References

1. World Health Organization. WHO definition of palliative care. Available at: http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en.

2. Kelley AS, Morrison RS. Palliative care for the seriously ill.

3. Rabow M, Kvale E, Barbour L, et al. Moving upstream: a review of the evidence of the impact of outpatient palliative care. J Palliat Med 2013;16:1540-49.

4. Smith S, Brick A, O'Hara S, Normand C. Evidence on the cost and cost effectiveness of palliative care: a literature review. Palliat Med 2014;28:130-50.

5. Meuser T. Symptoms during cancer pain treatment following WHO guidelines: a longitudinal follow up study of symptom prevalence, severity, and etiology. Pain 2001;93:247-57.

6. Jahn P, Kuss O, Schmidt H, et al. Improvement of pain related self­management for cancer patients through a modular transitional nursing intervention: a cluster-randomized multicenter trial. Pain 2014;155:746-54.

7. Gordon DB, Dahl JL, Miaskowski C, et al. American pain society recommendations for improving the quality of acute and cancer pain management. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1574-80.

8. Schmidt-Hansen M, Bennett MI, Hilgart J. Oxycodone for cancer pain in adult patients. JAMA 2015;314:1282-83.

9. Smith TJ, Staats PS, Deer T, et al. Randomized clinical trial on an implantable drug delivery system compared with comprehensive medical management for refractory cancer pain: impact on pain, drug related toxicity, and survival. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:4040-49.

10. Anghelescu DL, Faughnan LG, Baker JN, Yang J, Kane JR. Use of epidural and peripheral nerve blocks at the end of life in children and young adults with cancer: the collaboration between a pain ser­vice and a palliative care service. Ped Anesthesia 2010;20:1070-77.

11. Oliver DP, Wittenberg-Lyles E, Demiris G, Washington K, Porock D, Day M. Barriers to pain management: caregiver perceptions and pain talk by hospice interdisciplinary teams.

12. Herr K, Titler M, Fine P, et al. Assessing and treating pain in hos­pices: current state of evidence based practices. J Pain Symptom Manage 2010;39:803-19.

13. Angst MS, Clark JD. Opioid induced hyperalgesia: a qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology 2006;80:319-24.

14. Hwang IC, Bruera E, Park SM. Use of intravenous fentanyl against morphine tolerance in breakthrough cancer pain: a case series and literature review. Am J Hospice Palliat Med 2014;31:109-11.

15. Bates T. A review of local radiotherapy in the treatment of bone metastases and cord compression. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992;23:217-21.

16. Hartsell WF, Scott CB, Bruner DW, et al. Randomized trial of short versus long-course radiotherapy for palliation of painful bone metastases. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:798-804.

17. Wong RKS, Wiffen PJ. Bisphosphonates for the relief of pain secondary to bone metastases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;2:CD002068.

18. Dy AM, Apostol CC. Evidence-based approaches to other symp­toms in advanced cancer. Cancer J 2010;16:507-13.

19. Bruera E, Hui D, Dalal S, et al. Parenteral hydration in patients with advanced cancer: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo con­trolled randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:11-18.

20. Ford AC, Brenner DM, Schoenfeld PS. Efficacy of pharmaco­logical therapies for the treatment of opioid-induced constipa­tion: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:1566-74.

21. Wrald A. Constipation advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA 2016;315:185-95.

22. Blinderman CD, Billings JA. Comfort care for patients dying in the hospital. N Engl JMed 2015;373:2549-61.

23. Brindle CT, Blankenship J. Management of complex abdominal wounds with small bowel fistulae. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2009;36:396-403.

24. Markland AD, Burgio KL, Whitehead WE, et al. Loperamide versus psyllium fiber for treatment of fecal incontinence: the fecal incontinence prescription management (FIRM) randomized clin­ical trial.

25. Gupta D, Sanjeev Kumar Sharma, Khurana H, Mishra S, Bhatnagar S. Long term silicone urinary catheter is a simpler alternative to radical bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy for palliation of malig­nant vesicouterine fistula. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2009;26:66-67.

26. Mody L, Juthani-Mehat M. Urinary tract infections in older women: a clinical review. JAMA 2014;311:844-54.

27. Watson M, Lucas C, Hoy A, Wells J (eds). Respiratory symptoms. In: Oxford Handbook of Palliative Care, 2nd edn, pp. 363-79. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009.

28. Watson M, Lucas C, Hoy A, Wells J (eds). Skin problems in pal­liative care. In: Oxford Handbook of Palliative Care, 2nd edn, pp. 381-84. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009.

29. Alvarez OM, Kalinski C, Nusbaum J, et al. Incorporating wound healing strategies to improve palliation (symptom management) in patients with chronic wounds. J Palliat Med 2007;10:1161-89.

30. Ramondetta L. Challenges in the Treatment of Sexual Function in Patients with Gynecological Cancers. Presentation given at AORTIC 2015 Conference, Marrakesh, Morocco, 18-22 November 2015.

31. Carter J, Stabile C, Seidel B, et al. Baseline characteristics and concerns of female cancer patients/survivors seeking treat­ment at a female sexual medicine program. Support Care Cancer 2015;23:2255-65.

32. Grimm D, Hasenburg A, Eulenburg C, et al. Sexual activity and function in patients with gynecological malignancies after com­pleted treatment. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015;25:1134-41.

33. Dizon DS, Suzin D, McIlvenna S. Sexual health as a survivorship issue for female cancer survivors. Oncologist 2014;19:202-10.

34. Bradford A, Fellman B, Urbauer D, et al. Assessment of sexual activity and dysfunction in medically underserved women with gynecologic cancers. Gynecol Oncol 2015;139:134-40.

35. Lindau ST, Gavrilova N, Anderson D. Sexual morbidity in very long-term survivors of vaginal and cervical cancer: a comparison to national norms.

36. Hospice Palliative Care Association of South Africa. Clinical guidelines for palliative care. 2012. Available at: https://hpca. co.za/download/hpca-clinical-guidelines-2012/.

37. Puchalski C, Ferrell BR. Making Health Care Whole: Integrating Spirituality into Patient Care. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press; 2010.

38. Canadian Virtual Hospice. Glossary. Available at: http:// www.virtualhospice.ca/en_ US/Main+Site+Navigation/ Zoom+Navigation/Glossary/S/Spiritual+care.aspx.

39. Twycross R. Introducing Palliative Care. 4th edn.

Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand; 2003.

40. Gawande A. Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End. New York: Metropolitan Books, Holt, Henry & Company; 2014.

41. Weeks JC, Cook EF, O’Day SJ, et al. Relationship between cancer patients’ predictions of prognosis and their treatment preferences. JAMA 1998;279:1709-14.

42. Watson M, Lucas C, Hoy A, Wells J (eds). Palliative care in the home. In: Oxford Handbook of Palliative Care, 2nd edn, pp. 858­77. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009.

43. Heaney M, Foot C, Freeman WD, Fraser J. Ethical issues in with­holding and withdrawing life-prolonging medical treatment in the ICU. Curr Anaesth Crit Care 2009;18:277-83.

44. Krumholz HM, Nuti SV, Downing NS, Normand SL, Wang Y. Mortality, hospitalizations, and expenditures for the Medicare population aged 65 and older, 1999-2013. JAMA 2015;314:355-65.

45. Simon NM. Is complicated grief a post loss stress disorder? Depress Anxiety 2012;29:541-44.

46. Simon NM. Increasing support for the treatment of complicated grief in adults of all ages. JAMA Psychiatry 2014;71:1287-95.

47. Watson M, Lucas C, Hoy A, Wells J (eds). Social work. In: Oxford Handbook of Palliative Care, 2nd edn, pp. 886. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009.

48. Simon NM. Increasing support for the treatment of complicated grief in adults of all ages. JAMA 2015;313:2172-73.

49. Wright AA, Keating NL, Ayanian JZ, et al. Family perspectives on aggressive cancer care near the end oflife. JAMA 2016;315:284-92.

50. Rosenbaum L. Falling together—empathetic care for the dying. N Engl J Med 2016;374;6:587-90.