REFERENCES
1. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, IARC CancerBase No. 11. IARC; 2013. Available at: http:// globocan.iarc.fr.
2. Bosch FX, Manos MM, Munoz N, et al.
Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. International biological study on cervical cancer (IBSCC) Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:796-802.3. Franco EL, Rohan TE, Villa LL. Epidemiologic evidence and human papillomavirus infection as a necessary cause of cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:506-11.
4. Schiffman M, Brinton LA, Devesa SS, Fraumeni JF Jr. Cervical cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr (eds), Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, pp. 1090-116. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996.
5. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 1999;189:12-19.
6. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Human Papillomaviruses. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 90. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007.
7. Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1968.
8. Prendiville W, Denny L. Cancer ofthe cervix: early detection and cost effective solutions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015; 131 Suppl 1:S28-32.
9. Arbyn M, Rebolj M, De Kok IM, et al. The challenges of organising cervical screening programmes in the 15 old member states of the European Union. Eur J Cancer 2009;45:2671-78.
10. Nanda K, McCrory DC, Myers ER, et al. Accuracy of the Papanicolaou test in screening for and follow-up of cervical cytologic abnormalities: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:810-19.
11. Basu P, Mittal S, Banerjee D, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of VIA and HPV detection as primary and sequential screening tests in a cervical cancer screening demonstration project in India.
Int J Cancer 2015;137:859-67.12. Sankaranarayanan R, Esmy PO, Rajkumar R, et al. Effect of visual screening on cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Tamil Nadu, India: a cluster- randomised trial. Lancet 2007;370:398-406.
13. Sauvaget C, Fayette JM, Muwonge R, Wesley R, Sankaranarayanan R. Accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical cancer screening. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011;113:14-24.
14. Arbyn M, Roelens J, Simoens C, et al. Human papillomavirus testing versus repeat cytology for triage of minor cytological cervical lesions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;3:CD008054.
15. Ronco G, Dillner J, Elfstrom KM, et al. Efficacy of HPV-based screening for prevention of invasive cervical cancer: follow-up
16. Sankaranarayanan R, Nene BM, Shastri SS, et al. HPV screening for cervical cancer in rural India. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1385-94.
17. Richart RM. Natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1968;5:748-84.
18. Bergeron C, Ronco G, Reuschenbach M, et al. The clinical impact of using p16(INK4a) immunochemistry in cervical histopathology and cytology: an update of recent developments. Int J Cancer 2015;136:2741-51.
19. Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, et al. The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses. Vaccine 2012;30 Suppl 5:F55-70.
20. Duensing S, Munger K. Mechanisms of genomic instability in human cancer: insights from studies with human papillomavirus oncoproteins. Int J Cancer 2004;109:157-62.
21. Strander B, Ellstrom-Andersson A, Franzen S, Milsom I, Radberg T. The performance of a new scoring system for colposcopy in detecting high-grade dysplasia in the uterine cervix. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005;84:1013-17.
22. Carcopino X, Mancini J, Charpin C, et al. Direct colposcopic vision used with the LLETZ procedure for optimal treatment of CIN: results of joint cohort studies. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013;288:1087-94.
23. Shafi MI, Jordan JA, Singer A. The management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (squamous).
In: Jordan JA, Singer A (eds), The Cervix, pp. 462-77. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2006.24. Anderson MC, Hartley RB. Cervical crypt involvement by intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 1980;55:546-50.
25. Bornstein J, Sideri M, Tatti S, Walker P, Prendiville W, Haefner HK. 2011 terminology of the vulva of the International Federation for Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2012;16:290-95.
26. Crisp WE, Asadourian L, Romberger W. Application of cryosurgery to gynecologic malignancy. Obstet Gynecol 1967;30:668-73.
27. World Health Organization (WHO). Cryosurgical Equipment for the Treatment of Precancerous Cervical Lesions and Prevention of Cervical Cancer. WHO Technical Specifications. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
28. Duncan ID. The Semm cold coagulator in the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1983;26:996-1006.
29. Duncan ID. Destruction of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia at 100°C with the Semm coagulator. In: Heintz APM, Griffiths CT, Trimbos JB (eds), Surgery in Gynecological Oncology, pp. 71-85. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher; 1984.
30. Gordon HK, Duncan ID. Effective destruction of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 at 100 degrees C using the Semm cold coagulator: 14 years experience. BrJ Obstet Gynaecol 1991;98:14-20.
31. Haddad NG, Hussein IY, Blessing K, Kerr-Wilson R, Smart GE. Tissue destruction following cold coagulation of the cervix. Colposcopy Gynecol Laser Surg 1988;4:23-27.
32. Semple D, Saha A, Maresh M. Colposcopy and treatment of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia: are national standards achievable? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106:351-55.
33. Camargo MJ, Russomano FB, Tristao MA, Huf G, Prendiville W. Large loop versus straight-wire excision of the transformation zone for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomised controlled trial of electrosurgical techniques. BJOG 2015;122:552-57.
34. Arbyn M, Kyrgiou M, Simoens C, et al.
Perinatal mortality and other severe adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: meta-analysis. BMJ 2008;337:a1284.35. Prendiville W, Cullimore J, Norman S. Large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). A new method of management for women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96:1054-60.
36. Castanon A, Landy R, Brocklehurst P, et al. Risk ofpreterm delivery with increasing depth of excision for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in England: nested case-control study. BMJ 2014;349:g6223.
37. Khalid S, Dimitriou E, Conroy R, et al. The thickness and volume of LLETZ specimens can predict the relative risk of pregnancy-related morbidity. BJOG 2012;119:685-91.
38. Kyrgiou M, Mitra A, Arbyn M, et al. Fertility and early pregnancy outcomes after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2014;349:g6192.
39. Strander B, Adolfsson J. Safety of modern treatment for cervical pre-cancer. BMJ 2014;349:g6611.
40. Martin-Hirsch PP, Paraskevaidis E, Bryant A, Dickinson HO. Surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;12:CD001318.
41. Strander B, Andersson-Ellstrom A, Milsom I, Sparen P. Long term risk of invasive cancer after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3: population based cohort study. BMJ 2007;335:1077.
42. Ghaem-Maghami S, Sagi S, Majeed G, Soutter WP. Incomplete excision of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and risk of treatment failure: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2007;8:985-93.
43. Flannelly G, Bolger B, Fawzi H, De Lopes AB, Monaghan JM. Follow up after LLETZ: could schedules be modified according to risk of recurrence? BJOG 2001;108:1025-30.
44. Delgado G, Bundy BN, Fowler WC, et al. A prospective surgical pathological study of stage I squamous carcinoma of the cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 1989;35:314-20.
45. Zaino RJ, Ward S, Delgado G, et al. Histopathologic predictors of the behavior of surgically treated stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 1992;69:1750-58.
46. Stehman FB, Bundy BN, DiSaia PJ, et al. Carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiation therapy. I. A multivariate analysis of prognostic variables in the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Cancer 1991;67:2776-85.
47. Boyce J, Fruchter R, Nicastri AD, et al. Prognostic factors in stage I carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 1981;12:154-65.
48. Inoue T, Okumura M. Prognostic significance of parametrial extension in patients with cervical carcinoma stages IB, IIA, and IIB. A study of 628 cases treated by radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy with or without postoperative irradiation. Cancer 1984;54:1714-19.
49. Lohe KJ. Early squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 1978;6:10-30.
50. van Nagell J, Donaldson ES, Wood EG, Parker JC. The significance of vascular invasion and lymphocytic infiltration in invasive cervical cancer. Cancer 1978;41:228-34.
51. Tinga DJ, Timmer PR, Bouma J, Aalders JG. Prognostic significance of single versus multiple lymph node metastases in cervical carcinoma stage IB. Gynecol Oncol 1990;39:175-80.
52. Nahhas WA, Sharkey FE, Whitney CW, et al. The prognostic significance of vascular channel involvement and deep stromal penetration in early cervical carcinoma. Am JClin Oncol 1983;6:259-64.
53. Scheidler J, Hricak H, Yu KK, et al. Radiological evaluation of lymph node metastases in patients with cervical cancer. A metaanalysis. J Am Med Assoc 1997;278:1096-101.
54. Landoni F, Maneo A, Colombo A, et al. Randomised study of radical surgery versus radiotherapy for stage IB-IIA cervical cancer. Lancet 1997;350:535-40.
55. Soisson AP, Soper JT, Clarke Pearson DL, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy following radical hysterectomy for patients with stage IB and IIA cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1990;37:390-95.
56. Landoni F, Maneo A, Cormio G, et al. Class II versus class III radical hysterectomy in stage IB-IIA cervical cancer: a prospective randomized study. Gynecol Oncol 2001;80:3-12.
57. Kinney WK, Alvarez RD, Reid GC, et al. Value of adjuvant wholepelvis irradiation after Wertheim hysterectomy for early-stage squamous carcinoma of the cervix with pelvic nodal metastasis: a matched-control study. Gynecol Oncol 1989;34:258-62.
58. Plante M, Renaud MC, Hoskins IA, Roy M. Vaginal radical trachelectomy: a valuable fertility-preserving option in the management of early-stage cervical cancer. A series of 50 pregnancies and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 98:3-10.
59. Shepherd JH, Spencer C, Herod J, Ind TE. Radical vaginal trachelectomy as a fertility-sparing procedure in women with early-stage cervical cancer: cumulative pregnancy rate in a series of 123 women. BJOG 2006;113:719-24.
60. Sardi JE, Giaroli A, di Paola G, et al. Long-term follow-up of the first randomized trial using neoadjuvant chemotherapy in stage IB squamous carcinoma of the cervix: the final results. Gynecol Oncol 1997;67:61-69.
61. Haie C, Pejovic MH, Gerbaulet A, et al. Is prophylactic para-aortic irradiation worthwhile in the treatment of advanced cervical carcinoma? Results of a control-led clinical trial of the EORTC radiotherapy group. Radiother Oncol 1988;11:101-12.
62. Whitney CW, Sause W, Bundy BN, et al. Randomized comparison of fluorouracil plus cisplatin versus hydroxyurea as an adjunct to radiation therapy in stage IIB-IVA carcinoma of the cervix with negative para-aortic lymph nodes: a Gynecologic Oncology Group and Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1339-48.
63. Morris M, Eifel PJ, Lu J, et al. Pelvic radiation with concurrent chemotherapy compared with pelvic and paraaortic radiation for high-risk cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1137-43.
64. Rose PG, Bundy BN, Watkins EB, et al. Concurrent cisplatinbased radiotherapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1144-53.
65. Keys HM, Bundy BN, Stehman FB, et al. Cisplatin, radiation, and adjuvant hysterectomy compared with radiation and adjuvant hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1154-61.
66. Peters WA 3rd, Liu PY, Barrett RJ 2nd, et al. Concurrent chemotherapy and pelvic radiation therapy compared with pelvic radiation therapy alone as adjuvant therapy after radical surgery in high-risk early-stage cancer of the cervix. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:1606-13.