Introduction
diagnosis of exclusion and is typically attributed to placental edge (marginal) bleeding.
Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) is defined as bleeding from the genital tract during pregnancy from viability (24 weeks' gestation in the United Kingdom) and before the delivery of the baby (1).
In clinical practice, however, most will manage this as such from 20 weeks of gestation. It affects up to 5% of pregnancies and is associated with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity (2, 3). Of the estimated 300,000 maternal deaths in 2015 (4), obstetric haemorrhage (antepartum and postpartum) accounted for one-third of them (6). This highlights the need for a sustained focus on the understanding and popularization of a system-driven, team-based approach in the management of APH. APH also contributes significantly to the global burden of spontaneous and iatrogenic preterm birth (3, 7).
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