REFERENCES
1. Won H, Maley P, Salim S, Rao A, Campbell NT, Abbott JA. Surgical and patient outcomes using mechanical bowel preparation before laparoscopic gynecologic surgery: a randomized controlled trial.
Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:538-46.2. Yang LC, Arden D, Lee TT, et al. Mechanical bowel preparation for gynecologic laparoscopy: a prospective randomized trial of oral sodium phosphate solution vs. single sodium phosphate enema. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011; 18:149-56.
3. Arnold A, Aitchison LP, Abbott J. Preoperative mechanical bowel preparation for abdominal, laparoscopic, and vaginal surgery: a systematic review. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015;22:737-52.
4. Muzii L, Bellati F, Zullo MA, Manci N, Angioli R, Panici PB. Mechanical bowel preparation before gynecologic laparoscopy: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2006;85:689-93.
5. Lijoi D, Ferrero S, Mistrangelo E, et al. Bowel preparation before laparoscopic gynaecological surgery in benign conditions using a 1-week low fibre diet: a surgeon blind, randomized and controlled trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009;280:713-18.
6. Siedhoff MT, Clark LH, Hobbs KA, Findley AD, Moulder JK, Garrett JM. Mechanical bowel preparation before laparoscopic hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123:562-67.
7. Ryan NA, Ng VS, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Guan X. Evaluating mechanical bowel preparation prior to total laparoscopic hysterectomy. JSLS 2015;19:e2015.00035.
8. Cheney FW, Domino KB, Caplan RA, Posner KL. Nerve injury associated with anesthesia: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 1999;90:1062-69.
9. Bohrer JC, Walters MD, Park A, Polston D, Barber MD. Pelvic nerve injury following gynecologic surgery: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201:531.e1-7.
10. Winfree CJ, Kline DG. Intraoperative positioning nerve injuries.
SurgNeurol 2005;63:5-18.11. Miller R (ed). Miller’s Anesthesia. New York: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2007.
12. AkhavanA,GainsburgDM,StockJA.Complicationsassociatedwith patient positioning in urologic surgery. Urology 2010;76:1309-16.
13. Warner MA, Martin JT, Schroeder DR, Offord KP, Chute CG. Lower- extremity motor neuropathy associated with surgery performed on patients in a lithotomy position. Anesthesiology 1994;81:6-12.
14. Stewart J. Focal Peripheral Neuropathies, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
15. Irvin W, Andersen W, Taylor P, Rice L. Minimizing the risk of neurologic injury in gynecologic surgery. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:374-82.
16. Koq G, Tazeh NN, Joudi FN, Winfield HN, Tracy CR, Brown JA. Lower extremity neuropathies after robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy on a split-leg table. J Endourol 2012;26:1026-29.
17. Kompanje EJO, van Genderen M, Ince C. The supine head-down tilt position that was named after the German surgeon Friedrich Trendelenburg. Eur Surg 2012;44:168-71.
18. Kundra P, Kanna V, Bupathi A, Sudeep K. Evaluation ofpelvic wedge for gynaecological laparoscopy. Anaesthesia 2008;63:1087-91.
19. Gould C, Cull T, Wu YX, Osmundsen B. Blinded measure of Trendelenburg angle in pelvic robotic surgery. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012;19:465-68.
20. Odeberg S, Ljungqvist O, Svenberg T, et al. Haemodynamic effects of pneumoperitoneum and the influence of posture during anaesthesia for laparoscopic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994;38:276-83.
21. Suozzi BA, Brazell HD, O'Sullivan DM, Tulikangas PK. A comparison of shoulder pressure among different patient stabilization techniques. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;209:478.e1-5.
22. Ritch JMB, Son M, Wright JD, et al. Evaluation of anti-s lide methods to avoid patient shifting during trendelenburg lithotomy position for minimally invasive gynecologic surgery. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011;18:S70.
23. Eltabbakh GH. Uterine manipulation in laparoscopic hysterectomy.
In: The Female Patient, pp. 18-23. Parsippany, NJ: Quadrant HealthCom Inc; 2010.24. Mettler L, Nikam YA. A comparative survey of various uterine manipulators used in operative laparoscopy. Gynecol Surg 2006;3:239-43.
25. van den Haak L, Alleblas C, Nieboer TE, Rhemrev JP, Jansen FW Efficacy and safety of uterine manipulators in laparoscopic surgery: a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015;292:1003-11.
26. Akdemir A, Cirpan T. Iatrogenic uterine perforation and bowel penetration using a Hohlmanipulator: a case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2014;5:271-73.
27. Lee M, Kim YT, Kim SW, et al. Effects of uterine manipulation on surgical outcomes in laparoscopic management of endometrial cancer: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013;23:372-79.
28. Rakowski JA, Tran TA, Ahmad S, et al. Does a uterine manipulator affectcervicalcancerpathologyoridentification oflymphovascular space involvement? Gynecol Oncol 2012;127:98-101.
29. Canton-Romero JC, Anaya-P rado R, Rodriguez-Garcia HA, et al. Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with the use of a modified uterine manipulator for the management of stage IB1 cervix cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol 2010;30:49-52.
30. Lam A, Kaufman Y, Khong SY, Liew A, Ford S, Condous G. Dealing with complications in laparoscopy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009;23:631-46.
31. Philips PA, Amaral JF. Abdominal access complications in laparoscopic surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2001;192:525-36.
32. Molloy D, Kaloo PD, Cooper M, Nguyen TV. Laparoscopic entry: a literature review and analysis of techniques and complications of primary port entry. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2002;42:246-54.
33. Munro MG. Laparoscopic access: complications, technologies, and techniques. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2002;14:365-74.
34. Merlin TL, Hiller JE, Maddern GJ, Jamieson GG, Brown AR, Kolbe A. Systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of methods used to establish pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic surgery. Br J Surg 2003;90:668-79.
35. Phillips G, Garry R, Kumar C, Reich H. How much gas is required for initial insufflation at laparoscopy? Gynaecol Endosc 1999;8:369-74.
36. Thomson AJ, Shoukrey MN, Gemmell I, Abbott JA. Standardizing pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic entry. Time, volume, or pressure: which is best? J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012;19:196-200.
37. Granata M, Tsimpanakos I, Moeity F, Magos A. Are we underutilizing Palmer’s point entry in gynecologic laparoscopy? Fertil Steril 2010;94:2716-19.
38. Vilos GA, Ternamian A, Dempster J, Laberge PY, Clinical Practice Gynaecology Committee. Laparoscopic entry: a review of techniques, technologies, and complications. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2007;29:433-65.
39. La Chapelle CF, Bemelman WA, Rademaker BM, et al. A multidisciplinary evidence-b ased guideline for minimally invasive surgery. Part 1: entry techniques and the pneumoperitoneum. Gynecol Surg 2012;9:271-82.
40. Yoong W, Saxena S, Mittal M, Stavroulis A, Ogbodo E, Damodaram M. The pressure profile test is more sensitive and specific than Palmer’s test in predicting correct placement of the Veress needle. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010;152:210-13.
41. Teoh B, Sen R, Abbott J. An evaluation of four tests used to ascertain Veres needle placement at closed laparoscopy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005;12:153-58.
42. Dingfelder JR. Direct laparoscope trocar insertion without prior pneumoperitoneum. J Reprod Med 1978;21:45-47.
43. Hasson HM. A modified instrument and method for laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971;110:886-87.
44. Ternamian AM, Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B, Tyrwhitt J, MacLeod NT. Laparoscopic peritoneal entry with the reusable threaded visual cannula. JMinim Invasive Gynecol 2010;17:461-67.
45. Ternamian AM. Laparoscopy without trocars. Surg Endosc 1997;11:815-18.
46. Bhoyrul S, Payne J, Steffes B, Swanstrom L, Way LW A randomized prospective study of radially expanding trocars in laparoscopic surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2000;4:392-97.
47. Cuss A, Bhatt M, Abbott J. Coming to terms with the fact that the evidence for laparoscopic entry is as good as it gets. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015;22:332-41.
48. Abbott JA, Garry R. Consensus on the prevention of laparoscopic surgical accidents. Gynaecol Obstet 1999;6:357-63.
49. Ahmad G, O'Flynn H, Duffy JM, Phillips K, Watson A. Laparoscopic entry techniques. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;2:CD006583.
50. Jiang X, Anderson C, Schnatz PF The safety of direct trocar versus Veress needle for laparoscopic entry: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JLaparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2012;22:362-70.
51. Gutt CN, Oniu T, Mehrabi A, et al. Circulatory and respiratory complications of carbon dioxide insufflation. Dig Surg 2004;21:95-105.
52. O’Malley C, Cunningham AJ. Physiologic changes during laparoscopy. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 2001;19:1-19.
53. Reich H, Ribeiro SC, Rasmussen C, Rosenberg J, Vidali A. High- pressure trocar insertion technique. JSLS 1999;3:45-48.
54. Tsaltas J, Pearce S, Lawrence A, Meads A, Mezzatesta J, Nicolson S. Safer laparoscopic trocar entry: it’s all about pressure. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2004;44:349-50.
55. Munro MG. Fundamentals of electrosurgery. Part I: principles of radiofrequency energy for surgery. In: Feldman L, Fuchshuber P, Jones DB (eds), The SAGES Manual on the Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy (FUSE), pp. 15-59. New York: Springer; 2012.
56. Rioux JE, Cloutier D. [Tubal sterilization using laparoscopy: presentation of a new bipolar instrument.] Vie Med Can Fr 1973;2:760-65.
57. Muhe E. [Laparoscopic cholecystectomy—late results.] Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Kongressbd 1991:416-23.
58. Reich H. Laparoscopic hysterectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1992;2:85-88.
59. Law KS, Lyons SD. Comparative studies of energy sources in gynecologic laparoscopy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2013;20:308-18.
60. Law KS, Abbott JA, Lyons SD. Energy sources for gynecologic laparoscopic surgery: a review of the literature.
Obstet Gynecol Surv 2014;69:763-76.61. Voyles CR. The art and science of monopolar electrosurgery. In: Feldman L, Fuchshuber P, Jones DB (eds), The SAGES Manual on the Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy (FUSE), pp. 81-90. New York: Springer; 2012.
62. Brunt ML. Fundamentals of electrosurgery. Part II: thermal injury mechanisms and prevention. In: Feldman L, Fuchshuber P, Jones DB (eds), The SAGES Manual on the Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy (FUSE), pp. 61-80. New York: Springer; 2012.
63. La Chapelle CF, Bemelman WA, Rademaker BM, et al. A multidisciplinary evidence-based guideline for minimally invasive surgery: part 2—l aparoscopic port instruments, trocar site closure, and electrosurgical techniques. Gynecol Surg 2013;10:11-23.
64. Odell RC. Surgical complications specific to monopolar electro- surgical energy: engineering changes that have made electrosurgery safer. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2013;20:288-98.
65. Vancaillie TG. Active electrode monitoring. How to prevent unintentional thermal injury associated with monopolar electrosurgery at laparoscopy. Surg Endosc 1998;12:1009-12.
66. Munro MG. Economics and energy sources. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2013;20:319-27.
67. Costello MF, Abbott J, Katz S, Vancaillie T, Wilson S. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of multimodal intraoperative analgesia for laparoscopic excision of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2010;94:436-43.
68. Gibbison B, Kinsella SM. Postoperative analgesia for gynecological laparoscopy. Saudi J Anaesth 2009;3:70-76.
69. Benhamou D, Narchi P, Mazoit JX, Fernandez H. Postoperative pain after local anesthetics for laparoscopic sterilization. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:877-80.
70. Michaloliakou C, Chung F, Sharma S. Preoperative multimodal analgesia facilitates recovery after ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1996;82:44-51.
71. Einarsson JI, Sun J, Orav J, Young AE. Local analgesia in laparoscopy: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:1335-39.
72. Grube JO, Milad MP, Damme-Sorenen J. Preemptive analgesia does not reduce pain or improve postoperative functioning. JSLS 2004;8:15-18.
73. Lam KW Pun TC, Ng EH, Wong KS. Efficacy ofpreemptive analgesia for wound pain after laparoscopic operations in infertile women: a randomised, double-blind and placebo control study BJOG 2004;111:340-44.
74. Chou YJ, Ou YC, Lan KC, Jawan B, Chang SY, Kung FT. Preemptive analgesia installation during gynecologic laparoscopy: a randomized trial. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005;12:330-35.
75. Ghezzi F, Cromi A, Bergamini V, et al. Preemptive port site local anesthesia in gynecologic laparoscopy: a randomized, controlled trial. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005;12:210-15.
76. Jabbour-Khoury SI, Dabbous AS, Gerges FJ, Azar MS, Ayoub CM, Khoury GS. Intraperitoneal and intravenous routes for pain relief in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JSLS 2005;9:316-21.
77. Kim JH, Lee YS, Shin HW, Chang MS, Park YC, Kim WY. Effect of administration of ketorolac and local anaesthetic infiltration for pain relief after laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy. J Int Med Res 2005;33:372-78.
78. Louizos AA, Hadzilia SJ, Leandros E, Kouroukli IK, Georgiou LG, Bramis JP. Postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial of preincisional infiltration and intraperitoneal instillation of levobupivacaine 0.25%. Surg Endosc 2005;19:1503-506.
79. Alessandri F, Lijoi D, Mistrangelo E, Nicoletti A, Ragni N. Effect of presurgical local infiltration of levobupivacaine in the surgical field on postsurgical wound pain in laparoscopic gynecological surgery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85:844-49.
80. Kane SM, Garcia-Tomas V, Alejandro-Rodriguez M, Astley B, Pollard RR. Randomized trial of transversus abdominis plane block at total laparoscopic hysterectomy: effect of regional analgesia on quality of recovery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;207419.e1-5.
81. Kwon YS, Kim JB, Jung HJ, et al. Treatment for postoperative wound pain in gynecologic laparoscopic surgery: topical lidocaine patches. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2012;22:668-73.
82. Manjunath AP, Chhabra N, Girija S, Nair S. Pain relief in laparoscopic tubal ligation using intraperitoneal lignocaine: a double masked randomized controlled trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012;165:110-14.
83. Arden D, Seifert E, Donnellan N, Guido R, Lee T, Mansuria S. Intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine for reduction of postoperative pain after laparoscopic hysterectomy: a doubleblind randomized controlled trial. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2013;20:620-26.
84. Tam T, Harkins G, Wegrzyniak L, Ehrgood S, Kunselman A, Davies M. Infiltration of bupivacaine local anesthetic to trocar insertion sites after laparoscopy: a randomized, doubleblind, stratified, and controlled trial. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014;21:1015-21.
85. Hotujec BT, Spencer RJ, Donnelly MJ, et al. Transversus abdominis plane block in robotic gynecologic oncology: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Gynecol Oncol 2015;136:460-65.
86. Karthik S, Augustine AJ, Shibumon MM, Pai MV. Analysis of laparoscopic port site complications: a descriptive study. J Minim Access Surg 2013;9:59-64.
87. Magrina JF. Complications of laparoscopic surgery. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2002;45:469-80.
88. Tonouchi H, Ohmori Y, Kobayashi M, Kusunoki M. Trocar site hernia. Arch Surg 2004; 139:1248-56.
89. Kadar N, Reich H, Liu CY, Manko GF, Gimpelson R. Incisional hernias after major laparoscopic gynecologic procedures. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1493-95.
90. Abbott JA, Phillips AG. Herniation following laparoscopic sterilisation. Gynae Endosc 2000;9:271-72.
91. Natalin RA, Lima FS, Pinheiro T, et al. 'The final stage of the laparoscopic procedure: exploring final steps. IntBrazJ Urol 2012;38:4-16.
92. Chen K, Klapper AS, Voige H, Del Priore G. A randomized, controlled study comparing two standardized closure methods of laparoscopic port sites. JSLS 2010;14:391-94.
93. Thomson AJ, Abbott JA, Lenart M, et al. Assessment of a method to expel intraperitoneal gas after gynecologic laparoscopy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005;12:125-29.
94. Berberoglu M, Dilek ON, Ercan F, Kati I, Ozmen M. The effect of CO2 insufflation rate on the postlaparoscopic shoulder pain. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 1998;8:273-77.
95. Abbott J, Hawe J, Srivastava P, Hunter D, Garry R. Intraperitoneal gas drain to reduce pain after laparoscopy: randomized masked trial. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:97-100.
96. Shen CC, Wu MP, Lu CH, et al. Effects of closed suction drainage in reducing pain after laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2003;10:210-14.
97. Suginami R, Taniguchi F, Suginami H. Prevention of postla- paroscopic shoulder pain by forced evacuation of residual CO. JSLS 2009;13:56-59.
98. Tsai HW, Wang PH, Yen MS, Chao KC, Hsu TF, Chen YJ. Prevention of postlaparoscopic shoulder and upper abdominal pain: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:526-31.
99. Sharami SH, Sharami MB, Abdollahzadeh M, Keyvan A. Randomised clinical trial of the influence of pulmonary recruitment manoeuvre on reducing shoulder pain after laparoscopy. J Obstet Gynaecol 2010;30:505-10.
100. Guido RS, Brooks K, McKenzie R, Gruss J, Krohn MA. A randomized, prospective comparison of pain after gasless laparoscopy and traditional laparoscopy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1998;5:149-53.
101. Bogani G, Uccella S, Cromi A, et al. Low vs. standard pneumoperitoneum pressure during laparoscopic hysterectomy: prospective randomized trial. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014;21:466-71.
102. Leelasuwattanakul N, Bunyavehchevin S, Sriprachittichai P. Active gas aspiration versus simple gas evacuation to reduce shoulder pain after diagnostic laparoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016;42:190-94.
103. Swift G, Healey M, Varol N, Maher P, Hill D. A prospective randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial to assess whether gas drains reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2002;42:267-70.
104. Raymond AP, Chan K, Deans R, Bradbury R, Vancaillie TG, Abbott JA. A comparative, single-blind, randomized trial of pain associated with suction or non-suction drains after gynecologic laparoscopy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2010;17:16-20.
105. Kerimoglu OS, Yilmaz SA, Pekin A et al. Effect of drainage on postoperative pain after laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy. J Obstet Gynaecol 2015;35:287-89.
106. Hoyer-Sorensen C, Vistad I, Ballard K. Is single-port laparoscopy for benign adnexal disease less painful than conventional laparoscopy? A single-center randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2012;98:973-79.
107. Choi YS, Park JN, Oh YS, Sin KS, Choi J, Eun DS. Single-port vs. conventional multi-port access laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy: comparison of surgical outcomes and complications. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013;169:366-69.
108. Mencaglia L, Mereu L, Carri G, et al. Single port entry - are there any advantages? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2013;27:441-55.
109. Nezhat C, Lewis M, Kotikela S, et al. Robotic versus standard laparoscopy for the treatment of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2010;94:2758-60.
110. Gobern JM, Rosemeyer CJ, Barter JF, Steren AJ. Comparison of robotic, laparoscopic, and abdominal myomectomy in a community hospital. JSLS 2013;17:116-20.
111. Paraiso MF, Ridgeway B, Park AJ, et al. A randomized trial comparing conventional and robotically assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208:368.e1-7.
112. Sarlos D, Kots L, Stevanovic N, von Felten S, Schar G. Robotic compared with conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120:604-11.
113. Liu H, Lawrie TA, Lu D, Song H, Wang L, Shi G. Robot-assisted surgery in gynaecology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;12:CD011422.
114. Pasic RP, Rizzo JA, Fang H, Ross S, Moore M, Gunnarsson C. Comparing robot-assisted with conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy: impact on cost and clinical outcomes. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2010;17:730-38.
115. Sarlos D, Kots L, Stevanovic N, Schaer G. Robotic hysterectomy versus conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy: outcome and cost analyses of a matched case-control study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010;150:92-96.
116. Smorgick N, Patzkowsky KE, Hoffman MR, Advincula AP, Song AH, As-Sanie S. The increasing use of robot-assisted approach for hysterectomy results in decreasing rates of abdominal hysterectomy and traditional laparoscopic hysterectomy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014;289:101-105.