Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments page xiii

Chronology xvii

Chapter 1. Introduction 1

1.1 Recent History 3

1.2 Current Approaches: Insights and Limitations 5

1.2.1 Pluralism 6

1.2.2 Universalism 8

1.2.3 Thick and Thin 11

1.2.4 Dialogue and Transformation 15

1.2.5 History and Confucianisms 19

1.3 This Book 22

Chapter 2.

2.1 Concepts 27

2.1.1 Language and Concept 27

2.1.2 Pushes toward Holism 30

2.1.3 A Shared Practice 33

2.1.4 Objectivity 36

2.2 Conceptual Distances 39

2.2.1 Breakdowns in Communication 39

2.2.2 Words Matter 41

2.3 Pluralism 45

Chapter 3. The Consequences of Pluralism 49

3.1 Our Own Values 51

3.2 Static Attitudes 57

3.2.1 Ignoring 57

3.2.2 Repressing 59

3.2.3 Accommodating 61

3.3 Dynamic Engagement 65

3.3.1 Pragmatic Disagreement 65

3.3.2 Substantive Engagement 67

3.4 Multiple Strategies and Divided Communities 70

Chapter 4. The Shift toward Legitimate Desires in

Neo-Confucianism 74

4.1 Neo-Confucianism against Desire? 75

4.2 Embracing Desires 83

4.2.1 Huang Zongxi 84

4.2.2 Chen Que 86

4.2.3 Gu Yanwu 89

4.2.4 Dai Zhen 93

4.3 Conclusion 98

Chapter 5. Nineteenth-Century Origins 101

5.1 Translation of International Law 104

5.1.1 The Illustrated Compendium 104

5.1.2 Martin’s General Laws of the Myriad Nations 107

5.2 The Self-Strengthening Movement 111

5.3 Japan 115

5.3.1 Translations 115

5.3.2 Confucians, Liberals, Radicals, and Bureaucrats 117

5.4 Reformers in the 1890s 123

5.4.1 Traditions of Reform 124

5.4.2 Minquan to 1898 128

5.4.3 Individual Rights? 130

5.4.4 Zhang Zhidong 133

5.4.5 Voices from Hong Kong 136

5.5 Conclusion 138

Chapter 6. Dynamism in the Early Twentieth Century 140

6.1 Liang and Jhering 141

6.1.1 An Appeal to “History”? 141

6.1.2 Jhering’s Struggle for Rights and Law 143

6.1.3 Liang and Quanli 150

6.1.4 Quanli and Law 158

6.2 Liu Shipei’s Concept of Quanli 162

6.2.1 Personal Interests 164

6.2.2 Legitimate Abilities 167

6.2.3 Extension 169

6.2.4 Quanli and Responsibility 172

6.3 Conclusion 175

Chapter 7. Change, Continuity, and Convergence prior

to 1949 178

7.1 Chen Duxiu 181

7.2 Gao Yihan 188

7.3 Convergence: John Dewey 194

7.4 Marxism and Leninism 200

Chapter 8. Engagement despite Distinctiveness 205

8.1 Rights and Interests 208

8.1.1 Western Theory on Rights as Protected Interests 208

8.1.2 Chinese Interests 214

8.1.3 Engagement 221

8.2 Rights and Harmony 225

8.2.1 Conflict versus Harmony in Western Theorizing 226

8.2.2 Chinese Harmony 229

8.2.3 Engaging Harmony 234

8.3 Political versus Economic Rights 239

8.3.1 Complex Reality 240

8.3.2 Analysis and Engagement 243

Chapter 9. Conclusions 250

Bibliography 259

Glossary and Index 275