Non-pharmacological methods

Many factors can help reduce the need for pharmacological inter­vention. There is little research proving the effectiveness of these treatments though lots of women say that they found these tech­niques useful. A calm environment and the presence of a trusted companion throughout labour may reduce the need for pain re­lief. The use of pools and water baths can also reduce the need for analgesia.

Complementary therapies

Hypnosis, acupuncture, aromatherapy, reflexology, yoga, mas­sage, and homeopathy may all play a role in reducing the need for pharmacological pain relief.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) exerts its an­algesic effect by reducing the central transmission of peripheral