Selected Readings

American National Standards Institute, American Society of Safety Engineers. February 2006.

Accredited Standards Committee ANSI/ASSE Z15.1-2006. Safe Practices for Motor Vehicle Operations.

Auerbach PS, Morris JA, Phillips JB Jr, Redlinger SR, Vaughn WK. An analysis of ambulance collisions in Tennessee. JAMA. 1987;258(11):1487-1490

Baker S, Grabowski JG, Dodd RS, Shanahan DF, Lamb MW, Li GH. 2006. EMS helicopter crashes: what influences fatal outcome? Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47(4):351-356

Becker LR, Zaloshnja E, Levick N, et al. 2003. Relative risk of injury and death in ambulances and other emergency vehicles. Accid Anal Prev. 2003;35(6):941-948

Best GH, Zivkovic G, Ryan GA. Development of an effective ambulance patient restraint. Society of Automotive Engineering Australasia Journal. 1993;53(1):17-21

Biggers WA, Zachariah BS, Pepe PE. Emergency medical vehicle collisions in an urban system. Prehosp Disast Med. 1996;11(6):195-201

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ambulance crash-related injuries among emer­gency medical services workers—United States, 1991-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52(8):154-156

Clawson JJ, Martin RL, Cady GA, Maio RF. The wake effect—emergency vehicle related colli­sions. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1997;12(4):274-277

Council of Standards Australia, Council of Standards New Zealand, Joint Technical Committee ME/48 on Restraint Systems in Vehicles. Standards for Ambulance Restraint Systems. AS/NZS 4535:1999. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/btrzs86. Accessed May 1, 2013

De Graeve K, Deroo KF, Calle PA, et al. How to modify the risk-taking behaviour of emergency medical services drivers? Eur J Emerg Med. 2003;10(2):111-116

Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS)—49 CFR Parts 571, 572, and 589, Docket No.

Emergency Medical Services for Children National Resource Center, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Do's and Don'ts of Transporting Children in an Ambulance. Available at: http://www.childrensnational.org/files/PDF/EMSC/PubRes/Dos_and_Donts_of_Transporting_ Children_by_Ambulance.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

European Commission. CEN EN 1789:2007+A1:2010. Medical vehicles and their equipment— road ambulances. 2011. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/european-standards/ harmonised-standards/medical-devices/. Accessed May 1, 2013

Federal Emergency Management Agency. Emergency Vehicle Visibility and Conspicuity Study. FA-323, August 2009. Available at: http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/ fa_323.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

Ferreira J, Hignett S. Reviewing ambulance design for clinical efficiency and paramedic safety. Appl Ergon. 2005;36(1):97-105

Fire Fighter Fatalities in the United States. Fire fighter fatalities online data. Available at: http://www.usfa.fema.gov/fireservice/fatalities/, http://www.usfa.fema.gov/fireservice/fatalities/ statistics/report.shtm, and http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/ff_fat10.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

Frazer RS. Air medical accidents: a 20-year search for information. Air Med. 2000;19(3):118

General Services Administration. Federal Specification for the Star of Life Ambulance. KKK- A-F 1822. 2007. Available at: www.ntea.com/WorkArea/downloadasset.aspx?id=1352. Accessed May 1, 2013

Gilad I, Byran E. Ergonomic evaluation of the ambulance interior to reduce paramedic discom­fort and posture stress. Hum Factors. 2007;49(6):1019-1032

Grogan EL, Stiles RA, France DJ, et al. The impact of aviation-based teamwork training on the attitudes of health-care professionals.

Heick R, Peek-Asa C, Zwerling C. Occupational injury in EMS: Does risk outweigh reward? [Abstr 121840]. American Public Health Association; December 2005

Ho J, Casey B. Time saved with use of emergency warning lights and sirens during response requests for emergency medical aid in an urban environment. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;32:585-588

The National Academies Transportation Research Board. EMS Transport Safety

ANB10(5). January 2012 Subcommittee Meeting Presentations. Available at: http://www.emssafetyfoundation.org/TRB2012SubcommitteeInnovationPresentations.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

Hunt RC, Brown LH, Cabinum ES, et al. Is ambulance transport time with lights and siren faster than that without? Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25(4):507-511

Kahn CA, Pirrallo RG, Kuhn EM. Characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes in the United

States: an 11-year retrospective analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001;5(3):261-269

King BR, Woodward GA. Pediatric critical care transport—the safety of the journey: a five-year review of vehicular collisions involving pediatric and neonatal transport teams. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6(4):449-454

Kupas DF, Dula DJ, Pino BJ. Patient outcome using medical protocol to limit “lights and siren” transport. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1994;9(4):226-229

Federal Bureau of Investigation. Law enforcement officers killed and assaulted 2010. Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/leoka/leoka-2010. Accessed May 1, 2013

Levick NR, Fitzgerald C, Swartz J, et al; Innovation Consortium of the EMS Safety Foundation. Safety and Operational Innovation: Integrating Global Best Practice and Interdisciplinary Technical Expertise into Ambulance Design. Available at: http://www.emssafetyfoundation.org/ NAEMSP2012poster.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

Levick NR, Winston F, Aitken S, Freemantle R, Marshall F, Smith G. Development and appli­cation of a dynamic testing procedure for ambulance pediatric restraint systems.

Levick NR, Donnelly BR, Blatt A, Gillespie G, Schultze M. Ambulance Crashworthiness and Occupant Dynamics in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Crash Tests: Preliminary Report. Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Technical Paper Series Paper No. 452. May 2001. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa. dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv17/proceed/00012.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

Levick NR, Garigan M. A Solution to Head Injury Protection for Emergency Medical Service Providers, International Ergonomics Association Proceedings. July 2006. Available at: http://www.objectivesafety.net/LevickIEA2006.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

Levick NR, Grzebieta R. Engineering Analysis of ‘Safety Concept' Ambulances: Poster Presentation. January 2009. Available at: http://www.objectivesafety.net/ NAEMSP2009SafetyConcept.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

Levick NR, Grzebieta R. Development of Proposed Crash Test Procedures for Ambulance Vehicles. International Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Technical Paper 07-0254. June 2007. Available at: http://www.objectivesafety.net/LevickESVComparisons07-0249-W.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

Levick NR, Grzebieta R. Ambulance Vehicle Crashworthiness and Passive Safety Design: A Comparative Vehicle Evaluation. ComVec Technical Paper No. 01-2695. Society of Automotive Engineering. October 2008. Available at: http://papers.sae.org/2008-01-2695/. Accessed May 1, 2013

Levick NR, Li G, Yannaccone J. Biomechanics of the Patient Compartment of Ambulance Vehicles Under Crash Conditions: Testing Countermeasures to Mitigate Injury. Technical Paper No. 01-1173. Society of Automotive Engineering. March 2001. Available at: http://papers.sae. org/2001-01-1173/. Accessed May 1, 2013

Levick NR, Li G, Yannaccone J. Development of a Dynamic Testing Procedure to Assess Crashworthiness of the Rear Patient Compartment of Ambulance Vehicles. Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Technical Paper No. 454. Society of Automotive Engineering. May 2001.

Levick NR, Wiersch L, Nagel ME. Real World Application of an Aftermarket Driver Human Factors Real Time Auditory Monitoring and Feedback Device: An Emergency Service Perspective. Technical Paper 07-0254. June 2007. Available at: http://www.nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ pdf/esv/esv20/07-0254-O.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

Levick NR. A crisis in ambulance safety. Emerg Response Disaster Manag. 2002;4:20-22

Levick NR. Editorial, New frontiers in optimizing ambulance transport safety and crash­worthiness. UK Journal The Paramedic. 2002;4:36-39

Levick NR. Emergency Medical Services: Unique Transportation Safety Challenge. Report No. 08-3010. Transportation Research Board. January 2008. Available at: http://www.objectivesafety. net/LevickTRB08-3010CD.pdf. May 1, 2013

Levick NR. Hazard Analysis and Vehicle Safety Issues for Emergency Medical Service Vehicles: Where is the State of the Art? American Society of Safety Engineers. Proceedings: June 2006;9. Available at: http://www.objectivesafety.net/LevickASSEPDC2006.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

Levick NR. June 2007. Emergency Medical Services: A Transportation Safety Emergency. American Society of Safety Engineers. Technical Paper No. 628. Available at: http://www.objectivesafety.net/2007ASSE628Levick.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

Levick NR. Rig safety 911: what you need to know about ambulance safety and standards.

J Emerg Med Serv. 2008;October:66-67. Available at: http://www.objectivesafety.net/ JEMSRigSafety911.pdf.

Low RB, Dunne MJ, Blumen IJ, Tagney G. Factors associated with the safety of EMS helicopters. Am J Emerg Med. 1991;9(2):103-106

Maguire BJ, Hunting KL, Smith GS, Levick NR. Occupational fatalities in emergency medical services: a hidden crisis. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40(6):625-632

National EMS Assessment. December 2011. Available at: http://www.ems.gov/pdf/2011/ National_EMS_Assessment_Final_Draft_12202011.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 1917. Standard for Automotive Ambulances. 2012.

Available at: http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=1917&cookie% 5Ftest=1. Accessed May 1, 2013

National Fire Protection Association. Analysis of Ambulance Crash Data. September 2011.

Available at: http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/Research%20Foundation/RFAmbulanceCrash.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

National Transportation Safety Board. Highway Accident Report. Adopted: May 3, 1979.

NTSB Number: HAR-79/04, NTIS Number: PB-296889/AS. Available at: http://www.ntsb.gov/ investigations/summary/HAR7904.htm. Accessed May 1, 2013

Ray AF, Kupas DF. Comparison of crashes involving ambulances with those of similar sized vehicles. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9(4):412-415

Richardson SA, Grzebieta RH, Zou R. Development of a side facing seat and seat belt system for the Australian Army Perentie 4x4. Int J Crash. 1999;4(3):239-260

Risser DT, Rice MM, Salisbury ML, Simon R, Jay GD, Berns SD. The potential for improved teamwork to reduce medical errors in the emergency department. The MedTeams Research Consortium. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34(3):370-372

Saunders CE, Heye CJ. Ambulance collisions in an urban environment. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1994;9(2):118-124

Seamster T, Boehm-Davis DA, Holt RW, Schultz K. Developing Advanced Crew Resource Management (ACRM) Training: A Training Manual. 1998. Available at: http://www.hf.faa.gov/ docs/508/docs/DACRMT.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2013

Seidel JS, Greenlaw J. Use of restraints in ambulances: a state survey. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1998;14(3):221-223

Standards Australia. AS/NZS 4535:1999. Ambulance Restraint Systems. Available at: http://infostore.saiglobal.com/store/Portal.aspx?publisher=AS. Accessed May 1, 2013

Tay R, Shamsunnahar Y, Anowar S. Effects of Drivers' Action on Severity of Emergency Vehicle Collisions. Transportation Research Board. TRB 91st Annual Conference; Paper 12-1000; January 2012

Transportation Research Board. TRB 2012 EMS Subcommittee ANB10(5) Meeting. Innovation Presentations. TRB 91st Annual Conference; January 2012