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Summary

Transport of neonatal and pediatric patients requires appropriate planning, personnel, medical equipment, and vehicle selection. Many types of helicop­ters, airplanes, and ground vehicles are available for transporting patients, and no single vehicle will be ideal for all patient transports or all transport teams.

Rather, it is essential to determine the appropriate mode of transport (air or ground vehicle) based on the mission profile of the neonatal-pediatric transport team and the unique needs of each patient.

References

1. King BR, Woodward GA. Pediatric critical care transport—the safety of the journey:

a five-year review of vehicular collisions involving pediatric and neonatal transport teams. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6(4):449-454

2. National Transportation Safety Board. Special Investigation Report on Emergency Medical Services Operations. Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board; 2006. Available at: http://www.ntsb.gov/safety/safetystudies/SIR0601.html. Accessed May 7, 2013

3. National Transportation Safety Board. Safety Recommendation to Federal Aviation Administration. Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/recletters/2009/ A09_87_96.pdf. Accessed May 7, 2013

4. Federal Aviation Administration. Fact Sheet - FAA Initiatives to Improve Helicopter Air Ambulance Safety. Washington, DC: Federal Aviation Administration; October 7, 2010. Available at: http://www.faa.gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story.cfm?newsId=11957. Accessed May 7, 2013

5. Ferreira J, Hignett S. Reviewing ambulance design for clinical efficiency and paramedic safety: Appl Ergon. 2005;36(1):97-105

6. ANSI/ASSE Z15.1-2006 American National Standards Institute. Safe Practices for Motor Vehicle Operations, February 20012. Available at: http://www.asse.org/press523.htm. Accessed May 7, 2013

Selected Readings

Aircraft Cost Evaluator [software].

Conklin & de Decker and Associates Inc; 2010

American Telemedicine Association Web site. Available at: http://www.americantelemed.org. Accessed May 7, 2013

Becker LR, Zaloshnja E, Levick N, Li G, Miller TR. Relative risk of injury and death in ambu­lances and other emergency vehicles. Accid Anal Prev. 2003;35(6):941-948

Bell Helicopter Web site. Available at: http://www.bellhelicopter.com. Accessed May 7, 2013

Best GH, Zivkovic G, Ryan GA. Development of an effective ambulance patient restraint. Society of Automotive Engineering Australasia Journal. 1993;53(1):17-21

Bottner J, Schiera T. Aircraft capabilities for air medical transport. In: Rodenberg H, Blumen IJ, eds. Air Medical Physicians’ Handbook. Salt Lake City, UT: Air Medical Physician Association; 1999:1-10

Brink LW, Newman B, Wynn J. Air transport. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1993;40(2):439-456

Brown J, Tompkins K, Chaney E, Donovan R. Family member ride-alongs during interfacility transport. Air Med J. 1998;17(4):169-173

Carter JH. Electronic Health Records: A Guide of Clinicians and Administrators. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians/American Society of Internal Medicine; 2001

Commission on Accreditation of Medical Transport Services. Accreditation Standards—9th ed. Available at: http://www.camts.org/Resource-Materials.html. Accessed on May 7, 2013

De Graeve K, Deroo KF, Calle PA, Vanhaute OA, Buylaert WA. How to modify the risk-taking behaviour of emergency medical services drivers. Eur JEmerg Med. 2003;10(2):111-116 European Commission. CEN EN 1789:2007+A1:2010. Medical vehicles and their equipment - road ambulances. 2011. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/european-standards/ harmonised-standards/medical-devices/. Accessed May 7, 2013

Federal Aviation Administration. Airworthy Certification. Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/airworthiness_certification. Accessed May 7, 2013

Federal Aviation Administration.

Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook—General. Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/amt_handbook. Accessed May 7, 2013

Federal Aviation Regulations. Part 91, 135, 121. Available at: http://www.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/ waisidx_01/14cfr91_01.html, http://www.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_01/14cfr135_01.html, and http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/14cfr121_02.html. Accessed May 7, 2013

General Services Administration. Federal Specification for the Star of Life Ambulance. KKK-A-F 1822. 2007. Available at: www.ntea.com/WorkArea/downloadasset.aspx?id=1352. Accessed May 7, 2013

Government of Alberta, Emergency Health Services, Alberta Health and Wellness. Ambulance Preventative Maintenance Manual. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Government of Alberta. Available at: http://www.health.alberta.ca/documents/EHS-Maintenance-Manual.pdf. Accessed May 7, 2013

Heick R, Peek-Asa C, Zwerling C. Occupational injury in EMS: does risk outweigh reward?

Paper presented at: 133rd Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association; December 10-14, 2005; Philadelphia, PA.

Standards Australia. AS/NZS 4535:1999. Ambulance Restraint Systems. Available at: http://infostore.saiglobal.com/store/Portal.aspx?publisher=AS. Accessed May 7, 2013

Kahn CA, Pirrallo RG, Kuhn EM. Characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes in the United

States: an 11-year retrospective analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001;5(3):261-269

Levick NR, Grzebieta R. US Ambulance Crashworthiness Frontal Impact Testing.

International Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Technical Paper No. 09-0471. June 2009. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/esv/esv21/09-0471.pdf. Accessed May 7, 2013

Levick NR, Better AI, Grabowski JG, Li G, Smith G. Injury hazards in pediatric ambulance transport [abstract 662]. PediatrRes. 2000;47(Suppl):113A

Levick NR, Donnelly BR, Blatt A, Gillespie G, Schultze M. Ambulance Crashworthiness and Occupant Dynamics in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Crash Tests: Preliminary Report.

Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Technical Paper No. 452. May 2001. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv17/proceed/00012.pdf. Accessed May 7, 2013 Levick NR, Garigan M. Head protection: are there solutions for emergency medical ser­vice providers? Paper presented at: 133rd Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association; December 10-14, 2005; Philadelphia, PA

Levick NR, Yannaccone JR, Gupta P, Gillespie GP. Biomechanics of the Patient Compartment of Ambulance Vehicles Under Crash Conditions: Testing Countermeasures to Mitigate Injury.

Technical Paper No. 01-1173. March 2001. Presented at: Society of Automotive Engineering 2001 World Congress; March 2001; Detroit, MI

Levick NR, Li G, Yannaccone J. Development of a dynamic testing procedure to assess crash­worthiness of the rear patient compartment of ambulance vehicles, Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Technical paper series; Paper No. 454. Presented at: 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles; June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv17/proceed/00053.pdf. Accessed May 7, 2013

Levick NR, Swanson J. An optimal solution for enhancing ambulance safety: implementing a driver performance feedback and monitoring device in ground emergency medical service vehicles. Annu Assoc Adv Automo Med. 2005;48(Proc):35-50

Levick NR, Winston F, Aitken S, Freemantle R, Marshall F, Smith G. Development and applica­tion of a dynamic testing procedure for ambulance paediatric restraint systems. Soc Automot Eng Australas. 1998;58:14-15

MacDonald MG, Miller MK, eds. Emergency Transport of the Perinatal Patient. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co; 1989:Appendices 8 and 9

Maguire BJ, Hunting KL, Smith GS, Levick NR. Occupational fatalities in emergency medical services: a hidden crisis. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40(6):625-632

McCloskey KA, Orr RA. Pediatric Transport Medicine. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1995

McGinnis K, Judge T. Air Medicine: Accessing the Future of Health Care. Alexandria, VA: Foundation for Air-Medical Research and Education; 2006

Schneider C, Gomez M, Lee R. Evaluation of ground ambulance, rotor-wing, and fixed-wing aircraft services. Crit Care Clin. 1992;8(3):533-564

The Official Helicopter Blue Book: The Official Helicopter Specification Book and Helicopter Equipment Lists and Prices (HELP). Vol 25. 2nd Issue. Lincolnshire, IL: Helivalue Inc; 2003

Vehicle and Equipment Management Agency. Ambulance Preventative Maintenance Schedule. Available at: http://www.vema.gov.mb.ca/ambulancepmschedule.cfm. Accessed May 7, 2013

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Source: AAP. Guidelines for Air and Ground Transport of Neonatal and Pediatric Patients. 4th edition. — American Academy of Pediatrics,2015. — 488 p.. 2015
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