Additional diagnostic testing
The use of cytology is growing. Additional testing is available to help obtain more specific diagnoses. The immunophenotyping of lymphoma is possible using several techniques including immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and polymerase chain reaction.
The identification of certain microorganisms can be assisted via special stains such as acid-fast for Mycobacteria spp.; Nocardia spp., and Actinomyces spp., Gomori methenamine silver and periodic–acid Schiff stains are useful for the identification of fungal organisms. Special stains can also be useful for the identification of specific tumors. For example, staining for alkaline phosphatase activity is very useful in the diagnosis of osteosarcoma, and currently is used only in cytology and not formalin fixed tissues. Each of these techniques will be expanded on in the appropriate chapters.
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