus prophylaxis 682 rheumatic fever 151, 155-6 rheumatic heart disease 152 rheumatoid arthritis 521, 562 rhinitis 320, 327 ribavirin 29 ribonuclease protection assay 3 rifampin 322 rifamycins 13 right heart lesions 156-7 right renal pelvis 170 rights-based reductionism 38 rights of patients 35 rigid hysteroscopy 611 ring chromosomes 56 ring pessaries 698-9

risk, disclosing to the patient 76 risk management 73, 76, 78-80, 603 risk of malignancy index (RMI) 787-8 Risk of Ovarian Malignancy

Algorithm (ROMA) 788

risk registers 79

ritodrine 383

rituximab 180, 308

Robertson translocation 63 robotic-assisted laparoscopy 593 rocker-bottom feet 144 role identity, and cancer 849 rollerball endometrial ablation 599 Rome II criteria 723 root cause analysis 79-80 Ross procedure 156 rotational manoeuvres 371-2, 402-3 Rotterdam criteria 482, 528, 529 Routine Antenatal Diagnostic

Imaging with Ultrasound Study (RADIUS) 142, 149

routine traction 370

Roux en Y gastric bypass 103

Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (RANZCOG) 590

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) 74, 100, 256, 258, 262, 404, 418, 484, 531, 532, 590, 603, 679 classification of perineal trauma 727 founder 447

RPL see recurrent pregnancy loss rubella (German measles) 221, 227 rubeola (measles) 221-2, 227

sacral nerve stimulation 711

sacral neuromodulation (SNS) 722 sacral plexus 51, 53 sacral promontory 53 sacroanterior position 400 sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) 246 sacrocolpopexy 49, 700-1 sacrohysteropexy 700 sacrospinous fixation 700 sacrospinous hysteropexy 700 sacrum 53

safe dimension of quality 73

safety culture 73

safety incidents 76, 78-80

sagittal suture 51

salbutamol 383

saline, as distension medium 604 saline infusion sonography (SIS;

sonohysterography) 484, 610, 616, 641

salmonella 14

salpingectomy (removal of fallopian tube) 159, 495-6, 670, 761 salpingitis 538, 539-40, 541 salpingo-oophorectomy 66, 761, 861 salpingotomy 495-6 sandal gap sign 144

Sanger sequencing 59

Sapporo criteria 186

sarcoid 326

sarcoidosis 324-5

sarcoma botryoides (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma) 855 sarcomas 777-8, 784

treatment 784-5

Sarnat stages 469 scale 628 Scarpa's fascia 44 scattering of waves 31 schizophrenia 236, 238-9 sciatic nerve 51 Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHr) 702 sclerotherapy 299

Scottish Health Council 75 Scottish Independent Review

of transvaginal mesh implants 702-3 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines

Network (SIGN) 235 SCr see serum creatinine concentration screening

for cancer 755, 759

for cervical cancer 755-9, 766-7 diagnostic procedures 144-5 for endometrial cancer 778-9 first trimester 142-3 for gestational diabetes mellitus

(GDM) 163-4

maternal congenital heart

disease 154-5 for ovarian cancer 760-1 second trimester 143-4 structural abnormalities 145-9 universal 141-2, 149 for vulval and vaginal cancer 762 scrotal swellings 12 seborrheic eczema 631, 632 SECCA system 722 secondary amenorrhoea 518, 520-2 secondary arrest in labour 337 secondary dysmenorrhoea 523,

524-5, 526

secondary obstetric survey 359 secondary postpartum haemorrhage

(PPH) 363, 441-2 secondary syphilis 219 secondary yolk sac 125 secretory cells 26 secretory phase 6, 504-5 sedation, conscious 604 seizures 306

eclampsia 362, 363 see also epilepsy selective fetal growth restriction

(sIUGR) 259, 264

selective fetal reduction-dichorionic twin pregnancies 247

selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) 615 selective reduction 257-8 selective screening 755 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 578, 582, 650 Selectron remote afterloader

(RAL) 835 self-effacement 34 self-harm 234 self-sacrifice 34, 37 sella floor 24 semen, ejaculation 8 semen analysis 642-4 seminal vesicles 7 seminiferous tubules 7, 11 senna 723 sentinel node biopsy 802-4

in endometrial cancer 782 sepsis 74-5, 172, 176, 188,

326,360-2

and miscarriage 480

and obesity 100 Sepsis Six bundle 74-5 septa 125, 598 septic abortion 171 septum transversum 10 sequencing techniques 59 serotonin 581 serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonists 723 serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) 578, 582 serous carcinoma 760, 861, 862-3 serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (serous EIC) 858 serratia 14 Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours 865 serum albumin 170 serum bile acid

concentrations 297, 298 serum bilirubin levels 467, 468 serum biochemistry (quadruple) test 144

serum cholesterol 170 serum creatinine (SCr) concentration 115, 170, 172, 173, 176

serum ferritin 197 serum folate 197 serum hCG assay 490-7, 810-11 serum iron 197

serum lipid concentration 116 serum progesterone 642 serum total thyroxine (T₄) 86 serum troponin levels 155 service delivery problems 80 severe mental illnesses 236-9 sex, determining in fetuses 64 sex cord tumours 865 sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) 101, 118, 745 sex selection 659-60 sex steroid therapy 578 sex trafficking 687 sexual activity 552 adolescents 98

for induction of labour 390-1, 453 physiology 8 postpartum 439 sexual arousal 743-4, 745 sexual disorders 102, 696, 743, 744-6 assessment 746-7

and cancer 849-50

future perspectives 749 postmenopausal 579 treatment 747-9 sexual exploitation 687-8 sexual function, female 743-4, 747 see also female sexual dysfunction sexual harassment 686 sexual pain disorders

(dyspareunia) 543, 696, 745, 747

postmenopausal 579

postpartum 736 sexual partners, and pelvic inflammatory disease 545 sexual response cycle 8 sexual stimulation 45 sexual violence 686 sexually transmitted infections

(STIs) 218-20, 225

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) 536-9

SGA see small for gestational age Shaatz pessaries 699 shadowing of waves 31 Shastri, S. S., et al. 758-9 SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) 101, 118, 745 Sheehan syndrome 315 shelf, support 712 Shelf pessaries 699 shigella 14 Shirodkar suture 380 short-term morbidity, following preterm birth 375-6 shoulder dystocia 136, 138, 164, 165, 168, 369-72, 415

caused by prepregnancy diabetes 166

and childbirth trauma 732

see also macrosomia shoulder presentation 396, 399-400 shoulder tip pain 489, 593 sickle cell anaemia (HbSS) 198 sickle cell disease (SCD) 172, 198-200

sildenafil 157 silicon cup 411, 412 Simpson's forceps 411, 412 Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome 137

simulation stage of radiotherapy 832 single embryo transfer (SET) 658 single gene disorders 144 single-incision minislings

(SIMs) 713-14 single-needle technique 145 single umbilical artery (SUA) 129-30 sirenomelia regression

syndrome 129 sirolimus 182

SIS see saline infusion sonography (sonohysterography) sit bone 49

Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation (SBAR) sheets 358

situational awareness 73, 74 sIUGR see selective fetal growth restriction

Six Sigma 74

Sjogren syndrome 521, 562 skeletal abnormalities 148-9 skeletal dysplasia 144, 145, 148-9 Skene's glands (periurethral glands) 45, 46 skin breakdown 848 skin closure 593 skin collagen 579 skin conditions, vulval 630-3 Skipper-Schobel-Wilcoxmodel 819 skull 146, 147 slapped cheek syndrome (parvovirus) 222 sleep, in puerperium 438 sleep apnoea 97, 327 sleep-disordered breathing 327 sleep position, and risk of

stillbirth 429-30

slings, for urinary incontinence 712-14 slow-transit constipation 723 small for gestational age

(SGA) 133-4, 463

multiple pregnancies 262 and stillbirth 425, 426

smear test 515, 757, 780, 820, 857 smoke production, from surgical energy sources 591

smoking

and diabetes 166

and endometrial ablation 600

and infertility 640 during pregnancy 100, 310 and risk of childbirth trauma 730 and stillbirth 424, 429 and urinary incontinence 710 smooth muscle cells (SMCs) 123, 615 snoring 327 SNRIs see serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors

Society for Maternal-Fetal

Medicine 337

Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada 401, 552, 589-90 socioeconomic class and obesity 97 and stillbirth 424

sodium 11, 24, 115 sodium phosphate-based products 723

sodium picosulphate 723 sodium retention 21 sodium valproate 28, 30 solifenacin 710

Solomon technique 259 soluble transferrin receptor 197 solvent drag 22

somatic axons in pudendal nerve 707 somatic cells 3

somatopleure 8 somatostatin 27 somite 10 sonographic markers 62 sonohysterography (SHG; saline infusion sonography [SIS]) 484, 610, 616, 641

sorafenib 793

sotalol 244

Sotos syndrome 137 space of Retzius 47 spatial heterogeneity 824 specificity, feature of adaptive immunity 16

speculum examination 553 for infertility 641

sperm collection 658

sperm DNA fragmentation

(DFI) 644

sperm head 7 spermarche 6 spermatocytes 7 spermatogenesis 7, 669 spermatozoa 7-8, 504 spermicides 670-1 sphincter repair 721-2 spider naevi 295 spina bifida 145, 147 spinal anaesthesia 113, 355-6 spine measurements 146 spiral arteries 121, 122-3, 126, 127 spiral arterioles 114, 504 spiramycin 226 spiritual care 851 spirochete 218, 219 spironolactone 532 splanchnopleure 8 spleen 19 splenectomy 195 spontaneous preterm labour

(PTL) 374

sporadic (opportunistic) population screening 755

sporadic cancers vs. inherited cancers 64, 66

sporocysts 226 spotted complementary DNA arrays 3

squamous cell carcinoma 629, 771, 797, 805, 821 invasive 857 microinvasive 857 vulval 798-9, 801, 854 squamous cells 11 squamous epithelium 48, 716 squeeze pressure of the anal canal 717

SSRIs see selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Stages of Reproductive Ageing Workshop (STRAW) Working Group 576, 577 staging

of cervical cancer 771-3 of endometrial cancer 820 of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 812

of vaginal cancer 806 of vulval cancer 801-2 stalking 686 standard days method 671 standardization of processes 74 standards of clinical audits 77-8 standing position 553 Staphylococcus aureus 15, 440, 443 stapled transanal resection (STARR) procedure 724 statins 29 statistical process control (SPC) 74 steady-state concentration 27 steatorrhoea 297-8 stem cells 11, 16 stem villi 125 stenosis 148, 154, 155-6 stenotrophomonas 14 stents 174 sterility 639 sterilization 13, 36, 159, 670 hysteroscopic 597, 598, 599-600 risk of ectopic pregnancy 489 steroid cell tumours 865 steroid hormones 22 steroid phobia 633 steroidogenesis 29, 503-4 steroids 25, 182 stillbirth 89-90, 422, 423-4 care of parents following 430-2 conjoined twins 260 and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) 298

stillbirth (cont.} multiple pregnancies 253 and obesity 100, 422, 429 obstetric management 426-8 prepregnancy diabetes 166 prevention strategies 428-30 prolonged pregnancies 389, 390, 391

riskfactors 422-6,428-9 stimulant laxatives 723 stirrups 587 Stockholm system 835 stone-forming cystinurics 174 STOPPIT 2 trial 382 straight wire excision of the transformation zone (SWETZ) 770, 771 STRAW+10 staging system 576, 577 strawberry-shaped head 143 streptococci 15, 360, 442 Streptococcuspneumoniae 321 Streptococcuspyogenes 538 streptomycin 29 stress

cause of preterm birth 377 and infertility 640-1 stress urinary incontinence (SUI) 102, 706, 707

from childbirth trauma 728 surgery for 711-14 stripping method 556 stroke volume (SV), during pregnancy 111 strokes 310-12 stromal cells 7, 121, 503, 507 stromal tumours 787, 865 strontium ranelate 580 structural abnormalities 145-9 subacute hypoxia 349, 350 subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 222 subacute thyroiditis 301 subamniotic haematomas 128 subaponeurotic (subgaleal) haemorrhage 414 subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) 310,311-12 subarachnoid space 354 subchorionic haematomas (SCHs) 128-9,478 subcostal recession 467 subcutaneous emphysema 589 subcutaneous tissue 44 subdermal contraceptive implants 668 subfertility 530-1, 639 submicroscopic deletions (microdeletions) 56 submucosal fibroids 508, 509, 598 similarity to polyps 610 see also fibroids

submucosal infiltration 798 subnuclear vacuolation 504 suboptimal fetal growth, and stillbirth 425

substance abuse 239 suckling 117, 467 see also breastfeeding

suction evacuation of the uterus 810 SUI see stress urinary incontinence suicide 234, 237, 238 sulfasalazine 87

sulphated dehydroepiandrosterone

(DHEAS) 25 sulphonamides 13 sulphydryl (thiol) group 25 sumatriptan 310 superficial (peritoneal)

endometriosis 562, 566, 569 superficial perineal layer 48 superior epigastric artery 49 superior gluteal nerve 51 superior pubic rami 53 superior rectal artery 48 superior rectal vein 48 supine position in pregnancy 151 support services, after

stillbirth 430-2 supportive ligaments 695-6 suppressor cells 16 supralevator haematomas 735-6 supraoptic nucleus 4, 5, 26 supraoptico-hypophyseal tract 4 Suprapubic Arc (SPARC) system 712 suprapubic cystostomy 711 suprapubic pressure 371 supratentorial infarction 310 supraventricular tachycardia

(SVT) 243-4

surgery

for adenomyosis 613-14 for cervical cancer 773 for constipation 723-5 for endometrial cancer 780-2 for endometrial hyperplasia 779 for endometriosis 569-71 energy sources 591 entry techniques 589-90, 591 escalation of pain 845 for faecal incontinence 721-2 for gestational trophoblastic

neoplasia 813-14 nerve damage 51 and obesity 102-3 for ovarian cancer 788-9 patient positioning 587-9 for polyp removal 611 during pregnancy 875 for prolapse 699-701 prophylactic 66 for urinary incontinence 711 for vaginal cancer 805 for vaginal intraepithelial

neoplasia 797-8

for vulval cancer 802, 804 surgical abortion 679-80, 681 surgical haemorrhage 50 surgical management of miscarriages 479-80 suspensory (infundibulopelvic) ligament 46, 49, 50 Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) 665

sutures 51

following caesarean section 409 following episiotomy 415 following perineal tear 416 suxamethonium 356

Swansea criteria 298 sympathetic blockade 151 sympathetic nervous system 21 sympathetic postganglionic

nerves 707

symphysis pubis 53, 396

symptomatic fibroids 507 see also

fibroids symptothermal method 671 synapses 19 synchronous ovarian tumours 781 syncope 158 syncytiotrophoblast 9, 121,

124, 125-6 syncytium 121 syngamy 7-8 Syntocinon 364-5, 416 Syntocinon 5 IU 409 Syntometrine 324, 364 syphilis 90, 218-20 system analysis 79 systematic lymphadenectomy 782 systemic blood pressure (BP) 268 systemic hormone therapy, for sexual dysfunction 747-9 systemic lupus erythematosus

(SLE) 172, 180, 562 systemic natural killer cells 109 systemic therapy 817-21, 828 systemic vascular resistance 111, 268 systems approach to patient safety 73 systolic blood pressure (SBP) 86, 97,

268-9, 275

T sign 255

T. pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA) 219

T₃ (triiodothyronine) 24, 28, 86, 117 T₄ (tetraiodothyromine) 24, 28, 117 TABLET trial 301 tachyarrhythmias 243-4 tachycardia 118, 157, 214-15,

344, 345

as sign of ectopic pregnancy 490 tachypnoea 467 tachysystole

(hyperstimulation) 451, 452 tacrolimus 182, 300 tail formation 8 talipes equinovarus (clubfoot) 149 TAMBA see Twins and Multiple

Births Association tamoxifen 582, 648, 778, 792 Tanner system 518, 520 targeted biopsy 598 targeted therapy 821-4, 828 Task Force on the Management of

Cardiovascular Diseases in

Pregnancy 154 T-cell activation 827-8

T-cells 16, 17, 109

TCF 19 (transcription factor 19) 560 TCGA (The Cancer Genome

Atlas) 822, 825, 858 TCR genes 17 techne 33 technological approach 74 technologies, new or unfamiliar devices 75

teicoplanin 13

TELE PACK X LED 601, 602 telomeres 3 temperature, and natural contraception 671 temporal heterogeneity 824 Ten Teachers textbook 447, 448 Tensilon (edrophonium chloride) 308 tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) 712, 713-14 tension-type headaches 310 teratogenesis 28, 209 teratoma 864 teratozoospermia 644 teriflunomide 308, 309 Term Breech Trial 418 terminal pathway 17, 18 terminal villi 125 termination of pregnancy see abortion tertiary syphilis 219 tesla (T) 31 testes, increase in size during plateau phase 8 testicular epididymal sperm aspiration (TESA) 650 testicular epididymal sperm extraction (TESE) 650 testis cords 11 testosterone 528

role in female sexual function 743 for sexual dysfunction 747-8 testosterone contraception 669 testosterone levels 522

and infertility 644 testosterone production 7 tetanus 227, 228 tetanus-diphtheria toxoid/ diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine 91 tetracyclines 13, 29, 218, 322 tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine, T₄) 24, 28, 117 tetralogy of Fallot 154, 156 thalamus 4, 22-3 thalassaemia, in pregnancy 192-4 thalidomide 28, 120 theca 503-4 thecal cells 7 thelarche (onset of breast development) 6, 503, 518 T-helper cells 16, 17 therapeutic low-molecular-weight heparin 157 therapeutic minimalism 33 therapeutic relationship 844 thermal (cold) coagulation 768-70 thermoregulation 465-6, 581 thiamine replacement 295 thiazolidinediones 528 thiopentone 356 thiopurines 87 third-line medical therapies 516 thoracic cage 320 thoracic region 9 thoracopagus 260 thorax 147, 148 threatened miscarriage 478, 479 three-dimensional transvaginal scanning 641 three-dimensional treatment planning 832 three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound 610 for adenomyosis 613 thrombin production 505 thrombin time 189 thrombocythaemia 192 thrombocytopenia 189 in pregnancy 194-5

thromboembolic disease 98, 100, 110, 188, 848

treatment in pregnancy 91-2 thrombophilia 88-9

acquired (antiphospholipid syndrome [APS]) 173, 186-8, 195-6, 477, 483, 484

hereditary 483-4 in pregnancy 195-6

Thrombophilia in Pregnancy Prophylaxis Study (TIPPS) 273 thromboprophylaxis 88-9, 100, 188, 200, 206, 207, 277, 295

thrombosis 128, 158, 213, 438 and antiphospholipid antibodies 186-8

thrombotic disease 110 thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs) 173

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) 172, 173, 195 thromboxanes 19

through transmission of waves 31 thymoma 308

thyroglobulin (TG) 28 thyroid, 24-5 thyroid adenoma 301 thyroid-bindingglobulin 117 thyroid disease 86, 300-1, 481,

483, 521 autoimmune 562 and infertility 649 thyroid gland 117 thyroid hormones 22, 24, 28 levels in pregnancy 27 thyroid-stimulating hormone

(TSH) 24, 26, 28, 86, 117, 3001, 519, 522

thyrotoxicosis 300, 301 thyrotropin-releasing hormone 24, 27

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) 86

tibial nerve 711, 722 tight perineum 415 tissue culture 16 tissue growth and differentiation 11-12

tissue injury 11

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) 505

tissue valves 157

titre 118

TNMclassification 801-2 tocolytics 383-4

Togav iridae fami ly 221 tolerance to self, feature of adaptive immunity 16

topical calcineurin inhibitors 630, 633

topical steroids 630, 633 topotecan 792

TORCHES group of infections 228 total iron binding capacity (TIBC) 197 total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) 111

total protein concentration 116 total protein excretion 115 total quality management (TQM) 74 total spinal block 355-6 total testosterone 118

toxic nodule 301 toxoplasma gondii 16, 226 TP 53 mutations 825, 826 trachea-oesophageal fistula 148 tranexamic acid 366, 505, 508, 516 tranquilizers 28 transabdominal cervical cerclage 381 transabdominal testing 145 transabdominal ultrasound

(TAUS) 478, 616

for ectopic pregnancy 490, 493 transaminases 174 transannular patch 156 transcervical balloon catheters 452 transcervical endometrial

ablation 614 transcervical resection of the

endometrium (TCRE) 598, 599 transcriptome sequencing 3 transcutaneous electrical nerve

stimulation (TENS) 352 transdermal combined

contraceptives 667-8 transendothelial migration of leucocytes 213 transfer of responsibility between providers 74 transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) 3 transferrin 125 transformation zone (TZ) 767-8,

770-1, 856

transforming growth factor beta 18,

121, 156

transforming infection 768 transfusion-related acute lung injury

(TRALI) 326 transient hypertensive effect 270 translocations 56, 63 transobtruator tape (TOT)

slings 713-14 transoesophageal

echocardiogram 310 transplacental therapy 243-5 transport pathways, placental 125 transportation mechanisms 22 transporter proteins 125-6 transposition of the great arteries 147 transrectal ultrasonography 554 transthoracic echocardiogram 310 transurethral resection syndrome 601 transvaginal mesh implants 702-3 transvaginal technique 145 transvaginal ultrasound

(TVUS) 128, 377-8, 379, 382, 478, 507, 515

for chronic pelvic pain 553-4 for ectopic pregnancy 490-3 for endometriosis 564, 567 for infertility 641, 646 for ovarian cancer 760, 787 for pelvic inflammatory

disease 542

for polyps 610

for uterine fibroids 616 transversalis fascia 44 transverse abdominal diameter

(TAD) 146 transverse incision (Kerr

incision) 408 transverse lie (compound presentation) 399, 400, 409 transverse perineal 49 transversus abdominis muscle 44 TRAP sequence 260 trazodone 748 treatment planning 832-4 Trendelenburg, F. (Trendelenburg position) 102, 588-9

Treponema pallidum 218, 219 trial of labour after caesarean delivery (TOLAC) 40-1

trial of void 713

tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (citric acid/Krebs cycle) 18, 20, 21 trichloroacetic acid 798 trichomonas vaginalis 16 trichorionic triamniotic triplets 262 tricuspid regurgitation 142, 156 triglycerides 19, 116, 170 trigone 47 triiodothyronine (T₃) 24, 28, 86, 117 trimethroprim 175 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 322 triplet repeat expansion 62 triplets 262, 263 triploidy 56, 143, 481 trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) 142, 143-4, 145

trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome) 90, 142, 143-4, 145, 148, 481 trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) 83, 84, 90, 97, 141, 142, 144, 154, 481 screening in multiple pregnancies 256

trocar 589

trophectoderm cells 121 trophoblast 8, 9 trophoblast invasion 12 trophoblastic disease 477 trophoblastic plugs 124 trophoblastic shell 126 trophoblastic villus 13 troponins 11 truncus arteriosus syndrome 153 trypanosoma 16

TSH see thyroid-stimulating hormone TSHoma 303

TTTS see twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

tubal factor infertility 646, 649 tubal ligation 761

tubal patency assessment 642 tuberculosis 322 tuberous sclerosis 62 tubo-ovarian abscess 538, 542, 545 tubular glucose reabsorption 170 tumour growth, controlling 790 tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) 213

tumour suppressor genes

(TSGs) 64-6

tumours 129, 854 see also cancer tumour-specific targets 822-4 tungsten 835

tunica albuginea 11

Turner syndrome (monosomy X; 45XO) 142, 143, 481, 519-20, 522

turning procedure 417 TVUS see transvaginal ultrasound twin anaemia polycythaemia sequence (TAPS) 259

Twin Birth Study 264 Twins and Multiple Births

Association (TAMBA) 259, 264 twin peak (lambda [λ]) sign 255 twin pregnancies 253-5

with molar pregnancy 812 preterm birth 377 prevention of preterm birth 381-2 risk to one fetus 39

twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) 246

twin studies, of endometriosis 560 twins

conjoined 254, 260 labelling 255-6 twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

(TTTS) 245, 248-9, 255, 258-9, 264 typhoid 227 tyrosine 24 tyrosine phosphorylation 7

UI see urinary incontinence UK Collaborative Trial of

Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS) 787

UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) 198, 260

UK Pregnancies Better Eating

and Activities Trial

(UPBEAT) 137 ulcer 629 ulipristal acetate (Esmya) 516-17,

614, 615, 668 ultrasonography 135, 141 ultrasound-based endometriosis

staging system (UBESS) 554 ultrasound-guided fetal

therapy 245-8 ultrasound-indicated cervical

cerclage 380 ultrasound scanning 30-1, 127,

141-2, 145, 149, 154, 507 abnormal uterine bleeding 515 for adenomyosis 612-13 anal 717-18 artefacts 31 of cervical length 377-8 for chronic pelvic pain 553-4 for diagnosis of miscarriage 477-8 for ectopic pregnancy 490-3, 494 for endometriosis 564, 567 for infertility 641 for male infertility 646 for molar pregnancy 809-10 for mothers with prepregnancy diabetes 167

for pelvic inflammatory

disease 542

for placenta accreta 288

for placenta praevia 286

for polyps 610 prediction of stillbirth risk 429 in pregnancy 875 problems cause by obesity 99 three-dimensional (3D US) 484 for urinary incontinence 709 for uterine fibroids 616 umbilical artery 246 umbilical cord 11

anomalies 89, 129-30 clamping 335-6, 464, 465 constriction in breech

delivery 420 examination at delivery 130

umbilical cord prolapse

(UCP) 368-9,392 umbilical cord traction 416 umbilical vein 245, 247 umbilicus 44 undifferentiated endometrial sarcomas (UESs) 859-60 unexplained infertility 646-7, 650-1,656 unfractionated heparin

(UFH) 207,209-10 unicornuate uterus 175, 484 unimanual examination 553 unsafe abortions 678 upper airway resistance

syndrome 327 uraemia 171 urea concentration 181 urea cycle 19, 23 urea injections 681 ureter 47, 114 ureteral endometriosis 563, 570 ureteral obstruction 847 ureteric tunnel 47 ureteroscopy 174 ureterovaginal fistulae 847 ureterovesical valves 47 urethra 13, 45, 47-8, 706 urethral bulking agents (UBAs) 714 urethral fold 12 urethral groove 12 urethral meatus 8 urethral opening 49 urethral outlet 12 urethral sphincter 706 urethrovaginal sphincter 48, 706 urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) 706, 707, 719 uric acid filtration 115 uric acid stones 174 urinalysis 709 urinary dipstick testing 269 urinary incontinence (UI) 102, 443, 579, 706-7

from childbirth trauma 728 clinical evaluation 708-10 demographics 707 management 710-14 urinary retention 442, 847 urinary stasis 174 urinary symptoms, of menopause 579 urinary tract 47-8, 147 abnormalities 144, 148 urinary tract endometriosis 563 urinary tract infections (UTIs) 115, 175, 180, 440-1, 543, 847 urinary tract obstruction 172 urinary tract symptoms, management 847 urinoma 175 urodynamics 709-10 uroflowmetry 709 urogenital groove 13 urogenital hiatus 706 urogenital symptoms of menopause 579 urogenital system, development 8 urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) 505 ursodeoxycholic acid

(UDCA) 297-8,299

usual-type VIN (uVIN) 798-800,870 uterine (Mullerian)

adenosarcoma 860

uterine anomalies 484-5

uterine artery 47, 50, 113, 121-2 uterine artery embolization

(UAE) 517, 614, 617-18

uterine balloon tamponade 516

uterine cancers 777-8

radiotherapy for 838-9

Index

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