Index

Accursius, 376, 426, 431

accusation process, criminal law, 316 acquisition and alienation of individual things,

181-184

actio Publiciana, 188

actiones (remedies), civil procedure, 219—221 administrative law

cities, 344—348

imperial administrative tasks, 340—342 imperial bureaucracy, 338—340 taxation, cities, 348—349

writings and doctrine, 349—350

Adnotationes ad Pandectas (Bude), 386 adoption, 159—161 adrogation, 159—161 adultery, 323, 399 adventitia, 168—169 aedilician edict, 34, 222—223

Aemilius Papinianus, 459.

Africa

Emeritus of Caesarea, 101

Petilianus of Constantine, 101

public distributions in Empire and, 340—341 agency

comments of Gaius, 229

lang=EN-US style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%'>comments of Ulpian, 228, 229, 230 commerce and, 228—231 indirect, 230—231

agentes in rebus, 339

agnates, 200

Alexander Severus, 119

Alypius ofThagaste, 101

ambitus (electoral bribery) law, 316

Ambrose of Milan, 100—101, 107, 108—109

Ambrosiaster, 101 amendments, canon law, 400—401

Amphilochius of Iconium, 100

Anastasius (Emperor), 343 animals, pauperies, 267 antecessores (law professors), Byzantine law, 358—360

Apokrimata, 338

appeals, litigation, 276—278

Aquinas, Thomas, 16

Arangio-Ruiz, Vincenzo, 62, 98 arbiter, 283

Arnobius, 100, 107

assize system, 51—52

Asterius of Amasea, 100

Asterius of Cappadocia, 100

Augustan reforms, 314—317

Augusti, 334

Augustine of Hippo, 101

distinction between leges and iura, 107 ‘Donatist’ controversy, 107—108 letter to Eustochius, 110—111

Sermon 52, 102

on source ofRoman law, 101—102

Augustus (Octavianus) (Emperor), 52 adoption by Julius Caesar, 160 capital penalty under, 325 constitutional law and, 333—334 imperial administrative tasks, 340 provincial governors and, 46—47 trials before, 317—318 use of senate as court, 319—321

Aulus Gellius, 273

Authenticum, 139, 359 auxilium procedure, 276—277

Azo, 426

non-recognition argument, kingdoms, 433-435

power of cities, 438—439

Babusiaux, Ulrike, 11—12

Baldus de Ubaldis, 432—433, 443

Balsamon, Theodore, 363—364 banking, 227

Barbarossa, Frederic, 389

barter, 215—216

Bartolus of Sassoferrato, 432—433, 441—443

Basil of Caesarea, 100

Basilica, 127, 360

Bassianus, Johannes, 426, 430

Behrends, Okko, 11—12

Belleperche, Pierre de, 384—385 beneficium inventarii, 204

Berman, Harold J., 465

Blanot, Jean de (Johannes de Blanosco), 435-436

blasphemy, 399

Bluhme, Friedrich, 127

Böcking, Eduard, 176

Bolognese model, Roman law, 382—385 bona fides, 87—88

bonorum possessio, 204

bottomry loan (foenus nauticum), 233 bribery, 339—340

bronze bullion, 215

Bude, Guillaume, 386

Bulgarus, 429lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt; line-height:115%'>—430

Bürge, Alfons, 11—12

business law, 215

Butrigarius, lacobus, 432

Byzantine law

antecessores, 358—360 common history, 357—358 development of, 360—361

Glossators and, 369—370

history of, 364—366

humanists and, 369—370

legal language, 361—362

legal practice, 363—364

overview, 355—357

survival of, 366—368

Caesar, Julius.

Caesar, Tiberius. See Tiberius Caesar Callistratus

on custom as source of law, 42

De cognitionibus treatise, 349—350

De iure fisci, 349

Camodeca, Giuseppe, 62, 71, 75

Canisius, Heinrich, 418

canon law

additions to, 401—402

amendments, 400—401

borrowing from Roman law, 406—407 criminal sanctions, 402—404 dependence of, 404—418

dualism of Roman law and, 463—464 early middle ages, 404—407 independence of, 398—404 overview, 396—398

Roman legal principles and, 391

spiritual principles, 398—400 capital offences, 304 capital penalty

under Augustus, 325

under Julius Caesar, 324

under Tiberius, 324—325 Caqueray, Gaston de, 14 Caracalla (Emperor)

Constitutio Antoniniana, 172

rescripts, 104

Caramanico, Marinus de, 438—439 Carratelli, Giovianni Pugliese, 62, 71 Carthaginians

international law, 216—217

Punic Wars, 186—187

Cassius, 216 causation, wrongful loss, 259—261 cautio damni infecti, 279 centumviri, 283 cessio in iure procedure, 184—185 challenges, litigation, 276—278 Charisius, Arcadius, 349 chastity (pudicitia), 257 children

adoption, 159—161 adrogation, 159—161 conditions and duties, 161—162 daughters, 163—164 emancipation, 158—159 ending tutelage, curatorship and liability of tutor, 162—163

legal capacity, 157—158

legitimation, 159 overview, 157 sons, 157 tutelage, 161 chirographs

defined, 64—65

new Pompeian documents, 76—77

Pompeian receipts, 68—69 Christian ecclesiastics, 109—113 Christianity, 391.

on criminal justice, 304—306

De officiis, 13

provincial edicts, 50, 231—232 role of law in education, 14—15

source on civil procedure, 273 trial of C. Verres and, 47—48 use of legal documents, 91 use of wooden tablets, 88—89

Verrine Orations, 15

Cinus, 432

cities

administration of, 344—348 constitution of, 342—344 political thought, 438—443 taxation, 348—349

citizenship, Roman, 169—171, 342 civil codes, Roman law in modern codes,

453-455

civil procedure, 219—221, 272—274. See also litigation

classical period, sources of law

custom, 39—40

jurists, 35—39 legislative sources, 29—33 overview, 28—29 procedural sources, 34

Claudianus Mamertus, 101

Claudius (Emperor)

provincial governors and, 47

trials before, 319

Clement of Alexandria, 101

Code (Justinian).

Code of Hammurabi, 26

codex, 62—63

Codex Florentinus Digestorum, 130—133

Codex Gregorianus, 41

Codex Hermogenianus, 41

Codex Iustinianus (Justinian), 4, 5, 10—11, 134—136, 339—340, 350

composition and content, 134 editions, 136

interpolations, 134—136 textual criticism, 136 transmission, 136

size=1 color=black face="Book Antiqua">Codex Theodosianus, 120—121 codification movement, 387—388, 469 coemptio, 167

cognitio procedure, 32—33, 189, 276, 278, 287—289, 290, 321—323, 337—338, 349—350

cognitor, 285

Collectio Ambrosiana, 139—140

Collectio Avellana, 105—106, 108

Collectio CLXVIII Novellarum, 139 Collectio LXXXVII Capitulorum, 139—140

Collectio XXV Capitulorum, 139—140

College of Pontiffs, 27-28

coloni class, 170

coloniae, 49—50

comitia, 334

comitia centuriata, 27, 159—160

comitia curiata, 27

comitia tributa, 27

commerce

agency, 228—231

banking, 227

barter and sale, 215—216

business law, 215

civil procedure, 219—221

commercial law, 213—215

curule aediles' edict, 221—223 in early legislation, 218—219 international law, 216—218 maritime loans, 233 moneylending, 227 overview, 213 praetor's edict, 223—225 provincial edict, 231lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height: 112%'>—233 public law, 234—236

Rhodian law on jettison, 233—234 sale, 225

transportation, 225—226 commercial law, 213—215 commercium, 217—218 compensation

for jettison of property, 233

wrongful loss, 264—265

composition and content

Codex Iustinianus (Justinian), 134

Digest (Justinian), 127—128

Institutes (Justinian), 133

Novels (Justinian), 137—138

Conciliar Acts, 106

concilium plebis, 27, 334

Concordia discordantium canonum (Decretum) (Gratian), 397—398, 408—409 conditions and duties, 161—162 confarreatio, 167

Connanus, Franciscus, 12, 14 Constantine, 119, 396

Constantinople, 355

Constitutio Antoniniana, 172

Constitutio Habita (Barbarossa), 389 constitutional law

constitution of cities, 342—344 constitution of Empire, 332—335 jurisdiction in Empire, 337—338 legislation in Empire, 335—337 writings and doctrine, 349—350 constitutiones Sirmondianae, 121 contempt procedure (contumacia), 288 contracts, 456—458

contract of hire (locatio conductio), 225—226 development of concept, 36 documents of, 66—67 locatio conductio operis, 69 new Pompeian documents, 77—78 verbal contract (stipulatio), 69 contrectatio criterion, furtum, 250—254 contumacia (contempt procedure), 288 conventus, 51—54 convicium, 256 Coriat, J-P, 98 corporeal possession, 193 corporeal property, 179, 190.

Council of Chalcedon, 106, 396 Council of Constantinople, 106 Council of Ephesus, 106 Council of Nicaea, 396 courts

Augustus' use of senate as court, 319—321 criminal, 308—314 domestic, 16

extortion, 301

Forum Romanum, 303 local, 51—54 Crifo, Giuliano, 11—12 crime and punishment. See criminal law criminal justice, 303—307 criminal law

Augustan reforms, 314—317 cognitio procedure, 321—323 criminal courts, 308—314 developments in principate, 323—324 origins of criminal justice, 303—307 overview, 301—303 penalties under principate, 324—325 trials before emperor and senate, 317—321 criminal sanctions, canon law, 402—404 Cujacius, Jacobus, 12, 14 curiae, 342—343 curule aediles' edict, 221—223

custom

law and, 429—432

as source oflaw, 39—40, 41—42

Damascenus, Johannes, 16

damnum iniuria (wrongful loss), 258—265 causation, 259—261

compensation, 264—265 iniuria, 261—264

overview, 258—259

daughters

private law, 163—164

tutors for, 163

De adulteriis (Papinian), 349

De appellationibus (Ulpian), 349—350

De cognitionibus (Callistratus), 349—350

De iurefisci (Callistratus), 349

De poenis (Modestinus), 349

De publicis iudiciis (Marcian), 349

De regulis iuris, 410—411 decrees (decreta), 31—33

Decretum (Concordia discordantium canonum)

(Gratian), 397-398, 408-409 decuriones, 54 dediticii, 156-157, 171-172

delicts

accidents, 268

animals, 267

furtum, 247-254

injury (iniuria), 254—258

noxal liability, 265—267 overview, 246-247

wrongful loss (damnum iniuria), 258—265 delictual liability, 457—458

Deo auctore constitution, 424 dependence of canon law, 404—418

Corpus iuris canonici, 407—411 early middle ages, 404—407 ius commune, early, 411—416 ius commune, later, 416—418 overview, 404

diffarreatio process, 167—168

Differentiae literature, 417—418

Digest (Justinian), 4, 37—lang=EN-US>38, 127—133 composition and content, 127—128 decline of juristic writing, 40 editions, 130

emergence of jurisprudence and, 461—462

interpolations, 128—130 legacies, 205—206 on legislation, 350

partitioning of, 380—381

textual criticism, 131—133

transmission, 130—131

Dihle, Albrecht, 16

Diocletian

constitutional law and, 334

jurists' law (jurisprudence) and, 119

Price Edict, 235-236

Dionysius, 217—218 diptychs, 63, 86 divinatio process, 311 divorce, 167—169 documents, legal

chirographs, 64—65, 68—69, 76—77

Herculaneum tablets, 71—73

new Pompeian documents, 73—78 overview, 61—62

Pompeian receipts, 68—71 technique of, 62—63 testatio, 63—65

Transylvanian, 65—68

writing, 85—94

domestic court (judicium domesticum), 16 dominium (ius civile; Quiritary ownership), 187, 189—190, 192

heirs and, 200, 203

hereditatis petitio, 204 donatio ante nuptias, 169 Donellus, Hugo, 12 dos (dowry), 168—169

adventitia, 168—169

profectitia, 168

size=1 color=black face="Book Antiqua">receptitia, 169 dotal property, 168—169 double diptychs, 86 dowry (dos), 168—169 dowry (dos)

adventitia, 168—169

profectitia, 168

receptitia, 169 duoviri, 54 Durantis, William, 416—417

early Christian writings, 103—109 early middle ages, canon law, 404—407 Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius), 105 Ecloga, 364, 368

Edict (praetorian), 28, 34 edictal mass, Digest (Justinian), 127 edicts (edicta), 32, 335—337 Edictum Perpetuum, 224 edictum triplex, 230

editions of parts of Corpus iuris civilis

Codex lustinianus (Justinian), 136

Digest (Justinian), 130

Institutes (Justinian), 133

Novels (Justinian), 138

^Egyp^t

papyri, 363

public distributions in Empire and,

340-341

Eisele, Fridolin, 469

electoral bribery (ambitus') law, 316

Elia, Olga, 74—75

elites, 342—343

emancipation of children, 158—159 embezzlement (peculatus) law, 316 Emeritus of Caesarea, North Africa, 101 emperors.

Augusti, 334

changing role of, 333—335

trials before, 317—321

Empire

constitution of, 332—335

size=1 color=black face="Book Antiqua">jurisdiction in, 337—338

legislation in, 335—337

property and, 189—192

taxation, 348—349

England

English common law, 467—468

influence of Roman rules on, 390

episcopalis audientia, 110

epistulae (letters), 33

Epitome (Hermogenian), 349

Epitome Juliani, 140, 359, 405 estate, taking possession of, 204

Ethiopia, 367—368

Eucherius of Lyon, 101

European legal tradition, 465—469

Eusebius of Caesarea, 105

Eusebius of Dorylaeum, 100

Eustochius, 110—111

evidence, criminal case, 310 exploitation, commerce, 234—236 external text, Pompeian receipts, 68—69 extortion court, 301

Fetha Nagast, 367—368

feudal law, 464

fideicommissa

overview, 206—207

uses of, 207—209

fiducia, 10

‘fire and water' ban, condemned criminals, 314

Flaccus, C. Valerius, 56

foedus Cassianum, 217—218

foenus nauticum (bottomry loan), 233 foreigners (peregrines)

face="Book Antiqua">civitates foederatae, 49

civitates liberae, 49

civitates peregrinae (civitates stipendiariae), 49

defined, 48

private law, 171

provincial governors' jurisdiction and, 50 formula, peregrine communities and, 52—53 formula petitoria, 188

formulary procedure, 278, 283—287, 289-290

course of proceedings, 285—287

origins of, 28

pleading, 283—284

praetorian lawmaking, 284

Forum Romanum, 303

Fourth Lateran Council, 400—401

Fragmenta Vaticana, 338

France

Code civil, 455

influence ofRoman rules on, 390

Francisci, Pietro de, 98

free marriage, 165—166 freedmen (libertini), 156—157 freedom of testation, 209—210 furtum, 247—254

Gaius. See also Institutes (Gaius)

on agency, 228, 229

on bankers, 227

on barter, 216

children in mancipio, 164

classification of property, 189

on custom as source of law, 41

on fideicommissum, 207

Institutes of Gaius, 29—33, 37, 42

Law of Citations, 41

on power of cities, 439—440

Gaudemet, 107

Gauthier, R.A., 16

gens, 200

Germanus of Auxerre, 101

gifts between husband and wife, 169 Giordano, Carlo, 62, 75 glossa ordinaria, 412—415, 431 glossators, 369—370, 427

Golden Age of Patristics, 97

Gouron, Andre, 377

governors, provincial

conventus and local courts, 51—54

limits of jurisdiction, 48—51

reception of Roman law, 55—57

Gracchan land reforms, 187

Gracchus, C., 47

Gradenwitz, Otto, 469

Gratian, 408—409

Greek language

Byzantine law and, 356, 361—362

Patristic literature, 99

Gregorian Code, 338, 339—340, 350

Gregorius, 120

Gregory (bishop of Nazianzus), 100, 109

Gregory of Nyssa, 100, 102

Gregory Thaumaturgus, 100

Gregory the Great, 101

Grotius, Hugo, 457

Hadrian

general rule formation, 32—33 letters (epistulae), 33

Haloander, Gregor, 138

Harmenopoulos, 369

heirs, 199—201

beneficium inventarii, 204

bonorum possessio, 204

gens, 200

heres necessarius, 203

ius civile and, 200, 203

ius honorarium and, 200—201

under Justinian's law, 201

sui heredes, 200

testate succession, 203—204

Henricus de Segusio (Hostiensis), 444

Henriot, 15

Herculaneum tablets, 62, 71—73

hereditatis petitio, 204

heres necessarius, 203

heresy, 399—400

Hermogenian Code, 338, 339—340, 350

Hermogenianus, Aurelius, 40, 120, 349

Hexabiblos (Harmenopoulos), 370

historical intellectual context, Roman law in,

12—15

Historical School approach to Roman law, 463, 464—465

A History of Mediaeval Political Theory in the West, 430—431

Hoetink, Henk (H.R.), 13

Horace, 15, 273

Hostiensis (Henricus de Segusio), 444

Hugolinus, 426

humanists, 462—463

Byzantine law and, 369—370

early modern jurisprudence and, 387—388 renaissance humanism, 385lang=EN-US style='font-size: 8.0pt;line-height:107%'>—386 imperial administrative tasks, 340—342

imperial bureaucracy, 338—340

imperial constitutions

Institutes of Gaius, 31—33

Justinian, 123—124

imperial legislation before Justinian, 119—123

imperium, 46—48

in iure stage, procedural law, 274—275 incorporeal property, 179. See also property independence of canon law, 398—404

additions to law, 401—402

amendments, 400—401

criminal sanctions, 402—404

overview, 398

spiritual principles, 398—400

indirect agency, 230—231

infamari (shaming), 257

iniuria

defined, 6, 254—258

wrongful loss, 261—264

Institutes (Gaius), 29—33, 37, 42

acquisition and alienation of individual things,

181-183

on custom as source of law, 42

on property, 175-176

types of property, 177-179

Institutes (Justinian), 42, 381-382

composition and content, 133

face="Book Antiqua">on custom as source of law, 42

editions, 133

on property, 176

transmission, 133

types of property, 179-181

intellectual context of studying Roman law contextual approach, 11-12, 15-17 general discussion, 9-12

historical, 12-15

legalist approach, 9-10 neo-humanistic approach, 10-11

interdicts, possessory, 193

litigation and, 279-281

property and, 188-189, 192

intermarriage, 170

internal text, Pompeian receipts, 68-69 international law

Carthaginians, 216-217

commerce and, 216-218

Polybius, 216-217

interpolations

Codex Iustinianus (Justinian), 134-136

Digest (Justinian), 128-130

intertium, 92

intestacy

heirs on, 199—201

testation and, 201—202

investigation (quaestio), 47

Irnerius, 424—425

Islamic law, 368

Iucundus, Lucius Caecilius, 62

iudex, 283

iudicium domesticum (domestic court), 16 ius civile, 187, 189—190, 192

heirs and, 200, 203

hereditatis petitio, 204

ius commercii, 216—218

ius commune, 378—379

Byzantine law and, 365

early, canon law and, 411—416 later, canon law and, 416—418

Roman law and, 463—465

ius honorarium, 200—201

ius Italicum, 342

ius Latii (Latin right), 53—54

ius novum, 397—398

ius scriptum, 377

Iustus, Papirius, 349

Javolenus, 36

Jenkins, Tim, 113

Jerome, 100, 102, 107

jettison, Rhodian law on, 233—234

Jhering, Rudolf von, 452, 468—469

Johnston, David, 11—12

joinder of issue (litis contestatio)

cognitio procedure, 288—289 legis actio procedure, 285—286

Jokisch, Benjamin, 368

Julian, 41

Julius Caesar

capital penalty under, 324

letters (epistulae), 33

Junian Latins, 156

juridical acculturation, Roman law, 376—377 jurisdiction

in Empire, 337—lang=EN-US>338

governors, 48—54

jurisprudence

Diocletian and, 119

emergence of, 461—462 humanists and, 387—388 before Justinian, 119—123

Justinian, 124—126

jurists. See also names of specific jurists

Gaius, 41

Hermogenianus, 40

jurists (cont.)

Javolenus, 36

Labeo, 36

Modestinus, 41

Ofilius, 250

Papinian, 38—39, 41

Paul, 36, 38-39, 40, 41

Pedius, 36

Proculians, 37—38

Sabinians, 37—38

as source of law, 35—39

Trebatius, 250

Ulpian, 36, 38—39, 41, 250 jurists' law. See jurisprudence j^ury

assembling, 309—310 decision making, 310

Justinian. See also Codex Iustinianus (Justinian); Digest (Justinian); Institutes (Justinian); Novels (Justinian)

Deo auctore constitution, 424

jurists' law and imperial legislation before, 119—123

legal education under, 126—127 legislation of, 123—126

size=1 color=black face="Book Antiqua">‘recovery and restoration' project, 192—193 written documents, 93

Kantorowicz, Ernst, 377

Kaser, Max, 10—11, 275—276

kata poda (word-for-word) translations, 359 Kazhdan, Alexander, 364—365

Kenny, Anthony, 16

kingdoms

non-recognition argument, 433—437, 443—445 political thought, 433—437

Kroll, Wilhelm, 138

Krüger, Paul, 130, 136

Kunkel, Wolfgang, 304

Labeo, 36, 164

Lactantius, 100, 105, 107

Landi, Addolarata, 75 language

of Novels (Justinian), 140—141

Patristic literature, 99

Latin language

Byzantine law and, 356, 361—362

Patristic literature, 99

Latin right (ius Latii), 53—54

Latins, private law, 171

Lauria, Mario, 98—99

Law and Literature Movement, 13—14 law of carriage, 225—226

Law of Citations, 41

legacies

cognitio procedure, 278

fideicommissa, contrast with, 206—209 formulary procedure, 278 legis actio procedure, 278

overview, 205—206

per damnationem, 205

per vindicationem, 205 ofRoman law, 374—392 legal capacity, children, 157—158 legal education

before Justinian, 122

under Justinian, 126—127

legal language, Byzantine law, 361—362 legal practice

Byzantine law, 363—364

Roman law, 452—453

legalist approach to studying Roman law, 9—10

legatus Augusti, 46

legatus iuridicus, 46—47

leges, 29—30

leges rogatae (statutes), 335—337

legis actio procedure, 27—28, 281—283, 289 arbiter, 283

centumviri, 283

course of proceedings, 282—283 defined, 278

iudex, 283

per condictionem, 281, 289

per iudicis postulationem, 281

per manus iniectionem, 281

per pignoris capionem, 281

per sacramentum, 281

legislation

College of Pontiffs, 27-28 commerce and, 218—219 in Empire, 335-337 ofJustinian, 123—126 lex, 27

representative assemblies, 27 sources of law, 29—33

XII Tables, 26—27

legitimation of children, 159

Lenel, Otto, 10, 224, 469

Leo VI (Emperador), 127 letters (epistulae), 33

Levy, Ernst, 469

lex, 27, 29

lex Aelia Sentia, 155

lex Aquilia, 6 lex Calpurnia de rebus repetundis, 47—48

lex commissoria, 9—10

lex Cornelia, 49

lex Dei, 101—102

lex Falcidia, 205

lex Hieronica, 49

lex Irnitana, 55—56, 274

lex Julia de adulteriis, 168

lex Pompeia, 49

lex provinciae, 48

lex regia, 31—32, 423—429

Lex Romana canonice compta, 405

lex Rupilia, 49

liability, business law, 228—231

libellus conventionis, 289

Liber extra, 409—410

libertini (freedmen), 156—157

Life of Alexander ‘the Sleepless’, 112—113 limited real rights, property, 185—186,

190—191, 193

litigants, 285

litigation

appeals, 276—278

challenges, 276—278

cognitio procedure, 287—289, 290 evidence of civil procedure, 272—274 formulary procedure, 283—287, 289—290 legis actio procedure, 281—283, 289 overview, 272

principal models, 278—281

reviews, 276—278

scope oflaw, 274—275

special proceedings, 278—281

two-stage proceeding, 275—276

litis contestatio (joinder of issue)

cognitio procedure, 288—289

legis actio procedure, 285—286

Littera Florentina, 10

loans, 66, 227

local courts, 51—54

Macrobius, 273

magistrates

capital crime prosecution, 306—307 iudicis arbitrive postulatio, 219—221 municipal, 54

prefects as criminal magistrates, 322—323 Maine, Henry, 201

mancipatio, 10, 184—185, 193, 218 mancipium, 164—165

mandata, 32

Mantello, Antonio, 11—12

manumission, slaves, 154—155

manus

divorce, 167—169

gifts between husband and wife, 169 marriage cum manu, 166—167 marriage sine manu, 165—166

Marcus Aurelius, 32—33

maritime loans, 233

Marius Victorinus, 100

marriage

cum manu, 166—167

divorce, 167—169

dotal property, 168—169

gifts between husband and wife, 169 sine manu, 165—166

Martinus Gosia, 425

Mascardus, Joseph, 417

Massmann, Hans Ferdinand, 62

Minucius Felix, 100

missio in possessionem, 279

Mitteis, Ludwig, 469 modern law, Roman law and, 455—456 Modestinus

Depoenis, 349

Law of Citations, 41

Mommsen, Theodor, 130 moneylending, 227 mora creditoris, 456 morality, Christians versus Romans, 102 municipal magistrates, 54 municipium Flavium Irnitanum, 53—54 murder, 304

Natural law, 463

natural possession, 193

‘natural-law’ modes of acquisition of

ownership, 190

navicularii, 340

negligence, 262—263 neo-humanistic approach to studying Roman law, 10—11

Nero (Emperor), 319

new Pompeian documents, 62, 73—78

nexum, 218

non-recognition argument, kingdoms, 433—437,

443-445

Norr, Dieter, 11—12, 15

size=1 color=black face="Book Antiqua">Novels (Justinian)

composition and content, 137—138

editions, 138

language of, 140—141

textual criticism, 138—140

transmission, 138—140 noxal liability, 265—267

noxal surrender, 153, 156

nudo consensu, contracts, 456—457

nuncupatio, 218

obsequium, slaves, 156

Octavianus (Emperor). See Augustus (Emperor)

Odofredus, 426—427

Ofilius, 250

Onorato, Oscar, 75

operis novi nuntiatio, 279

Opinionum libri sex (attributed to Ulpian), 119

Optatus, 108

Ordo iudiciarius (Tancred of Bologna), 416—417 Origen, 101

origo, 343-344

Orthodox Church, 366—367

ownership. See also property; Quiritary ownership

‘natural-law’ modes of acquisition of, 190 overview, 184—189

peregrine, 192—193

provincial, 192—193

Roman law in modern German civil law, 453—455

palingenesia of imperial constitutions, 104

Pandectism, 10, 11, 461—462

Papinian, 38size=1>—39

De adulteriis, 349

Law of Citations, 41

Papinian mass, Digest (Justinian), 127 papyri (Egyptian), 363 papyrus legal documents, 91

Paraphrasis (Theophilus), 370

paricidas, 303

parricidium, 312

paterfamilias

criminal law and, 303—304

daughters and, 163—164

defined, 157

patria potestas

adoption and, 160

defined, 157

patricians, 170

Patristic literature

Christian ecclesiastics, 109—113

early Christian writings, 103—109 overview, 97—103

Paul, 36, 38—39

on barter, 216

on custom as source of law, 41

on fideicommissum, 208

Law of Citations, 41

Sentences, 40, 119, 349

Paulinus of Nola, 101

Paulus de Castro, 433, 445

pauperies, animals, 267 peculatus (embezzlement) law, 316 peculium

slaves, 156

sons, 157—158

Pedius, 36

Peira (“Experience”lang=EN-US>), 363 peregrine ownership, 192—193 peregrines (peregrini)

civitates foederatae, 49

civitates liberae, 49

civitates peregrinae (civitates stipendiariae), 49 defined, 48

private law, 171

provincial governors' jurisdiction and, 50

periculum creditoris, 233

permanent tribunals, 307, 308—314

quaestio de repetundis, 308—309

quaestio de sicariis, 308

Pernice, Alfred, 10

Petilianus of Constantine, North Africa, 101

Petra, Giulio di, 62

pignus, 10

Pistoia, Cinus de, 384—385

Placentinus, 425, 430

Plautus, 13, 273

pleading, formulary procedure, 283—284 plebeians, 170

plebiscites, 29, 335—337 plebiscitum Claudianum, 235 plebs

defined, 29

tribunes and, 306

Pliny the Younger, 273

political thought

Christ’s empire, 432—433

cities, 438-443

custom and law, 429—432

Kingdoms, 433-437 lex regia, 423—429

non-recognition argument, 443—445 overview, 423

poll tax (tributum capitis), 348—349

Polybius, 216—217, 302

Pompeian receipts, 62, 68—71

Pomponius, 15

ius publice respondendi, 38

XII Tables and, 26

pontifex maximus, 159—160

populus, 29

possessio, 193

possession, 36, 193 possessory interdicts, 193

litigation and, 279—281

property and, 188—189, 192 postliminium, 152

post-scientific stage, sources of law, 40—42 potestas

children, 157—164

adoption, 159—161

adrogation, 159—161 conditions and duties, 161—162 daughters, 163—164

emancipation, 158—159

ending tutelage, curatorship and liability of tutor, 162—163

legal capacity, 157—158

legitimation, 159 overview, 157 sons, 157 tutelage, 161

freedmen (libertini), 156—157

slaves, 152—156

effects of slavery, 155—156

manumission, 154—155 overview, 152—153 praefecti (prefects)

as criminal magistrates, 322—323

praetor urbanus (urban praetors), 224 praetorian lawmaking, 284 praetor's edict, 223—225 precarium, 280 prefects (praefecti)

as criminal magistrates, 322—323

defined, 46 pre-scientific stage, sources of law, 26—28 Price Edict (Diocletian), 235—236 principal models, litigation, 278—281 principate

developments in, 323—324

penalties under, 324—325

private law

citizens, 169—171

commerce

agency, 228—231

banking, 227

from barter to sale, 215—216

business law, 215

civil procedure, 219—221 commercial law, 213—215 curule aediles' edict, 221—223 in early legislation, 218—219 international law, 216—218 maritime loans, 233 moneylending, 227 overview, 213

praetor's edict, 223—225

provincial edict, 231—233 public law, 234—236

Rhodian law on jettison, 233—234 sale, 225

transportation, 225—226

Constitutio Antoniniana, 172

dediticii, 171—172

delicts

accidents, 268

furtum, 247—254

injury, 254—258

noxal liability, 265—267

overview, 246—247

wrongful loss, 258—265

Latins, 171

litigation

appeals, 276—278

challenges, 276—278

cognitio procedure, 287—289, 290 evidence of civil procedure, 272—274 formulary procedure, 283—287, 289—290 legis actio procedure, 281—283, 289 overview, 272

principal models, 278—281

reviews, 276—278

scope of law, 274—275

special proceedings, 278—281

two-stage proceeding, 275—276 mancipium, 164—165 marriage, 165—169

cum manu, 166—167

divorce, 167—169

dotal property, 168—169

gifts between husband and wife, 169 sine manu, 165—166

overview, 151—152

peregrini, 171 potestas, 152—164

children, 157—164

lang=EN-US style='font-size:7.0pt; line-height:107%'>freedmen (libertini), 156—157 slaves, 152—156

property

acquisition ofindividual things, 181—184

Empire, 189—192

Justinianic ‘recovery and restoration' project, 192—193 private law (cont.)

overview, 175—176

Twelve (XII) Tables, 184—189 types of, 177—181

succession

freedom of testation, 209—210 heirs on intestacy, 199—201 overview, 199 strategies of, 210—211 testate, 202—209 testation and intestacy, 201—202 procedural law, 274—275 procedural sources of law, 34 procedural tablets, 92 proconsulare imperium maius, 318, 322 Proculians, 37—38 procuratores, 46, 47, 285 profectitia, 168 promises to appear (vadimonia), 92, 279 property

acquisition and alienation ofindividual things, 181-184

Empire, 189—192

Justinianic ‘recoveryandrestoration’, 192—193 overview, 175—176

Roman law in modern German civil law, 453—455

Twelve (XII) Tables, 184—189 types of, 177—181 prosecution, criminal justice, 309 provinces (provinciae), Roman law in governors, conventus and local courts, 51—54 governors, limits of jurisdiction, 48—51 governors, reception of Roman law and, 55—57 overview, 45 provincia, 46—48 provincial edict, 231—233 provincial ownership, 192—193 provocatio, 305 prudentia, 377—378 Prudentius, 101 public distributions, 340—341 public duties, cities, 344—348 public law, 234—lang=EN-US>236

administrative law

cities, 344—348

imperial administrative tasks, 340—342 imperial bureaucracy, 338—340 taxation, cities, 348—349 writings and doctrine, 349—350 constitutional law

constitution of cities, 342—344 constitution of Empire, 332—335

jurisdiction in Empire, 337—338 legislation in Empire, 335—337 writings and doctrine, 349—350 overview, 332 public slaves, 153 publicae tabulae, 92—93 publicani, 50 pudicitia (chastity), 257 Punic Wars, 186—187 punishment, canon law, 403—404

quaestiones, 47, 307

parameters, 313—314 quaestio de repetundis, 308—309, 311—312 quaestio de sicariis, 308

querela inofficiosi testamenti (undutiful will), 209—210 ‘Questions on the intricacies of law’ treatise, 428—429

Quintilian source of civil procedure, 273 use of legal documents, 91 use of wooden tablets, 88—89

Quiritary ownership, 187, 189—190, 192 heirs and, 200, 203 hereditatis petitio, 204

quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem, 31—32, 424—5, 429, 434

ratio scripta, 465

Raymond ofPenafort, 409—410 receptitia, 169 receptum argentarii, 227 recuperatores, 286

Regal laws, 246 regulation, commerce, 234—236 remancipatio process, 167—168 remedies (actiones), civil procedure, 219—221 representative assemblies, 27 representatives, litigation, 285 reputation, 257 res mancipi, 184—185 res nec mancipi, 184—lang=EN-US>185 rescripts, 41, 104 resolutions of the senate (senatusconsulta), 30—31, 335—337

responsa, jurist, 38—39 restitutio in integrum, 277 reviews, litigation, 276—278 Revigny, Jacques de, 384—385, 427 Rhodian law on jettison, 233—234 Ricardus Malumbra, 440—441 Roman law

canonical borrowing from, 406—407 changes in perception of, 462—463

characteristics essential for survival, 458—461 contracts, 456—458

European legal tradition and, 465—469

ius commune and, 463—465

jurisprudence, 461—462

in legal practice, 452—453

in modern civil codes, 453—455

modern law and, 455—456

teaching and research, 469—470

Rotondi, Giovanni, 98

Rotondi's Index, 103

Rupilius, P., 49

rustic servitudes, 185—186

Sabinian mass, Digest (Justinian), 127

Sabinians, 37—38

Sabinus, 36, 216

saccarii, 341

sacer esto sanction, 246

sale, 225

from barter to, 215—216

development of concept, 36

documents of, 65—66

law of, 458

size=1 color=black face="Book Antiqua">Salvius Julianus, 51

Sassoferrato, Bartolus de, 384—385

Saturninus, Lucius, 311—312

Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 14, 457

Sbordone, Francesco, 62, 75

Scaevola, Publius Mucius, 28—29, 459

Scaevola, Quintus Cervidius (onfideicommissum), 207-208

Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, 36

negligence, 262-263

provincial edicts, 50

Schiavone, Aldo, 11-12

Schöll, Rudolf, 138 schools of jurists, 37-38

Schulz, Fritz, 469

Schwartz, Edward, 106

scientia, 377-378 scientific stage, sources of law

custom, 39-40

jurists, 35-39

legislative sources, 29-33

overview, 28-29

procedural sources, 34

scope of law, 274-275

Second Council of Ephesus, 106

Second Punic War, 186-187

senate

end of second century, 334

trials before, 317—321

use as court, 319—321

senatusconsulta (resolutions ofthe senate), 30—31,

face="Book Antiqua">335-337

Sentences (Paul), 40, 119, 349

Severus of Antioch, 100

sexual offences, 317

adultery, 323, 399

Roman law and canon law, 399

shaming (infamari), 257

Sidonius Apollinaris, 101

Sirmondian constitutions, 106

slaves

effects of slavery, 155—156

manumission, 154-155 overview, 152—153

Smith, Adam, 199

Socrates, 106—107

sons

peculium, 157—158

private law, 157

Sources Chretiennes, 105

sources of law

overview, 25—26 post-scientific stage, 40—42 pre-scientific stage, 26—28 scientific stage, 28—40

custom, 39—40

jurists, 35—39 legislative sources, 29—33 overview, 28—29 procedural sources, 34

Sozomen, 100, 106—107

Spain

influence of Roman rules on, 390

municipia, 50

municipium Flavium Irnitanum, 53—54 water dispute case, 52—53

special proceedings, litigation, 278—281

Speciale, Giuseppe, 380

Speculum iudiciale (Durantis), 416—417

Spinther, P. Lentulus, 49

spiritual principles, canon law, 398—400

‘state law' modes, acquisition of property, 182 status

citizens, 169—171

Constitutio Antoniniana, 172

dediticii, 171—172

Latins, 171

peregrini, 171

subordination, 152—169

statutes (leges rogatae), 335—337 stipulatio, 218

study of Roman law

contextual approach, 11—12, 15—17 general discussion, 9—12

historical, 12—15

legalist approach, 9—10 neo-humanistic approach, 10—11 subordination (status)

mancipium, 164—165

manus, 165—169

potestas, 152—164

succession

freedom of testation, 209—210

heirs on intestacy, 199—201 overview, 199

strategies of, 210—211

Antiqua">testate, 202—209

content of will, 204—205 heirs, 203—204 legacies, 205—209

making will, 202—203 taking possession of estate, 204 testation and intestacy, 201—202

Suetonius, 52

sui heredes, 200, 203

sulcus, tablets, 86—87

Sulla, L. Cornelius

criminal prosecution, 311—312

lex Cornelia, 49

provincial governors and, 46

Sulpicius Severus, 101

Summa codicis (Azo), 438—439

Summa Perusina, 136

Summa Trecensis, 431

summons

cognitio procedure, 288

legis actio procedure, 285

survival of Byzantine law, 366—368 survival of Roman law, 458—461

Tabula Contrebiensis, 52—53, 56

tabulae (wooden tablets), 85—94

tabulae ceratae (wax tablets), 62—63, 85—94 tabulae sistendi, 92

Talamanca, Mario, 11—12

Tancred of Bologna, 416—417 taxation

cities and Empire, 348—349

Theodosian Code, 348—349

teaching and research, 469—470

size=1 color=black face="Book Antiqua">Tertullian, 99

testamentum per aes et libram, 202

testate succession

content of will, 204—205

heirs, 203—204

legacies, 205—209 fideicommissa, 206—209 overview, 205—206

making will, 202—203

taking possession of estate, 204 testatio

defined, 63—65

Pompeian receipts, 68—69 testationes, Pompeian receipts, 69—70 textual criticism

Codex Iustinianus (Justinian), 136

Digest (Justinian), 131—133

Novels (Justinian), 138—140 theft (thievery), 304 thematic collections, 122—123 Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 106—107 Theodosian Code

on legislation, 350 taxation, 348—349

Theodosius, 335

Theophilus furtum, 253 Paraphrasis, 369

Theophrastos, 13 theory of the will, 16 thievery (theft), 304 Thirteen Edicts, 139—140 Thomas, J. A. C., 252—253 Thomasius, Christian, 457—458 Tiberius Caesar

capital penalty under, 324—325 letters (epistulae), 33 trials before, 318—319

tithes, 410—411 Tomulescu, 15 trade. See also commerce traditio, 10, 36, 187, 193 Trajan (Emperor), 338—339 transmission

Codex Iustinianus (Justinian), 136

Digest (Justinian), 130—131

size=1 color=black face="Book Antiqua">Institutes (Justinian), 133

Novels (Justinian), 138—140 transportation, commerce and, 225—226 Transylvanian documents, 62, 65—68 Trebatius, 250 trials, 317—321 tribunals, permanent, 307, 308—314

quaestio de repetundis, 308—309 quaestio de sicariis, 308 tribunes, 306 tributum capitis (poll tax), 348—349

triptychs

defined, 63

Pompeian receipts, 68—71

Transylvanian documents, 65—68

triumviri nocturni, 307

tutelage, of children, 161, 162—163 tutors

conditions and duties, 161—162

of daughters, 163

ending tutelage, curatorship and liability of,

162-163

Twelve (XII) Tables, 26—27

commerce in early legislation, 218—219 delicts, 247

emancipation of children, 158—159 furtum, 248

murder and capital offences, 304 property and, 184—189 theft (thievery), 304 two-stage litigation proceeding, 275—276

Ulpian, 13—14, 38—39, 349

agency, 228, 229

on custom as source of law, 41—42

De appellationibus, 349—350

furtum, 250

size=1 color=black face="Book Antiqua">indirect agency, 230

iniuria, 254

Law of Citations, 41

meaning of corrumpere, 36

quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem, 31—32 undutiful will (querela inofficiosi testamenti), 209—210

unwritten law, custom and, 42

urban legislation, 391—392

urban praetors (praetor urbanus), 224. See also governors, provincial

usucapio, 167, 188, 190, 193

vadimonia (promises to appear), 92, 279

van Oven, J.C., 11

Verespatak, Transylvania, 62

Verres, C., 47—48

Vespasian (Emperor), 53—54

vi aut clam, 280—281

Victor of Thabbora, 101

Viglius of Aytta, 369

vindicatio, 193, 302

violence, laws regarding, 316—317

Visscher, Fernand de, 15

Waldstein, Wolfgang, 11—12

wax tablets (tabulae ceratae), 62—63, 85—94

Wenger, Leopold, 13, 275

Wieacker, Franz, 11, 469

wills

content of, 204—205

making, 202—203

witnesses, criminal case, 310

Wlassak, Moriz, 275, 282

Wolf, Joseph Georg, 75

Antiqua">wooden tablets (tabulae), 85—94 word-for-word (kata poda) translations, 359 written law

custom and, 42

public law, 349—350

wooden tablets (tabulae), 85—94

wrongful loss (damnum iniuria), 258—265 causation, 259—261

compensation, 264—265

iniuria, 261—264

overview, 258—259

XII (Twelve) Tables, 26—27 commerce in early legislation, 218—219 delicts, 247

emancipation of children, 158—159 furtum, 248

murder and capital offences, 304 property and, 184—189 theft (thievery), 304

Zachariä, K.E., 364—366

Zanettini, Hieronymus, 418

Zimmermann, Reinhard, 9—10

Zwalve, Willem, 10