CLINICAL SIGNS AND TREATMENT
Although to date no reports of overt disease in European wildlife definitely attributable to Anaplasma, Ehrlichia or Rickettsia species have been published, the threat of these bacteria as veterinary pathogens is established through recognition of their role in companion animal and livestock morbidity.
A naplasma phagocytophilum has long been recognized as the agent of tick-borne fever (TBF) and as a contributor to tick-borne pyaemia (‘stiffness’) in sheep, in northern Europe. TBF presents as fever, depression and loss of appetite. However, as TBF provokes severe leucopenia and compromises the function of peripheral blood neutrophils, secondary infections, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus species, are common. These infections frequently present as tick-borne pyaemia, affecting young (way to partially control bovine anaplasmosis worldwide. Both live and killed vaccines, derived from bacteria recovered from infected bovine erythrocytes, have been found to induce protective immunity that counters clinical disease, although neither type prevents cattle from becoming persistently infected with A. marginale. As mentioned above, A. centrale, by virtue of its antigenic similarity and relative avirulence, has also been deployed as a vaccine against A. marginale. Development of more sophisticated vaccines with the ability to prevent infections has been hindered by the antigenic diversity of the species. However, even if efficacious vaccines were available for all wildlife-associated Rickettsia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species, the delivery of these vaccines to wildlife reservoirs would present an enormous challenge.
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