Other Malformations

Neural tube defects are also associated with an increased rate of malformations unrelated to the central nervous system. Vertebral anomalies are not uncommon and contribute to progressive kyphosis and scoliosis. Thoracic deformities may result from rib deformities, including absence, bifurcation, or reduc­tion of the ribs. Malformations of the urinary system may be present and result in accelerated deterioration of renal function.

Neural tube defects have been associated with genetic abnormalities, including trisomy 18, trisomy 13, Turner's syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, renal aplasia and thrombocytopenia syndrome, nail-patella syndrome, deletion 13q syndrome, and others (73).